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book_n law_n moses_n people_n 3,133 5 5.0838 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A01615 A discourse vpon the meanes of vvel governing and maintaining in good peace, a kingdome, or other principalitie Divided into three parts, namely, the counsell, the religion, and the policie, vvhich a prince ought to hold and follow. Against Nicholas Machiavell the Florentine. Translated into English by Simon Patericke.; Discours, sur les moyens de bien gouverner et maintenir en bonne paix un royaume ou autre principauté. English Gentillet, Innocent, ca. 1535-ca. 1595.; Patrick, Simon, d. 1613. 1602 (1602) STC 11743; ESTC S121098 481,653 391

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indeed_o to_o fast_v the_o vigil_n and_o lent_n but_o be_v there_o any_o place_n in_o the_o world_n where_o they_o careless_a for_o fast_v vigil_n and_o lent_n than_o at_o rome_n it_o command_v chastity_n to_o priest_n but_o be_v there_o any_o place_n in_o the_o world_n where_o priest_n cardinal_n and_o other_o be_v more_o furnish_v with_o whore_n and_o bawd_n it_o also_o command_v they_o to_o serve_v their_o benefice_n but_o of_o a_o hundred_o priest_n which_o be_v at_o rome_n there_o be_v scant_o one_o do_v it_o their_o religion_n forbid_v the_o sale_n of_o benefice_n sepulcher_n sacrament_n and_o dispensation_n but_o be_v there_o any_o place_n in_o the_o world_n where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a traffic_n of_o they_o than_o at_o rome_n it_o forbid_v simony_n but_o where_o be_v there_o any_o simoniake_v if_o not_o at_o rome_n and_o in_o italy_n i_o speak_v only_o of_o the_o ordinance_n which_o the_o roman_a church_n have_v make_v yet_o herself_o do_v not_o observe_v they_o for_o if_o 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the_o study_n of_o holy_a letter_n commence_v and_o so_o die_v they_o like_o beast_n therefore_o be_v not_o the_o old_a doctor_n any_o thing_n to_o be_v reprehend_v because_o they_o admonish_v man_n to_o read_v in_o great_a sobriety_n the_o writing_n of_o paynim_n and_o that_o man_n give_v not_o themselves_o so_o much_o thereunto_o as_o for_o to_o know_v humane_a science_n they_o abandon_v and_o let_v go_v the_o divine_a knowledge_n which_o be_v as_o much_o more_o excellent_a than_o they_o as_o god_n be_v more_o excellent_a than_o man_n yet_o be_v there_o some_o paynim_fw-la author_n which_o ought_v never_o to_o be_v read_v of_o christian_n or_o at_o the_o least_o ought_v not_o to_o come_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o youth_n which_o of_o themselves_o be_v but_o too_o much_o incline_v to_o vice_n and_o lubricity_n for_o a_o young_a scholar_n can_v he_o better_o learn_v in_o a_o stew_n among_o whore_n and_o ruffian_n the_o term_n of_o all_o villainy_n and_o lubricitie_n than_o in_o that_o 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of_o which_o they_o obtain_v great_a victory_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o be_v subject_a unto_o their_o obedience_n this_o grace_n come_v not_o to_o they_o to_o be_v such_o victor_n by_o their_o own_o force_n see_v their_o enemy_n be_v far_o strong_a than_o they_o consider_v their_o force_n and_o number_n of_o arm_a people_n but_o that_o grace_n come_v unto_o they_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o god_n who_o they_o serve_v without_o feinednesse_n and_o hypocrisy_n have_v the_o christian_a religion_n in_o great_a and_o singular_a recommendation_n and_o reverence_n as_o much_o may_v we_o say_v also_o general_o of_o the_o most_o part_n of_o our_o french_a king_n for_o among_o they_o we_o find_v none_o such_o as_o caligula_n caracalla_n or_o such_o other_o monster_n full_a of_o impiety_n and_o atheism_n till_o late_o some_o few_o have_v be_v find_v not_o much_o inferior_a unto_o they_o david_n be_v marvellous_a happy_a in_o war_n and_o always_o victorious_a over_o his_o enemy_n because_o he_o 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that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o atheist_n of_o our_o time_n think_v man_n so_o senseless_a and_o gross_a as_o they_o can_v soon_o discover_v their_o hypocrisy_n and_o dissimulation_n many_o there_o be_v in_o the_o world_n which_o think_v by_o their_o subtlety_n and_o dissemble_n to_o be_v cover_v and_o hide_v yet_o be_v sufficient_o know_v and_o how_o crafty_o soever_o they_o do_v it_o all_o the_o world_n know_v there_o be_v nothing_o but_o impiety_n and_o wickedness_n in_o their_o heart_n suppose_v therefore_o these_o simulation_n and_o hypocrisy_n come_v to_o be_v discover_v in_o a_o prince_n i_o pray_v you_o into_o what_o honour_n and_o reputation_n will_v he_o fall_v shall_v he_o not_o be_v mock_v blame_v and_o despise_v of_o his_o subject_n if_o see_v himself_o discover_v he_o make_v a_o open_a profession_n of_o impiety_n and_o of_o atheism_n as_o we_o see_v many_o person_n there_o be_v which_o do_v it_o because_o they_o can_v long_o hide_v their_o impiety_n shall_v not_o this_o be_v public_o to_o authorise_v all_o impletie_n and_o despite_n of_o god_n and_o of_o all_o religion_n for_o certain_a it_o be_v that_o man_n which_o be_v natural_o more_o incline_v to_o evil_a than_o to_o good_a when_o they_o see_v their_o prince_n follow_v that_o course_n will_v do_v as_o he_o do_v because_o ordinary_o subject_n do_v conform_v themselves_o to_o the_o manner_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o prince_n behold_v then_o the_o consequence_n of_o that_o most_o wicked_a and_o detestable_a doctrine_n of_o that_o wicked_a atheist_n which_o be_v to_o bring_v all_o people_n to_o a_o despite_n and_o a_o mockery_n of_o god_n and_o his_o religion_n and_o of_o all_o holy_a thing_n and_o to_o let_v go_v the_o bridle_n to_o all_o vice_n and_o villainy_n from_o which_o god_n keep_v we_o by_o his_o grace_n and_o destroy_v all_o they_o which_o teach_v so_o wicked_a doctrine_n if_o they_o will_v not_o amend_v as_o certain_o he_o will_v do_v and_o so_o let_v they_o look_v for_o 2._o maxim_n a_o prince_n ought_v to_o sustain_v and_o confirm_v that_o which_o be_v false_a in_o religion_n if_o so_o be_v it_o turn_v to_o the_o favour_n thereof_o sage_a and_o prudent_a prince_n say_v machiavelli_n do_v countenance_n 14._o discourse_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 12_o 13_o 14._o and_o allow_v false_a miracle_n because_o always_o they_o be_v mean_n to_o augment_v the_o people_n devotion_n for_o when_o the_o people_n see_v that_o the_o prince_n approove_v they_o none_o make_v any_o difficulty_n to_o believe_v they_o after_o he_o christian_n prince_n also_o shall_v therein_o imitate_v the_o old_a roman_n which_o by_o deceitful_a miracle_n feign_v false_a revelation_n to_o encourage_v their_o soldier_n to_o execute_v some_o enterprise_n and_o to_o cause_v their_o subject_n to_o obey_v their_o ordinance_n for_o they_o cause_v to_o publish_v either_o that_o they_o have_v read_v in_o the_o book_n of_o the_o sibyl_n or_o that_o they_o have_v consult_v with_o the_o oracle_n of_o apollo_n or_o that_o they_o have_v have_v such_o or_o such_o a_o revelation_n or_o else_o that_o the_o flight_n of_o bird_n or_o other_o like_a token_n have_v signify_v unto_o they_o a_o good_a augur_v or_o divination_n insomuch_o that_o the_o people_n be_v persuade_v they_o be_v true_a and_o denounce_v of_o their_o god_n they_o obey_v with_o great_a good_a will_n that_o which_o be_v command_v they_o by_o their_o captain_n and_o magistrate_n as_o if_o the_o god_n themselves_o have_v command_v ●hem_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o roman_a head_n and_o captain_n know_v of_o what_o account_n this_o merchandise_n be_v this_o atheist_n after_o he_o have_v give_v the_o prince_n a_o document_n to_o hold_v all_o religion_n in_o his_o heart_n as_o a_o mockery_n and_o only_o to_o show_v outward_o a_o fair_a semblant_n and_o countenance_n of_o devotion_n now_o pass_v he_o further_o and_o desire_n that_o the_o prince_n shall_v maintain_v falseness_n in_o religion_n i_o pray_v you_o can_v there_o be_v find_v in_o the_o world_n a_o great_a impiety_n and_o wickedness_n than_o this_o be_v we_o not_o behold_v to_o they_o that_o have_v authorize_v and_o give_v countenance_n unto_o the_o writing_n of_o this_o stink_a atheist_n yea_o unto_o they_o which_o have_v into_o the_o french_a make_v two_o or_o three_o translation_n the_o better_a to_o empoyson_v that_o nation_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o the_o truth_n in_o all_o religion_n falseness_n incompatible_a with_o religion_n thing_n be_v very_o commendable_a but_o most_o especial_o when_o it_o deal_v in_o cause_n and_o matter_n of_o religion_n for_o since_o that_o religion_n be_v the_o thing_n which_o according_a to_o the_o ancient_n definition_n bind_v we_o with_o god_n how_o can_v falseness_n her_o contrary_a bound_v and_o unite_v we_o with_o god_n who_o be_v truth_n itself_o be_v darkness_n conpatible_a and_o sociable_a with_o light_n or_o the_o obscure_a shadow_n with_o the_o sun_n nay_o rather_o we_o
to_o plant_v colony_n and_o chase_n away_o the_o ancient_a natural_a inhabitant_n from_o their_o good_n and_o possession_n all_o which_o thing_n be_v direct_o contrary_a to_o the_o religion_n of_o numa_n which_o he_o commend_v so_o much_o but_o it_o be_v likely_a that_o this_o ignorant_a beast_n praise_v numa_n his_o religion_n without_o know_v that_o it_o contain_v the_o point_n which_o we_o now_o speak_v of_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o some_o will_v judge_v at_o the_o first_o sight_n that_o this_o religion_n of_o numa_n can_v not_o be_v evil_a which_o teach_v so_o good_a thing_n as_o to_o observe_v faith_n not_o to_o be_v perjure_v nor_o to_o usurp_v other_o good_n and_o possession_n but_o it_o must_v not_o be_v approve_v therefore_o for_o one_o must_v not_o by_o a_o evil_a and_o false_a introduce_v a_o good_a thing_n this_o be_v good_a to_o bring_v the_o people_n to_o a_o observation_n of_o faith_n but_o to_o build_v a_o temple_n to_o faith_n to_o imagine_v it_o be_v a_o god_n or_o 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they_o prosper_v because_o esteem_v it_o good_a and_o true_a they_o have_v it_o in_o a_o singular_a reverence_n and_o observation_n this_o oration_n of_o capel_n have_v true_o a_o little_a of_o machiavelli_n his_o doctrine_n to_o say_v that_o a_o false_a religion_n be_v cause_n that_o the_o paynim_n prosper_v but_o to_o show_v that_o machiavelli_n know_v not_o what_o he_o say_v i_o will_v here_o recite_v a_o history_n 4._o tit._n livius_n lib._n 10._o dec._n 4._o to_o this_o purpose_n in_o the_o year_n 574_o after_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o consulship_n of_o lucius_n manlius_n and_o fulvius_n flaccus_n as_o man_n dig_v the_o earth_n in_o a_o certain_a place_n in_o rome_n they_o find_v the_o sepulchre_n of_o king_n numa_n where_o there_o be_v two_o arch_n of_o hew_a stone_n in_o the_o one_o of_o which_o numa_n be_v bury_v &_o in_o the_o other_o be_v the_o book_n find_v which_o he_o have_v write_v wrap_v in_o wax_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v new_a there_o be_v seven_o in_o latin_a touch_v the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o religion_n which_o he_o institute_v incontinent_n a_o fame_n go_v of_o these_o novel_n all_o over_o how_o the_o book_n of_o king_n numa_n be_v find_v touch_v religion_n insomuch_o as_o every_o man_n attend_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v divulge_v and_o that_o by_o their_o mean_n all_o abuse_n in_o the_o roman_a religion_n shall_v always_o be_v reform_v yet_o to_o do_v nothing_o rash_o the_o consul_n give_v charge_n to_o quintus_n petilius_n lieutenant_n of_o justice_n well_o to_o turn_v over_o and_o peruse_v those_o book_n and_o to_o report_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o unto_o the_o senat._n petilius_n read_v they_o from_o the_o one_o end_n unto_o the_o other_o and_o of_o they_o certify_v his_o opinion_n unto_o the_o senate_n and_o it_o be_v find_v that_o the_o religion_n which_o be_v handle_v in_o those_o book_n be_v of_o no_o account_n and_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v a_o pernicious_a and_o damageable_a thing_n to_o the_o common_a wealth_n to_o bring_v that_o religion_n into_o use_n so_o be_v it_o resolve_v by_o a_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n that_o those_o book_n shall_v be_v publiklie_o burn_v before_o all_o the_o people_n which_o be_v do_v i_o will_v now_o glad_o know_v of_o machiavelli_n who_o so_o much_o esteem_v the_o religion_n of_o numa_n without_o ever_o have_v see_v his_o book_n if_o he_o can_v yield_v a_o better_a judgement_n of_o they_o than_o the_o lieutenant_n petilius_n who_o read_v they_o and_o than_o all_o the_o roman_a senat._n be_v not_o this_o as_o a_o blind_a man_n to_o judge_v of_o colour_n who_o speak_v of_o a_o thing_n he_o know_v not_o as_o for_o friar_n jerome_n savanarola_n the_o florentines_n show_v well_o that_o he_o be_v no_o such_o 54._o de_fw-fr come_v lib._n 2._o cap._n 25._o 53._o 54._o man_n as_o will_v lead_v they_o to_o any_o new_a religion_n neither_o preach_v he_o unto_o they_o any_o other_o religion_n but_o the_o old_a romish_a religion_n only_o denounce_v unto_o they_o sometime_o the_o vengeance_n &_o punishment_n of_o god_n which_o from_o heaven_n shall_v fall_v upon_o they_o if_o they_o repent_v and_o amend_v not_o their_o sin_n and_o this_o he_o assure_v they_o as_o though_o he_o have_v have_v some_o revelation_n from_o god_n but_o among_o other_o thing_n which_o he_o preach_v and_o affirm_v most_o be_v that_o there_o shall_v come_v a_o king_n out_o of_o france_n into_o italy_n which_o shall_v deliver_v the_o country_n from_o so_o many_o tyranizer_n and_o potentate_n as_o then_o hold_v the_o country_n in_o great_a servage_a and_o slavery_n this_o talk_n please_v some_o which_o desire_v change_v though_o other_o delight_v not_o in_o it_o about_o the_o time_n that_o he_o make_v those_o sermon_n king_n charles_n the_o eight_o make_v a_o voyage_n unto_o naples_n who_o assoon_o as_o he_o be_v see_v in_o italy_n all_o the_o world_n begin_v to_o say_v and_o believe_v that_o friar_n jerome_n be_v a_o true_a prophet_n and_o that_o he_o have_v well_o foretell_v that_o which_o they_o see_v come_v to_o pass_v the_o worst_a be_v that_o the_o say_a king_n do_v nothing_o worthy_a of_o account_n in_o the_o voyage_n insomuch_o that_o the_o best_a part_n of_o jeromes_n pprophecy_n which_o be_v to_o purge_v italy_n of_o so_o many_o tyranizer_n remain_v yet_o to_o accomplish_v then_o the_o reputation_n of_o this_o good_a friar_n jerome_n begin_v not_o only_o to_o diminish_v but_o also_o man_n begin_v to_o say_v and_o believe_v that_o he_o be_v a_o abuser_n so_o that_o in_o the_o end_n he_o be_v accuse_v at_o florence_n to_o be_v a_o most_o wicked_a heretic_n and_o his_o enemy_n say_v he_o be_v worthy_a to_o be_v put_v into_o a_o sack_n and_o to_o be_v cast_v into_o the_o river_n and_o because_o he_o still_o continue_v to_o preach_v his_o first_o theme_n that_o the_o king_n of_o france_n shall_v yet_o again_o come_v into_o italy_n to_o perform_v that_o which_o he_o have_v not_o execute_v in_o that_o first_o voyage_n and_o that_o the_o will_n of_o god_n be_v so_o and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o accomplish_v it_o yet_o god_n himself_o will_v punish_v it_o the_o pope_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o milan_n which_o be_v hereat_o trouble_v for_o they_o think_v this_o be_v but_o a_o bait_n to_o cause_v the_o king_n of_o france_n to_o come_v another_o time_n into_o italy_n where_o of_o they_o be_v great_o afraid_a therefore_o join_v they_o together_o against_o this_o poor_a friar_n and_o write_v to_o the_o seignory_n of_o florence_n to_o do_v justice_n upon_o he_o as_o upon_o a_o seducer_n and_o a_o heretic_n among_o other_o which_o take_v jerome_n in_o hand_n there_o be_v find_v a_o friar_n for_o there_o never_o be_v love_n betwixt_o the_o friar_n and_o the_o jacobines_n which_o will_v needs_o maintain_v fire_n a_o disputation_n by_o fire_n against_o he_o that_o he_o be_v a_o heretic_n and_o to_o prove_v his_o so_o say_v he_o present_v unto_o jerome_n the_o combat_n to_o commit_v themselves_o both_o into_o the_o fire_n and_o that_o he_o which_o be_v not_o hurt_v by_o the_o fire_n shall_v be_v hold_v as_o it_o be_v reason_n for_o a_o soothsayer_n and_o the_o other_o who_o the_o fire_n burn_v for_o a_o liar_n and_o a_o abuser_n friar_n jerome_n be_v sore_o abash_v to_o hear_v speak_v of_o such_o a_o manner_n of_o disputation_n and_o indeed_o will_v not_o accept_v it_o for_o he_o be_v not_o so_o learn_v not_o so_o far_o a_o student_n in_o logic_n that_o he_o have_v learn_v such_o a_o kind_n of_o argumentation_n to_o prove_v his_o doctrine_n by_o fire_n yet_o be_v there_o find_v another_o young_a jacobin_n a_o familiar_a friend_n of_o jeromes_n which_o accept_v the_o combat_n to_o maintain_v his_o friend_n quarrel_n then_o be_v the_o day_n and_o place_n assign_v in_o
because_o it_o be_v say_v in_o ecclesiasticus_fw-la chap._n 10._o initium_fw-la omnis_fw-la peccati_fw-la superbia_fw-la that_o be_v pride_n be_v the_o beginning_n and_o root_n of_o all_o sin_n all_o man_n may_v then_o argue_v from_o this_o place_n then_o be_v not_o dame_n covetousness_n but_o the_o answer_n hereunto_o be_v that_o there_o be_v three_o manner_n of_o covetousness_n that_o be_v of_o honour_n of_o riches_n and_o of_o carnal_a delectation_n but_o the_o first_o kind_n comprehend_v pride_n ergo_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o covetousness_n also_o of_o honour_n comprehend_v vainglory_n wrath_n hatred_n envy_n insomuch_o as_o he_o that_o be_v spot_v with_o this_o kind_n of_o covetousness_n be_v inflame_v with_o vainglory_n and_o angry_a against_o his_o lord_n who_o place_n and_o domination_n he_o will_v glad_o occupy_v and_o moreover_o hate_v and_o envy_v he_o and_o all_o these_o crime_n together_o which_o proceed_v from_o covetousness_n when_o they_o be_v commit_v against_o his_o prince_n be_v call_v treason_n which_o be_v the_o great_a crime_n that_o can_v be_v thus_o much_o for_o the_o first_o point_n of_o my_o theme_n that_o dame_n covetousness_n be_v the_o root_n of_o all_o evil_n the_o second_o point_n be_v that_o she_o make_v they_o become_v disloyal_a for_o with_o a_o desire_n to_o domineer_v they_o enterprise_n against_o their_o lord_n whereas_o they_o shall_v be_v loyal_a unto_o he_o as_o i_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o by_o many_o goodly_a place_n but_o as_o be_v fit_a to_o show_v my_o lord_n of_o bourgoignes_n justification_n i_o will_v take_v that_o place_n of_o dame_n covetousness_n which_o i_o have_v allege_v for_o my_o major_n and_o after_o i_o will_v come_v to_o my_o minor_n and_o so_o to_o the_o conclusion_n for_o proof_n then_o of_o my_o mayor_n i_o will_v note_v and_o propose_v eight_o principal_a verity_n by_o manner_n of_o a_o foundation_n out_o of_o which_o i_o will_v infer_v eight_o conclusion_n as_o it_o be_v correlative_n the_o better_a to_o ground_v the_o justification_n of_o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr bourgoigne_n the_o first_o verity_n be_v that_o every_o subject_n and_o vassal_n which_o upon_o covetousness_n enterprise_v against_o the_o corporal_a health_n of_o his_o king_n and_o sovereign_a lord_n to_o take_v away_o his_o most_o noble_a seignory_n commit_v the_o horrible_a crime_n of_o treason_n and_o be_v worthy_a of_o double_a death_n that_o be_v of_o the_o first_o and_o of_o the_o second_o i_o prove_v it_o because_o every_o disloyal_a subject_n and_o vassal_n against_o his_o sovereign_n sin_v mortal_o ergo_fw-la etc._n etc._n also_o i_o prove_v it_o by_o s._n gregory_n who_o say_v thus_o tyrannus_n est_fw-la proprie_fw-la qui_fw-la non_fw-la dominus_fw-la reputatur_fw-la non_fw-la just_a principatur_fw-la aut_fw-la non_fw-la principatu_fw-la decoratur_fw-la that_o he_o be_v a_o tyrant_n which_o be_v not_o the_o true_a lord_n or_o which_o rule_v not_o just_o or_o which_o be_v not_o honour_v by_o his_o principality_n also_o i_o prove_v it_o by_o s._n john_n the_o evangelist_n who_o say_v qui_fw-la vivit_fw-la non_fw-la morietur_fw-la nec_fw-la laedetur_fw-la à_fw-la morte_fw-la secunda_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o he_o that_o shall_v have_v victory_n upon_o lady_n covetousness_n and_o her_o three_o daughter_n ire_n hatred_n and_o envy_n shall_v not_o need_v to_o fear_v the_o second_o death_n namely_o eternal_a damnation_n the_o second_o verity_n be_v that_o in_o the_o aforesaid_a case_n wherein_o the_o subject_n or_o vassal_n be_v worthy_a of_o double_a death_n yet_o the_o vassal_n be_v more_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o the_o simple_a subject_n and_o a_o baron_n more_o than_o a_o simple_a vassal_n and_o a_o county_n more_o than_o a_o baron_n and_o a_o duke_n more_o than_o a_o county_n and_o a_o king_n ally_n more_o than_o a_o stranger_n i_o prove_v it_o because_o the_o obligation_n of_o a_o duke_n or_o the_o king_n kinsman_n towards_o the_o king_n be_v by_o many_o degree_n great_a than_o of_o a_o county_n baron_n or_o of_o a_o vassal_n ergo_fw-la than_o the_o punishment_n must_v be_v in_o a_o high_a degree_n and_o that_o my_o consequence_n be_v good_a i_o prove_v it_o because_o the_o degree_n of_o obligation_n and_o prerogative_n do_v correspond_v and_o full_o answer_v to_o the_o degree_n of_o the_o punishment_n and_o so_o as_o they_o be_v great_a so_o ought_v the_o punishment_n to_o be_v great_a as_o i_o have_v before_o allege_v out_o of_o s._n gregory_n cum_fw-la crescunt_fw-la dona_fw-la crescunt_fw-la rationes_fw-la donorum_fw-la as_o gift_n increase_v so_o ought_v the_o reason_n of_o gift_n that_o be_v obligation_n to_o do_v i_o prove_v also_o my_o say_a verity_n by_o another_o argument_n it_o be_v a_o great_a scandal_n that_o a_o duke_n or_o the_o king_n ally_n shall_v go_v about_o to_o take_v away_o the_o king_n seignory_n than_o if_o it_o be_v a_o poor_a subject_n ergo_fw-la then_o the_o punishment_n ought_v to_o be_v great_a see_v the_o scandal_n be_v great_a three_o i_o prove_v my_o say_a verity_n because_o there_o be_v a_o great_a peril_n of_o a_o great_a man_n than_o of_o a_o little_a therefore_o the_o remedy_n of_o punishment_n ought_v to_o be_v great_a to_o withdraw_v great_a man_n from_o yield_v and_o obey_v the_o enemy_n of_o mankind_n and_o dame_n covetousness_n the_o three_o verity_n be_v that_o in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a when_o the_o vassal_n commit_v treason_n merit_v double_a death_n then_o be_v it_o lawful_a for_o every_o subject_n according_a to_o the_o law_n moral_a natural_a and_o divine_a to_o kill_v without_o any_o command_n that_o traitor_n and_o disloyal_a tyrant_n and_o it_o be_v not_o only_o lawful_a but_o also_o honourable_a and_o meritorious_a i_o prove_v this_o verity_n by_o twelve_o reason_n in_o the_o honour_n of_o holy_a theology_n the_o first_o of_o a_o doctor_n which_o upon_o the_o second_o book_n of_o the_o master_n of_o sentence_n say_v qui_fw-la ad_fw-la liberatioonem_fw-la patriae_fw-la tyrannum_fw-la occidit_fw-la praemium_fw-la accipit_fw-la &_o facit_fw-la opus_fw-la laudabile_fw-la &_o meritorium_fw-la that_o be_v he_o which_o sley_v a_o tyrant_n to_o deliver_v his_o country_n receive_v a_o reward_n and_o do_v a_o laudable_a and_o a_o meritorious_a work_n the_o second_o authority_n be_v take_v out_o of_o that_o excellent_a doctor_n salceber_n in_o his_o book_n of_o policraton_n who_o say_v amico_fw-la adulari_fw-la non_fw-la licet_fw-la sedaurem_fw-la tyranni_fw-la mulcere_fw-la licitum_fw-la est_fw-la quia_fw-la ei_fw-la licet_fw-la adulari_fw-la quem_fw-la licet_fw-la occidere_fw-la that_o be_v it_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o any_o to_o flatter_v his_o friend_n but_o with_o fair_a word_n he_o may_v well_o bring_v a_o tyrant_n asleep_a for_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o kill_v he_o the_o three_o authority_n be_v of_o many_o doctor_n in_o theology_n all_o which_o i_o set_v down_o but_o for_o one_o that_o i_o may_v not_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o three_o namely_o of_o richard_n de_fw-fr mivile_n alexander_n de_fw-fr halles_n and_o astensis_n which_o hold_v the_o foresay_a conclusion_n and_o for_o a_o great_a confirmation_n i_o add_v hereunto_o the_o authority_n of_o s._n peter_n who_o say_v subditi_fw-la estote_fw-la regi_fw-la quasi_fw-la praecellenti_fw-la that_o be_v let_v each_o man_n obey_v his_o king_n as_o the_o most_o excellent_a and_o sovereign_a my_o three_o second_o reason_n of_o the_o twelve_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o authority_n of_o three_o moral_a philosopher_n the_o first_o licitum_fw-la &_o laudabile_fw-la est_fw-la cuilibet_fw-la subditorum_fw-la occidere_fw-la tyrannum_fw-la that_o be_v it_o be_v lawful_a &_o praiseworthie_a for_o every_o man_n to_o slay_v a_o tyrant_n the_o second_o authority_n be_v from_o the_o noble_a morallist_n tully_n who_o say_v in_o his_o office_n that_o they_o which_o kill_v julius_n caesar_n be_v worthy_a of_o praise_n because_o he_o have_v usurp_v the_o seignory_n of_o rome_n by_o tyranny_n the_o three_o authority_n be_v out_o of_o boccace_n who_o say_v that_o man_n may_v well_o conspire_v and_o employ_v arm_n against_o a_o tyrant_n and_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n most_o holy_a and_o necessary_a that_o a_o tyrant_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v call_v king_n nor_o prince_n and_o that_o there_o can_v be_v a_o more_o pleasant_a sacrifice_n than_o the_o blood_n of_o a_o tyrant_n after_o these_o authority_n allege_v out_o of_o theologian_n and_o moralist_n i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o authority_n of_o legist_n and_o because_o i_o be_o not_o a_o lawyer_n it_o suffici_v i_o to_o speak_v the_o sentence_n of_o the_o law_n without_o allege_v they_o for_o in_o all_o my_o life_n i_o never_o study_v the_o cannon_n and_o civil_a law_n but_o two_o year_n and_o that_o be_v twenty_o year_n ago_o so_o that_o i_o can_v learn_v but_o a_o little_a and_o may_v easy_o forget_v that_o little_a by_o the_o length_n of_o time_n since_o i_o learn_v it_o the_o first_o authority_n out_o of_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o kill_v
happy_a memory_n for_o during_o his_o reign_n and_o before_o the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v after_o the_o mere_a french_a manner_n that_o be_v to_o say_v follow_v the_o trace_n and_o document_n of_o our_o french_a ancestor_n but_o since_o it_o have_v govern_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o machiavelli_n the_o florentine_a as_o shall_v be_v see_v hereafter_o insomuch_o that_o since_o that_o time_n until_o this_o present_a the_o name_n of_o machiavelli_n have_v be_v celebrate_v and_o esteem_v as_o of_o the_o wise_a person_n of_o the_o world_n and_o most_o cunning_a in_o the_o affair_n of_o estate_n and_o his_o book_n hold_v dear_a and_o most_o precious_a by_o our_o italian_a and_o italionized_a courtier_n as_o if_o they_o be_v the_o book_n of_o sibilla_n whereunto_o the_o paynim_n have_v their_o recourse_n when_o they_o will_v deliberate_v upon_o any_o great_a affair_n concern_v the_o common_a wealth_n or_o as_o the_o turk_n hold_v dear_a and_o precious_a their_o mahumets_n koran_n as_o we_o have_v say_v above_o and_o we_o need_v not_o be_v abash_v if_o they_o of_o machiavell_n nation_n which_o hold_v the_o principal_a estate_n in_o the_o government_n of_o france_n have_v forsake_v the_o ancient_a manner_n of_o our_o french_a ancestor_n government_n to_o introduct_v and_o bring_v france_n in_o use_n with_o a_o new_a form_n of_o manage_v &_o rule_v their_o country_n teach_v by_o machiavelli_n for_o on_o the_o one_o side_n every_o man_n esteem_v and_o prize_v always_o the_o manner_n fashion_n custom_n &_o other_o thing_n of_o his_o own_o country_n more_o than_o they_o of_o a_o other_o on_o the_o other_o side_n machiavelli_n their_o great_a doctor_n france_n cap._n 3._o de_fw-fr princ._n discourse_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 30._o lib._n 3._o cap._n 43._o machiavell_n slander_n against_o the_o king_n and_o the_o people_n of_o france_n describe_v so_o well_o france_n and_o the_o government_n thereof_o in_o his_o time_n blame_v and_o reprehend_v the_o frenchman_n conduction_n of_o affair_n of_o estate_n that_o it_o may_v easy_o persuade_v his_o disciple_n to_o change_v the_o manner_n of_o french_a government_n into_o the_o italian_a for_o machiavelli_n vaunt_v that_o be_v once_o at_o nantes_n and_o talk_v with_o the_o cardinal_n of_o amboise_n which_o be_v a_o very_a wise_a man_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n lewis_n the_o twelve_o of_o public_a &_o state_n affair_n he_o plain_o tell_v he_o that_o the_o frenchman_n have_v no_o knowledge_n in_o affair_n of_o estate_n and_o in_o many_o place_n speak_v of_o french_a cause_n he_o reprehend_v the_o government_n of_o our_o abovenamed_a king_n charles_n the_o eight_o and_z lewis_z the_o twelve_o yea_o he_o have_v be_v so_o impudent_a speak_v of_o that_o good_a king_n lewis_n &_o rebuke_v he_o for_o give_v succour_n unto_o pope_n alexander_n the_o sixth_o that_o he_o give_v he_o the_o plain_a lie_n say_v he_o belie_v himself_o have_v pass_v italy_n at_o the_o venetian_n request_n &_o yet_o succour_v the_o pope_n against_o his_o intention_n and_o in_o other_o place_n he_o call_v our_o king_n tributary_n of_o the_o swiss_n and_o of_o the_o english_a man_n and_o often_o when_o he_o speak_v of_o the_o frenchman_n he_o call_v they_o barbarous_a and_o say_v they_o be_v full_a of_o covetousness_n and_o disloyalty_n so_o also_o he_o tax_v the_o almain_n of_o the_o same_o vice_n now_o i_o beseech_v you_o be_v it_o not_o good_a reason_n to_o make_v so_o great_a account_n of_o machiavelli_n in_o france_n who_o so_o do_v defame_n &_o reproove_v the_o honour_n of_o our_o good_a king_n &_o of_o all_o our_o whole_a nation_n call_v they_o ignorant_a of_o the_o affair_n of_o estate_n barbarous_a covetous_a disloyal_a but_o all_o this_o may_v be_v bear_v withal_o and_o pass_v away_o in_o silence_n if_o there_o be_v not_o another_o evil_n but_o when_o we_o see_v that_o machiavelli_n by_o his_o doctrine_n and_o document_n have_v change_v the_o good_a and_o ancient_a government_n of_o france_n into_o a_o kind_n of_o florentine_a government_n whereupon_o we_o see_v with_o our_o eye_n the_o total_a ruin_n of_o all_o france_n it_o infallible_o follow_v if_o god_n by_o his_o grace_n do_v not_o remedy_v it_o soon_o that_o now_o it_o shall_v be_v time_n if_o ever_o to_o lay_v hand_n to_o the_o work_n to_o remit_v and_o bring_v france_n again_o unto_o the_o government_n of_o our_o ancestor_n hereupon_o i_o humble_o pray_v the_o prince_n and_o great_a lord_n of_o france_n to_o consider_v what_o be_v their_o duty_n in_o this_o case_n seem_v it_o most_o ilustrious_a lord_n see_v at_o this_o time_n poor_a france_n which_o be_v your_o country_n and_o mother_n so_o desolate_a and_o tear_v in_o sunder_o by_o stranger_n that_o you_o ought_v to_o suffer_v it_o to_o be_v lose_v and_o ruinate_v ought_v you_o to_o permit_v they_o to_o sow_v atheism_n and_o impiety_n in_o your_o country_n and_o to_o set_v up_o school_n thereof_o see_v your_o france_n have_v always_o be_v so_o zealous_a in_o the_o christian_a religion_n as_o our_o ancient_a king_n by_o their_o piety_n and_o justice_n have_v obtain_v that_o so_o honourable_a a_o title_n and_o name_n of_o most_o christian_n think_v you_o that_o god_n have_v cause_v you_o to_o be_v bear_v into_o this_o world_n to_o help_v to_o ruinate_v your_o country_n or_o cold_o to_o stand_v still_o and_o suffer_v your_o mother_n to_o be_v contaminate_v and_o defile_v with_o the_o contempt_n of_o god_n with_o perfidy_n with_o sodomy_n tyranny_n cruelty_n theft_n strange_a usury_n and_o other_o detestable_a vice_n which_o stranger_n sow_v here_o but_o rather_o contrary_a god_n have_v give_v you_o life_n power_n and_o authority_n to_o take_v away_o such_o infamy_n and_o corruption_n and_o if_o you_o do_v it_o not_o you_o must_v make_v account_n for_o it_o &_o you_o can_v look_v for_o but_o a_o grievous_a &_o just_a punishment_n if_o it_o be_v true_a as_o the_o civilian_n lawyer_n say_v that_o he_o be_v a_o murderer_n and_o culpable_a of_o death_n which_o suffer_v to_o die_v with_o hunger_n the_o person_n unto_o who_o he_o owe_v nourishment_n and_o shall_v not_o you_o be_v culpable_a before_o god_n of_o so_o many_o massacre_n murder_n and_o desolation_n of_o your_o poor_a france_n if_o you_o give_v it_o not_o succour_n see_v you_o have_v the_o mean_n and_o that_o you_o be_v oblige_v thereunto_o by_o right_a of_o nature_n shall_v you_o not_o be_v condemn_v and_o attaint_v of_o impiety_n atheism_n and_o tyranny_n if_o you_o drive_v not_o out_o of_o france_n machiavelli_n and_o his_o government_n here_o if_o any_o man_n will_v inquire_v how_o it_o appear_v that_o france_n be_v at_o this_o day_n govern_v by_o the_o doctrine_n of_o machiavelli_n the_o resolution_n hereof_o be_v easy_a and_o clear_a for_o the_o effect_n which_o machiavelli_n france_n govern_v by_o the_o doctrine_n of_o machiavelli_n we_o see_v with_o our_o eye_n and_o the_o provision_n and_o execution_n of_o the_o affair_n which_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n may_v easy_o 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seal_n of_o the_o kindgome_n of_o france_n be_v it_o not_o they_o also_o which_o draw_v out_o and_o stamp_n edict_n which_o dispatch_v all_o thing_n within_o and_o without_o the_o realm_n which_o hold_v the_o goodly_a government_n and_o ferme_n belong_v unto_o the_o crown_n tea_n if_o a_o man_n will_v at_o this_o day_n obtain_v or_o get_v any_o thing_n in_o the_o court_n for_o to_o have_v a_o good_a and_o quick_a dispatch_n thereof_o he_o must_v learn_v to_o speak_v the_o messereske_n language_n because_o these_o messer_n will_v most_o willing_o hear_v they_o in_o their_o own_o tongue_n and_o they_o understand_v not_o the_o french_a no_o not_o the_o term_n of_o justice_n and_o royal_a ordinance_n whereupon_o every_o man_n may_v conjecture_v and_o imagine_v how_o they_o can_v well_o observe_v or_o cause_n to_o be_v observe_v the_o law_n of_o france_n the_o term_n whereof_o they_o
understand_v not_o moreover_o plain_n enough_o it_o be_v that_o within_o these_o fifteen_o year_n machiavels_n book_n be_v as_o familiar_a and_o ordinary_a in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o courtier_n as_o the_o breviaries_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o curate_n of_o parish_n and_o as_o for_o the_o diversity_n of_o ancient_a government_n which_o be_v rule_v in_o follow_v the_o trace_n fashion_n and_o custom_n of_o our_o ancestor_n from_o the_o modern_a and_o present_a government_n which_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o doctrine_n of_o machiavelli_n it_o be_v easy_o and_o apparent_o see_v by_o the_o fruit_n and_o effect_n which_o do_v proceed_v therefrom_o for_o by_o the_o ancient_a french_a government_n the_o kingdom_n be_v maintain_v and_o govern_v in_o peace_n and_o tranquillity_n under_o the_o observation_n of_o ancient_a law_n without_o any_o domestic_a or_o civil_a war_n flourish_v and_o enjoin_v a_o free_a traffic_n and_o subject_n be_v maintain_v in_o the_o possess_n and_o enjoy_n of_o their_o good_n estate_n franchise_n and_o liberty_n but_o now_o by_o the_o italian_a government_n of_o this_o time_n the_o good_a and_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v abolish_v and_o suppress_v cruel_a war_n and_o dissension_n be_v maintain_v in_o france_n peace_n always_o break_v the_o people_n destroy_v and_o eat_v and_o traffic_v decay_v subject_n be_v deprive_v of_o their_o ancient_a liberty_n and_o franchise_n yea_o and_o bring_v into_o such_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n that_o none_o know_v well_o what_o be_v his_o own_o and_o what_o be_v not_o but_o one_o plough_v and_o sow_v and_o another_o mow_v and_o reap_v the_o same_o and_o although_o this_o be_v so_o true_a and_o manifest_a that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v needful_a to_o show_v more_o ample_o that_o the_o manner_n of_o our_o ancestor_n government_n be_v otherwise_o and_o better_a than_o the_o modern_a which_o at_o this_o present_a be_v in_o use_n yet_o for_o all_o that_o i_o pretend_v hereafter_o upon_o every_o maxim_n clear_o to_o demonstrate_v and_o by_o good_a example_n that_o our_o ancient_a frenchman_n guide_v and_o govern_v themselves_o by_o good_a reason_n and_o wisdom_n clean_a contrary_n from_o the_o way_n of_o machiavels_n precept_n yet_o i_o mean_v not_o to_o authorise_v my_o say_n by_o the_o allegation_n of_o example_n of_o small_a potentate_n take_v fron_n whence_o these_o discourse_n be_v take_v and_o tyrannizer_n bear_v in_o one_o night_n like_o toad-stoole_n as_o machiavelli_n do_v but_o by_o the_o allegation_n of_o gallant_a and_o notable_a example_n of_o our_o king_n of_o france_n confirm_v and_o fortify_v yea_o by_o other_o example_n of_o good_a and_o ancient_a emperor_n prince_n and_o roman_a captain_n and_o of_o the_o senate_n of_o rome_n for_o i_o have_v choose_v those_o two_o monarchy_n the_o roman_a and_o the_o french_a as_o the_o fair_a and_o most_o excellent_a from_o whence_o to_o draw_v true_a and_o good_a example_n which_o be_v worthy_a for_o a_o prince_n to_o imitate_v borrow_v but_o few_o from_o other_o precedent_a monarchy_n as_o mede_n assyrian_n and_o grecian_n as_o less_o know_v unto_o we_o concern_v the_o management_n and_o government_n of_o their_o affair_n as_o too_o far_o from_o our_o time_n and_o from_o our_o manner_n and_o custom_n i_o have_v last_o choose_v the_o best_a and_o most_o authentic_a historiographer_n and_o especial_o they_o which_o have_v write_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v and_o fall_v out_o in_o their_o own_o time_n and_o of_o those_o affair_n the_o most_o part_n of_o which_o they_o be_v spectator_n and_o actor_n of_o this_o sort_n and_o order_n of_o my_o own_o country_n historiographer_n be_v froissart_n monstrelet_n de_fw-fr comines_n du_fw-fr bellay_n and_o of_o roman_n salustius_n tacitus_n suetonius_n dion_n herodian_a lamptidius_n capitolinus_n josephus_n and_o certain_a which_o shall_v be_v allege_v hereafter_o in_o their_o place_n i_o also_o have_v draw_v out_o some_o part_n of_o my_o allegation_n out_o of_o our_o annal_n of_o france_n out_o of_o paulus_n aemylius_fw-la thucydides_n xenophon_n and_o many_o other_o author_n all_o which_o be_v both_o authentic_a and_o approve_a and_o that_o also_o by_o prescript_n of_o ancient_a time_n and_o long_a continuance_n have_v gain_v that_o praise_n and_o reputation_n to_o be_v good_a witness_n and_o that_o without_o reproach_n or_o diffamation_n and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o machiavelli_n dare_v say_v that_o the_o frenchman_n have_v no_o understanding_n or_o knowledge_n in_o matter_n or_o cause_n of_o estate_n i_o hope_v it_o shall_v appear_v clean_o contrary_a not_o only_o by_o the_o good_a government_n which_o i_o shall_v show_v to_o have_v be_v keep_v and_o observe_v by_o our_o ancestor_n in_o public_a cause_n but_o also_o by_o the_o only_a place_n and_o example_n which_o i_o shall_v bring_v forth_o and_o allege_v out_o of_o m._n philip_n de_fw-fr comines_n knight_n and_o chamberlain_n of_o king_n lewis_n the_o eleven_o who_o live_v even_o in_o machiavels_n time_n who_o also_o understand_v better_o how_o the_o affair_n of_o a_o kingdom_n or_o commonwealth_n shall_v be_v rule_v or_o govern_v than_o ever_o machiavelli_n know_v how_o to_o guide_v and_o rule_v a_o simple_a town_n yet_o i_o can_v but_o confess_v that_o for_o the_o govern_n and_o guide_v of_o a_o tyrannous_a estate_n machiavelli_n have_v more_o cunning_a than_o any_o other_o of_o who_o i_o have_v read_v he_o so_o well_o know_v all_o the_o point_n and_o precept_n which_o be_v meet_v and_o convenient_a for_o the_o establish_n of_o it_o as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v see_v in_o the_o handle_n of_o his_o maxim_n moreover_o if_o in_o certain_a place_n where_o the_o matter_n do_v require_v it_o i_o speak_v a_o little_a machiavelli_n answer_n to_o the_o slander_n of_o machiavelli_n too_o hardly_o of_o machiavels_n italian_a nation_n i_o hope_v that_o the_o good_a man_n of_o that_o country_n can_v find_v it_o evil_n as_o well_o because_o machiavelli_n give_v i_o just_a occasion_n have_v villanous_o and_o opprobrious_o slander_v in_o many_o sort_v our_o french_a nation_n but_o also_o for_o that_o i_o intend_v not_o any_o thing_n to_o blame_v or_o reproove_v the_o good_a italian_a people_n and_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o among_o the_o italian_a and_o florentine_a nation_n there_o be_v diverse_a virtuous_a people_n which_o be_v nothing_o less_o than_o mere_a machiavelist_n and_o that_o detest_v and_o abhor_v his_o wicked_a doctrine_n for_o there_o be_v not_o so_o bad_a a_o ground_n which_o among_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a evil_a plant_n bring_v not_o out_o some_o good_a yet_o will_v i_o give_v a_o particular_a praise_n and_o commendation_n unto_o such_o italian_n as_o be_v virtuous_a which_o better_o appertain_v unto_o they_o than_o unto_o the_o virtuous_a and_o goodly_a man_n of_o other_o nation_n namely_o that_o as_o precious_a stone_n and_o some_o other_o droug_n and_o spice_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v most_o singular_a as_o they_o be_v most_o rare_a so_o the_o good_a and_o virtuous_a italian_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o to_o be_v praise_v and_o commend_v because_o they_o be_v rare_a and_o for_o that_o it_o be_v no_o trivial_a and_o common_a thing_n in_o italy_n to_o be_v a_o virtuous_a and_o good_a man_n there_o be_v also_o another_o point_n which_o excuse_v i_o that_o be_v that_o the_o force_n of_o the_o truth_n have_v draw_v and_o express_v this_o confession_n of_o machiavelli_n even_o that_o he_o say_v that_o there_o be_v no_o nation_n or_o people_n in_o christendom_n that_o be_v more_o vicious_a and_o corrupt_a than_o the_o italian_a nation_n and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o province_n nor_o kingdom_n where_o there_o be_v less_o care_n of_o god_n and_o of_o all_o religion_n than_o in_o italy_n although_o as_o to_o this_o last_o point_n of_o religion_n machiavelli_n which_o in_o all_o his_o book_n show_v himself_o a_o very_a atheist_n and_o a_o contemner_n of_o all_o piety_n and_o godliness_n mean_v not_o to_o tax_v nor_o blame_v they_o of_o his_o nation_n of_o impiety_n nor_o of_o atheism_n but_o only_o hereof_o that_o they_o be_v not_o like_o the_o paynim_n which_o so_o scrupulous_o observe_v their_o superstition_n and_o ceremony_n as_o we_o shall_v more_o at_o large_a set_v down_o in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o discourse_n but_o from_o whence_o come_v this_o impudency_n unto_o machiavelli_n to_o tax_v and_o blame_v the_o frenchman_n of_o disloyalty_n and_o perfidy_n see_v that_o he_o himself_o also_o teach_v that_o a_o prince_n ought_v not_o to_o keep_v and_o hold_v his_o faith_n but_o for_o his_o profit_n and_o commodity_n and_o that_o the_o observation_n of_o faith_n be_v pernicious_a and_o hurtful_a i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o at_o this_o present_a time_n many_o italianize_v frenchman_n be_v disloyal_a and_o faith-breaker_n have_v so_o learn_v by_o machiavels_n doctrine_n but_o i_o deny_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o machiavelli_n during_o the_o