Grammatical Institution For though before his time a great part of our Country-men (s) The case was the same with the Germans saith Erasmue Epist p. 989. had little leisure and less care of liberal Arts yet when the Houses of York and Lancaster were united by the precious Advice of John Morton Bishop of Ely and Times grew more Halcion John Holt about the Year of Christ 1497. printed a short Grammar call'd Lac Puerorum and dedicated it to the same John Morton then for his great Merits installed Archbishop of Canterbury About the Yoar 1505. John Stanbridge and his Scholar Robert Whittington and Others put forth divers Treatises of Grammar But in a more especial manner Dr. Colet the Reverend and Learned Dean and liberal Founder of the School of St. Pauls compiled the Introduction of the Eight Parts of Speech in the Year 1509 And Mr. Lilie first Schoolmaster of Pauls an English Syntax And three of four Years after Johannes Despauterius in the Netherlands wrote his Grammatical Commentaries To Mr. Lilie's Construction of the Eight parts of Speech Cardinal Wolsey afterwards in the Year 1528. prefixt an Epistle and Directions for teaching the eight Classes of Forms in Ipswich-School Erasmus (t) See his Preface also intreated by Dr. Colet (u) See his Colloq Pietas Puerilis his intimate Friend to revise Mr. Lilie's Syntax made a new Latin one in the Year 1513 upon which in 1539 Henry Prime Schoolmaster of the Monastery and in 1540 Leonard Cox of Carleon in Wales (w) Teacher of the Languages in Poland Hungary and Germany Commented Also about the Year 1522 at Queen Katherines Request Thomas Linacer Physician to King Henry the Eighth and Ludovicus Vives wrote Rudimenta Grammatices for Queen Maries use And Dr. Linacer his Book De emendatâ Structurâ which hath ever since been the Cynosura for many of our best Grammarians Mr. Lilie wrote also Propria quae maribus As in praesenti which Mr. Ritwise one of his Successors published in the Year 1535 if not before Cum vocabulorum interpretatione In 1532 Thomas Robertson a Schoolmaster in Oxford printed a Comment on the Rules which Lilie wrote in Verse added Quae genus and the versifying Rules which he dedicated to John Longland Bishop of Lincoln with reference to Henly-School From this variety of pains in Grammar sprung a great diversity in the course of Teaching to which King Henry the Eighth in whose Reign Philology had in a manner the whole Vogue of Reputation intending to obviate (x) See the Preface to the Common Grammar and upon great Advice to prescribe a publick uniform way of Institution caused sundry Learned Men among whom 't is said was Dr. Richard Cox (y) Sometime Schoolmaster of Eaton and afterwards Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Ely Tutor to King Edward the Sixth to reduce the former Attempts in this kind into one Body of Grammar They joyntly produced the Grammar now in Vse in the Year 1545. But since those Times the Art of Grammar having received larger advantages by the labours of Learned men both at home and abroad in the foregoing and present Age it has come to pass that the Methods which were generally received have fallen into contempt Nay even in the Year 1540 Julius Caesar Scaliger aliàs Burdo wrote Thirteen Books De Causis Linguae Latinae And six Years after Bartholomew Grave a Book-seller of Lovain procur'd a Grant from Charles the Fifth that bears date the 27th Year of his Empire for printing John Rivius's Grammar which he set forth in Seven Books the same Year In 1562. Martinus Crusius of Tubingen an Vniversity of Wirtenberg wrote his Grammatica Latina cum Graeca congruens In 1575 Ludolfus Lithocomus Schoolmaster of Dusseldorp a City in the Dutchy of Berg published a Grammar for the use of his School which in 1626 Gerardus Joannes Vossius by Order from the States of Holland and Westfrizeland revised and added very useful Observations by way of Comment In this List also are Saturnius Coelius Emanuel Alvarez Nicodemus Frischlinus Rhenius Ramus Richerius the Author of the Gryphiswald Grammar Cornelius Valerius of Utrech and divers Others Nor have we in England at all come short of our neighbouring Nations in this profitable study for in King Edward the Sixth's time Mr. John Fox in 1551 set forth Tables of Grammar subscribed in print by Eight Lords of the Privy-Council but these Tables were quickly laid aside as being far more too short than King Henry's Grammar was too long And tho after him there were not any further Essays made in Technology for above Fourscore years but all men acquiesced in the Common Grammar during the Times of Queen Mary Queen Elizabeth and King James yet in the Reign of King Charles the first about the Year 1636 John Danes of Maldon made a considerable improvement in this Art by hanging out a Light to Lilie upon which in 1638 he published his elaborate Scholia Much about this Time also Thomas Hayne one of the Masters in Christ's Hospital after that in Merchant Taylors School wrote a Grammar entituled Grammatices Latinae Compendium In the Year 1640 Thomas Farnabie the Glory of our English Criticks set forth his Systema Grammaticum And since then New Grammars have been ever and anon coming forth 't is to be concluded somewhat is amiss in the Old why else should the Learned Authors of them spend their pains in compositions of New For not to insist on every trifling Grammaticaster Anthony Huish James Shirley Charles Hool John Milton Paul P. Jaz-Berenyi Mr. Burles Mr. Bird (z) A School-Master of Glecester Mr. Harris Mr. Lewis of Tottenham Mr. Christopher Wase Dr. Busbey the Rudiment Writer Mr. William Baxter Mr. Clement Ellis (a) The Ingenious Author of The Gentile Sinner have all given us New Models of Grammar Whilst Others thinking it a safer way to repair the Old Fabrick than to erect a New one set themselves to amend Lilie To this end in the Year 1664 Mr. Edward Leeds my Worthy tho not immediate Predecessour in this School put forth his Vossius in Supplementum vulgaris Grammatices contractus And in 1669 the Industrious and in Didacticks acutely Judicious Mr. Walker published his Explanations of the Royal Grammar Opus doctum Jupiter laboriosum These indeed are late Writers if compar'd to those of the former Class yet since they are of the Sect of Crates and in their Principles do closely adhere to the Triumviri tho they widely differ from them and no less from each other in their method for that has in all Times been diversly pursued I say since they give Priscian's Coat I shall take the liberty to give them his Title and stile them Old Grammarians Strange Fate That a Grammar which all men that wear their Senses acknowledge to be tedious (b) So tedious that the Muses Darling Mr. Cowley tells us his Masters could never prevail on him by any perswasions or
GRAMMATICA REFORMATA OR A General Examination OF THE ART of GRAMMAR As it hath been successively delivered By Franciscus Sanctius in Spain Gaspar Scioppius in France Gerardus Joannes Vossius in the Lower Germany AND Methodiz'd by the Oxford Grammarian in his Observations upon Lilie Designed for initiating the Lower Forms in the Free-School at Newark upon Trent By JOHN TWELLS Schoolmaster Multa dies variusque labor mutabilis aevi Rettulit in melius Virg. Aeneid I. XI LONDON Printed by S. Roycroft for Robert Clavell at the Peacock in St. Pauls Church-yard 1683. REVERENDO PIETATIS ERGA DEUM ET FIDELITATIS ERGA REGEM VIRO D NO HENRICO SMITHO ECCLESIAE NOVARCENSIS VICARIO DIGNISSIMO c. GRAMMATICAM HANC REFORMATAM Tenuem quidem obscurumque Laborem Perpetuae tamen Observantiae Monumentum DICAT CONSECRAT JOANNES TWELLS SCHOLAE PUBLICAE QUAE NOVARCAE EST MODERATOR A PREFACE CONCERNING The Old and New Grammarians ABout the Year of the World Three thousand Seven hundred and Eighty Five hundred eighty three years after the building of Rome before the Birth of CHRIST One hundred Sixty eight betwixt the second and third Punick War and near the time of Ennius's death Crates Mallotes Contemporary with Aristarchus was sent Embassadour to the Roman Senate by Attalus the Second King of Pergamus for his great Wealth mentioned by (a) Hor. Od. 1. Horace and (b) Prop. l. 2. El. 32. l. 3. E. 18. l. 4. E. 5. Propertius This Lieger having one day had the misfortune by a fall he got through the hole of a little House erected for Natures ease within the Liberties of the Palatium to break his Leg spent the remainder of the time alotted him for discharging his Negotiation and recovering his Health in the study of Grammar Plurimas saith (c) Lib. de illustribus Grammaticis cap. 2. Suetonius acroases subinde fecit assidueque disseruit ac nostris exemplo fuit ad imitandum He read Grammar Lectures frequently held Disputations daily and set himself as a Copy for us to imitate Whereupon a very Learned man takes an occasion to call that Art such as at that time and for many succeeding Ages obtained both at Rome and in other places Cloacina because saith he ex cloacae soramine unà cum claudo Magistro emerserit and therefore tells us 't is no wonder to see it in some places almost over head and ears in filth and nastiness in others very lame and imperfect But I know not whether for his own diversion or in abuse to Crates for we are little beholden to the Jakes for the Grammar that had like to have choak'd the Grammarian We are rather obliged to Greece where Two hundred and twenty Years before Plato had studied it and an hundred Years before Epicurus first taught it the Greeks or to Asia from whence Crates first brought it into Italy As for what was afterward dully and foolishly delivered by the Latins it ought not to be imputed to one that was a Greek except perhaps some few things belonging to Grammar so far forth as it was common both to the Greek and Roman Tongues But indeed it is to be ascribed to their Sottishness who (d) That Tully himself did not see prov'd by Scioppius in his Paradoxa Literaria in his Auctarium Arg. 10. in his 53. Animadversion upon Vossius either did not well understand their own Language or else wholly neglected the use of Grammatical Disputations Hence proceed so many foolish Definitions Divisions and so great Confusion in the Method Nor was the Stupidity of the first Discoverers so great as that of their Successors which would have appear'd but too plainly had not the injury of Time bereaved us of all the most antique and most excellent of those Monuments which were recorded by Technical or Methodical Grammarians For we have now not only lost the two Books of Ennius the Younger which he wrote about Letters Syllables and Verse cited by (e) Lib. de Grammat 3. Suetonius out of Lucius Cotta and Julius Caesar concerning Analogy whereof mention is made in his Life by Suetonius in these words Reliquit de Analogia libros duos and by Charisius lib. 1. which he dedicated to Cicero but also the methodical Works of Nigidius Figulus the most Learned of the Romans after M. T. Varro Cornelius Nepos Aruntius Comminianus who wrote about (f) See Putschius's Epist Dedicat before Palaemon's Ars Grammatica Letters as also of the Noun and Verb. Plinius Secundus (g) Ibid. famous for his Treatise of ambiguous Speeches Valgius and many more quoted by Sosipater Charisius and others Among those Grammarians of whom there are some Analects yet extant Marcus Terentius Varro is Chief of whose Studies in this kind of Learning his three Books de Analogiâ handed down to this present Age are a sufficient Testimony He was born at Narbon in France and lived before Christ 71 Years With these ought to be reckoned for some surviving Relicks of greater Works Q. Remnius or rather Remmius for so is Palaemon call'd in an Old Monument if Aldus say true Grammatica arte celebris saith Pliny (h) Li 6.14 cap. 4. commended upon the score of his Learning by Juvenal Satyr 7. Quis gremio Enceladi doctique Palaemonis adfert Quantum Grammaticus meruit labor Who to Enceladus or to the Learn'd Palaemon tenders justly what is earn'd By a Grammarian's Pains He also calls Grammar periphrastically Palaemonis Artem Sat. 6. Odi Hanc ego quae repetit volvitque Palaemonis Artem Servatâ semper lege ratione loquendi I hate her that Palaemons Art revives That to discourse by Rule and Method strives He was Tutor to M. Fab. Quintilian and Aulus Persius He was born at Vincentia or Vicentia now call'd Vicenza a City of Lumbardy between Verona and Padua and lived saith Eusebius under Claudius Caesar An. Dom. 49. From the voracious jaws of Time are rescu'd also the valuable Remains of M. Valerius Probus the last in Tranquillus's Catalogue of Illustrious Grammarians whom Eusebius stiles Grammaticorum eruditissimus and says he was born at Berytus and that he liv'd in the time of Nero. But the Castor and Pollux of Technological Studies are if Voffius doth not misguide us Flavius Sosipater Charisius and Diomedes of whose Ages no certain account can be given the former writes himself Ur. (i) Urbanus Magister and makes a present of his Grammatical Institutions to his Son The later dedicates his Book to Athanasius A third place to compleat the Triumvirate is justly challenged by Priscian the Caesarean who flourisht under the Reigns of Justinus Senior and Justinianus if you dare believe Cassiodorus in his Book of Orthography Vossius takes his word which I very much wonder at since he dedicates his Eighteen Books of Grammar to Julian the Consul and Roman Patrician which was according to Helvicus's computation in the Year of the World 4332 of Christ 365. As to the place also of
encouragements to learn without Book the Common Rules therein See his Discourse upon himself pag. 143. and impracticable A Grammar which interferes with all the Principles of true Didacticks should deceive the World for the space of One Thousand eight Hundred and Fifty Years A thing you 'l say that exceeds all belief as much as it does wonder that the Romans should patiently suffer themselves and through them all Posterity to be impos'd upon by a Grammar which they must necessarily own to be notoriously false Why do but suspend your incredulity a while and perhaps Scioppius may give you satisfaction Neque verò saith he (c) In the Preface to his Philosophical Grammar admirabile duxi Cloacinam istam Grammaticam inde ab eo quo Romae primùm exorta est tempore ad hanc usque diem per ipsos MDCCXCVI annos inconcussam perstitisse omnium non Tironum modò sed ipsorum eloquentiae Latinae principum ingenia excarnificare potuisse Jus quippe gentium violare sibi Romani videbantur si hanc invectam à Regio Legato artem parem comiter habuissent cum praesertim Regi Attalo tantùm se devinctos agnoscerent quippe qui regnum suum testamento ipsis legásset aditumque eo pacto ad Asiae totius Imperium mox armis vindicandum patefecisset Ojbect This I grant must needs be a great Remora to the Romans but what could impede these two last Ages Ages of Projects and Experiments from exploding the old Hypothesis and founding a New Grammar on truer Principles For 't is very obvious that since Printing and Navigation have given a general Converse to Mankind all Arts and Sciences have been exceedingly improved Answ They have so Only the Education of Youth here in England stands at a stay and is the same it was almost Two hundred Years since when Lilie's Grammar was first compiled as if in the very Twilight when Reformed Learning first peep'd into the World things were brought to that state that nothing might be further suggested without a Crime Now the Reasons of this Epidemical Supineness appear to me to be these two First King Henry's Mandate enjoyning all Schools to teach only Lilie's Grammar which in its time was well enough had set a Non Ultra to all Vndertakings in that Nature for the succeeding Generation This it was that gave occasion to Mr. Danes of that hearty Complaint he makes in the Epistle Dedicatory before his Paralipomena Dolebam sanè indignabar à tempore disertissimi nostri Linacri cujus Emendata Structura ad barbariem expellendam non parum contulit ad hunc usque diem extitisse Neminem è nostratibus cui Res Grammatica curae And indeed it would be very unfortunate if because One General Method is by Law imposed and for the common benefit to be admitted We should therefore be oblig'd for ever to forfcit the Advantages to be reaped from the improvements of succeeding times Secondly As to the present Age Our Misery is there has been and still is in it a sort of Road-wirted Persons whom obstinately corrupt Custom will not permit to take up the New Sumpsimus and lay down the Old Mumpsimus These like the Irish that dragged their Ploughs by their Horses Tails plead Prescription and will by no means have it otherwise but rail like bawling Currs at all Men that would make a surer and plainer Road and go faster than the Ordinary Pace So that we had long e're this utterly despaired of ever seeing a perfect System of the Latin Grammar had not that Verè adeptus as well in Philosophy as Philology Franciscus Sanctius Brocensis a Spaniard our Proto-Reformer in his Minerva sive de Causis Linguae Latinae Commentarius printed at Madrid about the Year 1560 first detected some Thousands of Erroneous and Heterodox Tenets in the Old and after that drawn a new Scheme according to those true Idea's he had formed in his Mind by a diligent search into the mysterious and before unfathomed depths of that Language This is that Grammatica Sanctiana which Gaspar Scioppius a French-man Earl of Claravalle and of the Council to the Emperour Ferdinand the Second and Philip the Fourth King of Spain glories that he carried from Salamanca to Rome Vpon which foundation of his Master Sanctius as Jasper calls him the same Paschasius Grosippus raised an excellent Superstructure For he tho a man of most prodigious knowledge in both the Critical and Technical part being loth to rely on his own Judgment communicated his design with Scipio Paschalius Bishop of Casal Virginius Caesarinus of Rome William Seton a Scotch Nobleman Baldunus de monte Simencelli and Antonius Salmatia of Mantua Ludovicus Septalius of Milan and Josephus Paulus Meronus all of them Men studious to advance Learning and upon their Encouragements in 1628 published his Grammatica Philosophica To which in the Year following Mariangelus à Fano Benedicti a Patrician of Milan added his Auctarium In quo saith he in his Epistle Dedicatory to Hieronymus de Sagarraga non quicquam invenies quin id vel ex libris Grosippi qua scriptis qua editis mutuatus sim vel ex vivâ voce mecum cum aliis hominibus doctis officii causà subinde eum visere solitis disserentis arripuerim Nevertheless this Grammar tho founded on such infallible unerring Principles promoted and carried on by such curious Observations wanted yet many degrees of Perfection till the incomparable Gerard John Vossius of Heydelberg of whose Learning take this account from his Adversary Scioppius Ingens huic nostro decus est Salmasius aevo Nec minùs aetatem hanc ornat sapientia VOSSI His fasces quicunque sapit submisseret ultro Quod sacio ipse lubens seclique haec lumina adoro Contentus didicisse magis quae scire necesse est Quaeque meo possunt lectori adferre falutem Quae nescivisse Reges perdidit urbes I say till this wise Architect had finished the beautiful Structure and in 1635 set up the Cupulo his Aristarchus I mean wherein it is not a little strange to see how harmoniously he accords with Sanctius and Scioppius The former of which never came to his hands nor the later till this great Work of his was in the Press Witness himself (d) De Construct cap. 49. De Arte Grammat lib. 2. cap. 3. Sanè ne nunc quidem Minerva Sanctiana in manus meas pervenit Grosippiana non nisi dum hoc opere praelum serveret Jucundissimum autem fuit videre non pauca me cum iis communia habere partem multò antè quà m Scioppiana prodirent à nobis monita in libellis Grammaticis jussu Procerum in Scholarum Hollandiae Westfrisiae usum divulgatis partim tradita nobis in hisce commentariis quos maximâ ex parte ante Annos XXX amplius scripsimus cumque juventute amicorum mult is communicavimus These Three are they which that Learned Gentleman
other distinctions of Tenses equivalent in this respect to those of Moods dividing them into Prima and Secunda For instance They call Amo praesens primum and amem praesens secundum amabam imperfectum primum and amarem imperfectum secundum c. And for the Future Tense they make it threefold for the Imperative passes for a third Future And this they do not without some reason because the Tenses of the Subjunctive and the Indicative are used indifferently the one for the other and that by the purest Authors as may appear by the following Examples Si est bellum civile quid nobis faciendum sit ignoro Cic. for si fie Athoritas tanta planè movebat nisi tu opposuisses non minorem tuam Cic. for moveret Abi atque illa si jam laverit mihi renuntia Ter. for lavit Quem enim receptum in gratiam summo studio defenderim hunc afflictum violare non debeo Cic. for defendi Qui fuisset egentissimus in re suâ insolens in alienâ Idem for fuerat Te rogo ut advoles respiraro si te videro Id. for respirabo Scaevola quotidie simulatque luceret faciebat omnibus suis conveniendi potestatem Id. for lucebat Num P. Decius cumse devoveret equo amisso in mediam aciem irruebat aliquid de voluptate cogitabat Id. for eruerit c. But since this way is not more expedite than the other 't is better not to depart from the received Method A. How many Governments are there B. The proper Governments are three the Improper two A. Which Cases are properly governed B. The Genitive Accusative and Ablative A. Which Cases are improperly governed B. The Nominative and Dative A. How many of the Eight parts of Speech do really and properly govern Cases B. But four Viz. Noun Substantive Adjective Verb Participle Preposition A. How many Cases doth the Noun Substantive govern B. The Genitive only A. How many the Adjective or Adnoun B. The Dative only A. How many Cases does the Verb govern B. Three the Nominative the Dative the Accusative So doth the Participle A. How many the Preposition B. Two Twenty eight Prepositions serve to an Accusative Fourteen to an Ablative and Five to both A. Cicero said Traditio alteri Caesar Domum reditionis spe sublatâ May Plautus dotes on such expressions as Hanc additio notio tactio nos We read also in Authors who wrote in the Manhood of the Golden Age i.e. Betwixt the end of the second Punic War and the declining of Augustus 's Reign I say we read in such Classick Writers Populabundus agros vitabundus castra hostium c. How then say you that Nouns govern only the Genitive and Adnouns the Dative Case B. To this I answer By distinguishing between such Nouns or Adnouns as descend from Verbs and such as do not the former are stiled Verbals and they sometimes require the Case of their Verbs of which they are descended the rest do strictly observe the Rules A. Upon what depends the Nominative Case B. The Nominative Case always either comes before a Verb or else belongs to another Nominative Case that doth as Ira furor brevis est Hor. 1. Ep. 2. Cato scribit invitus A. Upon what depends the Genitive Case B. The Genitive is always in a Latin Construction the later of two Substantives as Gloria est umbra Virtutis Sen. Ep. 80. Dos est magna parentium virtus Hor. lib. 3. Od. 24. A. Upon what depends the Dative Case B. The Dative Case is always put acquisitively to or for the Use benefit or damage of some Person or Thing as Nec pecori opportuna seges nec commoda Baccho Virg. 4. Georg. Non omnibus dormio Cic. 7. Ep. 25. ad sam Mihi peccat siquid peccat Adel. act 1. sc 2. Et lac subducitur agnis Virg. Traditio alteri Cic. Nec cernitur ulli Virg. 1. Aen. Quam proximè potest hostium castris castra communit Caes A. Upon what depends the Accusative Case B. The Accusative Case either follows a Verb Verbal or is governed of a Preposition that serves to that Case unless it come before an Infinitive Mood as Amat bonus otia Daphnis Ecl. 5. Populabundus agros Vitabundus castra hostium Hanc additio Et notio tactio nos Plaut Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi Virg. 1. Ecl. Pacem Trojano ab rege petendum Virg. Legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium Caes Nutricem accersitum iit Terent. Duplices tendens ad sydera palmas talia voce refert Virg. Impiger extremos currit Mercator ad Indos Per mare pauperiem fugiens per saxa per ignes Hor. Cum lucubrando juxta ancillas lanam faceres Ter. Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi Ovid. Formosam resonare doces Amarylida Sylvas Virg. Eccl. 1. Suum se negotium agere dicunt Cic. 1. Offic. Scripsit se audivisse eum missum factum esse à Consule Cic. ib. A. Upon what depends the Vocative Case B. The Vocative Case is always put Absolute i. e. properly governed of nothing though it be commonly joyn'd with an Interjection as Credo vos mirari Judices Cic. pro Rosc Age dic Latinum Barbite carmen Hor. Lectule deliciis facte beate meis Propert. Amnis arundinibus limosas obsite ripas Siste parumper aquas Ovid. 3. Amor. O dolor atque decus magnum rediture parenti Virg. 10. Aen. O Meliboee Deus nobis haec otia fecit Ecl. 1. Huc ades O Galatea Ecl. 9. A. Upon what depends the Ablative Case B. The Ablative Case is always governed of some Preposition that serves to the Ablative Case as Prae amore hunc exclusit foras Ter. Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis Virg. Vir cum magnâ fide Plaut A Brundusio nulla adhuc fama venerat Cic. Ab Epheso profectum Id. A Bibone discessimus Id. And so much for the Regular Construction A. Very good I now begin to take heart again For I was almost discouraged at our Common-Grammar-Syntax wherein to my great grief I reckoned no less than Eightscore Rules nay if we divide them into their branches they rise to Fifteenscore a Regiment big enough to affright an old Souldier A Fresh-man I am sure dares not come near it B. No wonder How many of our briskest English Youth within this two hundred years being terrified at their tedious toilsom and unprofitable * Tantam canonum exceptionúmque molem quâ pueritiae ingenia hodie obtundunt neutiquam necessariam imo noxiam magnopere esse sentio Vossii de Construct lib. 7. heap of Rules and Exceptions have in despair thrown away their Book though perhaps alas to the great loss of both Public and Private they have like Illiterate Criminals perisht for not reading in it liv'd Fools and dy'd Brutes And whereas 't is scarce possible to conquer that mighty Host in a whole
Year it is feasible to make your self Master of this small handful in one Day Tho I say every one of these Cases are sometimes put alone without that other word which governs them or on which they do depend The Dative as Hei mihi quòd nullis amor est medicabilis herbis Ovid. Supply adest thus Hei i.e. magnum malum adest mihi c. Vae tibi that is vae or magnum malum sit tibi Vigilandum est ei qui cupit vincere i. e. Vigilandum est necessarium ei c. Nec tu eras solvendo Cic. 2. Philip. Aptus or idoneus ellipted compleat thus Nec tu solvendo aeri alieno sufficiens eras Ferrum non est tundendo Plin. supp accommodatum Radix ejus vescendo non est Id. understand apta Of the other elliptically used you will find many Examples in their proper place viz. in the Figurative or Irregular Syntax A. What is the Figurative or Irregular Syntax B. It is that Construction that recedes from both the usual way of Speaking and the Rules of Grammar and if compared with the Regular hath in it something Deficient Redundant or otherwise changed by Permutation or Transposition but withal is more elegant as having been studied by the best Authors A. How many Figures therefore naturally arise from this Irregularity B. Four viz. Ellipsis Pleonasmus Syllepsis Hyperbaton to which some add Hellenismus A. What is Ellipsis B. It is a Defect in a Sentence A. How manifold is this Defect B. This Defect is twofold A. Which is the first of these Defects B. The first of these Defects is the want of One or more words which was or were never before exprest in the Sentence 1. Of a Noun 1. Substantive as Juvenal Satyr 5. Quando vocatus adest calidae gelidaeque minister supple aquae for Cicero said intirely Si aquam gelidam biberent 1. Catil and Apuleius aqua calida injecta 2. Metamorph. 2. Adjective as Homo frugi homines frugi subaudi bonae Cicero expresses it lib. 4. ad Attic. Permodestus ac bonae frugi homo So does Plautus capt Fui ego lepidus neque bonis vir unquam neque frugi bonae where frugi stands for frugis the Genitive of frux as Cicero says Mehercle doth for Mehercules the S being worn off * Antiqui dicebant bonae frugis postea bonae frugi deinde frugi tantúm Fr. Sanctii Minervae pag. 288. 3. Both as Tenere memoriâ praetextatum te decoxisse supp rem familiarem Cic. 2. Philipp 2. Of a Pronoun as Non possum credere for me credere Non veretur mentiri for se mentiri Paulus creditur fecisse for illum fecisse Lucretius says compleatly Quippe etenim quam multae tibi me fingere possum Salust Qui se student praestare caeteris Plautus Curcull Aesculapius mihi visus est eum ad me non adire neque me magni pendere 3. Of a Verb as Ego illud sedulò negare factum Ter. supple coepi Facile omnes perferre pati Id. puta solebat Quod epistolam meā ad Brutum poscis non habeo ejus exemplum Cic. ad Attic supp respondeo Sed si confessionem culpae meae exigitis ego fui pater durus patrimonii tenax custos Quintil. subaudi confiteor Disce puer virtutem ex me verúmque laborē Fortunam ex aliis Virg. where Fortunam is governed of Opta Pete or some such like Verb understood and not of Disce because Fortuna non discitur So Sacra manu victosque Deos parvumq nepotē Ipse trahit Idem where trahit respects only nepotem and sacra and Deos are governed of portat or the like suppressed Likewise in that Saying of the same Author Ne tenues pluviae rapidive potentia Solis Acrior aut Boreae penetrabile frigus aduret where noceant is to be supplied for tenues fluviae to agree with So in that of Cicero Fortunâ quâ illi florentissimâ nos duriori conflictati videmur where conflictati has a respect only to the second Clause and Vsi is ellipted in the former 4. Of a Participle as Anna soror Virg. supple existens Divitiacus complexus obsecrare coepit nequid gravius in frasrem statueret scire se illa esse vera Caes for dicens se scire 5. Of an Adverb as Ita ut non modò generare homines sed ne advenas quidem recipere ac tueri possent Justin Hist lib. 2. for non modo non c. Gravidam illam reliqui quam abeo for priusquam Tacita semper est bona mulier quam loquens i. e. magis bona Plaut Si quisquam est qui placere cupiat bonis quam plurimis Ter. Nempe bonis potiùs quam plurimis 6. Of a Conjunction as Tu quoque magnam partem opere in tanto sineret dolor Icare haberes Virg. for si sineret Itaque simul exsurrecti sumus visa illa contemnimus Cic. for simul ac Nimiùm me crede colori alba ligustra cadunt Virg. for nam alba c. Cave cadas cave faxis for ne cadas ne faxis or facias That of Tully is perfect Nonne caveam ne scelus faciam Laeva sive dextera vocaret aura for sive laeva Tollere sen ponere vult freta Hor. lib. 1. Od. 3. for scis tollere 7. Of a Preposition as Lavináque venit littora Virg. sc ad Pridie Calendas Multos abhinc annos supp ante Opus est mihi libris puta in Eruiturque oculos Ovid. Metam 12. Tristior lacrymis oculos suffusa nitentes Virg. subandi quod ad Crine ruber niger ere brevis pede lumine laesus Rem magnam praestas Zoile si bonus es Martial 12. l. 54. Epigr. supp in Fossam sex cubitis altam duodecim latam cum duxisset Liv. bell Mac. 7. for à sex cubitit 8. Of an Interjection as Salve primus omnium parens patriae appellate primus in togâ triumphum linguaeque lauream merite Plin. lib. 7. c. 30. for appellate O merite Jam nimiùm Messala mei studiose quiescas Non tempestivae saepe propinque viae Tibull lib. 4. for O Messala Me miserum Ter. supp Ah O. Ovid spoke fully 2. Trist O Princeps parce viribus use So did Virgil O fortunatos nimiùm bona si suâ nôrint agricolas A. What is the second of these Defects B. The second is the want of One or more Words which is or are expressed in the Sentence either before or after A. How manifold is this second sort of Ellipsis B. It is triple or threefold A. Which is the first of these three kinds of the second sort of Ellipsis B. The first is when a Noun or a Verb is to be repeated after the self-same manner that is without any the least alteration either of Gender Case Number Person or signification c. that it is expressed as Trojugena interpres Divûm qui numina Phoebi Qui tripodas Clarii