present then approving go unto the Assembly of the States and there produce their Masters Instructions to them till that time concealed namely That they would endeavour by all means possible to make Peace but if that could not be effected they should at least perswade boâ—h parties to the making of a Truce yet such as should be safe and honourable for the Hollanders and by which their Libeâ—ty should remain without question their right of Navigation be preserved entire and their possessions in no manner diminished That such a Truce might be brought to a Peace if the Governors of the Commonwealth behaved themselves with discretion That they well knew what just causes the Hollanders had of being enraged against their Enemies but all perturbations of mind are enemies to wholesome Counsel They should consider with themselves how unfit they were for War of themselves and that Kings are not wont to take Arms unless upon just occasion or necessity Here nothing more could be expected from the War then mutual damage and there could be no pretence of necessity as long as a Truce might be had If they agreed the same assistance should be given for defence of the Truce as was promised if a Peace were concluded but if the Spaniard which was most of all to be feared should refuse a Truce as he had done a Peace then the Kings their Masters would cordially support the safety of their Friends and Allyes for the future As soon as same had blown abroad these things immediately an unrestrayned liberty of dispersing among the vulgar books written but without the Authors Name and this humour spread all about with great heat the whole year Some foretelling from such a League solitude sedition and last of all slavery Others with much rancour ripped up all that ever the Spaniards had done in America their cruelties to the people of Granado and Arragon And lastly their Their Treacheries and Barbarismes committed in the Netherlands A third sort produced Books that shewed all the Articles prejudicial to the Romane Religion or that maintained it was not necessary to observe or perform Covenants entred into between a Prince and his Subjects Nor did they omit to find fault That they were not any Governours of Cities nor any of the Native Noblemen that were sent to Treat but Italians Spaniards Monks the most cunning and deceitful sort of men who if they could find any thing infirm or hurtful to the State they would not leave it undone nay they would endeavour by gifts to tempt the Ambassadors of Kings but the most powerful of the Nobility to turn aside from the right and walk with them in oblique and indirect wayes I esteem this none of the least evils of that Common-wealth That so great perversness should be stirred up in the common people which had often been forbidden and then was also by a new Edict yet could not be repressed while a sharp and diligent search and other more grievous punishments were not permitted as being contrary to Liberty And now an unexpected accident happened to the States though in their General Assembly and upon the presumption and hope of Peace they suffered themselves with difficulty to be drawn to hearken to a Truce yet that they might not seem to despise the advice of the Kings as it was the chief cause that induced them thereto yet there were other to wit that the Charge of the War as it had been of late managed would every Moneth exceed the money raised by Tributes above three hundred thousand Florens and that that sum would not yet be sufficient unless for the defence of the Rivers there were added to the old Forces six thousand Footmen whereby the whole Commonwealth of the VNITED STATES would be indebted nine thousand Millions of Flotens and the single Provinces particularly twice as much so that without the consent and help of the Kings their Allyes the War could not be managed with any good hope for to cut off any parts of the Government and only defend the more inward parts would be an act of cruelty although there were some that advised it and would be very dangerous if it should be known abroad and whereas some said That the Commonwealth was so constituted that it could not be at Peace though Arms were laid aside That was by others accounted an impious and infamous confession It might more justly be feared Lest the Common People understanding that just and fair Terms were refused growing displeased with their Governours should deny to bear the Charge and Burden of the War And therefore at last they returned answer That they were ready to hearken to a Truce so as their LIBERTY might be confirmed not under any Conditions or for a certain time but really and for ever But the Spaniards when the Ambassadors of the said Kings came to them gave no hopes of any such Agreement but offered another Condition which was That all Affairs should continue in the same posture they were at present with a Cessation of Arms for seven years yet so as the Spaniard might choose within two Moneths whether he would admit the Indian Commerce or would contest the right thereof by Arms. But there was no cause why the Grant once already made concerning Liberty should be again reiterated in regard it would be a difficult thing to be obtained because the Spaniard is of a more harsh nature nor will be drawn to imitate the Archdukes facility And if the States were not pleased with these offers they desired they might have time given to them till the Calends of October to expect the more pleasing Orders of King Philip. This when it was refused both by the Ambassadors of Kings and Princes in the Publick Council the States resolved to persist and stand to their first Decree but as to the matter of time desired by the Ambassadors they said they were ready to consent In the interim the Deputies had time every one to return to his own Province to receive new Instructions concerning this new Affair And it was agitated with great contention Nor did the People that lay more open to the Oppressions of the Enemy only dissent from the Zelanders who were guarded by the Sea but in Holland it self several Cities were of several minds nor within the Cities were all men of one Opinion but every one moved as his proper hopes led him or as they were drawn by more powerful Arguments on either side In this wavering of mens minds counsel was given to Prince Maurice That he should openly and without dissimulation make Himself the Author of the stronger Opinion which he did not only with sharp words but by Letters sent to the Cities of Holland At length saith he The Arts feared by our Ancestors are burst out Those specious words wherewith they purchased a Treaty were indeed nothing but words nor was Peace desired by the Enemy but that he might make War more at his own then our conveniency or that he might
the Enemy conferring nothing more of strength to their Party than that of his Sons whom he compelled to Revolt with him though not intangled or sullied with his Crimes nor insensible of their Honours Now was the state of Flanders very miserable Ipre was Besieged by Parma The Gauntoys had recalled Imbis for no other Reason than to revive old Enmities and conteâ— with the Prince of Aurange and the French who eft-sorts attaining the prime Degree of Magistracy by some pests ferous and turbulent Predicators did unsettle the Minds of the Vulgar The City of Bruges now Flanders was all in Combustion had chosen for their Governour Charles of Cimaca He was the Son of Areschot and diveâ—s times had charged Parties out of Fortune afterwards forsaking his Father in a voluntary Exile he professed to follow the New Religion and seemed most vehement therein meerly to hide his Dissimulation By these Subtilties creeping into the thoughts of those that interpreted the holy Scriptures to the People he deluded the simplicity of such as were not very circumspect but well meaning men and by them was wrought into the affections of the vulgar Now this Charles held no lesse Correspondence and private Intelligence with the Romanists than Imbis did though openly both of them imprison some of them and not let them so much as come together In the Interim they had so obliged another part of the People to them by a faigned zeal in Religion that whoever did but suspect or sinistrously interpret any of their actions was sure to incur a generall hatred These were the two who undertook to betray into the enemies hand all Flanders a most noble Province and then strengthned with so many Cities And first that they might take the necessity of recalling the French they began to talk of Casimire Truxius making a League with Germany not that there did any such hopes appear but that by the losse of time being left remediless there should remain nothing to be done but to submit Thus these Commanders of Peace first had onely licence to parley but afterwards they had Authority to conclude but they had so ordered their business and informed the People as if a Peace had been made not with the Duke of Parma and the Spaniards but with the Netherlandish Cities which had revolted for that bayt was more popular and easie to be swallowed adding moreover that the King was satisfied therewith and content with that obedience which was due to him would not rob God but leave to him all things Divine Now are both Books and speeches cast up and down stuffed with bitter railings against the French and others who had so long consumed as well the private as publike Wealth of the Netherlanders in so unequall a Dispute That now they had no Forces nor the hope of any allyance or ayd from abroad and the Victorious Armies of a most potent King had in a manner inclosed them round That now it was manifest that God was displeased to have Religion profaned with blood and that the use of Divine Mysteries should be maintained by force and slaughters That certainly the Primitive Christians lived peaceably under the Government of profane Princes even in the greatest persecutions as a strict Command laid by God upon them and when he thought fit to alter their Condition He took away their Princes but never allowed a Sword in their Hand to remove them That when the power of Warre and Peace was once given to Princes there was nothing left to the Subjects but Patience and their Prayers Nay that Piety it self did rather chuse to strengthen it self by Persecution than weaken it self by Licutiousness Did there many suffer Death by Law under the Emperour Charles and Ring Philip How many more have perished now by the Sword And surely they are most happy who dyed not in their sinne In the Fury of Citizens there is no distinction all are alike miserable as wel they who do such things as they who suffer them To an Understanding Spectator there will not appear to be the Causes of a War as they are called but the Ambition of a few who by Domestick Dangers have exposed their Country to Ruine The Duke of Parma observing all these Occurrences takes Time by the Fore-lock and besieging Ipre with strong Bulwarks and Forts that it might want the fewer Forces be sends his Army under the Leading of the Viscount of Gaâ—â— and Montigny into the North part of Flanders that he might confirm the Minds of the Netherlandish Lords already inclining towards him and that they who would not come in of their own accord might be forced to Submission all hopes of Relief or Assistance being utterly taken away from them There is in the furthest part of Flanders which the there undivided River Scheld divides from Brabant and afterwards separated by a Cut or Drain of the same from Beveland a Southerly Isle of Zeland and inclosed with the Bending thereof a place called the Waese which then Steland Governed of the same Mind towards his Country with Areschots Son Charles and Imbisius Hither when the Captains of the King's Army were arrived the Governours forthwith deliver to them all the whole Region together with the Towns of Hulst and Axel and the Castle of Rupelmund famous in Antient Histories of Flanders The Original of this Castle 's Name was taken from the little River called Rupell that runneth into the Schelde and whence not far off upon the other Bank stands Antwerp A little more inwardly is Alost seated to the Garrison Souldiers whereof a pretty Sum of Money being due for their Pay being Forreign Souldiers out of England and neglected to be given to them by the Flandrians they were sollicited as Souldiers by the Enemies strength their own penury and the Example of their Neighbors to surrender which not long after was done But the Brabanders and Zelanders presently threw down their Banks and Cawseyes to let out the River Schelde and beyond it to Repair and Fortifie Castles and Forts to defend their side of the Banks or Shore and to offend their Enemies on the other side 1584. In the mean time the Duke of Parma's Captains that they might the better be able to blow up into a flame the Sedition of those two potent Cities pitched their Camp between Gaunt and Bruges stopping up all Passages by Water to hinder Commerce Wherefore the Romanists on both sides and divers others who adhered to the Spaniards under the Name of Peace either out of Design or Simplicity no longer mutter'd or sought private Meetings but being backed with great and publike Authority endeavoured to draw all to their Opinion some by perswasions others by fear At last these by the departure of the rest prevailed at Bruges and the Lord of Cimace Areschots Son broke out at the same time which as soon as the Prince of Aurange had received Information of from the Magistrates that continued faithful he laboured that he might be suddainly
to receive a great deal of satisfaction from the honour they did him and shewed himself very willing and forward to accept and use the same but that he was hindred by intestine troubles for Philip fearing the diminution of his strength had at this time chiefly by private gifts and Wealth blown up into swelling hopes the Family of Lorrain whose power had for a long time been envyed by all France who having made a great Conspiracy and boasting the defence of the Roman Religion the punishments of Hereticks and dissenters there from the easing of Taxes and Tributes and such like things as were taking with the common people grew so much more insolent in their contempt of the King who was surprized with fear as he was willing by large concessions to gratifie their unreasonable demands And afterwards finding that his want of Children his Brothers death that his next Kinsman Charles Burbon was unfit as well in regard of his Age as his Priesthood and the rest being excommunicate by the Pope had made the Succession doubtful at length they openly declared that he to wit the Lorrainer was sprung from the Royall Blood of Charlemain whose Issue was put by and the Kingly Seat wrongfully possessed by the off-spring of Capet for six Ages Henry pretending by his unwillingness to stir a hope of Peace to the ambitions of these men suffers himself a great while to be urged and provoked untill the debates and quarrels breaking into open Rebellion he too late learned that presumption was not lessened but rather made more heady by being yielded unto Therefore the King troubled by these Impediments would not consent to that pretence as his Mother and the King of Havarre had appointed but as it were minding onely his benefit and advantage and that by stopping up all the passages of France he might bring his Enemies into a mean and low condition The Fifth BOOK of the Dutch ANNALS AFter the losse of so long time which would have been of great advantage and the damage received by this delay from France they come again to Queen Elizabeth being much incensed that she should be sued to but in the second place which might be some cause of their late answer for so long were the Articles of the League there agreeing upon that some strong Cities for want of timely assistance revolted from the Common-wealth And yet for all this Hostility and subtle devices of the Spaniard Ships are laden from Holland and Zeland with Provision which as the Wind would suffer were carryed up the Schâ—â— to the Town of Antwerp in such plenty that by an unreasonable frugality of the Magistrates while they abated the prices of necessary Commodities it was reported that then was Corn enough to have sufficed for a very long time Aâ— the Duke of Parma being weaker than the besieged wâ— not able nor hoped to get the Victory but by Famine and hindering them of this Relief whereas the great breadtheâ— the River below the City where it opens its mouth into the Sea and the ebbing and flowing of the Tide which is called there by the Ocean terrified him from making any attempt thereupon to hinder the Ships yet because the seemed to be the main Reason of the Siege he resolved â— use all possible diligence and in something to relye upon his Fortune which he had not yet found averse to him For while Nature was believed to be repugnant to the design of the Siege the Netherlanders neglected many opportunities of breaking down Works made up against them and this it becomes most easie while it is esteemed most difficult For by making great Dams that extended from each Bank farr into the water the River was straitned and the passage thereof grew very narrow between Ordans and Callow the middle of it was filled with Boats which were made fast one to another with Anchors Cables and the like and so being covered over had the resemblance and served by use as a Bridge Besides on the Banks were raised Forts and Platforms and for defence of the Work Ships of Warre Above and below it in the River were many pieces of Timber pâ—oned together with stakes standing upright that if any thing should be offered for the breaking or spoyling the Works it might be hindered by those obstacles that lay in the way to the same purpose It is not to be doubted but many Inventions might have been found wherewith this imperfect Work might very advantagiously have been dampnified if the endeavours of such as were Engineers and practised the overthrowing of such Politick Inventions had equalled the diligence of the Netherlanders But all this whole Winter the Duke of Parma was not disturbed and the Spaniard intending to stir up his diligence and Obligation to him by some fresh benefit delivers up to him the Castle of Placentia which hitherto had been held by a Garrison of Spaniards 1585. Truly a man at first would rather stand amazed at the stupendious Work than hope to remove it or beat it down in regard those thick and strongly compact Damns and Engines on either Bank hindred any access And the Ships filled with Gunpowder and Stones and other Experiments used too late partly by the incertainty of the times and significations wherewith the Besieged gave notice to their Allyes of their Condition and partly by the evill managery of those imployed lost the success of what they were designed for Nothing more remained now that the Schelde was thus bridged but that they might bring Provisions over the Fields which the River had overflowed which Navigation was hindred by the Caudestine Causey which the Enemy got first and secured by strong Holds and Forts which the Netherlanders ought to have done because it passed through and was a little raised higher than all the watry Meadows and Pastures of Brabant This place was assaulted not onely by the Antwerpers but by those also of Zeland and with that Courage that now they had won it but while they were thus valiantly fighting they were cut off by the Guns at a great distance and so spoiled with shot that they were glad at last again to quit the place By this unhappy event the last of their hopes were â— end and at length the City accustomed to Trading â— plenty when they saw all their Relief intercepted not â—ling to endure the straights of Famine in the want of Brâ— when a little before the like necessity and some Soulâ— sent out to disturb them had reduced Bruxells and Mechâ— surrendred it self into the Duke of Parma's hands whâ— case was something the harder because by the abrogating their Laws the King had brought them as it were into Servitude Therefore when nothing now could be looked for â— Antwerp but extremity behold it redeemed from that by â— Conquerours Clemency who being of himself covetous to â— Renown and that he might by the example of mercy shâ—ed here allure other places to more easie submissions gâ— toleration to many things
devoured the fields which of necessity must have produced desolation and poverty Therefore they should return and unite themselves to the Body of France voluntarily and of their own accord rather then be compelled thereto by force by which means they should remain setled in the ancient and renowned seat of their Ancestors which must needs perish and be lost if the Hollanders should be victorious That there are nine Forts or Castles erected for a small resistence of all Invaders from whence the original of that Nation is extracted of whom 't is questioned whether they exceed more in cruelty or pride but afterwards inclosed by the Pyrenean Mountains and the remote shore of their own Ocean That the French Empire grown to a vast magnitude would govern its Subjects with more moderation and for the future settle Peace by a settled and hereditary succession according to the Salick Law That this should be to them no loss because they should enjoy in common all the advantages and benefits of France Some there were also in Germany who equally considered from hence the Spanish greatness on the other side the abstruse recesses of the Hollanders whose fortune was daily bettered by Warre nor could they be concluded by conquering That it were both more honourable and easie for the Spaniard to repel the Turk with those Arms he useth against these or else he might compensate any small damage of his Government by propagating and encreasing his limits elsewhere That the Hollanders might buy their Liberty for money for Empires have their setled foundations and periods so that when they are arrived to the highest pitch of Greatness they suddenly decrease Of late the Spaniards neither demanded Tunis nor Goleta nor did the Austrian Family look after Switzerland So also must he loose these people and as they chiefly withdraw themselves so were they to be suspected from the remembrance of the Warre and by the discord of Religion working great prejudice even from their example besides part of them were purchased from the Burgundians so that he may with equal justice sell what he had bought These were the discourses abroad but at home besides a few in whose hands lay the managery of the Commonwealth and by whom all counsels and advices were ordered the rest calling to minde how great the Spaniard's pride was how resolutely determined never to agree with the Hollanders threw aside all hopes the Fates having yet kept in obscurity any glimmering of an end of this so great and long a Warre And now the States to Maximilian Cocheyne urging the Emperour's commands as also to the Legates of Mentz Saxony and others desiring safe conduct free passage and time and place for a Treaty being all things of moment and such as usually work with the common people returned this Answer That they were not unmindful what damages they had received by former Treaties Nor were Germany or the Emperour although names highly reverenced by them of any power against the treacherous dealings of their Enemies That the Hollanders were desirous of nothing more then that the fear of Warre being laid aside they might enjoy what they had attained with so many dangers and so persevering an industry and therefore having so long intreated the aid of their neighbours to divert the Arms imminent over them by a moderate Peace and having afterwards gotten to themselves a solid and well-setled liberty from a fatal necessity which was allowed and confirmed by Kings and Princes they would not change it for a deceitful Peace That they had heretofore entred into Covenants with the Netherlandish Lords and were now ready to renew the same for it was evidently seen how small the authority of the Archdukes was since Spinola a Foreiner received his Command over the Netherlands by Commission from Spain They never refused a safe and well-grounded Peace so as Religion might be safe and the Commonwealth not hazarded But if that opinion remained that as there ought to be but one Pope for the ruling Ecclesiastical affairs so for the Government of Temporal matters there should be but one King and that the Monarch of Spain Germany should see that the Hollanders would not be wanting either to their own or the publick safety As to the business spoken of concerning damages done by them they would endeavour that their Justice and Equity should not be blamed That they should be reputed very rash and inconsiderate if they should deliver up any strong Holds while Spinola lay about the Rhine they knew Germany it self might thus be forewarned if they would consider Mendosa 's Army and the contumelious injuries received by them About this time came forth a Book written by Francis Renes a learned man and of good repute in the Commonwealth of which he had deserved well for writing the Annals thereof in the native Language this man the Author being dead the Book was set forth and published by his friends discoursing of many things as well ancient as novel and relating the many tyrannies and oppressions of the House of Austria and the Spaniards and what treacherous Leagues those Princes used towards other people especially those whom the Pope absolved by a Religious kinde of perjury and setting forth that from thence the danger was equal both to the Catholicks and Reformed people and that there was no other issue to be expected then by Conquest since those waies which are absolutely desperate to men are yet evident and well known to God While these things were minded discursively the Warre in the mean time is spurred on in good earnest For those Forces that had been taken up at Ostend made a great accession of strength to the Hollanders besides some Regiments came out of France to their aid the King sending them advice that they should first draw out into the Field for it would be more for their advantage to be before-hand with the Enemy then to let him get the start of them But in England and Germany Forces were levied and raised for both parties with a vendible faith as they met Souldiers of Fortune or else as Religion led any man to one side or the other Also the Hollanders hasted to raise money with all speed but the Netherlanders under the Archduke came to it with less willingness and more delay for that the Warre was maintained against their will and they were jealous of the ill managing of the Treasury besides the United States had increased their displeasure by writing to the Nobles of affairs that concerned the common good which things so terrified Albertus that he would not suffer a meeting of the Provinces under him though often before and at that time chiefly the same was desired fearing lest by his denial of many things he should become unable to resist their envy or the authority of the States being contemned they should according to their neighbour example fall to direct force his Letters to his friends detecting this his fear which the Hollanders intercepting sent to
lying Titles And whatsoever was related to them in Confession ought to be kept secret and to disclose the same was a sin although it tended either to the destruction of Prince or people and in pursuance hereof they named all manner of conferences among themselves Confessions It was not doubted but these hopes of Treason were nourished by the Spanish wealth and the rather because long since some Societies of English Jesuites were maintained by them purposely to disturb the Peace of that Kingdome But some that were knowing herein betraied all those forms of private counsells abroad lest they should still continue unknown but they that continued faithfull to Rome and Spain wanted no convenient supplies from thence upon all occasions And it was told to the Constable of Castile when he was Embassador in England that if the new King would not allow or suffer the Roman Religion he would find some ready to exact the same by force And the Archduke fomented jealousies and suspicions denying to deliver to King James requesting the same such English-men living in those parts with whom the Prisoners confessed they had participated counsells the chief of them being sent away into Spain Yet did not King James take that either as an affront or injury publishing by Proclamation that he was satisfied of the innocency of forein Princes in that business Nor did King Philip omit to congratulate his delivery from so great a danger by Don John de Mendosa both in countenance and serious forms of speech to that onely purpose made The Fifteenth BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES THE Defence of Antwerp one of the principal Cities of the Netherlands the taking Towns so strongly fortified and carrying the Warre into the Enemie's Country while with less danger and more hope he might have fought elsewhere added very much to Spinola's honour and renown he being the first that seemed to put new life and courage into and to restore the fortune and discipline of that side which for fifteen years before had been decaying Therefore which way soever he went among the Netherlanders there were great exultations and applauses attended him and when he came into Spain as his custome was every year he was privately envied by the Lords but publickly and with great honour favoured by the King But the many actions of the former year had so drained the Treasury that by the emptiness thereof the present Counsels of the Warre were much retarded and he but slowly obtained pay for both his Armies refusing to undertake the charge of the Warre without it and if he had it boasting he had in a manner already obtained the Victory determining as before he had passed the Rhine so now he would goe over the Wael and the Yssell and so penetrate into the very bowels of the Hollanders Therefore he consented to help the King 's decayed credit with his own and his friends wealth which with what damage to himself it was done will be commemorated towards the end of the year On the other side the Vnited States long foreseeing the approaching evils which Armies are wont to draw along with them increasing their Forces that were at distance and they were infinitely vexed with the vast charges of the Garrisons resolved the following year to give way to that violence which they imagined would not endure long being content to defend their Borders until the fury thereof began to be asswaged Beside the new Levies intended were hindred in France by the Warre of Sedan and in Germany by the troubles of Brunswick Sedan is a City lying hard by the Maes in the confines of the French and Belgick Dominions and was a place of great concernment if at any time the Warre came towards those parts Of old it was possessed by the Family of Le Marque but Henry de Turre Viscount Turein marrying the Daughter and Heir of the Bulionian Family gained the inheritance of the Town and took the name of Bulion and although his Wife was dead retained it by virtue of her Testament but often undermined by the French greatness while the affairs of the House of Bourbon were yet but private He was reckoned among the chief Captains during the unsetled estate of that Kingdome But after the King had changed his Religion and for defence of the Kingdome new Taxes were found our which gave cause of complaint and the great multitude that professed the Reformed Religion had their eies chiefly upon Bulion he being famous in Warre and the frequent author of resolute counsels he was believed to have caused some commotions When he was called to answer his offence at the same time as Marshal Biron was put to death excusing himself against the violent animosities of his Enemies and challenging many of his suspected Judges he departed into Germany And the Prince Elector Palatine being asked that he would remember his Affinity for both of them had married Prince Maurice's Sisters sent some Embassadours to the King to appease his wrath but it little prevailed it being alwaies a thing detested by Kings to have forein Powers interpose themselves for the reconciling their differences Hereupon the matter was undertaken by Prince William's Widow and indeed the Woman's sollicitation proved most effectual but the King required the custody of Sedan as a pledge of his fidelity Bulion offered to deliver both the Town and Castle to the patronage of the Kingdome of France and for performance of that agreement consented that as well the Governour as the Souldiers therein should be bound by Oath and besides this he offered other things while yet he was not removed from the possession and in the interim prepared all things for enduring a War if he should be compelled thereto by necessity This boldness of his together with the potent Enemies which he had lately made himself and besides being a man greedy of honor and impatient to be excelled forced the King that marching out that Spring with a great Army he came with his Camp as far as the Maes Thus did this great King threaten with the fury of a destructive War not the Spaniard nor the Burgundian as heretofore but his old friend the Lord onely of one poor Town But a meanes being found to make Peace Bulion was redeemed from that imminent danger and the King freed from such an inglorious contest The King placed a Governor in Sedan for four years and at the end of that time the custody of the same was to be redelivered to Bulion By that agreement it was forbidden for any to inquire into his former actions and if hereafter he should change his allegiance the Townsmen swore they would chuse them another Prince This Peace being made he was restored to his wonted favor with the King who as he was easily angred so he was ready and free to pardon all men wondring to see him that lately was an Enemy now be at the King's elbow and inseparable from him both in his cares and recesses The
Castle it self within a moneth was restored to him This was the amicable issue of that business which was very pleasing to both parties at War in the Netherlands For it was a grievous thing to the Hollanders that one of the same Religion and related to the house of Nassau should be afflicted and the Archduke was sorely afraid lest those Armes pretended against Bulion should fall upon himself and therefore Lewis de Velasco that was sent to defend the Borders offered help to them of Sedan But the Brunswick Commotions began the former year the Duke having a spleen to the City because having bought their Privileges partly from his ancestors and partly extorted them they defended them with more then ordinary confidence relying upon the Hanseatick League He replete with hope that he could by his own power restore that Authority which the carelessness of his Ancestors had lost gathering together his Forces as if he had dreaded Spinola's coming over the Rhine first by ambushes planting some Souldiers he invaded the more outward of the two Walls that encompassed the City but the assailants being repulsed they fell to open hostility and a Siege which though the King of Denmark whose Sister was married to the Duke came with a notable strength to his assistance the Winter broke off The United States being requested by the Duke to send Count Ernest of Nassau as General with some Forces to his assistance were in a great suspense because it appeared to them an unseemly thing to oppress the liberty of another while they so hotly contested for their own and yet rather for the King of Denmark and the Duke of Brunswick's sake then the Hanseatick Cities who had not assisted the Hollanders either by wealth or any other kindness whatsoever it was thus moderated They would not send him but that he might goe with some new Forces if he pleased to whom some Colonels and Captains joyned and associated themselves requesting that for that time their Oath might be dispensed with being covetous to gain those rewards which are more readily given at the breaking out of a new War But this high contest was ended in a short time for at the entrance of the Spring the Leaguer about the Town being anew begun and the dam broken by which the Duke hoped to bring the restrained River upon the City and by that means to shorten the Siege the Hanseatick Forces being collected prevailed with him to desist from the War To both parties unable to bear the charge the Emperor's authority was interposed which commanded them that they should voluntarily and out of reverence to the Laws proceed judicially since they seemed in honor thereto to lay down their Armes Besides these affairs which were common to the Hollanders and their Enemies there were certain peculiar causes which hindred the Enemies Levies of men both in Britain and Italy For in Britain the King being forewarned how dreadful those Subjects were that acknowledged power superiour to the King conceived a new form of an Oath to oblige all his Subjects whereby they were â— confess him the true and lawful King of Britain and that he could not be deposed by the authority of the Church of Rome or the Pope and if that should be attempted yet that they should bear unto him faith and â—legeance and discover all things that might tend to the King's damage and that in the taking the said Oath they had no other meaning then the common use of the words expressed and that they did not hope to be absolved from the same From hence arose great discord even among the Catholicks themselves while part of them by the allowance of George Blackwel an Archbishop of England for so the Pope had entitled him took the said Oath without fear supposing a distinction between sacred and temporal affairs and as they ought to doe their duty to God in point of Religion so in all things else by the command of God himself they were bound to obey their Princes On the other hand some believed the Jesuites that humane things ought to be subservient to Divine and so that he who was the great Arbiter of Religion if necessity reâ—ited the same might transferre Kingdomes that being a most sacred Order that all things should be subject to one In the interim they that demurred at the taking of the Oath were forbidden to goe out of the Kingdome into any forein service And the Pope's authority in Italy made the like if not greater troubles and delaies For the Venetians fearing the wealth and potency of the Priesthood and imitating the Decrees of other Nations forbad them to build Temples or to give lands to Abbeys or Monasteries unless they were licensed thereto by Decree of the Senate and that the Revenues of Church-lands should at no time return to them besides they commanded some Priests to be put into Prison because they were accused of Sorcery Parricide Incest Falshood and publick Force Pope Paul the fifth by the instigation chiefly of the Cardinals Bellarmine and Baronius interpreting these things to be done in despight of him when they were refused to be taken away interdicted and excommunicated the City Cardinal Baronius in some Letters by him sent to the Venetians advised them among other things to take heed lest God being angry with them as he was once with the Hebrews should take away their Liberty and make a Lord over them Many Books were written wherein a long time it was disputed what was the power of the Laws or of any other Sentences upon those that were wholly devoted to Religion or whether the Pope's unjust commands obliged their Consciences The greatest part of the Priests in the Venetian territories did not abstain from performing all publick services in the Church and the Jesuites when they refused to doe the same were banished While this matter was hoped to break out into Arms the Spaniard who had received it from his Ancestors to augment the Troubles of Italy raised Souldiers there boasting himself the Defender of the Pope's Majesty On the other side the Hollanders partly out of hatred to the Pope and partly out of love to a free City promised the Venetians some assistance by Sea if they should be indangered for which they returned them great thanks by Letters with much candor of language But that prudent Senate as they would stoutly defend the rights of their Dominion so they studiously avoided all things that might hinder Peace or the ceremonies of greater affairs However this was the beginning of friendship between those two most potent people who would never endure the Rule or name of a King While these things were doing in forein parts at the beginning of this year the Hollanders send a Fleet into Spain to increase the dearth and scarcity of all things which was rumored to be there and also for vindicating those losses they had received by the violent assault of their Ships by Lewis Faizard the said Ships lying unprovided
seven hours Journey in compass and six Foot deep in Water This they did with Engines driven by the Wind and against the outward Force of the Waters they raised Banks Indeed the Isles of the Hollanders were for the most part of a very low Situation but were preserved from being overflowed by exceeding great Labour and Industry Nor did the Ocean cease to vindicate it self by Breaches upon and Inundations of the Fields and Towns some whereof were long since by the same utterly overthrown and the Currents of Rivers being altered in such manner that there was hardly any where to be seen the like great Exchanges of Land and Water Gibrand Warwick returned out of India with two Ships which he had repaired in the Island of Swans which the Hollanders call Maurice's Island placing Anvils for shaping and forming their Iron-work in a naked and desart Soil Captain Peter Verhoeven went thither with 13 others He had formerly accompanied Hemskerk and had a great share in the Honour and Victory of Calpe or Gibraltar Beyond the Eâ—mes Prince Enno after Spinola's taking of Lingen stood in lost awe of the power of the United States and accordingly had given their Legueâ— more churlish Answer than ordinary They of Embdon likewise took that Opportunity â—mplaining of many Things concerning him as That he had by sinister means prohibited to be sent to the Overseers of the Treasury any Pay for the City-Garrison or other Things for support and managing the Publike Charge That he alone without any Decree of the Council had setled Taxes That he sufferâ— the Spanish Souldiers unpunished to go about the Country and 〈◊〉 it But the most heirous Fault objected against him â—â—s That when Sea-men went into Spain he had not given them letters all alike but as he had known them either follow his Parâ— or stand for their Country Whereupon it follow'd that whoever were taken and cruelly used and they were not a 〈◊〉 they accused the Prince Enno to have betrayed them by that under-hand dealing But the United States when they 〈◊〉 Christopher and John Prince Enno's Brothers were resident in the Country beyond the Eemes sent Souldiers to â—â—rd the Suburbs of Embden And to Enno himself not only Ambassadors but a Trumpeter with Letters whereby he was commanded within 8 days oâ— To revoke all Acts by him done â—â—â—ary to the Covenants and to do his endeavour for setting free all that were Prisoners in Spain Which if he refused to do They protested He would compel them to unwilling Arms which they supposed would be very grievous to him He sends into Britain to purchase the Favour of that King to whom he hoped it would easily be proved that a Prince might pick what Quarrel he pleased with his Subjects But at last he sent to â—â—rge himself with the States by his Embassadors especially concerning that Mischief done to Sea-men Which had not hapned by any Treacherous Dealing of his but after Embden had received a Garrison of the Hollanders all going from â—nce into Spain were taken as Enemies Thus the States advising them on both Sides to Peace dismissed them for the present After this Audience was given to the Embassadours of Charles King of Sweden and it was granted that he might raise and list Souldiers in any the Cities of Holland For he prosecuted the War sharply infesting the Levâ—nians while Sigismund was vexed with a New Rebellion at Home Besides these and some growing Commotions in the rest of Europe was quiet or at least without War The French King bad reconciled the Vanetians to the Pope upon these Tearms That the New Laws made against Priests should be of no force and whoever of them at any time should be apprehended for any Crime should be deliver'd up to the Pope Thus the Pope took off the Interdiction of Religion which he had laid upon them and they who by reason of thâ—se Dissentions had left the City returned thither again Onely the Venetians absolutely refused to re-admit the Jesuits Whereupon some Assassinates were hired notwithstanding Affairs were thus composed against Paulo Servita a Man who had both by his Counsels and Writings done faithful service to the Commonwealth this Man was almost slain with divers Wounds And as well they that did the Fact as they that hired them to do it fled into the Pope's Dominions The Senate declared That the said Paulo was under publike Protection and whoever could apprehend and deliver up or kill any that had been guilty of the same Crime should have a great Reward of Money And the more to intice them they should have the freedom to recall any two other that had been banished for other Crimes When there was a Difference with Fontayn Governour of Millayn concerning the Bounds of the Rhetians which Controversie he had determined to follow nor before Judges nor by a publike War by a suddain surprize retaining to that purpose the Forces raised in the time of the Vanetian Troubles The Treason being derected and explained with the punishment of such as were guilty made the â—ans more wary But the French and Venetians composed and setled the Matter being ready to be decided by open Arms. In Germany the Duke of Bavaria seeking the Rights of his Ancestors drew also under his Jurisdiction by Arms the City Danowert scituate near the River Ister being proscribed by the Emperour for a Tumult raised against the Priests and the Roman Religion And the Protestants of Germany too late after the Event were angry at what they had neglected to prevent many of them that were more slow to act murmuring among themselves in Conventicles and others exhibiting Complaints to the Emperour The King of Spain while he was not troubled with any Enemy at Sea receiving safely his Indian and American Fleets and besides raising a great Sum of Money in Spain wholly inclined his Thoughts to this That he might by little and little free himself of his great Debts as of mingling his publicke Power with his private Credit he lessned the Usury he was â—â—nt to pay to his Creditors and prolonged his own Day France also was fill'd with the hopes of a long Peace by the Birth of another Male-Child And the Rebellion of the Country People of Brittain against the Covetousness of the Nobles was in some short time repressed and at the preâ—ent Peace there was setled by granting them Pardon and for the future guarded by well-setled Laws From Ireland two Earls Tyrone and Tyr-Oneal He of 〈◊〉 famous for his Rebellion but both Fugitives first into France then into Brabant preferred the Love of the Roman Religion before any thing choosing rather Banishment than to Revenge it which King James esteeming injurious to himself set forth in a Book That they according to the received Custom of the Age too much pretended the Cause of Religion to hide the scandal of their Crimes For what care saith he could men so really barbarous take of Religion to whom Marriage was a thing
weary of sinning and could put their Confidence in Christ he would give Pardon and Life but to the Obstinate Punishment and that it was well-pleasing to God that all should repent and having learned better things should be held up from falling back but that no man was to be compelled These Two accused each other sharply Arminius blaming Gomarus that he ascribed to God the Causes of Sinne and by a strong perswasion made Mens Minds obstinue And Gomarus finding fault with Arminius that he fill'd men with Arrogance far more than the Decrees of the Romanists and would not suffer a good Conscience which is a Man's greatest Concern to be acceptable to God It appears by those who have with Care perused Antient Authors that the Primitive Christians granted That Man had Free-will as well in receiving as in retaining Discipline from whence proceeds the Equity both of Rewards and Punishments Neither yet did they omit to refer all things to the Divine Goodness by whose Gift the wholesom Seed of Goodness came to us and of whose singular Assistance all our Dangers have need Augustine first of all from whence arose a sharp Dispute between him and Pelagius with those that follow'd him and he himself also formerly had thought otherwise so Relinquished that Name of Liberty that he preferred before it certain of God's Decrees which seemed utterly to overthrow the same But all over Greece and Asia the antient and more plain Opinion was retained In the Western part of the World the great and famous Name of Augustine drew many to consent to him though some were found in France and elsewhere that opposed the same In after-Ages when the School hardly made use of any other Doctor than Augustine it was disputed between the Franciscans and Dominicans what was his sence what was the right way of reconciling those Things that seem'd so repugnant and the most Learned of the Jesuits labour'd with more curious Subtilty to unty the Knot till being accused at Rome they hardly escaped punishment But Luther the Father of the Protestants going out of a Monastery that as well bore the Name of Augustine as follow'd his Opinion taking up the Bucklers in the same Cause began to hew down what remain'd of the Name of Free-will Which seem'd so abominable to Erasmus that having either approved or at least passed over with silence the rest of his Doctrines he opposed himself to this By whose Arguments Philip Melancthon an Assistant to Luther being mov'd recanted what he had formerly written and was the Author why Luther as many believe and is certainly evident to the Lutherans deserted his Rigid Decrees that would admit of no Condition yet so that they rather abhorred the Name of Free-will than the Thing it self But in another party of the Protestants their Leader Calvin adhering to the first Opinions of Luther in this Controversie strengthned and upheld the same with new Arguments and added to Augustine what had never been touched on before That a true and saving Faith was perpetual and could not be lost whereof whoever was Conscious to himself that he possessed the same he might even then assure himself of Eternal Felicity yet did not deny but that in the interim they might fall into grievous sins The Rigor of this Opinion was increased at Geneva by Beza in Germany by Zanchius Ursinus Piscator who oftentimes lanched out so far that sometime they would publikely deliver what others had so carefully avoided to wit That the Necessity of sinning did depend from the first cause which gave the Lutherans an ample occasion of Quarrel and especially a new occasion of Contention arising about the Euchacharist At the beginning it was to some purpose to contend upon these Differences of disturbed Religion among the Hollanders although it was easie among so many people differing in Opinions that it might be argued with equal Justice But when many young Folks coming from being taught by Geneva Palatine and Nassauian Doctors began to collect themselves together and get the ordering of several Churches they supposed it time to broâ—ch that which they had learned and maintain the same as infallible striving either not to admit any publike Dissenters into their Congregation or to participate of the Divine Ordinances or else being admitted to exclude them at pleasure Whereupon many Complaints were made to the States by divers protesting That theso Doctrines were openly and without any questioning taught in Gelderland by Anastatius Welauseu in Frizeland by Gellius Suecanus at Utrecht by Hubertus among the Hollanders by Hiltam Cleracus Martius Herman Herbert and others Thus these Matters proceeded until the two great Champions mention'd before Gomarus on one side and Arminius on the ther met in the Schools at Leyden each to confirm his own Opinion and subvert the others The Dissentions of the Masters broke out among the Scholars so that now other Ministers and Divines in Holland were call'd to take parties The States thought fit that they should meet and commanded the Supream Session of the Judges to hear the two Professors After a long Contest it seem'd convenient that all the Acts of the Dispute should be buried in silence yet both Parties nevertheless publish'd all and that pleased the Ministers as the most customary this the Magistrates as the most popular Opinion And from hence arose a new Contention when these averted That the Judgment and setling of Religion was a part of Supream Magistracy or Government Those That Divine Things ought only to be Debuted in Sacred Assemblies This brought forth two Books one appointing a way for Instruction of Youth in the Netherlands in Matters of Piety according to the Example of the Palatinaâ—e The other wherein the Profession of the Reformed Churches while the King of Spain Ruled heretofore was declared and these added new matter of Controversie And the United States upon Request made to them That out of the Seven Provinces the several Ministers might be called into an Assembly consented upon this condition That in that Assembly the said two Books might be examined according to the Rule of the Holy Text. This They that took part with Gomatus attributed to the Policy of those that dissented from them as if they would that should be a sign to all that desired Novelty Themselves praising that Custom approved in all Ages that the Bonds of Consent should not rashly be dissolved for otherwise the Minds of the common People would be divided according as any one would teach his Fantasies and therefore it was fit some we should attend Ecclesiastical Matters unless being concerned in those Books they judged it unjust and dangerous But they that held with Arminius said It was no fault to doubt of Humane Writings that in so great a Matter it was not so lawful a deliberation that was Tumultuary as that which is done by the Governours of a Common-wealth And that it did better consist with Christianity either to use none or at leastwise shorter Forms Moreover
Treaty between Q. Elizabeth and Albertus and upon what tearms with the event thereof 662 663 Portugal Fleet K. fought with and worsted by the Hollanders 728 729 Peace Treaty between K. James King of Spain and the Arch-Dukes and the effect thereof 777 778 779. Several opinions concerning a peace between the Spaniard and Hollanders 783 784 785 Poland troubles there and whence arising and how concluded and upon what tearms 858 859 Portugueses their Petition to King Philip. 863 864 Philip King inclinable to peace and why 864 865 Peace Treaty desired by King Philip but put off by the Hollanders 866 867. Treaty first begun and how and upon what 917 918 919. The first branch agreed conditionally others positively 918 919 920. The point of Commerce debated both by the Commissioners and by Books 919 920 921 922 923. The chief remaining heads to be treated on both sides 924 925 926. Whereupon the Commissioners proceed with much dissention 926 927 928. Treaty lengthened for 6. weeks 929. A Truce resolved on and why 933 934. Great differences concerning the same 935.944 945. The Embassadors of the Kings interpose for reconciling the same 945 946 947 948. Provinces all agree and upon what terms 967 Peace Treaty renewed at Antwerp the heads thereof 968. The points formerly differed on agreed how 969. The heads of the League concluded 970 971. The Commissioners on both sides meet at Antwerp 〈◊〉 conclude 972 973 974. The League absolutely concluded and publickly proclaimed both by the Arch-Dukes and States 975 976 Q. QUeen of England refuseth to ayd the Hollanders for take the Soveraignty over them 79 163 16â— 177. She inclines towards them and moves the King of Spain to peace 90. She sends them a supply of Souldiers 94.151.164 She sends to them to condole the Prince of Aurange his death so doth the French King 150 She declares her self for the Hollanders 164. Is troubled at the Irish Rebellions and many other things and what they were 181 She hearkens to a Treaty with the Spaniard against the will of the Dutch 185 186. She fills the Thames Banks with Souldiers to resist the Spaniards She is praised for her Valour 208 Almost deceived by Rumours 209 R. Religion Christian Religion when Ceremonies were 〈◊〉 thereto and why Instructors thereof first sent from Rome 〈◊〉 Reformation when begun and the Authors of several Sects among the Reformed People 15 16. Edicts concerning Religion which first set in the Netherlands and by whom and the punishments appointed thereby 18 19 20 21 Roman Ceremonies thrown out of the Churches and Romanists debatâ— of imployment 71 Revenues of all sorts and Tributes brought into a common Treasury 72.89 Requesens Lewis succeeds Alva in the Government of the Netherlands his Character 74. His death whereby the Government revolves to the Senate 8â— Rodolfus Emperor of Germany 88. His brother Matthias Archduke of Austria chosen Governor by the Netherlanders in opposition to Don John yet the Prince of Aurange manageth all 88.89 Reformers their Petition to the Archduke Matthias and Prince of Aurange and their answer to the same 95 96 Renâ—berg overthrown by the Naslavians dyes 118 Ringaltius a Renegado Imployed by the Earl of Leicester which was very ill resented 168.173 His miserable end 173 Richardot sent into Spain by Parma and why 232 Roan besieged by the French King 282. The siege raised 283 Ronce Christian Spanish Campmaster-General slain his character 435.436 Râ—es and Emmeric Garrisoned by Mendosa and why 610.611 Recklinhuysen taken by the Spaniards 611 Religion differences thereabout in England at the comming in of King Jamâ—s and how composed 744 745.746 Reâ—s Francis set forth a new book and the effect thereof 787 Roâ—â—qoâ—t fortified by Spinola 797 Richardot leaves his private instructions behind him in the Inn and the Heads thereof 938.939 Religion a difference therein between Arminius and Goâ—narus and their several Tenets with the sauâ—ors of the same 949 950.951.952 Allowed to be argued by the States and before whom and where 953 All the Acts of the Dispute silenced and why 952 S. Spaniards the difference between them and the Dutch with a Description of both 7.8 Spanish Souldier removed out of the Netherlands and why 23 Seditious people owned and aâ—ned by the Confederate Nobles 38 Spaniards begin to look at revenge and against whom and why 43 They are worsted in Friezeland and by whom 77. They harass Holland take Outwater and Coblentz but are worsted at Utrecht 78 Spanish Fleet scattered by disease and the Captain thereof dyed 78.79 Schounen Island taken by the Spaniards 79 Spaniards go out of Holland conducted by Roda. 83 Are put out of the Netherlands but quickly return 86.87 Senate chosen by the Hollanders and for what purpose and by whose advice 119 Stâ—enwick won by Verdugo and how 128 Souldiers their number on both sides and how disposed their pay equal on both sides 128.129.197 Steland Governor of Waese for the Hollanders his treachery to them and revolt to the Spaniard 140.141 Schewck Colonel comes to the Earl of Leicester and fortifies the Isle of Gravewaert 171. Defend Beâ—ck against Parma valiantly 172 Sydney Philip slain where when and by whom 172 Stanley William made Governor of Deventer by Leicester 172 States take Cognizance of all things and why 173.174 Soâ—oy seeks the Government of Friezeland for himself which he held before under the Prince of Aurange 176 Senate care of the Commonwealth left by the Earl of Leicester to the Senate but with reserves of power to himself which they complain of 178 Scots the Queen of Scots put to death and why 178 Stanley William betrayes Deventer to the Spaniard 178 Goes into Spain where he is neglected 179 Sluys besieged and battered by Parma and at last won by him 180.181 States by Edict answer Leicester recrâ—minations 182 Spanish Fleet prepared against England to be manned by Parma 183 Spanish Provinces in the Netherlands how governed 195 Spanish Fleet the description thereof 205 206 Spaniards therein their great confidence 207. Their over-sight and wherein and how excusable 209. They send to Parma but to no purpose 212. They are affrighted at the approach of the English Fire-ships but rally at Gravelâ— 213 The Losses suffered by the Spanish Fleet how great 215.216 Spaniards sent to Surprize Thol overcâ—me and slain by Count Solmes 218.219 Scheack Colonel fights with Verdugo kills his men and hath a great booty in Money 234. He sets upon Nimmeghen but is beaten off with great Loss and drowned in the Râ—ver there his Character 234 Sâ—â—ia Coasts thereof foraged by the English and Hollanders 238 Strenberge won by Prince Maurice 255 Spaniards mutiny 283.284.318 319.320 Steeawle the description of the Town 285. Besieged by Prince Maurice and the manner thereof 286. ad 291. The Valour of the Townsmen 287.288 Delivered to Prince Maurice 291 Spaniards mutiny together with others and why 350.355.524.571 The Sedition â—omented by the Hollanders 351 The Seditious maâ—e a League with the