how_o to_o express_v the_o highness_n or_o lowness_n of_o the_o sound_n which_o be_v as_o follow_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o mark_n must_v the_o same_o word_n which_o be_v write_v in_o our_o letter_n and_o mark_v with_o these_o mark_n be_v several_o pronounce_v and_o then_o they_o intend_v several_a thing_n as_o for_o example_n a_o with_o this_o mark_n over_o it_o signify_v god_n and_o with_o this_o mark_n over_o it_o yá_n a_o wall_n and_o yà _fw-la with_o this_o mark_n signify_v dumbness_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o help_n the_o chinese_n language_n be_v very_o difficult_a to_o be_v learn_v and_o understand_v as_o well_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o double_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n as_o also_o because_o that_o in_o this_o language_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a number_n of_o letter_n but_o every_o business_n and_o intention_n of_o the_o mind_n must_v be_v express_v by_o a_o particular_a character_n which_o give_v not_o only_o a_o infinite_a trouble_n to_o those_o that_o will_v learn_v it_o but_o cause_v a_o vast_a expense_n of_o time_n take_v up_o ten_o or_o twenty_o year_n before_o a_o man_n can_v attain_v to_o the_o art_n of_o speak_v and_o write_v this_o mysterious_a language_n wherein_o the_o native_n themselves_z know_v far_o better_a how_o to_o express_v their_o mind_n in_o writing_n than_o by_o speak_v but_o in_o regard_n i_o have_v now_o speak_v of_o the_o character_n and_o write_n of_o the_o chinese_n i_o will_v add_v in_o a_o few_o word_n in_o what_o manner_n they_o place_v they_o and_o herein_o they_o quite_o differ_v from_o the_o custom_n of_o europe_n and_o almost_o all_o other_o nation_n hereof_o peter_n jarcius_fw-la thus_o in_o his_o treasury_n of_o indian_a thing_n the_o chinese_n say_v he_o do_v not_o write_v from_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o the_o right_n as_o the_o european_n nor_o from_o the_o right_n to_o the_o left_a as_o the_o hebrean_o but_o they_o begin_v from_o the_o right_a side_n above_o and_o write_v down_o to_o the_o bottom_n so_o that_o they_o put_v the_o one_o character_n under_o the_o other_o and_o not_o one_o after_o another_o as_o we_o in_o europe_n and_o when_o the_o line_n be_v full_a from_o top_n to_o bottom_n than_o they_o begin_v again_o at_o the_o top_n of_o another_o line_n and_o by_o degree_n go_v down_o again_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o indeed_o which_o be_v worth_a observation_n in_o this_o particular_a the_o chinese_n differ_v from_o all_o other_o who_o absolute_o write_v after_o another_o manner_n for_o at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v in_o all_o the_o know_a world_n but_o four_o several_a way_n of_o write_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o place_v the_o letter_n the_o first_o be_v from_o the_o right_n to_o the_o left_a side_n and_o in_o this_o manner_n be_v write_v the_o book_n of_o the_o hebrean_o chaldean_n syrian_n arabian_n and_o egyptian_n the_o second_o be_v from_o the_o left_a to_o the_o right_a side_n and_o after_o this_o manner_n the_o greek_a and_o latin_a book_n be_v write_v and_o so_o write_v at_o present_a all_o the_o people_n of_o europe_n the_o three_o sort_n of_o write_v be_v in_o the_o greek_a call_v bustrophedon_n which_o signify_v to_o plough_n with_o ox_n and_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v be_v do_v just_a as_o the_o ox_n make_v furrow_n with_o the_o blow_n namely_o to_o begin_v the_o second_o line_n where_o the_o first_o end_v this_o way_n of_o write_v as_o pausanius_n relate_v be_v use_v by_o the_o ancient_a grecian_n and_o so_o as_o be_v report_v be_v write_v the_o law_n of_o solon_n the_o four_o and_o last_o way_n of_o write_v be_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v as_o have_v be_v say_v the_o chineses_n use_n and_o some_o of_o the_o savage_a indian_n but_o although_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v whereby_o each_o thing_n be_v express_v by_o a_o particular_a character_n be_v very_o burdensome_a to_o the_o memory_n yet_o it_o be_v of_o very_o great_a use_n and_o advantage_n to_o the_o people_n who_o differ_v very_o much_o in_o language_n from_o each_o other_o for_o hereby_o they_o be_v able_a to_o read_v the_o book_n and_o letter_n of_o each_o other_o if_o they_o use_v common_a character_n in_o write_v though_o the_o one_o do_v in_o no_o wise_n understand_v the_o other_o in_o speak_v and_o in_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v that_o those_o of_o japan_n corea_n couchen-china_n use_v one_o and_o the_o same_o book_n though_o they_o differ_v so_o very_a much_o in_o the_o pronunciation_n that_o one_o can_v understand_v a_o word_n the_o other_o say_v yet_o they_o bear_v the_o same_o sense_n to_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o most_o indifferent_a reader_n no_o otherwise_o skilled_a than_o in_o the_o vulgar_a idiom_n of_o his_o mother-tongue_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o of_o wonder_n that_o although_o the_o several_a native_n in_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n differ_v infinite_o each_o from_o other_o in_o their_o several_a dialect_n so_o that_o their_o vary_v of_o language_n make_v they_o seem_v as_o stranger_n among_o themselves_o their_o tongue_n be_v useless_a member_n to_o their_o intelect_a yet_o in_o their_o book_n one_o general_n character_n be_v use_v so_o that_o the_o same_o be_v equal_o intelligible_a throughout_o the_o whole_a empire_n notwithstanding_o the_o great_a confusion_n of_o language_n in_o the_o several_a province_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v there_o be_v yet_o through_o the_o whole_a empire_n another_o common_a tongue_n by_o the_o chineses_n call_v quinhoa_n which_o signify_v the_o court_n or_o mandorin_n chinese_n and_o this_o at_o first_o take_v its_o rise_n from_o the_o magistrate_n or_o mandorin_n reside_v in_o the_o respective_a province_n whereto_o they_o be_v send_v with_o a_o superintendent_n authority_n for_o come_v thither_o as_o stranger_n and_o esteem_v it_o below_o their_o greatness_n to_o be_v necessitate_v to_o learn_v any_o other_o tongue_n this_o courtly_a mandorin_n language_n be_v introduce_v through_o the_o whole_a empire_n wherein_o not_o only_o all_o affair_n relate_v to_o the_o law_n be_v dispatch_v but_o likewise_o all_o person_n of_o rank_n or_o quality_n use_v the_o same_o so_o that_o it_o be_v as_o common_a and_o as_o much_o in_o use_n with_o they_o as_o latin_a in_o europe_n or_o lingua_n franca_n among_o the_o turk_n and_o this_o be_v the_o language_n that_o stranger_n merchant_n and_o other_o learn_v when_o they_o come_v into_o those_o part_n this_o court-speech_n though_o it_o exceed_v all_o the_o other_o for_o number_n of_o letter_n yet_o it_o consist_v of_o no_o more_o than_o 362_o word_n so_o that_o the_o shortness_n or_o conciseness_n of_o this_o courtly_a or_o more_o modish_a manner_n of_o speak_v make_v it_o flow_v so_o pleasant_o from_o the_o tongue_n that_o it_o pass_v for_o sweet_a elocution_n almost_o all_o other_o language_n yet_o know_v as_o for_o example_n when_o we_o will_v express_v the_o manner_n of_o take_v a_o thing_n either_o with_o the_o whole_a hand_n or_o with_o one_o or_o two_o finger_n we_o be_v enforce_v to_o add_v the_o word_n take_v but_o the_o chinese_n do_v express_v the_o same_o quite_o otherwise_o for_o each_o substantive_n as_o a_o cup_n or_o pot_n signify_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v as_o likewise_o the_o manner_n of_o do_v it_o thus_o nien_z signify_v to_o take_v with_o two_o finger_n tzo_n with_o one_o and_o chua_n with_o the_o whole_a hand_n the_o same_o be_v likewise_o observe_v in_o the_o word_n stand_v we_o say_v to_o stand_v in_o the_o house_n to_o stand_v eat_v to_o stand_v sleep_v but_o they_o have_v a_o word_n which_o denote_v the_o infinitive_n verb_n to_o stand_v and_o the_o manner_n of_o stand_v so_o likewise_o when_o we_o will_v express_v the_o leg_n of_o a_o man_n or_o of_o a_o bird_n we_o always_o add_v the_o same_o word_n leg_n but_o the_o chineses_n express_v it_o all_o in_o one_o for_o kio_n be_v a_o man_n leg_n chua_n a_o bird_n and_o thy_o the_o foot_n of_o any_o creature_n among_o all_o the_o several_a noble_a art_n and_o science_n wherewith_o the_o european_n be_v ennoble_v the_o chineses_n have_v only_o some_o insight_n into_o that_o of_o philosophy_n for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o natural_a thing_n be_v much_o more_o obscure_v among_o they_o by_o several_a interpose_a error_n than_o any_o way_n enlighten_v the_o great_a philosopher_n of_o all_o that_o nation_n be_v one_o confutius_n bear_v four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o one_o year_n before_o christ_n incarnation_n and_o live_v in_o such_o a_o manner_n for_o above_o seventy_o year_n that_o not_o only_o by_o example_n but_o also_o by_o his_o write_n and_o conversation_n he_o stir_v up_o all_o other_o to_o imitate_v he_o in_o a_o virtuous_a and_o orderly_a course_n of_o life_n whereby_o he_o gain_v so_o great_a a_o esteem_n among_o the_o people_n that_o they_o believe_v
he_o to_o have_v far_o exceed_v in_o virtue_n learning_n and_o integrity_n all_o other_o mortal_n that_o ever_o live_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o certain_o if_o his_o work_n which_o be_v extant_a in_o chinese_n book_n be_v mind_v with_o a_o due_a regard_n man_n must_v acknowledge_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o person_n of_o great_a learning_n and_o virtue_n in_o respect_n whereof_o the_o chineses_n have_v to_o this_o day_n so_o great_a a_o opinion_n of_o his_o name_n that_o whatsoever_o he_o have_v write_v be_v never_o call_v in_o question_n but_o by_o all_o maintain_v for_o good_a have_v gain_v to_o itself_o the_o authority_n of_o ipse_fw-la dixit_fw-la in_o the_o school_n and_o not_o only_o the_o learned_a but_o the_o king_n also_o have_v ever_o since_o his_o death_n perpetuate_v his_o memory_n and_o record_v his_o name_n in_o their_o annal_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o the_o virtue_n and_o learning_n they_o receive_v from_o he_o and_o such_o of_o his_o posterity_n as_o yet_o remain_v be_v to_o this_o day_n high_o respect_v by_o all_o and_o not_o without_o reason_n for_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n have_v ennoble_v the_o heir_n of_o the_o family_n with_o great_a title_n of_o honour_n and_o exempt_v they_o from_o pay_v any_o public_a tax_n or_o imposition_n nor_o do_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o chinese_n end_n here_o for_o they_o be_v great_a proficient_n in_o the_o art_n of_o astrology_n and_o in_o several_a other_o art_n and_o science_n as_o also_o heretofore_o in_o that_o of_o arithmetic_n in_o the_o understanding_n whereof_o they_o have_v of_o late_a year_n much_o decay_v insomuch_o that_o now_o the_o shopkeeper_n use_v board_n to_z tell_v upon_o which_o be_v full_a of_o holes_n yet_o they_o be_v so_o ready_a at_o it_o that_o with_o a_o peg_n they_o know_v how_o to_o cast_v up_o a_o account_n with_o as_o much_o method_n and_o expedition_n as_o the_o most_o skilful_a european_a with_o counter_n in_o the_o division_n of_o the_o hemisphere_n star_n and_o constellation_n therein_o they_o differ_v very_o much_o from_o we_o of_o europe_n have_v add_v to_o their_o number_n more_o than_o be_v know_v to_o the_o most_o critical_a of_o our_o modern_a astronomer_n the_o stargazer_n be_v chief_o employ_v in_o prognosticate_a the_o time_n of_o the_o sun_n eclipse_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o various_a course_n of_o the_o planetary_a motion_n but_o herein_o they_o be_v like_o themselves_o and_o brethren_n in_o the_o same_o art_n full_a of_o error_n and_o mistake_v as_o also_o in_o their_o astrological_a observation_n calculate_v of_o nativity_n horary_a question_n or_o the_o like_a concern_v good_a or_o bad_a fortune_n in_o their_o life_n as_o well_o as_o present_a success_n in_o their_o emergent_a occasion_n together_o with_o the_o fruitfulness_n and_o barrenness_n of_o the_o ensue_a year_n for_o they_o take_v it_o as_o a_o main_a article_n of_o their_o belief_n that_o all_o thing_n which_o happen_v here_o upon_o earth_n depend_v upon_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o star_n and_o be_v direct_v and_o order_v by_o the_o various_a signature_n of_o their_o several_a configuration_n of_o this_o fortune-telling_n part_n of_o the_o art_n of_o astrology_n trigautius_n the_o jesuit_n give_v this_o follow_a account_n in_o his_o history_n of_o china_n the_o present_a emperor_n of_o china_n have_v strict_o forbid_v this_o kind_n of_o learning_n to_o all_o but_o such_o who_o have_v a_o right_n by_o inheritance_n or_o be_v otherwise_o appoint_v and_o choose_v thereunto_o and_o this_o prohibition_n at_o first_o spring_v from_o fear_n lest_o any_o have_v obtain_v to_o the_o exact_a knowledge_n of_o that_o art_n shall_v by_o pretence_n thereof_o have_v a_o opportunity_n to_o erect_v any_o novelty_n in_o the_o empire_n yet_o that_o the_o art_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o same_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v utter_o lose_v or_o neglect_v the_o say_a emperor_n maintain_v several_a stargazer_n at_o a_o very_a great_a charge_n for_o his_o own_o use_n and_o they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n namely_o the_o celubden_n who_o live_v within_o the_o king_n palace_n and_o the_o imperial_a magistrate_n who_o live_v without_o both_o these_o have_v at_o present_a at_o peking_n two_o bench_n the_o one_o entitle_v the_o bench_n of_o the_o chinese_n which_o be_v employ_v about_o make_v of_o almanac_n and_o prognostication_n the_o sun_n and_o moon_n eclipse_n the_o other_o be_v of_o the_o saracener_n who_o study_n tend_v to_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o be_v methodise_v according_a to_o the_o ground_n and_o rule_n of_o the_o western_a astrology_n after_o a_o time_n the_o judgement_n of_o both_o these_o bench_n be_v compare_v together_o and_o any_o difference_n or_o mistake_n of_o either_o or_o both_o be_v then_o rectify_v both_o these_o society_n have_v a_o convenient_a mansion_n provide_v for_o they_o upon_o a_o very_a high_a hill_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o view_v the_o star_n and_o raise_v observation_n from_o the_o same_o several_a old_a astrological_a instrument_n make_v of_o copper_n or_o brass_n be_v keep_v in_o this_o place_n every_o night_n one_o of_o the_o profession_n remain_v here_o to_o observe_v whether_o any_o new_a star_n appear_v in_o the_o firmament_n which_o might_n foretell_v some_o novelty_n and_o if_o any_o such_o thing_n happen_v he_o immediate_o give_v notice_n thereof_o to_o the_o society_n and_o they_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o the_o emperor_n and_o consult_v with_o he_o what_o it_o may_v portend_v and_o how_o relate_v to_o good_a or_o evil_n and_o this_o be_v the_o office_n or_o duty_n of_o the_o astrologer_n at_o peking_n as_o to_o physic_n and_o chirurgery_n they_o be_v very_o expert_a therein_o and_o their_o rule_n of_o art_n differ_v not_o much_o from_o those_o of_o our_o european_a physician_n for_o first_o they_o feel_v the_o pulse_n like_o they_o and_o be_v very_o skilful_a in_o discover_v by_o the_o same_o the_o inward_a distemper_n of_o the_o body_n in_o each_o hand_n they_o take_v notice_n of_o six_o distinct_a beat_n of_o the_o same_o namely_o three_o high_a and_o three_o low_a which_o as_o they_o conceive_v have_v some_o secret_a coherence_n with_o certain_a part_n of_o the_o body_n as_o that_o of_o the_o first_o to_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o second_o to_o the_o liver_n of_o the_o the_o three_o to_o the_o stomach_n of_o the_o four_o to_o the_o spleen_n of_o the_o five_o to_o the_o reins_o etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o that_o they_o may_v with_o the_o great_a certainty_n of_o judgement_n deliver_v their_o opinion_n they_o be_v at_o least_o half_a a_o hour_n in_o feel_v the_o pulse_n of_o the_o sick_a person_n when_o by_o the_o pulse_n they_o have_v find_v out_o the_o distemper_n then_o in_o order_n to_o the_o cure_n of_o the_o patient_n they_o apply_v and_o make_v use_n of_o several_a simple_n and_o root_n to_o say_v the_o truth_n they_o be_v general_o very_o well_o experience_v in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o several_a virtue_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o herb_n grow_v among_o they_o and_o this_o be_v observable_a that_o there_o be_v no_o school_n in_o all_o china_n for_o the_o learning_n of_o physic_n but_o every_o master_n of_o family_n teach_v his_o servant_n and_o true_a it_o be_v that_o although_o in_o both_o the_o imperial_a city_n of_o peking_n and_o nank_v the_o degree_n of_o doctor_n of_o physic_n be_v not_o grant_v but_o after_o examination_n yet_o this_o degree_n when_o obtain_v do_v advance_v neither_o the_o honour_n or_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o few_o or_o none_o study_v physic_n but_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n because_o the_o very_a profession_n thereof_o which_o be_v so_o honourable_a in_o other_o place_n be_v there_o be_v no_o esteem_n nor_o add_v the_o least_o reputation_n to_o he_o that_o gain_v it_o but_o it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o with_o such_o as_o study_v philosophy_n for_o whosoever_o have_v attain_v to_o the_o perfection_n thereof_o be_v by_o they_o account_v to_o have_v arrive_v at_o the_o high_a pitch_n of_o humane_a happiness_n attainable_a in_o this_o world_n the_o abovementioned_a confutius_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o chinese_n philosopher_n have_v collect_v into_o order_n all_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o that_o kind_n and_o contract_v they_o into_o four_o great_a book_n to_o which_o he_o add_v a_o five_o of_o his_o own_o in_o which_o volume_n be_v teach_v rule_v oeconomical_a and_o political_a as_o well_o the_o way_n to_o live_v as_o to_o govern_v well_o as_o also_o the_o ancient_a example_n manner_n offering_n and_o several_a poem_n of_o ancient_a author_n but_o beside_o these_o five_o there_o be_v another_o great_a volume_n write_v by_o some_o of_o the_o disciple_n of_o confutius_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n and_o call_v the_o four_o book_n the_o last_o volume_n thus_o subdivide_v
quarter_n so_o that_o they_o be_v all_o continual_o busy_a about_o weighty_a affair_n but_o the_o number_n and_o good_a order_n of_o the_o officer_n very_o much_o facilitate_v their_o work_n for_o in_o each_o council_n be_v a_o precedent_n who_o they_o call_v ciu_o who_o have_v two_o assistant_n one_o on_o his_o right_a side_n call_v coxilam_n and_o another_o on_o his_o left_a term_v yeuxilam_n these_o three_o both_o at_o court_n and_o through_o the_o whole_a empire_n have_v the_o high_a dignity_n except_o those_o who_o sit_v in_o the_o supreme_a council_n call_v colao_n beside_o these_o three_o principal_a councillor_n there_o be_v belong_v to_o each_o council_n ten_o other_o who_o differ_v but_o little_a in_o dignity_n from_o the_o rest_n be_v always_o employ_v together_o with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o inferior_a officer_n as_o notary_n scribe_n secretaries_z and_o clerk_n the_o jesuit_n semedo_n in_o his_o relation_n of_o china_n mention_n several_a other_o council_n whereof_o some_o have_v a_o like_a authority_n with_o the_o beforementioned_a six_o all_o which_o be_v call_v in_o the_o chinese_n tongue_n cien_n cim_o and_o consist_v of_o several_a office_n belong_v particular_o to_o the_o king_n household_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v call_v thai_n lisu_n that_o be_v the_o council_n of_o the_o great_a audite_fw-la this_o office_n seem_v like_o the_o great_a chancery_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o therein_o all_o weighty_a affair_n receive_v a_o determination_n it_o consist_v of_o thirteen_o mandorin_n one_o councillor_n two_o assistant_n and_o ten_o under-officer_n the_o second_o be_v call_v quon_n losu_n and_o provide_v for_o their_o imperial_a majesty_n table_n and_o for_o all_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o emperor_n court._n this_o council_n have_v one_o councillor_n two_o assistant_n and_o six_o officer_n the_o three_o call_v thaipocusu_n have_v the_o power_n of_o the_o emperor_n stable_n and_o make_v provision_n of_o all_o post-horse_n for_o public_a use_n and_o service_n it_o consist_v of_o one_o councillor_n and_o six_o officer_n beside_o all_o these_o there_o be_v yet_o another_o council_n high_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o of_o the_o great_a dignity_n have_v place_n next_o the_o emperor_n in_o all_o public_a solemnity_n those_o that_o sit_v in_o this_o council_n be_v call_v colaos_n be_v seldom_o above_o four_o or_o six_o in_o number_n and_o the_o most_o select_a person_n of_o all_o the_o other_o council_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a empire_n and_o be_v honour_v and_o reverence_v according_o no_o private_a affair_n be_v bring_v to_o they_o for_o they_o only_o mind_v the_o public_a good_a and_o government_n sit_v with_o the_o emperor_n in_o private_a council_n for_o the_o abovementioned_a six_o council_n intermeddle_v not_o with_o the_o affoirs_n of_o the_o state_n as_o to_o make_v any_o conclusion_n upon_o they_o they_o be_v only_o to_o debate_n and_o consult_v and_o afterward_o by_o way_n of_o petition_n to_o offer_v their_o advice_n to_o the_o emperor_n who_o either_o alter_v or_o confirm_v what_o they_o have_v do_v according_a as_o he_o see_v cause_n but_o in_o regard_n he_o will_v not_o seem_v whole_o to_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o judgement_n some_o of_o the_o chief_a philosopher_n always_o attend_v upon_o this_o colaos_n or_o council_n and_o come_v daily_o to_o the_o palace_n to_o answer_v petition_n which_o be_v bring_v continual_o to_o the_o emperor_n in_o great_a number_n this_o last_o conclusion_n the_o emperor_n sign_v with_o his_o own_o hand_n that_o so_o afterward_o his_o command_n may_v be_v execute_v there_o be_v yet_o two_o council_n more_o whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v choli_fw-la and_o the_o other_o tauli_n each_o consist_v of_o above_o sixty_o person_n all_o choice_a philosopher_n and_o wise_a man_n who_o fidelity_n and_o prudence_n both_o the_o emperor_n and_o people_n sufficient_o have_v approve_v and_o therefore_o they_o hold_v they_o in_o great_a honour_n and_o esteem_v with_o these_o his_o majesty_n advise_v upon_o all_o extraordinary_a and_o weighty_a affair_n but_o more_o especial_o when_o any_o thing_n have_v be_v commit_v against_o the_o law_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v several_a other_o council_n whereof_o the_o chief_a be_v call_v han_n lin_n yven_v where_o be_v employ_v none_o but_o learned_a man_n who_o busy_a themselves_o with_o no_o affair_n of_o the_o government_n yet_o exceed_v all_o in_o dignity_n except_o such_o as_o sit_v at_o the_o helm_n their_o charge_n be_v to_o take_v care_n of_o the_o emperor_n write_n to_o compile_v year-book_n and_o write_v law_n and_o order_n from_o among_o these_o be_v choose_v governor_n and_o tutor_n for_o the_o prince_n they_o only_o be_v concern_v in_o matter_n of_o learning_n wherein_o as_o they_o grow_v more_o and_o more_o excellent_a they_o mount_v by_o several_a step_n to_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o honour_n come_v afterward_o to_o be_v employ_v in_o place_n of_o the_o great_a dignity_n in_o the_o court_n neither_o be_v any_o choose_v into_o the_o great_a colao_n who_o have_v not_o first_o be_v of_o this_o council_n they_o delight_v in_o poetry_n and_o get_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o money_n by_o their_o write_n as_o in_o make_v of_o epitaph_n poem_n and_o the_o like_a to_o pleasure_v their_o friend_n and_o very_o happy_a he_o esteem_v himself_o that_o can_v obtain_v such_o a_o favour_n of_o they_o the_o government_n of_o the_o city_n nank_v where_o the_o chinese_n emperor_n former_o keep_v their_o court_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o peking_n save_v that_o at_o nank_v the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o colao_n be_v not_o in_o be_v but_o the_o esteem_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o council_n here_o be_v as_o much_o eclipse_v for_o want_n of_o as_o at_o peking_n it_o be_v advance_v by_o the_o emperor_n presence_n thus_o far_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o government_n in_o general_a in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o will_v treat_v of_o particular_a and_o provincial_a jurisdiction_n the_o whole_a empire_n be_v divide_v into_o fifteen_o province_n in_o the_o principal_a city_n whereof_o the_o chief_a and_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n reside_v differ_v little_a in_o method_n and_o rule_n from_o those_o of_o peking_n and_o nank_v and_o so_o not_o consequent_o one_o from_o another_o the_o regiment_n of_o each_o province_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n and_o fidelity_n of_o two_o person_n who_o they_o call_v pucinsu_n and_o manganzasu_fw-la the_o first_o whereof_o intermeddle_v only_o with_o civil_a affair_n and_o the_o other_o be_v altogether_o concern_v in_o criminal_a matter_n they_o have_v both_o their_o seat_n of_o judicature_n in_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o their_o province_n and_o live_v in_o great_a magnificence_n have_v beside_o several_a officer_n assistant_n unto_o they_o as_o also_o the_o chief_a magistrate_n call_v tauli_n who_o in_o regard_n they_o command_v over_o some_o other_o inferior_a city_n it_o often_o happen_v that_o they_o be_v absent_a from_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n to_o take_v care_n of_o their_o employment_n all_o the_o fifteen_o province_n as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v be_v subdivide_v into_o several_a other_o less_o portion_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v furio_n over_o each_o of_o which_o be_v appoint_v a_o governor_n call_v gifu_n these_o division_n be_v again_o proportion_v into_o great_a and_o small_a city_n the_o first_o whereof_o they_o call_v ceu_fw-la and_o the_o last_o hien_n each_o have_v a_o particular_a magistrate_n which_o in_o the_o great_a city_n be_v call_v ciceu_n and_o in_o the_o less_o be_v name_v cihien_n for_o ci_o signify_v to_o govern._n every_o principal_a governor_n of_o these_o city_n be_v aid_v by_o three_o councillor_n who_o assist_v they_o with_o advice_n in_o all_o their_o affair_n and_o undertake_n the_o first_o be_v call_v hun_n chim_z the_o second_o chu_n phu_o and_o the_o three_o tun_n su_n and_o have_v their_o particular_a court_n and_o judicature_n but_o the_o governor_n over_o the_o whole_a division_n have_v no_o more_o authority_n in_o the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n than_o in_o the_o other_o city_n under_o his_o command_n true_a it_o be_v he_o may_v condemn_v a_o malefactor_n to_o die_v but_o he_o can_v put_v the_o sentence_n in_o execution_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o rest_n that_o be_v join_v in_o commission_n with_o he_o but_o in_o regard_n a_o account_n must_v be_v give_v of_o the_o whole_a management_n of_o affair_n and_o the_o transaction_n of_o all_o the_o province_n at_o the_o court_n at_o peking_n therefore_o in_o each_o province_n there_o be_v appoint_v two_o other_o great_a officer_n by_o the_o court_n who_o in_o eminency_n of_o honour_n and_o grandeur_n of_o commission_n exceed_v the_o rest_n the_o one_o of_o these_o always_o reside_v in_o some_o of_o the_o province_n and_o be_v call_v tutang_n the_o other_o be_v send_v yearly_o from_o the_o court_n at_o peking_n and_o
to_o live_v as_o private_a person_n under_o the_o three_o be_v reckon_v such_o as_o be_v decrepit_a and_o too_o far_o strike_v in_o year_n for_o government_n or_o else_o such_o as_o be_v too_o remiss_a in_o their_o office_n these_o though_o they_o be_v put_v by_o the_o exercise_n of_o their_o office_n yet_o enjoy_v all_o their_o privilege_n as_o they_o be_v wont_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o place_n so_o long_o as_o they_o live_v in_o the_o four_o rank_n be_v put_v down_o such_o as_o have_v be_v too_o hasty_a and_o rash_a in_o pass_v sentence_n act_v without_o any_o forecast_n in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o empire_n these_o be_v degrade_v and_o put_v in_o some_o inferior_a office_n or_o else_o employ_v elsewhere_o upon_o less_o weighty_a affair_n in_o the_o last_o place_n all_o such_o as_o live_v imprudent_o and_o unbecoming_a the_o greatness_n of_o their_o station_n and_o employment_n be_v not_o only_o deprive_v of_o their_o place_n but_o also_o of_o their_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n for_o ever_o the_o like_a general_a inquisition_n and_o examination_n be_v make_v every_o twelve_o year_n among_o the_o rix-council_n as_o also_o among_o the_o military_a officer_n beside_o the_o mandorin_n and_o assistant_n be_v oblige_v once_o a_o day_n to_o give_v a_o account_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o their_o city_n of_o their_o own_o and_o other_o person_n transaction_n under_o their_o jurisdiction_n as_o also_o what_o have_v past_a either_o in_o city_n or_o country_n and_o if_o they_o forbear_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o tend_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o state_n which_o afterward_o come_v to_o be_v know_v they_o be_v most_o severe_o punish_v without_o any_o delay_n or_o respect_n of_o their_o person_n a_o instance_n whereof_o happen_v at_o canton_n when_o we_o be_v there_o the_o old_a viceroy_n cause_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a mandorin_n to_o be_v kill_v in_o his_o presence_n for_o such_o a_o crime_n and_o will_v not_o delay_v the_o expiation_n of_o the_o criminal_n offence_n by_o his_o blood_n so_o long_o till_o the_o executioner_n can_v be_v fetch_v to_o behead_v the_o offender_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o country_n four_o none_o may_v in_o the_o province_n where_o he_o be_v bear_v take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o a_o magistrate_n but_o be_v admit_v to_o be_v a_o field-commander_n the_o reason_n whereof_o may_v be_v lest_o he_o who_o sit_v in_o the_o place_n of_o justice_n shall_v favour_v his_o relation_n but_o the_o soldier_n be_v at_o home_n in_o his_o own_o country_n will_v fight_v pro_fw-la aris_n &_o focis_fw-la and_o the_o more_o valiant_o defend_v it_o the_o son_n of_o such_o as_o be_v magistrate_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o go_v much_o abroad_o that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o be_v corrupt_v with_o bribe_n five_o the_o chineses_n will_v not_o suffer_v any_o stranger_n to_o continue_v in_o their_o country_n who_o have_v a_o intention_n to_o return_v home_o into_o his_o own_o native_a soil_n or_o be_v find_v to_o hold_v any_o correspondence_n with_o foreign_a kingdom_n neither_o be_v a_o foreiner_n permit_v to_o come_v into_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o no_o stranger_n dare_v venture_v into_o china_n otherwise_o than_o under_o the_o pretence_n of_o a_o embassy_n which_o be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o such_o as_o be_v far_o distant_a from_o china_n but_o also_o of_o their_o friend_n ally_n and_o tributary_n who_o pay_v tax_n to_o they_o of_o which_o sort_n be_v the_o neighbour_a islander_n of_o corea_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n observe_v the_o chinese_n law_n and_o if_o they_o discover_v a_o foreiner_n to_o have_v live_v private_o in_o china_n they_o restrain_v he_o from_o return_v into_o his_o own_o country_n upon_o pain_n of_o death_n six_o no_o body_n be_v suffer_v to_o wear_v any_o arm_n within_o a_o city_n nor_o the_o soldier_n nor_o commander_n nor_o the_o learned_a philosopher_n unless_o they_o be_v upon_o the_o march_n and_o go_v to_o the_o war_n neither_o be_v any_o suffer_v to_o have_v arm_n in_o their_o house_n or_o to_o ride_v arm_v otherwise_o than_o with_o a_o dagger_n to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o high-way-man_n in_o this_o empire_n all_o magisterial_a officer_n whatever_o whether_o philosophical_a or_o of_o the_o council_n of_o war_n be_v rank_v into_o nine_o order_n according_a to_o which_o each_o have_v a_o monthly_a allowance_n pay_v he_o either_o in_o money_n or_o rice_n out_o of_o the_o public_a revenue_n which_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o state_n and_o garb_n they_o live_v in_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o defray_v the_o charge_n and_o expense_n they_o be_v at_o for_o those_o of_o the_o high_a order_n have_v but_o a_o thousand_o crown_n yearly_a yet_o some_o of_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a man_n but_o certain_o not_o by_o what_o be_v give_v they_o underhand_o for_o courtesy_n do_v notwithstanding_o all_o the_o examination_n aforesaid_a all_o the_o magistrate_n as_o well_o superior_a as_o inferior_a wear_v for_o a_o badge_n and_o mark_n of_o respect_n and_o dignity_n one_o sort_n and_o fashion_n of_o hat_n which_o none_o else_o be_v suffer_v to_o wear_v these_o hat_n or_o bonnet_n be_v make_v of_o black_a silk_n and_o have_v on_o both_o side_n two_o oval_a flap_n which_o cover_v the_o ear_n and_o be_v make_v fast_o to_o the_o bonnet_n that_o they_o can_v fall_v off_o in_o which_o manner_n and_o garb_n when_o they_o appear_v in_o the_o street_n they_o walk_v with_o great_a gravity_n not_o differ_v from_o each_o other_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o habit_n save_v only_o that_o they_o have_v distinguish_v mark_n upon_o their_o clothes_n whereby_o their_o quality_n be_v know_v to_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o to_o what_o order_n they_o belong_v last_o you_o must_v know_v that_o the_o chinese_n though_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o empire_n yet_o sit_v every_o where_o in_o the_o council_n they_o enjoy_v their_o old_a law_n custom_n and_o privilege_n as_o former_o and_o it_o seem_v the_o tartar_n suffer_v this_o in_o regard_n they_o find_v the_o chineses_n have_v more_o understanding_n and_o be_v better_o verse_v in_o govern_v the_o country_n and_o people_n than_o themselves_o who_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v fit_a for_o war_n and_o more_o able_a by_o force_n to_o conquer_v than_o by_o policy_n to_o rule_v kingdom_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o character_n language_n write_v and_o literature_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o learned_a in_o china_n arrive_v to_o the_o several_a degree_n of_o knowledge_n the_o chinese_n manner_n of_o write_v differ_v very_o much_o from_o the_o language_n they_o speak_v for_o there_o be_v not_o one_o book_n in_o all_o china_n which_o be_v write_v in_o their_o mother-tongue_n all_o the_o word_n in_o the_o chinese_n language_n without_o exception_n be_v monasyllable_n neither_o have_v they_o few_o letter_n than_o word_n for_o each_o letter_n be_v with_o they_o a_o word_n and_o though_o there_o be_v some_o chinese_n word_n which_o comprehend_v several_a letter_n yet_o every_o one_o of_o those_o letter_n signify_v a_o particular_a word_n and_o although_o the_o chineses_n have_v as_o many_o character_n as_o business_n yet_o they_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o join_v they_o that_o they_o make_v about_o seventy_o or_o eighty_o thousand_o but_o about_o the_o certain_a number_n writer_n seem_v to_o differ_v the_o jesuit_n athanasius_n kircher_n reckon_v they_o eighty_o thousand_o in_o all_o which_o they_o must_v be_v know_v and_o expert_a who_o will_v aim_v at_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o learning_n although_o any_o one_o that_o know_v but_o ten_o thousand_o of_o they_o may_v perfect_o understand_v the_o language_n and_o be_v able_a to_o write_v their_o character_n m._n martinus_n in_o his_o prologue_n to_o the_o history_n of_o china_n say_v that_o the_o chineses_n have_v above_o sixty_o thousand_o character_n which_o have_v several_a distinction_n and_o signification_n this_o be_v confirm_v my_o mandelslo_n in_o his_o persian_a voyage_n though_o other_o raise_v the_o number_n to_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o thousand_o and_o which_o be_v worth_a observation_n notwithstanding_o this_o almost_o infinite_a variety_n and_o difficulty_n yet_o such_o be_v their_o diligence_n and_o industry_n that_o all_o these_o word_n be_v find_v in_o a_o large_a dictionary_n call_v holpien_n which_o signify_v the_o sea_n of_o this_o so_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o number_n of_o the_o chinese_n letter_n no_o other_o reason_n can_v be_v give_v but_o that_o the_o original_a number_n have_v be_v increase_v from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n the_o method_n of_o the_o chineses_n write_v i_o conceive_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o declare_v more_o plain_o the_o form_n and_o difference_n of_o these_o their_o so_o vary_a character_n
and_o to_o that_o end_n and_o purpose_n in_o the_o first_o place_n you_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o old_a chinese_n character_n or_o letter_n differ_v very_o much_o from_o those_o in_o present_a use_n for_o at_o first_o the_o chineses_n characterise_v their_o meaning_n in_o a_o kind_n of_o hierogly_a phick_n shape_n as_o of_o fourfooted_a beast_n creep_v creature_n fish_n herb_n bough_n of_o tree_n rope_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v various_o make_v and_o contrive_v as_o the_o fancy_n of_o the_o user_n think_v meet_v but_o after-age_n by_o a_o long_a series_n of_o time_n and_o a_o constant_a practical_a use_n thereof_o find_v a_o great_a confusion_n in_o such_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o differ_v creature_n and_o herb_n imitate_v the_o form_n of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o character_n make_v or_o add_v some_o little_a point_n and_o line_n about_o they_o to_o distinguish_v they_o one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v reduce_v they_o into_o better_a 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call_v the_o letter_n of_o rest_n mirth_n knowledge_n darkness_n and_o clearness_n the_o fifteen_o sort_n be_v of_o fish_n the_o sixteen_o sort_n be_v not_o yet_o know_v to_o we_o in_o europe_n nor_o indeed_o to_o any_o beside_o themselves_o and_o not_o to_o all_o they_o neither_o the_o seventeen_o sort_n be_v use_v in_o seal_v up_o of_o letter_n and_o write_v of_o superscription_n that_o the_o reader_n may_v more_o clear_o understand_v the_o matter_n i_o will_v set_v down_o some_o of_o the_o old_a character_n with_o those_o now_o in_o use_n as_o for_o example_n the_o character_n number_v with_o the_o figure_n 1._o signify_v with_o the_o ancient_a chineses_n a_o mountain_n or_o hill_n at_o present_a as_o the_o number_n 2._o do_v express_v the_o sun_n be_v demonstrate_v former_o by_o a_o round_a circle_n or_o ring_n with_o a_o speck_n in_o the_o middle_n as_o the_o number_n 3._o declare_v but_o now_o it_o be_v express_v as_o in_o number_n 4._o a_o dragon_n be_v former_o depict_v with_o the_o figure_n as_o be_v express_v in_o number_n 5._o but_o now_o as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o figure_n number_n 6._o a_o sceptre_n with_o one_o eye_n as_o be_v express_v in_o number_n 7._o signify_v former_o the_o king_n name_n but_o now_o it_o be_v show_v with_o the_o figure_n as_o in_o number_n 8._o a_o bird_n hen_n or_o cock_n be_v former_o express_v in_o full_a shape_n and_o posture_n as_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o number_n 9_o and_o 11._o but_o at_o present_a those_o creature_n be_v describe_v as_o in_o number_n 10._o and_o 12._o but_o the_o chineses_n at_o present_a use_n no_o more_o such_o character_n to_o express_v the_o form_n of_o any_o such_o thing_n but_o only_o some_o certain_a line_n and_o mark_n which_o however_o different_a in_o form_n in_o some_o sort_n obscure_o resemble_v the_o character_n of_o the_o ancient_n which_o represent_v the_o shape_n of_o thing_n for_o a_o clear_a demonstration_n of_o the_o character_n in_o use_n at_o present_a among_o the_o chinese_n i_o 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lord_n now_o though_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o empire_n use_v several_a character_n in_o their_o language_n yet_o in_o speak_v there_o seem_v to_o be_v little_a or_o no_o difference_n in_o they_o all_o their_o word_n sound_v alike_o notwithstanding_o the_o difference_n of_o form_n and_o signification_n in_o write_v and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o there_o be_v no_o language_n which_o have_v so_o many_o double-meaning_a word_n as_o the_o chinese_n be_v only_o distinguish_v by_o some_o sound_n or_o expression_n in_o use_n among_o themselves_o out_o of_o the_o double_a signification_n of_o these_o word_n there_o arise_v a_o great_a inconvenience_n for_o no_o person_n can_v transcribe_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o that_o language_n which_o be_v read_v unto_o he_o nor_o can_v any_o book_n be_v understand_v by_o hear_v another_o read_v it_o because_o the_o double_a meaning_n and_o various_a sound_n of_o the_o word_n can_v be_v distinguish_v by_o the_o ear_n and_o be_v only_o to_o 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very_o much_o his_o say_v and_o at_o length_n begin_v to_o laugh_v at_o he_o as_o though_o he_o have_v tell_v they_o incredible_a thing_n ask_v he_o withal_o to_o what_o use_n they_o put_v a_o tile_n of_o such_o bigness_n and_o say_n that_o it_o must_v have_v be_v a_o very_a large_a oven_n that_o can_v bake_v such_o a_o tile_n by_o which_o appear_v how_o necessary_a it_o be_v and_o withal_o how_o infinite_o troublesome_a it_o be_v both_o to_o stranger_n and_o native_n to_o learn_v these_o difference_n of_o sound_n and_o pronunciation_n or_o to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o the_o jesuit_n therefore_o who_o be_v send_v to_o propagate_v the_o gospel_n in_o china_n have_v find_v out_o five_o point_n of_o five_o mark_n which_o they_o put_v over_o every_o word_n and_o thereby_o know_v
manner_n of_o punish_v offender_n be_v to_o lay_v they_o flat_a upon_o their_o face_n on_o the_o ground_n with_o their_o leg_n bare_a upon_o which_o they_o give_v they_o several_a blow_n with_o a_o whip_v make_v of_o twist_a reed_n which_o fetch_v blood_n at_o every_o blow_n and_o the_o great_a motive_n that_o induce_v to_o this_o more_o than_o common_a severity_n in_o punish_v offence_n be_v for_o that_o the_o chineses_n be_v infinite_o addict_v to_o rob_v and_o steal_v there_o be_v two_o extravagant_a humour_n that_o the_o grandee_n in_o china_n be_v much_o guilty_a of_o the_o one_o be_v the_o transmutation_n of_o other_o metal_n into_o silver_n about_o which_o they_o often_o break_v their_o brain_n and_o consume_v their_o estate_n the_o other_o be_v a_o opinion_n they_o have_v of_o obtain_v a_o immortal_a be_v in_o this_o world_n while_o they_o be_v clad_v with_o flesh_n and_o blood_n that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o fancy_v such_o mean_n may_v be_v use_v as_o will_v preserve_v they_o from_o fall_v into_o that_o common_a bosom_n of_o nature_n the_o grave_a of_o both_o these_o mystery_n there_o be_v a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o book_n both_o print_v and_o write_a and_o few_o or_o none_o of_o the_o grandee_n but_o as_o it_o be_v by_o obligation_n betake_v themselves_o to_o the_o study_n of_o these_o distract_n and_o destructive_a science_n to_o this_o purpose_n there_o be_v a_o story_n in_o the_o chinese_n book_n of_o one_o of_o their_o ancient_a emperor_n that_o be_v so_o intoxicate_v with_o this_o prensie_n that_o with_o the_o danger_n and_o hazard_n of_o his_o life_n he_o endeavour_v after_o a_o unattainable_a immortality_n the_o manner_n thus_o this_o emperor_n have_v cause_v a_o certain_a drink_n to_o be_v prepare_v by_o some_o deceitful_a master_n of_o this_o art_n of_o who_o rarity_n and_o perfection_n he_o have_v so_o great_a confidence_n that_o he_o believe_v when_o he_o have_v drink_v it_o he_o shall_v be_v immortal_a and_o from_o this_o conceit_a imagination_n he_o can_v not_o be_v dissuade_v nor_o can_v the_o strong_a argument_n of_o his_o near_a relation_n divert_v he_o from_o his_o humour_n at_o last_o one_o of_o his_o friend_n see_v that_o no_o argumentative_a ratiocination_n will_v prevail_v with_o he_o come_v one_o day_n to_o congratulate_v the_o emperor_n health_n who_o back_n be_v turn_v the_o visitant_n take_v the_o bowl_n and_o drink_v a_o good_a draught_n which_o the_o over-credulous_a emperor_n perceive_v fall_v immediate_o into_o a_o great_a passion_n attend_v with_o no_o less_o than_o reiterated_a threat_n of_o death_n for_o deprive_v he_o of_o his_o immortal_a liquor_n but_o the_o bold_a attempter_n answer_v he_o with_o a_o undaunted_a courage_n in_o these_o term_n do_v you_o suppose_v that_o you_o can_v deprive_v i_o of_o my_o life_n now_o i_o have_v drink_v of_o the_o immortal_a cup_n sure_o it_o be_v great_a madness_n in_o you_o so_o to_o think_v but_o if_o in_o truth_n you_o can_v despoil_v i_o thereof_o than_o i_o aver_v that_o i_o have_v not_o do_v any_o thing_n amiss_o for_o either_o by_o participate_v of_o your_o drink_n i_o be_o become_v equal_o immortal_a with_o you_o or_o else_o you_o be_v equal_o mortal_a with_o i_o if_o you_o can_v take_v away_o my_o life_n now_o i_o have_v not_o rob_v you_o of_o your_o immortality_n but_o shall_v make_v you_o sensible_a of_o the_o deceit_n and_o guile_n wherewith_o you_o be_v abuse_v the_o emperor_n hear_v this_o be_v present_o pacify_v and_o high_o commend_v the_o wisdom_n of_o his_o friend_n in_o extricate_a he_o so_o ingenious_o out_o of_o the_o great_a folly_n and_o madness_n imaginable_a but_o though_o there_o have_v not_o want_v wise_a man_n in_o china_n that_o have_v always_o endeavour_v to_o confute_v this_o fantastic_a principle_n and_o to_o cure_v this_o distemper_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o in_o itself_o be_v no_o better_a than_o a_o fit_a of_o rave_v madness_n yet_o they_o can_v never_o so_o hinder_v this_o disease_n from_o increase_v or_o take_v head_n but_o at_o present_v it_o overspread_v the_o whole_a country_n and_o general_o gain_v belief_n among_o the_o great_a one_o chap._n viii_o of_o several_a sect_n in_o china_n concern_v philosophy_n and_o idol-worship_n of_o all_o the_o heathen_a sect_n which_o be_v come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o those_o in_o europe_n we_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o who_o be_v fall_v into_o few_o error_n than_o the_o chinese_n ever_o since_o the_o first_o age_n for_o in_o their_o book_n we_o read_v that_o these_o people_n have_v from_o the_o beginning_n worship_v the_o high_a and_o one_a godhead_n who_o they_o call_v the_o king_n or_o with_o another_o and_o more_o common_a name_n the_o heaven_n and_o the_o earth_n hence_o it_o appear_v they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o heaven_n and_o earth_n be_v inspire_v and_o so_o they_o worship_v the_o soul_n thereof_o for_o the_o high_a deity_n but_o beside_o this_o supreme_a deity_n they_o deviate_v into_o the_o worship_n of_o several_a spirit_n to_o wit_n of_o hill_n rivers_n and_o such_o as_o command_v over_o the_o four_o quarter_n of_o the_o world_n in_o all_o transaction_n the_o ancient_a chineses_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v that_o man_n ought_v to_o hearken_v to_o the_o inbred_a light_n of_o the_o understanding_n which_o light_n they_o have_v receive_v from_o heaven_n but_o as_o to_o the_o supreme_a deity_n and_o the_o spirit_n which_o wait_v upon_o he_o we_o do_v not_o find_v in_o any_o of_o their_o book_n that_o they_o do_v ever_o broach_v such_o licentious_a doctrine_n to_o the_o support_n of_o vice_n as_o be_v invent_v by_o the_o roman_n grecian_n or_o the_o egyptian_n who_o in_o the_o commit_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o filthiness_n do_v implore_v the_o assistance_n of_o their_o debauch_a go_n it_o likewise_o appear_v by_o the_o yearly_a book_n which_o comprehend_v the_o transaction_n of_o four_o thousand_o year_n that_o the_o chineses_n have_v perform_v several_a brave_a work_n for_o the_o service_n of_o their_o country_n and_o the_o public_a good_n the_o same_o be_v also_o to_o be_v see_v by_o the_o book_n of_o the_o ancient_a and_o wise_a philosopher_n which_o be_v all_o in_o be_v before_o the_o last_o invasion_n of_o the_o tartar_n but_o then_o in_o the_o general_a conflagration_n of_o the_o country_n be_v most_o of_o they_o burn_v wherein_o be_v write_v good_a and_o wholesome_a doctrine_n for_o the_o instruction_n of_o youth_n in_o the_o way_n of_o virtue_n and_o goodness_n these_o book_n mention_v only_o three_o sect_n to_o have_v be_v in_o those_o time_n in_o the_o world_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v the_o sect_n of_o the_o learned_a the_o second_o be_v call_v sciequia_fw-la and_o the_o three_o lancu_n the_o first_o of_o these_o three_o sect_n be_v follow_v by_o all_o the_o chinese_n and_o the_o adjacent_a people_n which_o use_v the_o chinese_n character_n as_o the_o islander_n of_o japan_n corea_n and_o couchinchina_n and_o by_o none_o else_o and_o be_v the_o ancient_a 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wife_n the_o empress_n teach_v other_o woman_n how_o to_o breed_v and_o raise_v silkworm_n and_o the_o art_n of_o prepare_v and_o weave_v of_o silk_n when_o he_o have_v thâ—s_o civilise_v the_o people_n by_o his_o own_o and_o wife_n instruction_n to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o manufacture_n he_o forthwith_o new_o model_v the_o government_n and_o introduce_v the_o six_o judicature_n or_o bench_n of_o justice_n to_o wit_n sipu_n hopu_n limpu_n pimpu_n cumpu_n and_o humpu_n when_o he_o have_v thus_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o his_o state_n in_o order_n he_o depose_v himself_o and_o transfer_v the_o government_n in_o his_o life-time_n upon_o another_o in_o which_o more_o than_o ordinary_a action_n he_o have_v more_o regard_n to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o public_a than_o to_o the_o welfare_n and_o affection_n of_o his_o own_o child_n and_o relation_n all_o who_o he_o voluntary_o pass_v by_o although_o no_o way_n inferior_a to_o he_o in_o knowledge_n and_o uprightness_n of_o life_n and_o 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servant_n counsel_v be_v acceptable_a to_o your_o ear_n i_o shall_v advise_v you_o to_o settle_v in_o the_o government_n this_o your_o elder_a son_n and_o no_o other_o but_o yaus_n interrupt_v his_o discourse_n say_v you_o know_v fangius_fw-la that_o i_o take_v as_o much_o distaste_n at_o the_o commend_v of_o bad_a as_o i_o do_v at_o the_o discommend_v of_o good_a people_n my_o son_n be_v unready_a of_o speech_n and_o slow_a of_o tongue_n his_o word_n and_o his_o deed_n not_o agree_v true_a it_o be_v he_o know_v in_o outward_a gesture_n how_o to_o behave_v himself_o as_o a_o wise_a man_n but_o inward_o he_o be_v nothing_o not_o long_o after_o be_v about_o the_o seventi_v year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o send_v for_o one_o sungous_n one_o of_o his_o great_a favourite_n and_o counsellor_n to_o who_o he_o speak_v in_o this_o manner_n i_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o a_o crown_n too_o heavy_a for_o my_o age_a head_n and_o therefore_o intend_v to_o surrender_v up_o my_o empire_n to_o you_o 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stranger_n and_o to_o negotiate_v their_o business_n for_o they_o yet_o we_o resolve_v not_o to_o be_v discourage_v but_o rather_o take_v the_o great_a magnanimity_n and_o trust_v in_o almighty_a god_n who_o sometime_o permit_v difficulty_n to_o appear_v insupportable_a by_o humane_a strength_n that_o we_o may_v ascribe_v our_o happy_a success_n to_o he_o alone_o and_o return_v he_o all_o praise_n and_o thanks_o who_o bring_v all_o our_o work_n to_o pass_v with_o erect_a spirit_n therefore_o and_o our_o heart_n advance_v we_o accost_v a_o famous_a chinese_n who_o be_v likewise_o precedent_n of_o the_o tribunal_n of_o hospitality_n for_o now_o all_o their_o court_n have_v double_a chief_n and_o precedent_n in_o they_o the_o one_o a_o tartar_n and_o the_o other_o a_o chinese_n earnest_o request_v his_o favourable_a assistance_n in_o this_o business_n for_o know_v his_o authority_n in_o his_o favour_n lie_v our_o great_a hope_n and_o he_o be_v ever_o a_o most_o friendly_a person_n to_o 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name_n of_o the_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o fokien_n can_v ever_o be_v secure_a or_o flourish_v but_o will_v be_v in_o perpetual_a hazard_n of_o decay_n this_o mandorin_n be_v wonderful_o please_v with_o the_o book_n and_o promise_v i_o to_o show_v it_o to_o the_o council_n that_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v about_o the_o hollander_n and_o withal_o he_o add_v this_o word_n of_o consolation_n that_o these_o hollander_n shall_v never_o accomplish_v and_o bring_v to_o pass_v their_o design_n here_o although_o i_o well_o know_v they_o have_v bribe_v the_o king_n of_o canton_n and_o many_o other_o great_a officer_n about_o the_o court_n for_o i_o will_v never_o suffer_v they_o to_o enter_v into_o china_n or_o to_o be_v allow_v any_o commerce_n with_o it_o and_o as_o he_o promise_v so_o he_o likewise_o perform_v with_o other_o chineses_n of_o his_o party_n withstand_v the_o tartar_n and_o anon_o produce_v the_o book_n to_o they_o whereunto_o they_o all_o give_v great_a estimation_n and_o credit_n because_o it_o be_v write_v in_o the_o chinese_n language_n at_o length_n from_o the_o cognizance_n that_o all_o great_a man_n take_v of_o the_o hollander_n and_o the_o fame_n that_o be_v spread_v of_o they_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o tartar_n shut_v they_o up_o and_o not_o only_o deny_v they_o liberty_n to_o sell_v any_o thing_n or_o to_o buy_v any_o necessary_n for_o themselves_o but_o also_o prohibit_v they_o to_o receive_v those_o entertainment_n whereunto_o some_o of_o the_o viceroy_n of_o canton's_n intimate_a friend_n have_v invite_v they_o nor_o will_v they_o suffer_v any_o man_n so_o much_o as_o to_o sit_v down_o at_o their_o door_n whence_o the_o dutch_a despair_v of_o any_o good_a issue_n of_o their_o negotiation_n plain_o disow_v their_o pretence_n of_o seek_v any_o commerce_n here_o and_o pretend_v their_o business_n to_o be_v only_o a_o congratulation_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o his_o new_a conquest_n which_o have_v now_o perform_v with_o their_o most_o hearty_a wish_n for_o the_o continuance_n and_o increase_n of_o his_o posterity_n they_o desire_v his_o majesty_n leave_n to_o return_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o country_n hitherto_o whatever_o father_n lodowick_n balion_n and_o myself_o have_v do_v to_o defeat_v the_o hollander_n if_o it_o be_v not_o according_a to_o our_o wish_n it_o be_v according_a to_o our_o power_n and_o by_o divine_a assistance_n it_o prove_v sufficient_a in_o our_o lay_n open_v the_o quality_n of_o this_o nation_n to_o alienate_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o chinese_n from_o they_o and_o of_o many_o tartar_n too_o who_o before_o stand_v at_o the_o most_o but_o in_o a_o neutrality_n and_o to_o the_o strike_v some_o terror_n in_o those_o who_o have_v be_v corrupt_v by_o their_o bribe_n i_o say_v that_o by_o divine_a assistance_n it_o prove_v sufficient_a for_o without_o that_o it_o have_v be_v impossible_a for_o we_o to_o have_v advance_v one_o step_n in_o a_o business_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o 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of_o the_o whole_a empire_n make_v a_o final_a conclusion_n thereof_o but_o the_o malice_n of_o their_o adversary_n can_v hardly_o be_v express_v who_o in_o their_o apologetical_a write_n to_o the_o emperor_n complain_v that_o they_o have_v prescribe_v the_o law_n of_o the_o art_n and_o science_n unto_o the_o chineses_n to_o the_o disgrace_n and_o signal_n contempt_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n and_o that_o barbarian_n and_o son_n of_o a_o unknown_a land_n shall_v be_v exalt_v with_o so_o great_a honour_n from_o the_o emperor_n and_o that_o by_o the_o imperial_a diploma_n or_o patent_n as_o if_o the_o excellency_n of_o wit_n of_o all_o the_o learned_a chineses_n concentre_v in_o the_o head_n of_o two_o obscure_a person_n leave_v they_o for_o the_o future_a no_o hope_n of_o glory_n and_o when_o they_o can_v accomplish_v nothing_o by_o such_o like_a accusation_n return_v unto_o horrible_a calumny_n they_o be_v invective_n against_o our_o father_n as_o the_o overthrower_n of_o the_o 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they_o shall_v be_v lay_v up_o in_o the_o most_o
into_o 10_o digit_n where_o of_o 9_o be_v equivalent_a to_o our_o geometrical_a foot_n some_z special_a remark_n take_v out_o of_o athanasius_n kircher_n antiquity_n of_o china_n part_n vi_o of_o the_o hieroglyphical_a character_n of_o the_o chinese_n there_o be_v no_o nation_n so_o barbarous_a but_o they_o have_v some_o way_n to_o manifest_v their_o conception_n one_o to_o another_o but_o above_o other_o the_o chineses_n have_v the_o most_o significant_a character_n the_o first_o inventor_n of_o which_o be_v fohi_n about_o three_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n as_o their_o record_n say_v who_o form_v divers_a figure_n draw_v from_o animal_n bird_n reptile_n fish_n herbage_n plant_n tree_n and_o abundance_n of_o other_o thing_n so_o that_o according_a to_o the_o numerous_a variety_n of_o the_o product_n of_o nature_n and_o her_o several_a resemblance_n such_o and_o so_o infinite_a be_v their_o character_n which_o though_o the_o modern_a chineses_n teach_v by_o experience_n 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language_n of_o castille_n in_o spain_n and_o the_o tuscan_a in_o italy_n the_o character_n be_v common_a unto_o the_o whole_a empire_n of_o the_o chinese_n as_o also_o to_o japan_n couchinchina_n corea_n and_o touchin_n though_o the_o idiom_n be_v much_o different_a so_o that_o the_o people_n of_o japan_n etc._n etc._n do_v understand_v book_n and_o epistle_n that_o be_v write_v in_o this_o sort_n of_o character_n but_o yet_o can_v speak_v mutual_o to_o or_o understand_v one_o another_o like_o the_o figure_n of_o number_n use_v throughout_o europe_n and_o by_o all_o person_n understand_v although_o the_o word_n by_o which_o they_o be_v pronounce_v be_v exceed_v different_a so_o that_o it_o be_v one_o thing_n to_o know_v the_o chinesian_a language_n and_o another_o to_o speak_v the_o tongue_n a_o stranger_n that_o have_v a_o strong_a memory_n and_o do_v apply_v himself_o to_o study_n may_v arrive_v to_o a_o great_a height_n of_o that_o learning_n by_o read_v the_o chinefian_n book_n although_o he_o be_v neither_o able_a to_o speak_v it_o himself_o or_o understand_v those_o that_o speak_v it_o but_o father_n jacobus_n pantoja_n according_a to_o the_o musical_a note_n ut_fw-mi re_fw-mi mi_fw-mi fa_fw-it sol_fw-it la_o first_o of_o all_o find_v out_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o accent_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o pronunciation_n assist_v by_o which_o they_o overcome_v the_o difficulty_n of_o the_o language_n the_o first_o of_o the_o five_o chinese_n accent_n answer_v to_o the_o musical_a note_n ut_fw-la and_o the_o sound_n of_o it_o be_v call_v in_o the_o chinese_n cho_n pim_n as_o if_o you_o shall_v say_v the_o first_o word_n equal_o proceed_v the_o second_o note_n answer_v to_o re_n and_o it_o be_v term_v in_o the_o chineses_n language_n pum_n xim_o that_o be_v a_o clear_a equal_a voice_n the_o three_o note_n agree_v with_o â—i_n and_o the_o sound_n in_o the_o chinese_n be_v xam_n xim_o that_o be_v a_o lofty_a voice_n the_o four_o note_n be_v sound_v like_o fa_o and_o be_v term_v in_o the_o chinese_n kiu_o xun_n that_o be_v the_o elate_v voice_n of_o one_o that_o be_v go_v away_o the_o five_o note_n answer_v to_o sol_n in_o the_o chinese_n be_v call_v see_v xun_v that_o be_v the_o proper_a voice_n or_o speech_n of_o one_o that_o be_v come_v in_o for_o example_n that_o one_o word_n ya_fw-mi write_v in_o the_o european_a character_n and_o have_v the_o five_o note_n above_o affix_v it_o must_v be_v prounce_v with_o divers_a voice_n and_o accent_n a_o tooth_n yâ_fw-la dumb_a yÄ_n excellent_a yà _fw-fr stupidity_n yá_n a_o goose_n ya_fw-mi for_o as_o the_o same_o word_n suggest_v divers_a signification_n and_o the_o speech_n speak_v slow_a or_o fast_o resemble_v the_o mode_n and_o time_n in_o music_n so_o from_o the_o word_n of_o monosyllable_n for_o the_o chineses_n have_v none_o of_o bis_fw-la tres_fw-la or_o more_o syllable_n be_v a_o timely_a harmony_n by_o the_o help_n of_o which_o note_n stranger_n may_v attain_v to_o something_o of_o the_o tongue_n though_o with_o great_a labour_n and_o indefatigable_a patience_n and_o though_o the_o same_o word_n have_v one_o signification_n in_o the_o mandorin_n language_n and_o a_o contrary_a in_o japan_n and_o other_o place_n yet_o know_v this_o one_o speech_n and_o character_n you_o may_v travel_v not_o only_o through_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n but_o the_o adjacent_a kingdom_n those_o that_o be_v earnest_a to_o make_v further_a scrutiny_n in_o quest_n of_o all_o these_o wonderful_a relation_n may_v resort_v to_o the_o author_n himself_o and_o to_o those_o in_o his_o quotation_n for_o this_o we_o think_v a_o sufficient_a appendix_n to_o the_o dutch_a embassy_n the_o one_o seem_v the_o better_a to_o illustrate_v the_o other_o many_o of_o the_o same_o concern_v be_v handle_v in_o both_o finis_fw-la the_o severe_a law_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o division_n of_o the_o globe_n asia_n divide_v the_o name_n of_o china_n china_n whence_o so_o name_v the_o division_n of_o china_n the_o situation_n the_o extent_n 990_o english_a mile_n 1350_o english_a mile_n the_o revenue_n by_o tax_n the_o situation_n of_o zansi_fw-la the_o situation_n of_o xensi_fw-la prester-iohn_n in_o asia_n the_o situation_n of_o honan_n the_o situation_n of_o sucheu_fw-la the_o situation_n of_o hucang_n the_o situation_n of_o chekiang_n the_o situation_n of_o fokien_n the_o situation_n of_o quangsi_n the_o situation_n of_o queicheu_fw-la the_o situation_n of_o junnan_n the_o description_n of_o the_o island_n java_n the_o description_n of_o the_o city_n maccoa_n quantung_v and_o her_o city_n a_o stoel_n be_v 13_o ducatoon_n in_o silver_n the_o ambassador_n noble_a entertainment_n in_o this_o city_n a_o twofold_a interpretation_n of_o this_o monument_n whence_o the_o gospel_n as_o also_o the_o heathenish_a superstition_n come_v into_o china_n the_o description_n and_o boundary_n of_o china_n it_o be_v several_a name_n the_o division_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n the_o first_o discovery_n of_o the_o syro-chinesian_a monument_n by_o who_o first_o make_v public_a martin_n atlas_n pag._n 44._o at_o what_o time_n the_o christian_a faith_n enter_v into_o china_n the_o creaticâ—â—_n of_o all_o thing_n the_o fall_n of_o adam_n the_o incarnation_n of_o the_o son_n of_o god_n the_o excellency_n of_o the_o christian_a law_n the_o description_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o judea_n according_a to_o the_o chinese_n geographer_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o law_n of_o christ_n the_o building_n of_o church_n presbyter_n john_n where_o he_o inhabit_v belor_n a_o most_o high_a mountain_n why_o the_o emperor_n of_o the_o aloyssine_n be_v call_v presbyter_n john_n the_o king_n of_o barantola_n adore_v as_o a_o god_n where_o presbyter_n john_n reside_v 〈…〉_z the_o dâ—scription_n of_o hancheu_fw-la or_o quâ—nsai_n the_o voyage_n of_o benedict_n go_v for_o the_o discovery_n of_o cathay_n a_o description_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o china_n the_o habit_n of_o thâ—_n tartar_n of_o kalmack_n the_o ridiculous_a worship_n of_o the_o great_a lama_n the_o high_a mountain_n langur_n the_o voyage_n of_o father_n amatus_fw-la chesaud_n the_o voyage_n of_o m._n paulus_n venetus_n the_o time_n of_o mahomet_n come_v into_o the_o world_n the_o great_a cham_n convert_v to_o christianity_n the_o letter_n of_o haolon_n to_o the_o k._n of_o france_n the_o present_n of_o st._n lewis_n king_n of_o france_n to_o the_o gâ—â—at_a cham._n the_o various_a change_n of_o the_o christian_a law_n in_o china_n the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o nobility_n of_o china_n receive_v the_o law_n of_o christ._n the_o emperor_n vumly_n when_o he_o have_v slay_v his_o wife_n and_o daughter_n hang_v himself_o many_o noble_a chinese_n convert_v to_o the_o christian_a religion_n the_o inscription_n of_o the_o church_n of_o the_o father_n of_o the_o society_n of_o jesus_n the_o original_n of_o the_o chinesian_a astronomy_n our_o father_n appoint_v to_o correct_v the_o calendar_n by_o the_o emperor_n edict_n the_o error_n of_o the_o chinese_n in_o geography_n the_o emperor_n habit_n the_o three_o sect_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o first_o sect._n the_o second_o sect._n the_o three_o sect._n