call_v by_o that_o name_n imitate_v the_o ancient_a druid_n of_o this_o land_n but_o yet_o go_v far_o than_o they_o who_o follow_v the_o pythagorean_n do_v not_o commit_v their_o learning_n to_o write_v or_o rather_o the_o lacedaemonian_n who_o by_o the_o institution_n of_o lycurgus_n hold_v all_o law_n not_o write_v who_o as_o plutarch_n report_v exiguos_fw-la illos_fw-la &_o pecuniarios_fw-la contractus_fw-la quique_fw-la propter_fw-la usum_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la subinde_fw-la immutantur_fw-la praestare_fw-la censebat_fw-la scriptis_fw-la legibus_fw-la non_fw-la comprehendi_fw-la neque_fw-la immobilibus_fw-la consuetudinibus_fw-la illigari_fw-la sed_fw-la permittendum_fw-la ut_fw-la pro_fw-la ratione_fw-la temporis_fw-la augerentur_fw-la diminuerentúrve_v secundum_fw-la probe_n institutorum_fw-la hominum_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la yet_o our_o law_n do_v not_o give_v so_o much_o liberty_n to_o the_o judge_n but_o yet_o not_o only_a politician_n and_o moralist_n but_o also_o the_o civil_a lawyer_n do_v permit_v that_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n the_o constitution_n of_o prince_n be_v to_o be_v interpret_v according_a to_o the_o judgement_n of_o magistrate_n and_o judge_n sometime_o mitigate_v and_o according_a to_o incident_a diversity_n interpret_v which_o can_v be_v always_o commit_v to_o writing_n for_o it_o can_v be_v always_o the_o same_o and_o this_o be_v rather_o to_o be_v wish_v than_o to_o be_v hope_v for_o in_o our_o law_n and_o i_o will_v that_o he_o which_o find_v this_o fault_n can_v find_v a_o remedy_n and_o prescribe_v the_o reformation_n controversy_n and_o ambiguity_n be_v so_o frequent_v not_o only_o in_o this_o but_o in_o all_o science_n art_n and_o profession_n that_o every_o day_n new_a particular_n question_n new_a particular_n breed_v new_a question_n be_v subject_n of_o new_a question_n especial_o in_o the_o law_n which_o spring_n out_o of_o the_o intricate_a form_n of_o new_a conveyance_n and_o such_o like_a invention_n of_o man_n and_o so_o long_o as_o man_n see_v but_o in_o aenigmate_fw-la and_o per_fw-la speculum_fw-la as_o the_o divine_n say_v of_o the_o knowledge_n science_n how_o uncertain_a man_n knowledge_n be_v in_o divine_a thing_n and_o in_o other_o science_n of_o god_n and_o so_o long_o as_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o perspective_n that_o which_o be_v see_v by_o reflection_n or_o refraction_n be_v never_o see_v in_o or_o according_a to_o his_o true_a place_n so_o long_o and_o in_o such_o sort_n we_o must_v look_v for_o controversy_n and_o ambiguity_n in_o all_o profession_n which_o be_v indeed_o not_o so_o much_o or_o so_o sensible_o feel_v in_o any_o art_n as_o in_o the_o law_n because_o none_o other_o go_v so_o near_o man_n estate_n nothing_o go_v so_o near_o to_o man_n thought_n as_o their_o loss_n of_o estate_n inward_a thought_n and_o conceit_n as_o such_o do_v whereon_o their_o estate_n and_o possession_n be_v adventure_v therefore_o loser_n may_v have_v leave_n to_o speak_v but_o not_o untruth_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n whereby_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o be_v chief_o obtain_v the_o chief_a knowledge_n by_o study_n law_n three_o sort_n of_o writer_n of_o our_o law_n of_o our_o law_n do_v consist_v in_o the_o work_v of_o they_o which_o have_v write_v of_o the_o law_n and_o they_o be_v of_o 3_o sort_n 1._o the_o first_o whereof_o set_v down_o the_o art_n and_o rule_n of_o the_o same_o in_o a_o certain_a method_n such_o as_o be_v glanvill_n bracton_n and_o britton_n who_o be_v ancient_a author_n write_v in_o latin_a and_o do_v endeavour_v to_o reduce_v those_o rule_n according_a to_o the_o title_n of_o the_o civil-lawe_n but_o most_o especial_o bracton_n though_o these_o be_v ancient_a author_n yet_o they_o be_v now_o cite_v rather_o for_o ornament_n than_o for_o authority_n 2._o other_o have_v write_v of_o the_o writ_n writer_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o precedent_n of_o writ_n precedent_n rule_n and_o nature_n of_o writ_n which_o do_v lay_v the_o ground_n of_o every_o action_n to_o procure_v judgement_n and_o execution_n thereon_o as_o the_o book_n of_o entry_n with_o the_o register_n and_o the_o two_o book_n ground_v thereupon_o in_o this_o fitz-herbert_a have_v deserve_v special_o well_o 3._o a_o three_o sort_n of_o writer_n of_o our_o case_n reporter_n of_o former_a judge_v case_n law_n there_o be_v which_o be_v those_o who_o write_v the_o particular_a and_o summary_n case_n that_o have_v receive_v determination_n and_o sentence_n in_o the_o king_n be_v jucicial_a court_n show_v how_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n be_v apply_v to_o those_o case_n or_o rather_o how_o these_o case_n be_v reduce_v to_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n both_o by_o the_o counsellor_n that_o argue_v the_o same_o on_o both_o side_n with_o probable_a reason_n confirm_v their_o opinion_n with_o authority_n of_o former_a judgement_n and_o also_o the_o judge_n conclude_v their_o sentence_n upon_o the_o same_o by_o the_o common_a square_n of_o reason_n and_o rule_n they_o have_v learn_v of_o the_o forego_n learned_a judge_n of_o this_o year-book_n it_o be_v not_o know_v who_o compile_v the_o first_o annales_n and_o ancient_a year-book_n latter_a sort_n of_o writer_n call_v reporter_n who_o they_o be_v that_o compile_v the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a book_n of_o report_n be_v not_o certain_a for_o we_o have_v not_o their_o name_n but_o since_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o there_o be_v some_o work_n and_o report_v write_v of_o every_o king_n reign_n for_o before_o his_o time_n we_o have_v not_o any_o volume_n at_o large_a now_o leave_v and_o if_o any_o such_o be_v they_o be_v consume_v through_o the_o injury_n want_v divers_a ancient_a year-book_n want_v of_o time_n or_o neglect_v or_o malice_n of_o such_o in_o who_o custody_n they_o remain_v yet_o it_o shall_v seem_v that_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8._o there_o be_v some_o more_o ancient_a book_n or_o report_n of_o the_o law_n case_n extant_a report_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 3._o and_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o edw._n the_o second_o for_o that_o fitz-herbert_a extant_a some_o case_n abridge_v of_o the_o book_n now_o not_o extant_a who_o do_v reduce_v all_o the_o case_n of_o the_o report_n that_o be_v extant_a in_o his_o time_n under_o certain_a general_a head_n and_o brook_n likewise_o who_o a_o little_a after_o he_o do_v set_v forth_o another_o abridgement_n of_o the_o law_n and_o case_n extant_a in_o his_o time_n add_v more_o general_a head_n than_o fitz-herbert_a have_v do_v yet_o both_o of_o they_o under_o divers_a of_o their_o title_n abridge_v the_o pith_n of_o sundry_a case_n argue_v and_o most_o of_o they_o adjudge_v in_o those_o king_n reign_v howbeit_o the_o volume_n at_o large_a be_v not_o extant_a not_o we_o have_v now_o e._n 2._o and_o r._n 2._o what_o year-book_n be_v yet_o extant_a now_o extant_a but_o of_o the_o case_n which_o be_v adjudge_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o three_o there_o be_v four_o volume_n now_o extant_a of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o his_o time_n there_o be_v not_o any_o volume_n but_o many_o case_n abridge_v as_o aforesaid_a of_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n quinto_fw-la long_n quinto_fw-la the_o four_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o five_o there_o be_v no_o volume_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o sixth_o there_o be_v two_o great_a volume_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o four_o one_o volume_n one_o volume_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o in_o the_o late_a end_n of_o who_o reign_n the_o report_n do_v discontinue_v until_o the_o twelve_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o then_o they_o be_v recontinue_a until_o the_o nineteenth_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o from_o thence_o again_o discontinue_v till_o the_o twenty_o sixth_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v hold_v on_o for_o two_o year_n that_o be_v twenty_o sixth_o and_o twenty_o seven_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o which_o be_v the_o last_o report_n which_o we_o have_v save_v such_o as_o since_o have_v be_v revive_v by_o three_o or_o four_o worthy_a man_n who_o private_a and_o voluntary_a diligence_n have_v for_o the_o public_a good_a continue_a sundry_a report_n such_o as_o mr._n kellaway_n who_o report_v private_o certain_a case_n in_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o his_o time_n this_o book_n and_o labour_n be_v now_o come_v to_o light_v by_o mr._n justice_n crook_n his_o care_n and_o charge_n also_o mr._n brooke_n who_o do_v report_v diverse_a memorable_a case_n which_o happen_v when_o he_o be_v make_v of_o his_o abridgement_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o king_n edward_z the_o six_o and_o queen_n mary_n report_v they_o under_o apt_a title_n in_o his_o abridgement_n then_o my_o lord_n dyer_n who_o when_o case_n of_o the_o late_a report_n of_o judge_v case_n he_o be_v a_o student_n a_o practicioner_n and_o a_o judge_n observe_v many_o famous_a case_n which_o be_v publish_v
enchiridion_n legum_n a_o discourse_n concern_v the_o beginning_n nature_n difference_n progress_n and_o use_v of_o law_n in_o general_z and_o in_o particular_a of_o the_o common_a &_o municipal_a law_n of_o england_n london_n print_v by_o elizabeth_n flesher_n john_n streater_n and_o henry_n twyford_n assign_v of_o richard_n atkins_n &_o edw._n atkins_n esquire_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o g._n s._n h._n t._n j._n p._n w._n p._n j._n b._n t._n b._n r._n p._n c._n w._n t._n d._n w._n j._n c._n h._n j._n l._n j._n a._n j._n w._n &_o j._n p._n m_o dc_o lxx_o iii_o the_o head_n of_o the_o several_a chapter_n contain_v in_o this_o treatise_n chap._n i._n the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n pag._n 1._o chap._n ii_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o là w_n of_o nature_n of_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n pag._n 16._o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n pag._n 31._o chap._n iu._n a_o answer_n to_o certain_a objection_n usual_o make_v against_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 57_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n whereby_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o be_v chief_o obtain_v pag._n 83._o chap._n vi_o of_o estate_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 89._o chap._n vii_o of_o assurance_n &_o conveyance_n which_o grow_v out_o of_o these_o estate_n by_o the_o common-law_n pag._n 95._o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o of_o their_o trial_n according_a to_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n pag._n 103._o chap._n ix_o of_o trial_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 106._o chap._n x._o of_o some_o thing_n in_o the_o minister_n and_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n conceive_v worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v pag._n 111._o enchiridion_n legum_n chap._n 1._o the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n mean_v to_o treat_v first_o of_o law_n in_o general_a and_o next_o of_o the_o common_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n i_o conceive_v it_o can_v be_v unprofitable_a for_o a_o introduction_n unto_o this_o intendment_n to_o set_v down_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o law_n whereof_o justinian_n have_v deliver_v three_o derive_v out_o of_o demosthenes_n chrysippus_n and_o papinian_n one_o be_v that_o a_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o whereunto_o man_n ought_v to_o yield_v obedience_n as_o in_o other_o respect_n so_o especial_o in_o this_o because_o it_o be_v a_o invention_n of_o the_o god_n a_o decree_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o correction_n of_o offence_n commit_v either_o witting_o or_o ignorant_o a_o covenant_n of_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n with_o one_o accord_n after_o the_o direction_n whereof_o every_o citizen_n ought_v to_o order_v his_o life_n the_o other_o be_v that_o the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o sovereign_n of_o all_o thing_n both_o divine_a and_o humane_a that_o be_v a_o commander_n a_o guide_n and_o a_o square_a both_o of_o good_a and_o bad_a enjoin_v that_o which_o be_v fit_a and_o forbid_v the_o contrary_a the_o one_o of_o these_o be_v rather_o a_o description_n than_o a_o definition_n and_o it_o describe_v rather_o the_o natural_a than_o the_o positive_a law_n and_o the_o other_o be_v fit_v rather_o to_o a_o orator_n than_o a_o lawyer_n we_o may_v therefore_o let_v they_o pass_v and_o proceed_v to_o the_o three_o which_o set_v down_o the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o general_a determination_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o comptroller_n of_o fault_n either_o escape_v through_o ignorance_n or_o commit_v upon_o wilfulness_n and_o it_o be_v a_o general_a agreement_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n jason_n observe_v that_o the_o law_n be_v a_o general_a commandment_n in_o three_o respect_n either_o because_o it_o be_v found_v upon_o a_o general_a authority_n or_o because_o it_o belong_v to_o and_o bind_v all_o or_o else_o because_o it_o be_v intend_v general_n for_o the_o profit_n of_o all_o cicero_n define_v the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o certain_a reason_n flow_v from_o the_o divine_a mind_n which_o do_v persuade_v that_o which_o be_v right_a and_o prohibit_v the_o contrary_n and_o plato_n say_v that_o the_o law_n obtain_v a_o name_n like_o to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o mind_n but_o whilst_o the_o law_n be_v define_v by_o the_o divine_a mind_n it_o seem_v as_o one_o say_v to_o be_v define_v by_o that_o which_o be_v more_o remote_a and_o general_a than_o subject_n to_o common_a capacity_n yet_o be_v these_o definition_n in_o some_o sort_n true_a be_v rather_o refer_v to_o the_o eternal_a law_n than_o to_o the_o positive_a and_o humane_a law_n as_o shall_v be_v short_o show_v in_o his_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n for_o that_o these_o as_o the_o former_a be_v as_o be_v say_v before_o rather_o description_n than_o perfect_a definition_n to_o come_v more_o near_o to_o the_o purpose_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o humane_a law_n be_v a_o order_n and_o ordinance_n include_v the_o rule_n and_o reason_n of_o govern_v and_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o due_n direct_v to_o the_o end_n of_o public_a good_a determine_v punishment_n to_o the_o transgressor_n and_o reward_n to_o the_o obedient_a therefore_o to_o conclude_v humane_a law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o ordinance_n and_o agreement_n of_o wise_a man_n conclude_v by_o public_a authority_n for_o the_o peace_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o people_n live_v together_o in_o society_n it_o be_v say_v for_o the_o great_a part_n because_o no_o humane_a positive_a law_n be_v so_o general_o good_a unto_o all_o but_o that_o it_o be_v hurtful_a unto_o some_o by_o accident_n if_o not_o of_o itself_o if_o any_o do_v desire_n to_o know_v from_o law_n the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n lex_n which_o we_o call_v law_n whence_o this_o word_n lex_n which_o in_o english_a we_o call_v law_n be_v derive_v some_o will_v say_v with_o isidorus_n that_o it_o have_v his_o etymology_n à _fw-la legendo_fw-la because_o after_o the_o law_n be_v write_v it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v read_v unto_o the_o people_n but_o this_o be_v not_o so_o certain_a in_o that_o the_o read_n of_o the_o law_n by_o way_n of_o promulgation_n be_v but_o accidentary_a and_o no_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o law_n although_o some_o have_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o a_o law_n can_v not_o be_v perfect_o establish_v until_o it_o be_v promulgate_v by_o way_n of_o proclamation_n other_o will_v derive_v the_o word_n lex_n à _fw-la ligando_fw-la for_o as_o much_o as_o divine_v hold_v that_o man_n be_v tie_v in_o foro_fw-la conscientiae_fw-la to_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o law_n as_o well_o as_o they_o be_v bind_v under_o penalty_n to_o observe_v the_o same_o yet_o cicero_n concur_v with_o the_o first_o derivation_n but_o with_o a_o farther-fetched_a reason_n than_o the_o former_a quoth_v lex_n idem_fw-la sit_fw-la quod_fw-la legendi_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la eligendi_fw-la regula_fw-la the_o reason_n be_v nam_fw-la regula_fw-la dirigendo_fw-la docet_fw-la eligere_fw-la it_o may_v yet_o well_o enough_o agree_v unto_o both_o for_o one_o say_v habet_fw-la lex_fw-la quod_fw-la sit_fw-la regula_n &_o quod_fw-la sit_fw-la obligatoria_fw-la praeceptio_fw-la how_o soever_o these_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n lex_n do_v stand_v false_a or_o true_a it_o make_v not_o much_o matter_n so_o we_o leave_v they_o as_o more_o grammatical_a and_o conjectural_a than_o certain_a and_o infallible_a the_o word_n lex_n which_o in_o english_a we_o law_n a_o double_a signification_n of_o this_o word_n law_n call_v law_n have_v in_o our_o language_n a_o double_a signification_n or_o be_v take_v two_o way_n for_o it_o be_v take_v both_o for_o that_o which_o the_o latin_n term_v lex_fw-la and_o for_o that_o which_o they_o call_v juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la the_o one_o be_v the_o art_n of_o the_o other_o for_o lex_n be_v the_o rule_n and_o measure_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v and_o to_o be_v leave_v undo_v but_o juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la be_v the_o knowledge_n and_o method_n of_o that_o rule_n as_o justice_n be_v the_o execution_n of_o they_o both_o which_o have_v his_o force_n in_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o in_o praemio_fw-la paena_fw-la &_o debito_fw-la so_o then_o in_o the_o first_o sense_n the_o word_n law_n be_v proper_o apply_v but_o in_o the_o second_o it_o be_v somewhat_o large_o extend_v yet_o use_v and_o common_a opinion_n have_v so_o accept_v it_o this_o law_n have_v for_o his_o subject_n and_o object_v the_o rule_n of_o all_o divine_a and_o humane_a thing_n except_o god_n himself_o who_o be_v the_o great_a rule-giver_n and_o lawmaker_n and_o he_o
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common_a peace_n and_o society_n of_o man_n lest_o the_o like_a occasion_n of_o wrong_n do_v shall_v grow_v general_a and_o so_o in_o the_o end_n hurtful_a to_o all_o so_o by_o this_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n grow_v the_o division_n of_o good_n the_o distinction_n of_o property_n free_a commerce_n betwixt_o nation_n common_a contract_n and_o the_o like_a by_o this_o we_o see_v that_o the_o secondary_a nature_n the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n law_n of_o nation_n be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o differ_v also_o from_o the_o primary_n law_n of_o nation_n itself_o now_o let_v we_o see_v next_o how_o the_o civil_a law_n differ_v or_o be_v distinguish_v from_o these_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o appellation_n way_n the_o name_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n take_v two_o way_n thereof_o be_v take_v in_o two_o several_a signification_n for_o either_o it_o be_v in_o a_o strict_a 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the_o roman_a state_n do_v change_v for_o when_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n make_v and_o change_v law_n at_o their_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n set_v up_o their_o sovereign_n and_o supreme_a authority_n they_o make_v such_o law_n edict_n and_o constitution_n as_o be_v answerable_a to_o their_o own_o end_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n often_o disannul_v what_o his_o predecessor_n have_v ordain_v and_o as_o they_o abrogate_a the_o law_n of_o other_o so_o do_v they_o not_o long_o uphold_v their_o own_o for_o who_o almost_o be_v there_o among_o they_o that_o do_v not_o change_v their_o own_o constitution_n beside_o as_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n rome_n the_o admixture_n of_o divers_a law_n in_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n grow_v great_a they_o be_v force_v to_o alter_v their_o law_n with_o admixture_n of_o their_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n statute_n of_o the_o commons_o ordinance_n of_o the_o magistrate_n as_o the_o praetorian_a law_n call_v jus_n honorarium_fw-la which_o be_v of_o great_a force_n for_o the_o time_n but_o of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o they_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o praetor_n and_o do_v often_o end_n with_o their_o year_n thus_o the_o roman_a law_n remain_v in_o much_o uncertainty_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o adrian_n the_o emperor_n who_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n do_v cause_v these_o law_n to_o be_v make_v perpetual_a whence_o grow_v the_o name_n of_o edictum_fw-la infringe_v adrian_n edictum_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la infringe_v perpetuum_fw-la but_o yet_o in_o divers_a succeed_a age_n sundry_a of_o these_o law_n be_v also_o abrogate_a and_o even_o the_o law_n compile_v in_o the_o pandect_n and_o code_o by_o justinian_n commandment_n be_v some_o of_o they_o by_o he_o alter_v and_o many_o take_v away_o in_o a_o latter_a book_n call_v the_o authentic_o all_o which_o be_v allege_v to_o show_v the_o instability_n change_n and_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o other_o nation_n which_o have_v be_v find_v uncertain_a in_o their_o ground_n and_o unstable_a in_o their_o continuance_n second_o we_o may_v see_v that_o there_o be_v difference_n betwixt_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n and_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o other_o state_n for_o though_o the_o roman_a imperial_a call_v the_o civil_a law_n do_v bear_v much_o sway_n in_o most_o country_n of_o christendom_n and_o have_v place_n in_o law_n all_o country_n have_v some_o particular_a law_n and_o ordinance_n different_a from_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n their_o proceed_n of_o justice_n but_o least_o of_o any_o place_n within_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n yet_o have_v all_o country_n their_o several_a custom_n statute_n and_o particular_a ordinance_n discrepant_a in_o divers_a point_n from_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o roman_a imperial_a civil_a law_n which_o be_v no_o marvel_n since_o in_o the_o digest_v there_o
be_v deliver_v as_o from_o papinian_n some_o distinction_n betwixt_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n and_o the_o praetorian_a law_n make_v in_o the_o same_o city_n for_o it_o be_v say_v there_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v consist_v of_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o people_n the_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o prince_n with_o the_o authority_n of_o wise_a man_n but_o the_o praetorian_a law_n be_v those_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v introduce_v to_o supply_v to_o help_v or_o to_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n so_o be_v there_o allege_a in_o the_o same_o digest_v out_o of_o paulus_n another_o division_n of_o law_n the_o first_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o second_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n the_o first_o be_v free_v from_o injustice_n the_o second_o be_v deem_v profitable_a to_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n and_o there_o be_v add_v jus_fw-la law_n the_o praetorian_a law_n differ_v from_o and_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n 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be_v only_o the_o roman_a law_n or_o as_o well_o other_o municipal_a law_n some_o civilian_n do_v distinguish_v law_n a_o division_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n they_o into_o two_o part_n the_o roman_a law_n they_o call_v jus_n civil_a commune_v and_o the_o other_o jus_n civil_a particular_a to_o the_o first_o they_o refer_v also_o some_o municipal_a law_n especial_o those_o constitution_n of_o the_o empire_n since_o it_o be_v translate_v to_o germany_n as_o the_o aurea_n bulla_n of_o charles_n the_o four_o also_o the_o constitution_n and_o edict_n of_o germany_n the_o municipal_a or_o civil_a law_n of_o germany_n the_o german_a emperor_n in_o their_o diet_n or_o parliament_n which_o be_v reckon_v and_o refer_v to_o the_o common_a civil_a law_n because_o they_o be_v ordain_v by_o authority_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o yet_o they_o be_v in_o true_a construction_n but_o particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n because_o they_o bound_v none_o but_o such_o as_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o empire_n or_o to_o those_o place_n of_o the_o empire_n for_o which_o they_o be_v make_v and_o which_o do_v submit_v themselves_o thereto_o so_o have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n france_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o france_n certain_a particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n make_v in_o their_o parliament_n which_o be_v ancient_o the_o council_n of_o their_o king_n but_o when_o the_o king_n of_o france_n do_v separate_v their_o council_n of_o state_n from_o those_o parliament_n yet_o the_o parliament_n have_v be_v hold_v in_o certain_a city_n of_o france_n as_o say_v brison_n precedent_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n at_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o first_o and_o principal_n hold_v at_o paris_n establish_v by_o philip_n the_o fair_a or_o as_o some_o say_v by_o lewis_n huttin_n his_o son_n the_o second_o at_o tholose_a for_o languedoe_v the_o three_o at_o bourdeaux_n for_o aquitain_n the_o four_o at_o grenoble_n for_o dauphin_n the_o five_o at_o dijon_n for_o burgoigne_n the_o six_o at_o roven_n for_o normandy_n the_o seven_o at_o aix_n for_o provence_n the_o eight_o for_o bretaign_n institute_v by_o henry_n the_o second_o anno_fw-la 1553._o they_o have_v also_o municipal_a and_o particular_a spain_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o spain_n civil_a law_n ordain_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o spain_n as_o those_o set_v down_o by_o alphonsus_n the_o 9th_o and_o the_o like_a for_o that_o and_o other_o country_n be_v extant_a and_o in_o use_n the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n have_v as_o different_a the_o municipal_a law_n of_o scotland_n and_o of_o england_n not_o altogether_o different_a this_o realm_n of_o england_n several_a and_o particular_a municipal_a law_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n they_o be_v not_o so_o far_o different_a from_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n as_o divers_a do_v conceive_v and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n be_v not_o altogether_o unlike_a these_o of_o england_n but_o in_o many_o point_n do_v concur_v with_o they_o be_v not_o improbable_a for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o book_n concern_v law_n the_o law_n book_n of_o regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la in_o scotland_n like_v to_o glanvil_n book_n of_o the_o english_a law_n the_o ancient_a law_n of_o that_o kingdom_n term_v regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la which_o as_o some_o student_n have_v read_v the_o same_o do_v affirm_v and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v forth_o in_o the_o printer_n epistle_n to_o glanvil_n book_n do_v agree_v much_o and_o in_o many_o place_n word_n for_o word_n with_o the_o say_v glanvil_n book_n and_o do_v often_o vouch_v he_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v the_o ancient_a law_n of_o both_o these_o realm_n do_v then_o agree_v and_o do_v yet_o in_o most_o point_n which_o have_v not_o be_v alter_v by_o statute_n since_o in_o either_o of_o these_o realm_n also_o king_n james_n in_o one_o of_o his_o speech_n make_v to_o the_o knight_n and_o burgess_n of_o the_o low_a house_n of_o parliament_n do_v pronounce_v and_o declare_v that_o the_o trial_n in_o the_o chancery_n of_o scotland_n be_v bring_v from_o this_o of_o england_n show_v the_o time_n author_n and_o occasion_n thereof_o therefore_o it_o one_o a_o opinion_n that_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n may_v in_o main_a point_n be_v convenient_o make_v all_o one_o may_v be_v conceive_v that_o there_o be_v not_o such_o great_a discrepancy_n or_o contrariety_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n but_o that_o by_o due_a examination_n it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o there_o be_v or_o at_o least_o may_v be_v a_o consonance_n betwixt_o they_o in_o many_o if_o not_o in_o most_o point_n but_o for_o the_o law_n of_o england_n how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o the_o civil_a and_o other_o law_n shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n our_o law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v as_o in_o name_n so_o in_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n consideration_n and_o condition_n from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n first_o for_o the_o name_n they_o receive_v a_o common_a appellation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n a_o name_n scarce_o give_v to_o the_o law_n of_o any_o other_o nation_n england_n why_o our_o law_n be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n therefore_o whence_o it_o receive_v this_o denomination_n of_o the_o common_a law_n may_v breed_v some_o question_n some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o law_n of_o particular_a custom_n or_o of_o custom_n allow_v for_o lawful_a within_o this_o realm_n but_o this_o be_v not_o certain_a nor_o scarce_o probable_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v anon_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o these_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n be_v rather_o make_v part_n than_o distinguish_v from_o the_o common_a law_n some_o other_o suppose_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n to_o make_v difference_n betwixt_o it_o and_o the_o statute_n law_n which_o as_o they_o be_v of_o another_o kind_n of_o constitution_n than_o be_v the_o common_a law_n as_o will_v be_v make_v evident_a so_o be_v they_o of_o several_a sort_n in_o themselves_o as_o some_o of_o these_o statute_n be_v general_a and_o ordain_v for_o all_o the_o subject_n some_o be_v particular_a and_o make_v for_o the_o settle_n of_o particular_a man_n estate_n and_o of_o particular_a trade_n corporation_n and_o faculty_n therefore_o these_o can_v be_v nor_o may_v not_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v common_a to_o all_o but_o only_o in_o this_o sense_n because_o they_o be_v constitute_v with_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o three_o opinion_n be_v that_o they_o
declaration_n in_o our_o law_n as_o the_o form_n be_v now_o use_v but_o contain_v both_o cause_n in_o it_o beside_o there_o be_v other_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o form_n use_v in_o the_o plead_n and_o declaration_n of_o both_o the_o law_n which_o will_v be_v too_o long_o and_o tedious_a to_o recite_v the_o next_o difference_n be_v in_o the_o process_n process_n 3._o the_o three_o difference_n in_o the_o award_v of_o process_n award_v in_o both_o the_o law_n concern_v the_o award_v of_o process_n we_o find_v that_o with_o we_o in_o personal_a action_n i_o mean_v in_o many_o of_o they_o join_v statute_n law_n and_o common_a law_n together_o law_n in_o action_n personal_a more_o process_n and_o delay_n permit_v by_o our_o law_n than_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n there_o be_v common_o award_v if_o the_o suit_n be_v commence_v in_o the_o common_a plea_n summons_n attachment_n distress_n three_o capias_fw-la with_o a_o exigent_n at_o the_o last_o whereby_o the_o king_n have_v title_n for_o the_o party_n contumacy_n to_o his_o good_n and_o chattel_n so_o that_o the_o plaintiff_n have_v now_o remedy_n by_o accident_n only_o and_o if_o the_o defendant_n appear_v and_o reverse_v the_o outlary_n or_o get_v pardon_n and_o so_o answer_v etc._n etc._n which_o be_v a_o long_a time_n before_o this_o can_v be_v bring_v to_o pass_v and_o by_o this_o mean_v this_o suit_n may_v depend_v long_o yet_o the_o defendant_n never_o convent_v but_o at_o two_o or_o three_o year_n end_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v be_v drive_v to_o declare_v anew_o as_o if_o he_o have_v but_o then_o begin_v his_o suit_n but_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n as_o the_o pandect_n show_v we_o and_o wesenbech_n affirm_v the_o term_n to_o be_v now_o in_o the_o empire_n post_fw-la absentiam_fw-la adversarii_fw-la petat_fw-la quis_fw-la edictum_fw-la primum_fw-la mox_fw-la alterum_fw-la per_fw-la intervallum_fw-la non_fw-la minus_fw-la decem_fw-la dierum_fw-la &_o tertium_fw-la quibus_fw-la propositis_fw-la tunc_fw-la peremptoriè_fw-la impetret_fw-la quod_fw-la inde_fw-la hoc_fw-la nomen_fw-la sumpsit_fw-la quod_fw-la perimeret_fw-la disceptationem_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la ultra_fw-la non_fw-la pateretur_fw-la adversarium_fw-la tergiversari_fw-la then_o if_o the_o defendant_n appear_v at_o the_o day_n give_v he_o by_o the_o peremptory_a edict_n law_n no_o judgement_n give_v in_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n at_o the_o civil_a law_n or_o if_o he_o do_v not_o the_o matter_n shall_v be_v discuss_v and_o judgement_n give_v for_o he_o who_o part_n shall_v be_v find_v best_a but_o if_o the_o plaintiff_n appear_v not_o than_o nothing_o shall_v be_v do_v but_o circumducendum_fw-la erit_fw-la edictum_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la and_o the_o peremptory_a edict_n may_v at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o judge_n be_v grant_v at_o the_o first_o by_o the_o same_o authority_n so_o that_o law_n the_o interest_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n less_o subject_a to_o prejudice_v in_o action_n personal_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n than_o by_o our_o law_n hereby_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o party_n who_o have_v right_a be_v less_o subject_a to_o prejudice_v by_o that_o law_n than_o by_o we_o and_o this_o course_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v not_o admit_v so_o much_o delay_v as_o do_v our_o common_a law_n for_o by_o our_o law_n in_o such_o case_n where_o no_o outlawry_n lie_v in_o personal_a action_n there_o the_o process_n of_o distress_n go_v out_o infinite_o and_o then_o be_v there_o no_o end_n of_o the_o suit_n as_o in_o per_fw-la quae_fw-la servicia_fw-la quae_fw-la juris_fw-la clamat_fw-la and_o such_o like_a wherein_o it_o be_v true_a that_o our_o law_n severe_o punish_v the_o party_n which_o so_o much_o show_v contumacy_n to_o the_o law_n yet_o do_v it_o no_o good_a or_o very_a little_a to_o the_o plaintiff_n for_o his_o satisfaction_n but_o there_o be_v another_o difference_n that_o in_o action_n altogether_o real_a as_o entry_n escheat_n right_o dower_n and_o such_o like_a the_o remedy_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n be_v far_o better_a for_o in_o they_o if_o at_o the_o day_n appoint_v upon_o the_o first_o summons_n the_o party_n make_v default_n and_o the_o quarto_fw-la diepost_n be_v past_a then_o be_v there_o a_o grand_a cape_n to_o take_v his_o land_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o plaintiff_n shall_v have_v it_o from_o the_o king_n by_o judgement_n if_o the_o defendant_n do_v not_o come_v to_o replevy_v it_o by_o oath_n that_o he_o be_v not_o summon_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o such_o like_a always_o remember_v that_o essoyne_v upon_o just_a occasion_n may_v herein_o breed_v much_o delay_n and_o herein_o be_v there_o much_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o our_o law_n for_o in_o the_o civil_a law_n upon_o their_o peremptory_a edict_n notwithstanding_o the_o defendant_n real_a a_o main_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n and_o the_o civil_a law_n in_o action_n real_a do_v not_o appear_v the_o right_n 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foundation_n which_o they_o suppose_v be_v not_o in_o our_o law_n they_o which_o read_v and_o understand_v the_o law_n shall_v find_v that_o there_o be_v many_o receive_a contradiction_n many_o rule_v receive_v in_o our_o law_n without_o any_o contradiction_n opinion_n and_o rule_n in_o the_o law_n whereof_o scarce_o any_o contradiction_n have_v be_v of_o opinion_n much_o less_o of_o judgement_n as_o among_o the_o rest_n these_o of_o inheritance_n that_o no_o land_n can_v by_o inheritance_n lineal_o ascend_v that_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o father_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o mother_n that_o of_o inheritance_n descend_v by_o the_o mother_n the_o heir_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o father_n can_v inherit_v and_o so_o of_o the_o other_o side_n with_o many_o other_o such_o rule_n infallible_a and_o unchangeable_a in_o the_o law_n whereof_o divers_a be_v collect_v by_o saint_n german_n in_o his_o first_o book_n and_o the_o ground_n or_o maxim_n be_v so_o certain_a concern_v some_o of_o the_o noble_a part_n of_o the_o law_n viz._n about_o the_o inheritance_n and_o escheat_n that_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n coke_n affirm_v who_o be_v best_a able_a to_o prove_v his_o assertion_n he_o find_v not_o in_o all_o the_o time_n he_o study_v the_o law_n ne_fw-la dvas_fw-la quidem_fw-la adverti_fw-la quaestiones_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la hereditatum_fw-la de_fw-la terrarum_fw-la ligitima_fw-la confiscatione_n sive_fw-la ut_fw-la loquantur_fw-la escaeta_fw-la aliisque_fw-la consimilibus_fw-la but_o howsoever_o this_o opinion_n stand_v it_o be_v most_o sure_a that_o there_o be_v infinite_a other_o rule_n and_o position_n in_o the_o law_n which_o admit_v no_o alteration_n or_o question_n to_o which_o it_o be_v usual_o reply_v it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v many_o such_o rule_n and_o position_n in_o the_o common_a law_n which_o remain_v still_o firm_a and_o be_v not_o contradict_v yet_o they_o be_v not_o maxim_n nor_o maxim_n that_o the_o positive_a rule_n of_o our_o law_n may_v be_v in_o some_o sort_n reckon_v as_o maxim_n deserve_v not_o that_o title_n as_o other_o art_n have_v and_o be_v allow_v they_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o these_o positive_a rule_n which_o be_v certain_o set_v down_o and_o determine_v for_o infallible_a may_v without_o any_o great_a error_n be_v entitle_v maxim_n of_o the_o law_n or_o at_o least_o hold_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o for_o authority_n if_o not_o for_o method_n for_o in_o any_o art_n as_o to_o instance_n in_o geometry_n let_v a_o proposition_n or_o theorem_a be_v once_o infallible_o demonstrate_v by_o principle_n the_o mathematician_n who_o make_v this_o demonstration_n upon_o infallible_a token_n of_o truth_n may_v not_o unfit_o call_v his_o demonstration_n a_o maxim_n or_o principle_n in_o respect_n of_o authority_n though_o not_o of_o method_n as_o be_v speak_v before_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o our_o infallible_a position_n and_o demonstration_n in_o the_o common_a law_n whereof_o there_o be_v very_o many_o howsoever_o some_o conceive_v the_o contrary_n to_o shape_v some_o answer_n unto_o the_o last_o most_o usual_a &_o effectual_a objection_n make_v against_o our_o law_n that_o be_v that_o the_o judge_n private_a opinion_n and_o reason_n do_v usual_o alter_v the_o law_n and_o so_o it_o be_v leave_v always_o in_o a_o labyrinth_n of_o uncertainty_n although_o my_o judgement_n in_o the_o law_n be_v so_o slender_a be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o answer_v so_o important_a a_o objection_n tend_v so_o much_o to_o the_o disgrace_n of_o our_o law_n and_o indeed_o to_o the_o great_a scandal_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o this_o realm_n the_o execution_n whereof_o depend_v most_o on_o these_o judgement_n suppose_v to_o be_v so_o uncertain_a yet_o i_o will_v be_v bold_a to_o speak_v what_o i_o conceive_v leave_v the_o more_o full_a answer_n hereof_o to_o they_o that_o be_v much_o
since_o his_o death_n a_o little_a after_o he_o begin_v mr._n ploden_n who_o report_v the_o special_a case_n which_o happen_v from_o the_o second_o of_o king_n edw._n the_o sixth_o until_o the_o fifteen_o of_o queen_n elizabeth_n they_o be_v but_o few_o case_n yet_o more_o full_o report_v than_o any_o before_o he_o then_o the_o voluntary_a reporter_n be_v the_o late_a lord_n coke_n who_o have_v set_v forth_o thirteen_o volume_n of_o report_n since_o that_o we_o have_v have_v hobart_n bulstrod_n hutton_n and_o divers_a other_o especial_o justice_n croke_n who_o continue_v his_o report_n till_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o reporter_n case_n writer_n of_o rule_n and_o the_o application_n of_o they_o to_o case_n some_o other_o writer_n of_o the_o common_a law_n who_o work_n be_v mix_v partly_o of_o rule_n and_o partly_o of_o application_n of_o they_o to_o certain_a case_n of_o their_o own_o knowledge_n and_o collection_n such_o be_v the_o book_n call_v the_o old_a tenor_n and_o another_o common_o call_v littleton_n tenor_n this_o book_n serve_v for_o a_o introduction_n to_o the_o young_a student_n in_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n as_o justinian_n institution_n do_v for_o the_o beginner_n in_o the_o civill-law_n mr._n perkins_n do_v likewise_o draw_v certain_a rule_n and_o case_n of_o some_o title_n of_o the_o common_a law_n into_o a_o method_n but_o not_o of_o equal_a or_o like_v authority_n with_o littleton_n it_o be_v allege_v by_o ploden_n in_o his_o epistle_n that_o in_o ancient_a time_n as_o he_o have_v upon_o credit_n hear_v there_o be_v four_o reporter_n of_o our_o case_n king_n reporter_n of_o the_o law_n in_o former_a time_n authorize_v 2nd_o allow_v by_o the_o king_n of_o law_n which_o be_v chief_a man_n and_o have_v a_o yearly_a stipend_n for_o their_o travel_n therein_o pay_v by_o the_o king_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o they_o confer_v together_o at_o the_o make_n and_o set_v forth_o of_o the_o report_n it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o there_o be_v the_o like_a course_n still_o continue_v and_o allowance_n give_v so_o shall_v we_o not_o have_v be_v bereave_v of_o so_o many_o worthy_a and_o unrecoverable_a case_n and_o judgement_n which_o be_v want_v and_o no_o doubt_n either_o perish_v or_o bury_v in_o silence_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o student_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o light_n and_o help_v which_o they_o may_v have_v thereby_o chap._n vi_o of_o estate_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n have_v say_v somewhat_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o our_o common-law_n of_o england_n it_o shall_v seem_v proper_a in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o show_v the_o estate_n which_o the_o common-law_n do_v allow_v and_o that_o brief_o for_o neither_o my_o judgement_n in_o the_o law_n nor_o this_o place_n will_v fit_o allow_v such_o aperfect_a and_o exact_a discourse_n as_o may_v pass_v without_o exception_n of_o the_o learned_a in_o our_o law_n or_o full_o satisfy_v such_o as_o be_v well_o experience_v in_o the_o same_o only_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v say_v be_v rather_o set_v down_o as_o a_o general_a view_n to_o consider_v the_o state_n and_o course_n of_o our_o law_n than_o as_o a_o platform_n and_o precise_a instruction_n thereof_o the_o estate_n most_o absolute_a which_o sort_n fee-simple_n of_o two_o sort_n the_o law_n do_v allow_v be_v either_o fee-simple_n absolute_a of_o land_n to_o a_o man_n and_o to_o his_o heir_n and_o assign_n for_o ever_o fee-tail_n estate_n of_o fee-simple_n conditional_a now_o make_v a_o estate_n in_o fee-tail_n or_o fee-simple_n conditional_a that_o be_v to_o he_o and_o the_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n general_a or_o special_a as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o common-law_n which_o be_v account_v fee-tail_n to_o his_o heir_n male_n or_o female_n according_a to_o the_o particular_a limitation_n this_o estate_n of_o fee-simple_n absolute_a fee-simple_n how_o time_n have_v alter_v the_o state_n of_o fee-simple_n and_o general_a be_v as_o ancient_a as_o our_o common-law_n and_o perchance_o before_o the_o use_n of_o our_o common-law_n as_o they_o be_v now_o in_o ure_n for_o from_o the_o begin_n there_o be_v give_v and_o grant_v of_o land_n though_o not_o altogether_o in_o that_o exact_a and_o express_a form_n which_o late_a time_n have_v require_v because_o at_o the_o first_o if_o one_o man_n have_v give_v land_n to_o another_o for_o ever_o this_o have_v be_v hold_v a_o sufficient_a grant_n to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n but_o now_o the_o law_n have_v so_o expound_v and_o distinguish_v that_o if_o the_o word_n heir_n be_n not_o in_o the_o grant_n it_o be_v no_o fee-simple_n but_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n the_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n donditional_a be_v likewise_o for_o the_o general_a practice_n thereof_o introduce_v upon_o late_a consideration_n of_o which_o at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v no_o recovery_n leave_v in_o the_o giver_n nor_o remainder_n can_v be_v limit_v over_o but_o after_o issue_n have_v which_o be_v the_o condition_n annex_v the_o donee_n or_o he_o to_o who_o the_o gift_n be_v make_v have_v power_n to_o alien_n the_o whole_a land_n and_o estate_n but_o afterward_o this_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n conditional_a be_v in_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o first_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v a_o estate_n in_o tail_n in_o the_o donee_n and_o a_o reversion_n in_o the_o donor_n or_o giver_n and_o then_o the_o donee_n may_v not_o by_o any_o act_n bar_v his_o issue_n neither_o by_o forfeiture_n of_o offence_n as_o treason_n nor_o by_o conveyance_n though_o never_o so_o strong_a as_o fine_a etc._n etc._n thus_o we_o see_v how_o the_o great_a and_o most_o beneficial_a estate_n of_o fee-simple_n which_o the_o common-law_n do_v admit_v have_v receive_v his_o degree_n his_o limitation_n and_o alteration_n according_a as_o time_n increase_v of_o knowledge_n in_o the_o law_n and_o of_o conveyance_n and_o assurance_n among_o man_n have_v think_v it_o meet_v the_o like_a alteration_n we_o may_v find_v in_o other_o estate_n of_o least_o extent_n and_o benefit_n in_o the_o law_n where_o mention_n be_v first_o make_v of_o the_o state_n of_o fee-simple_n to_o be_v very_o ancient_a though_o not_o always_o in_o one_o express_v form_n it_o be_v true_a with_o a_o several_a respect_n of_o time_n in_o antiquity_n for_o among_o the_o saxon_n fee-simple_n be_v time_n fee-simple_n in_o use_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n and_o that_o by_o the_o name_n of_o land_n to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n as_o it_o appear_v in_o the_o saxon_a law_n of_o alfred_n where_o it_o be_v say_v qui_fw-la terram_fw-la habuerit_fw-la per_fw-la scripturae_fw-la seriem_fw-la the_o saxon_a word_n be_v boclande_n sibi_fw-la relictam_fw-la ab_fw-la haeredibus_fw-la ad_fw-la alios_fw-la alienandi_fw-la potestas_fw-la ei_fw-la non_fw-la esto_fw-la siquidem_fw-la praesentibus_fw-la cognatis_fw-la coram_fw-la rege_fw-la aut_fw-la episcopo_fw-la scriptura_fw-la aut_fw-la testimonio_fw-la potentum_fw-la omni_fw-la alienatione_fw-la &_o interdixisse_fw-la illum_fw-la qui_fw-la prius_fw-la concessit_fw-la talemque_fw-la ei_fw-la imposuisse_fw-la legem_fw-la cum_fw-la primo_fw-la dederit_fw-la out_o of_o which_o may_v be_v note_v both_o the_o fee-simple_n absolute_a and_o conditional_a be_v then_o allow_v and_o in_o use_n and_o also_o time_n fee-simple_n conditional_a also_o know_v in_o the_o saxon_n time_n a_o man_n may_v see_v that_o in_o ancient_a time_n how_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n for_o ever_o be_v all_o one_o for_o when_o erle_n godwine_n come_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o canterbury_n to_o get_v the_o manor_n of_o boseham_n in_o sussex_n he_o first_o jest_o say_v to_o he_o as_o mr._n camden_n say_v out_o of_o mapaeus_n dam_fw-la mihi_fw-la boseham_n the_o bishop_n as_o it_o shall_v seem_v scarce_o know_v his_o meaning_n answer_v he_o do_v tibi_fw-la boseham_n whereupon_o without_o any_o more_o livery_n the_o earl_n take_v and_o have_v possession_n thereof_o to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n by_o which_o also_o we_o may_v see_v two_o thing_n that_o the_o word_n heir_n be_v not_o then_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n in_o a_o grant_n to_o create_v a_o fee-simple_n and_o that_o then_o such_o strict_a word_n and_o form_n of_o conveyance_n be_v not_o require_v as_o of_o late_a time_n to_o pass_v estate_n of_o land_n there_o be_v other_o estate_n of_o inferior_a degree_n and_o dignity_n allow_v by_o the_o common-law_n whereof_o some_o be_v account_v inheritance_n and_o freehold_a other_o but_o uncertain_a and_o not_o for_o a_o prefix_a season_n or_o term_v of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v a_o estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n and_o that_o twofold_a either_o create_v by_o the_o party_n as_o by_o lease_n etc._n etc._n or_o else_o create_v by_o the_o law_n as_o tenant_n by_o the_o curtefie_v of_o england_n by_o have_v issue_n of_o a_o wife_n inheritrix_n or_o
a_o more_o special_a oath_n may_v be_v hold_v as_o requisite_a that_o the_o juror_n have_v a_o more_o special_a and_o particular_a oath_n when_o they_o be_v summon_v and_o do_v appear_v but_o before_o they_o be_v swear_v of_o the_o jury_n to_o know_v whether_o they_o have_v be_v forestall_v by_o information_n or_o persuasion_n as_o well_o as_o that_o they_o will_v give_v their_o verdict_n without_o any_o particular_a respect_n to_o either_o side_n for_o it_o be_v like_a they_o will_v make_v more_o conscience_n be_v examine_v upon_o their_o oath_n before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o trial_n than_o after_o when_o they_o have_v sudden_o swallow_v the_o oath_n without_o public_a examination_n of_o the_o justice_n upon_o oath_n or_o particular_a and_o private_a of_o their_o own_o conscience_n by_o this_o oath_n and_o although_o there_o be_v good_a provision_n already_o take_v by_o our_o law_n that_o exception_n and_o challenge_n may_v be_v take_v upon_o reasonable_a and_o just_a cause_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n yet_o since_o this_o can_v be_v certain_o know_v who_o be_v labour_v and_o deal_v withal_o beforehand_o but_o by_o the_o examination_n of_o a_o man_n conscience_n upon_o a_o man_n own_o oath_n i_o be_o persuade_v that_o this_o will_v prevent_v many_o corruption_n in_o trial_n by_o jury_n whereunto_o the_o nature_n of_o man_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v draw_v by_o solicitation_n of_o friend_n promise_v of_o reward_n or_o fear_v of_o displeasure_n and_o it_o will_v take_v away_o the_o scandal_n lay_v upon_o the_o trial_n of_o juries_n which_o as_o it_o be_v different_a from_o the_o course_n of_o other_o law_n so_o be_v well_o look_v to_o by_o these_o and_o the_o like_a caution_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o it_o be_v a_o most_o excellent_a kind_n of_o trial_n especial_o in_o matter_n of_o fact_n whereunto_o it_o be_v principal_o apply_v and_o be_v thus_o exact_o execute_v i_o will_v be_v bold_a to_o say_v that_o it_o excel_v the_o trial_n of_o all_o other_o law_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o worthy_a part_n of_o proceed_n in_o our_o law_n whatsoever_o some_o calumniator_n have_v say_v to_o the_o contrary_a whereof_o he_o that_o shall_v desire_v to_o be_v far_o satisfy_v may_v find_v it_o full_o demonstrate_v in_o that_o noble_a and_o learned_a chancellor_n of_o england_n fortescue_n his_o book_n touch_v the_o other_o point_n wherein_o there_o may_v be_v some_o prejudice_n in_o sincerity_n touch_v the_o judge_n sincerity_n the_o trial_n of_o suit_n for_o want_n of_o sincerity_n in_o the_o judge_n although_o there_o be_v at_o this_o time_n as_o reverend_a upright_a and_o learned_a judge_n as_o have_v be_v at_o any_o time_n within_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o that_o among_o they_o there_o have_v be_v always_o some_o who_o may_v be_v sometime_o lead_v by_o affection_n or_o by_o some_o other_o private_a respect_n may_v not_o be_v deny_v unless_o we_o shall_v think_v that_o they_o all_o and_o every_o of_o they_o have_v more_o privilege_n of_o not_o cr_v or_o of_o not_o affect_v like_v or_o dislike_n than_o either_o any_o other_o judge_n or_o man_n of_o any_o other_o profession_n in_o the_o world_n be_v induce_v withal_o therefore_o as_o a_o great_a prince_n be_v content_a nay_o do_v command_v that_o every_o day_n one_o shall_v come_v into_o his_o chamber_n and_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o estate_n and_o to_o tell_v he_o these_o word_n remember_v that_o thou_o be_v a_o mortal_a man._n in_o like_a sort_n it_o be_v a_o thing_n fit_a to_o be_v consider_v whether_o it_o be_v not_o convenient_a that_o the_o judge_n every_o term_n and_o at_o every_o assize_n or_o at_o oath_n a_o addition_n to_o the_o judge_n oath_n least_o once_o every_o year_n shall_v public_o in_o court_n and_o in_o open_a audience_n of_o the_o people_n take_v a_o oath_n that_o they_o have_v not_o receive_v nor_o will_v receive_v any_o gift_n or_o reward_n or_o promise_v of_o reward_n for_o their_o favour_n in_o any_o cause_n hear_v or_o to_o be_v hear_v 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conceive_v but_o that_o he_o that_o be_v more_o often_o and_o strict_o swear_v to_o do_v his_o duty_n will_v be_v more_o careful_a to_o discharge_v it_o than_o he_o who_o but_o once_o in_o his_o life_n receive_v that_o oath_n and_o for_o some_o part_n of_o this_o oath_n it_o be_v such_o that_o no_o judge_n of_o this_o land_n have_v be_v former_o swear_v unto_o and_o yet_o it_o be_v such_o as_o by_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o both_o wise_a and_o learned_a be_v hold_v most_o necessary_a for_o the_o other_o objection_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o disgrace_n to_o their_o place_n and_o to_o precedent_a judge_n and_o judgement_n that_o these_o be_v often_o and_o more_o strict_o swear_v than_o be_v former_a judge_n divers_a do_v deem_v that_o neither_o of_o these_o consequent_n will_v ensue_v one_o reason_n be_v that_o if_o this_o oath_n be_v a_o disgrace_n to_o precedent_n or_o to_o present_a judge_n then_o the_o like_a will_v ensue_v that_o a_o oath_n take_v by_o a_o bishop_n of_o this_o 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there_o that_o bring_v a_o ticket_n under_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o councillor_n and_o officer_n to_o who_o the_o same_o be_v pay_v this_o be_v a_o abuse_n worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v and_o this_o statute_n very_o necessary_a to_o be_v execute_v in_o the_o 33_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 6._o a_o law_n be_v make_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v but_o six_o common_a attorney_n in_o norfolk_n six_o in_o suffolk_n and_o two_o in_o norwich_n if_o then_o the_o country_n be_v pester_v with_o attorney_n and_o that_o a_o law_n must_v be_v make_v to_o ascertain_v the_o attorney_n a_o law_n already_o make_v necessary_a to_o be_v execute_v for_o the_o admission_n of_o attorney_n number_n which_o likewise_o shall_v be_v elect_v and_o admit_v by_o the_o two_o chief_a justice_n how_o much_o more_o needful_a be_v it_o now_o to_o have_v the_o like_a law_n of_o restraint_n for_o all_o the_o county_n of_o this_o kingdom_n when_o we_o see_v how_o even_o in_o those_o shire_n than_o thus_o provide_v 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do_v alter_v upon_o new_a motion_n out_o of_o court_n as_o in_o the_o chequer_n chamber_n or_o in_o other_o place_n the_o order_n court._n alteration_n of_o order_n out_o of_o the_o court._n make_v in_o court_n and_o that_o which_o be_v public_o order_v by_o all_o the_o baron_n in_o open_a court_n be_v often_o reverse_v by_o one_o of_o the_o baron_n when_o either_o the_o plaintiff_n or_o defendant_n bring_v his_o counsel_n and_o upon_o some_o new_a information_n get_v the_o former_a order_n to_o be_v dissolve_v which_o tend_v much_o to_o the_o trouble_v charge_v and_o delay_v of_o many_o suitor_n in_o the_o king_n bench_n and_o somewhere_o else_o as_o it_o be_v say_v write_v out_o of_o record_n must_v be_v twice_o or_o thrice_o unnecessary_o copy_v as_o upon_o a_o prohibition_n out_o unnecessary_a copy_n to_o be_v take_v out_o a_o copy_n of_o the_o suggestion_n then_o after_o declaration_n a_o new_a copy_n after_o issue_n or_o demurrer_n a_o three_o copy_n whereas_o each_o of_o they_o 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littleton_n price_n 18s._o 4._o dalton_n office_n of_o sheriff_n with_o very_a large_a addition_n print_v in_o the_o year_n 1670._o fol._n 12s._o 5._o townsend_n table_n to_o most_o of_o the_o print_a precedent_n writ_n and_o return_v at_o commom_n law_n fol._n 12s._o 6._o the_o law_n of_o common_a assurance_n touch_v deed_n in_o general_n viz._n feoffment_n gift_n grant_n lease_n with_o two_o alphabetical_a table_n by_o w._n sheppard_n esq_n fol._n price_n 14s._o 7._o the_o country_n justice_n contain_v the_o practice_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n as_o well_o in_o as_o out_o of_o session_n and_o with_o addition_n by_o michael_n dalton_n in_o fol._n price_n 8s._o 8._o a_o collection_n of_o all_o the_o act_n and_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o and_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o fol._n price_n 14s._o 9_o lord_n cook_n be_v eleven_o book_n of_o report_n in_o french_a fol._n print_v 1672._o price_n 3li._o 10._o lord_n cook_n be_v 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6d._o 22._o abridgement_n of_o the_o statute_n that_o relate_v to_o the_o knowledge_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o common-law_n in_o 8o._o price_n 1s._o 23._o complete_a attorney_n 8o._o price_n 3s._o 24._o fortescue_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n 8o._o price_n 3s._o 25._o placitae_fw-la latinae_fw-la redivivae_fw-la with_o addition_n print_v mich._n term_n 1673._o 4o._o price_n 6s._o 26._o the_o transaction_n of_o the_o high_a court_n of_o chancery_n both_o by_o practice_n and_o precedent_n with_o the_o fee_n thereunto_o belong_v in_o 8o._o by_o will._n tothill_n esq_n late_o one_o of_o the_o six_o clerk_n print_v 1673._o price_n 1s._o 6d._o