Winter of Felt. Much Ceremony is used at the time they first put on the Net The Rich wear Shoes of Silk the Poor of Cotton differing from ours in fashion and costly Leather is only used for Boots which are rare In the same manner the Rich wear Stockins of Damask or other soft Silk the meaner Sort of Cotton but all white Breeches are common to Men and Women The latter dress their Hair with Flowers natural or artificial except the common Women who are not allowed to use them nor to live within the Walls 10. The Apparel of Men and Women is the same in all other Points but these have Feet less than can be imagined and to make them so they swath them hard from their Infancy The Custom was taken from a Queen who having deformed Feet endeavoured by that means to bring them into shape 11. The Women are very retired none of any Age is seen in the Street no Men visit them in their Houses nor presume to enter into their Apartments Servants have admittance only whilst very young Brother or Father-in-law on no account The ordinariest Women go abroad in Chairs If they happen to go a foot on account of any Pilgrimage they cover their Faces If they travel in Boats they pass by each other without speaking one word Yet in some parts of this great Empire Women go abroad but such as are of Quality always after this manner 12. The Language is thought to be one of the 72 of Babel by their Books it appears to be of Four thousand Years standing It is called Quenhra or the Language of Mandarines because as they spread their Command they introduced it and it is used through all the Empire as Latin in Europe It is very barren and as it has more Letters far than any other so it has fewer Words for there are not above 326 that absolutely differ and of those that only vary in accent and aspiration 1228 most end in Vowels the rest in M and N They are all Monasyllables all indeclinable as well Verbs as Nouns so contrived that often a Noun serves for a Verb and the contrary and sometimes for an Adverb Thus it is easier to be learned than Latin It is most compendious and therefore the most grateful to the Chineses It is rather sweet than harsh and spoke as they do at Nanking pleasing to the Ear very full of respectful Terms To bid one take a thing in his hand among us we repeat the Verb take which they do not each word signifies the Verb and Manner Nien is to take with two Fingers Tço to take with them all Chua with the whole hand downwards Tcie with it opened upwards So in other Verbs A Man's Foot they call Kio a Birds Chua a Beasts Thi. 13. They use a different Stile in Writing and Speaking the Letters are as ancient as the Language They all know them but not all by the same Name The Author of them they say was Fohi one of their first Kings at first they were fewer in number plainer and in some measure like what they expressed There are now four sorts of Letters The ancient still used in Books and by Lawyers but only for Titles and Seals instead or â—…ts The second called Chicum the most generally used The third Taipie little practised but on Fans in Letters and Prologues The fourth a sort of short hand 14. There are Sixty thousand Letters But they use Abbreviations so that 't is enough to know Ten thousand to write read and be learned If they meet any that is not known they turn to a Book like our Dictionary and find it Only nine strokes serves to form all this multitude of Letters but several Letters and perfect Figures are joined to signifie different things This stroke stands for one crossed with another stroke it stands for ten another stroke being drawn under the lower point it signifies the Earth with another at the top a King adding a prick on the left hand between the two first points a precious Stone with Dashes before a Pearl and all Letters that signifie precious Stones must have this last mark all that signifie Trees must have the Letter that is for Wood adjoined and so of other things 15. Good Writing is valued above the best Painting All written Paper is looked upon as Sacred if it lies on the Ground they take it up carefully The manner of Writing is downwards from the top to the bottom and from the Right towards the Left-hand as the Hebrews and all the People of the East If a word of Respect as your Lordship or the like fall in the middle of a Line they write not forward but begin the next Line because it is not esteemed Manners to join any word to those if they write the Name of God it is set above the rest of the Line 16. They once writ on the Rine of the Barks of Trees with Iron points as also on Plates of Metal which now are highly esteemed Paper has been invented among them Two thousand Years and is of so many sorts and so plentiful that there is as much in China as all the World besides for goodness none to compare to it The most usual in Printing and plentifullest is made of a Tree called by them Cho by the Indians Bombo made in the same manner as ours but the best is of Cotton Rags Instead of Pens they use Pensils of several sorts of Hair but the Hares is best There are no Ink-horns but Stones on which the Ink is ground as Colours among us it is also sold in Rags in the nature as we have Spanish Wool but the best is Lamp-black and they that make it are not accounted Mechanicks 17. Printing has been used by them Sixteen hundred Years we said before it was all carved on Wood. The Author writes his Book in the size it must be published and every Leaf is pasted on a Board and graved exactly as he writ it therefore they write and print only upon one side of the Paper so that every Leaf consists of two for the Books are sewed along the edges of the Paper not the middle as we do the Blanks remain within and the two Leaves pass as one the best Wood for this use is Pear-tree When they would have the Paper black and Letters white they are carved in Stone because in the Stone the Letters are cut into the Superficies and in Wood they make the Superficies That manner of Printing is only used for Epitaphs Paintings Trees Mountains and such like things which are preserved with respect and are lasting Memorials CHAP. XV. A Continuation of the same Subject 1. FRom their Childhood they apply themselves to study the first Books they read are Morals then the classick Authors which are entirely learned by Heart next the Masters exposition who looks not on the Book when he teaches The Coppies for writing are laid under the Paper and the learner draws by it the Paper being
Portugueses were all dead who not far from thence had built a Town of Stone and worshipped a Cross on the foot whereof were unknown Characters He drew all on the Sand repeated Portugues Sirnames and demanded much Gold for telling his knowledge herein Some of his Men wore Crosses and informed our People there were two Holland Ships in Port St. Lucy or Mangascafe 13. In a small Island here was found a square Stone Fort and at the foot of it carved on a piece of Marble the Arms of Portugal with this Inscription REX PORTUGALENSIS ☉ S. Many Judgments were made of that Circle between the two last S's but nothing of certainty can be concluded 14. The King Chambanga desired a Portugues might be sent to his Court to treat about important Affairs leaving a Nephew Hostage for his safe return The Master Antony Gonçalez and F. Peter Freyre were sent who at 12 leagues distance found his Court called Fansaria very populous and magnificent He Treated them well at first then coldly but they making him a considerable Present they were good Friends and he delivered them his eldest Son to be carried to Goa desiring as Hostages for him the two Jesuits and four other Portugueses to whom he gave the Island of St. Cruz to live in 15. These People are descended from the Moors and call themselves Zelima's they use the Alcoran in Arabick and have Faquies who teach them to write and read they eat no Bacon are Circumcised and some marry several Wives CHAP. XIV Continues the Discoveries in the Island Madagascar under the Vice-Roy D. Hierome de Azevedo 1. THE same King told the Portugueses That in his Father's time a Ship of theirs was cast away on that Coast that about 100 of the Men came ashore some brought their Wives others married there and left a numerous Offspring He repeated several of their Names and shewed a Book writ in Portugues and Latin and some Maps and concluded saying There were more Portugueses on that Coast 7 days Journey Northward 2. Inquiring further our Men found an old Man 90 Years of Age who had known the Portugueses that were cast away there and could remember still some odd Words of our Language The Ships that were lost and never known where since the discovery of India were as follows In the Year 1504 three Ships one in the Year 1505 in 1527 two were cast away on the Island Madagascar and the Men remained there for want of Vessels to transport them four were lost the Year 1534 not known where one more in the Year 1538. The Portugueses those People spoke of must belong to some of these Ships 3. Our Men all set their hands to work and built a small Chapel and House for the four Portugueses and two Religious Men who were to remain there The Work done Mass was said and many of the Natives came to learn to make the sign of the Cross. The King seeing some Men labour under a Cross that was to be set upon a Rock run half naked and bare footed and carried it alone to the Place appointed The Portugueses might say they had found another Emperor Heraclius for after this pious Action he became wicked in this manner 4. Our Captain being ready to sail demanded that Son the King had promised to send with him and he not only refused to perform but denied he had made any such Promise and offered a Slave The Captain seeing this change sent the Master and Pilot with some Men to demand Hostages that a Portugues might go to Port St. Lucy to sound it and see an Inscription the Natives said was in that place If the King granted this they were to require no more if not to endeavour to bring away by force one of his Sons 5. The Peace thus broke and some Attempts of getting one of the King's Sons failing some Portugueses marched with their Muskets The King dreaded them but kept his Men in readiness a Fray ensuing they catched one of his Sons 11 Years of Age who was his Darling The King endeavoured to rescue him but was repulsed by our Shot The Subjects of another King came to offer any thing for the Boy 's Ransom but being told it was the Viceroy's Command the King's Promise and that they should lose their Heads if they did not carry him they went away satisfied Thus ended the Year 1613. The Child came to Goa about the middle of the Year 1614 the Viceroy caused him to be well instructed in the Faith by the Jesuits and was his Godfather in Baptism giving him the Name of Andrew because it was on that Apostle's day and the Sirname of Azevedo as his God-child 6. The Viceroy treated him with all Honour and Magnificence hoping to gain him that when he succeeded his Father he might forward the Propagation of the Gospel and believing he was sufficiently grounded sent him away with four Jâ—…s The Vessels were a Pink and a Caravel commanded by Peter de Almeyda Cabral and Iohn Cardoso de Pinâ—… who set out on the 17th of September 1616 and on the 20th of March they discovered the Island Del Cisue or The Swâ—…n a most delightful Place watered with pure Springs and bearing several unknown Plants and Herbs besides many known both Sweet and Medicinal The Religious on the Barks of the Trees carved the time of their arrival there and planted some Crosses 7. In this Island there are two Mountains that overtop the Clouds The Wreck of two Holland Ships was found there Our Ships entred Port St. Lucas in the Island of Madagascar The King and Queen came 〈◊〉 receive their Son with great joy and delivered Hostages at taking him away 8. With the Prince went the Fathers and six Soldiers He was every where till he came to the Court received with demonstrations of Joy which to us seem ridiculous as those used by us would appear to them This done the King made the same Agreement with our Captain that had been with the former which was that the Religious should inhabit the Island of Santa Cruz and thence have the liberty to go out and Preach the Gospel that there should be a League Offensive and Defensive between the King and Portugueses So the Fathers Almeyda and Costa went to the Fort of Santa Cruz and D. Andrew the King's Son sent them Workmen and Provisions 9. The Captain Peter de Almeyda had Orders to carry the King to Goa or if he refused another Son which if not consented to should be taken by force A Son being demanded he answered He had but one who was too young for that Voyage Almeyda thinking this was but an Excuse began to commit Hostilities but being informed it was true desisted Yet he carried away Anria Sambo the King's Nephew who was Baptized at Goa by the Name of Hierome 10. Being now a Christian he was sent to his Country in a Pink commanded by Emanuel Freyre de Andrade with 100 Soldiers 2 Jesuits and a Present worth
not so dark with lank Hair some like Mulato's and some up the Inlands whiter yet of both sorts of Hair Of Stature large well made and strong of a clear judgment and apt to learn Every Man has as many Wives as he can or will and turns them off at pleasure and they find other Husbands The Husband gives the Portion saying It is a Recompence for their Fathers by whom they were bred for them Their Funeral Obsequies consist in Feasting the Guests The Mourning in laying aside all marks of Joy cutting the Hair or covering the Face and Body with Clay 5. Their Government is Monarchical the Kings are called Andias Anrias and Dias without any dependance on another They are continually in War the end whereof is rather Plunder than Slaughter No Arms were found among them but some Guns given by the Moors and Hollanders which they do not use and are fearful of them in their own hands Their Merchandize is excellent Amber white Sandal Tortoises Ebony other sweet Woods and abundance of Slaves There is plenty of all sorts of Cattle Their Goat is as sweet as our Mutton They have abundance of Sea-Cows Sea-Horses Monkeys some say Tigers and Snakes not very very venomous No Elephants Horses Asses Lions Bears Deer Foxes nor Hares 6. This is the Island of Madagascar where our Discoverers now were in a large Bay near Masialage in which is an Island half a league round which contains a City of 8000 Inhabitants most of them Weavers of excellent Stuffs made of the Palm-Tree in the Latitude of 16 degrees Here the Moors used to buy Boys whom they carried to Arabia to serve their Lust. The King of this Place was called Samamo with whom Friendship was established and he granted Leave to Preach the Gospel They coasted almost 40 leagues Westward discovering the mouth of the great River Balue in the Latitude of somewhat more than 16 degrees Turning Cape St. Andrew they saw the River and Kingdom of Casame in 17 degrees of Latitude where they found little Water and had much Trouble Here also Amity was established with the King called Sampilla a discreet old Man but in all this way heard no News of the Portugueses sought after About the middle of May on Whiâ—…sunday Mass was said on Shore and two Crosses set up which that King seemed to be pleased at promising to restore them if at any time they fell 7. In the Holy-days they discovered a small Island in 18 degrees of Latitude which they call Espiritu Santo half a degree farther Banks of Sand 9 leagues in length where they were in some danger On Trinity-Sunday they landed further on were again in danger of Sands anchored at the 7 Islands of Cuerpo de Dios in 19 degrees of Latitude near the River and Kingdom Sadia to which they came on the 19th of Iune and found scarce Water enough for Caravels The Kingdom is large the City on the Banks of the River has about 10000 Inhabitants great plenty of Flesh Indian Wheat Tar Tortoises Sandal Ebony and sweet Woods the People black simple but good natured and have no Trade The King's Name was Capitape an ancient Man much respected and very sincere He established Peace and gave his Son to guide our Men and assist them along that Coast. All along this Coast from Massalaje to Sadia which are 130 leagues is used the Language of the Cafres All the rest of the Island uses the Language called Buqua which is the Native 8. Turning towards the South they discovered the Country of the Buques a very wicked and poor People feeding upon the Spawn of Fish The Inland Kings who are more powerful oppress them They passed by the River Mane that of Saume in 20 degrees 15 minutes of South Latitude Manoputa in 20 degrees 30 minutes here they heard of Portugueses Isango in 21 degrees Terrir 21 degrees 30 minutes the 7 Islands of St. Elizabeth in 22 degrees On the 11th of Iuly they came into the Port of St. Felix in 22 degrees and heard somewhat of Portugueses from Dissamuto the King 9. Our Men offering a Silver Chain here for some Provisions the Natives gave it to an old Woman to try whether it was right she said That 3 days Journey down a River there was an Island inhabited long since by a white Warlike People habited like our Men that wore Crosses about their Necks and lived upon Rapine that they easily took what they would being Armed with Spears and Guns Our Men were pleased at this Information and here whilst they were at Mass the Prince of Loquexa with a Black ran away Three Portugueses catched him and he begged they would kill him being brought back and better treated he wholly submitted to their will 10. Passing by the Bay of St. Bonaventure and the mouth of the River Massimanga they entred the Port Santa Clara whither Diamassuto came to them concluded a Peace and on his knees worshipped the Crucifix They were told that white People resorted to the Neighbouring Port which were supposed to be Hollanders Going on they found Banks of Sand not set down in the Charts and entred the Port in 24 degrees of Latitude The People were affable their King's Name Diacomena they said That on the opposite Coast there were Portugueses who had been cast away and fed Cattle that the Hollanders had been there three times and left them four Musketiers with whose help they made War on their Enemies Friendship was established here upon condition they should not again admit the Hollanders Some Inscriptions were found carved on Trees one of them had these words Christophorus Neoportus Anglus Cap. And another Dominus Robertus Schurleius Comes Legatus Regis Persarum 11. In the Latitude of 25 degrees entring a Port they called it of St. Augustin the Name of the Kingdom is Vavalinta the King 's Diamacrinali a Buque who no sooner saw the Portugueses but he said Are these some of the Men of the other Coast This confirmed what had been heard of the Portugueses before and the King being asked said They were 6 days sail thence In September our Men saw Cape St. Mary where they spent 40 days in stormy weather and on St. Luke's day entred the Port of the same Name in the Kingdom of Enseroe The Natives said That half a day's Journey off there were white People with Crosses who had a great Town Randumana the King came to the Caravel and sent one of his Subjects with a Portugues to shew him where he said those White Men were but the Black left our Man half way 12. Among others there came thither to Trade with our Men a King with above 500 fighting Men his Sons almost white their Hair long wearing Gowns and Breeches of Cotton of several colours with Silver Buttons Bracelets and other Jewels of Gold Pearl and Coral This King's Name was Bruto Chembanga his Kingdom called Matacassi borders upon Enseroe on the West He shewed Arabick Books He said The
transparent From letters they proceed to composition such as are approved of are Printed every 3 Years and learners study them There are no Universities every Master reaches all that is requisite for a man to know as well in learning as manners and behaviour The Disciples of quality never go any where without the Master there are many Schools for the common sort but no Master can take more Schollars than he can teach himself for he is not to trust to another Their Days of recreation are the first 15 in the Year and some others but few in the 5th and 7th Moon The Masters that serve in great Houses Eat at their patrons Table 2. They have large and stately Halls richly adorned where they examine students whereof there are great numbers in every City and Town but chiefly in the Metropolis of Provinces where they take their Degrees These buildings for the most part are all of the same form some bigger than others but all large the greatest of our Pallaces is not equal to the least of them in every one is an infinite number of little rooms where such as are to be examined compose each by himself with a Soldier to attend him that the more learned may not help the ignorant The Hall of Quantung which is the least has 6000 of these Cels and the number of students is greater 3. There attend all the time of the examination Prefidents Magistrates Examiners Clerks and all sorts of Trades and all that are there are maintained ind yet and lodging the whole time upon the publick charge The Order and disposition of all things is much to be admired formerly Gentlemen were not admitted to take any degree because not imployed in the Government but they perceiving that only the learned rose obtained though with difficulty to be admitted to both such as are any way infamous cannot take a degree The degrees are 3 answerable to oâ—… of Batchelor Master of Arts and Doctor the Chancellor goes about the Townâ—…â—…d Cities to examine the first the second is done in the Metropolis of each Province once in 3 Years in each of these Acts there are above 7000 students and above 1500 take the degree of Master of Arts. The Doctors are only made at Court on a sudden a Bricklayer or Taylor is set up in state the marks of this dignity are given them and are a Cap Gown Tassels and Boots all put on with much Ceremony The King defrays the whole charge and every one that takes this degree stands him in 1000 Ducats 4. Of those that go to the Court to take their degree 350 are admitted to that of Doctors the marks of that honour except the Boots which are the same in all differ very much in the value besides those mentioned they have a girdle they wear them all in the employments they get and the last is still richer as they â—…e preferred There is another examination at which the King used to be present now a Colao supplies his place after it they go to salute the King who is on his Throne and gives with his own hand a premium to each of the three first presented the first of the 3 is superior over all the others and has a particular name as has the second and third this is so great an honour that soon after the whole Kingdom knows them by those names and their degree of honour is equal to our Dukes Out of the 350 are chosen 25 who have Pallaces assigned them and are subject to the Colao that is president of the great College of him they learn the speculative part of Government Hence they are preferred to employments superior to Viceroy ships only such as are of that College are admitted to the supream dignity of Colao when one of these 25 Doctors is made a Mandarin especially if he be one of the three presented by the King there is erected to him in his own Country a triumphal Arch all of Marble and very stately with his name on the front 5. Nothing can be said distinctly of their Sciences because in reality they know no distinction Three of their Kings were the masters of the â—…oral and Speculative learning under myâ—…ical numbers and Symbols they were also the Legislators Above 1000 Years before Christ two other Kings composed the book called Yequim being a comment upon those Symbols then followed Philosophers like the Stoicks The most famous Confucius composed 9 Books which are esteem'd chiefly 5 of them like our Holy writ many Doctors comment upon them he flourished 500 Years before Christ and aimed at the Reformation of Mankind and is held in veneration as the universal Master and a Saint with Temples dedicated to him The Government of the City where he was born remains in his Family the immediate successor has the title revenue and state of a Duke they are all as soon as born held in great veneration 6. The 5 principal Books are Yequim that treats of natural Philosophy fate and predictions the second Xoquim of Chronology the third Xiquim Poetically discourses of the Nature of things and Human Affections the fourth Liquin of Divine Worship the fifth Chunâ—…icu Examples of good and bad Kings There are 4 other Books of the same Author and another called Mencu that treat of Physicks and Morals out of these is taken a subject for the compositions of such as are examined there are also 9 Books of Comments upon those but only one of them is established by Law 7. They consider 3 principal objects in the World Heaven Earth and Man and accordingly their learning is divided into 3 Sciences that of Heaven treats of the Original of all things that of the Earth of its position product and variety that of Man of his manners and affections to whom they ascribe 5 Moral Virtues Piety Justice Policy Prudence and Felicity respecting 5 Orders of Persons in the Common-wealth Father and Son Husband and Wife King and Subject elder and younger Brother and friends among themselves 8. They have rules of Grammar understand Rhetorick are well skilled in Arithmetick and have knowledge of Geometry but know nothing of Dialectica and Algebra Astronomy is a profession only allowed to two Persons to study one in each Court and they leave it hereditary to their Sons they reckon 5 Elements Water Metal Fire Wood and Earth and appropiate to them as many Planets Mercury Venus Mars Iupiter Saturn The Zodiack they divide into 24 Signs the Year into 12 Moons and 354 Days making a Bissextile every three Years of 13 Moons and 383 Days it begins with the next Moon to the 5th of February Their Musick consists all of one sound the Bonzes sing after the manner of our plain Song their Instruments are of several sorts for the most part noisy and some like ours such as are played upon strings have them of Silk 9. Poetry was always much esteemed in China all that was published of this sort used to be sent to the
somewhat in general of India whereof much relates to the greatest Part of Asia Those Heathens have a Book they believe in and esteem as we do the Holy Scripture It is writ in Verse as they say that understand it pleasing and ingenious but it seems strange to us there should be any Harmony in Verses composed of Seventy-five Syllables for so many an Author say they contain 10. They believe in one God Creator of all Things yet allow other increated Gods that there is Heaven and Hell and that the Souls of such as die in Sin go into Beasts and stay there till being purged they go to Eternal Rest. They esteem Cows as properest for this Transmigration When one is dying they bring one to him and put the Tail into his Hand that when his Soul departs it may be near the Door it is to enter at 11. They allow no Free Will and some are of Opinion That the Souls return from Hell into other Bodies till they merit Heaven and that there is an indifferent Place without Reward or Punishment for such as live indifferently The Sins they esteem most hainous are Murder Theft Drinking of Wine taking away another Man's Wife The First is wiped off with Pilgrimages the second with Alms the third with Fasting and the fourth with Sacrifices some are of Men the greatest of Cows Some will lie down under the Wheels of the heavy Carts of their Idols which crush them to peices Others wear irons with Spikes that run into them Others hang themselves on a Hook and there sing Verses to their Idols 12. They maintain Hospitals where they look after sick Birds and Beasts and send Men abroad to bring them in but have no Comâ—…assion for Men saying Those Afflictions are sent them for their Sins There are Men employed to buy Birds or other Creatures only to restore them to their Liberty They believe God has five Regents that govern the World and every one of them a Wife those are called Xadaxivam Rudra Maescura Visnu and Brabema the Wives Humani Parvadi Maenomadi Lacami and Exarasvadi The first governs the first Heaven where are all the Planets the second the Fire the third the Air the fourth the Water the fifth the Earth Brahema Visnu and Rudra are the Chief and form a Body with three Heads called Mahamurte signifying the three Chiefs Hence it is inferred the Indians had some knowledge though imperfect of the Blessed Trinity 13. They are much addicted to Witchcraft and Superstition and believe there are Fourteen Worlds and that this we live in is an Image of that in Heaven Their several Families touch not one another not eat together Tradesmen cannot marry out of their own Trade The most renowned Families among them are the Raja's an ingenuous People that rather lose their Lives than their Arms in Battle The Bramenes who contend for Precedence with the Raja's The Chatines which are the richest Merchants The Bâ—…lalas or Country People held in such esteem that Kings marry their Daughters to them saying They are the Publick Substance From these four Roots â—…pring One hundred ninety-six Branches divided into Valangas that is of the Right-hand and Elanges of the Left but none of these are honoured as the other four 14. Let us say somewhat of the Christians of St. Thomas Four Leagues from Cochim on the Malabar Coast is the City Cranganor almost encompassed by a River inhabited by Christians Gentiles Mahometans and Iews The whole Kingdom takes Name from the City it has a great Trade is frequented by Merchants from Siria Egypt Persia and Arabia by reason of the plenty of Pepper brought thither At the arrival of the Portugueses in India it was governed in the form of a Commonwealth but subject to Zamori whom they cast off seeing him weakned by our Arms. 15. Their Heathen Rites are the same with those of the other Malabars The Christians called of St. Thomas who inhabit from this Câ—…ty to Coromandel and Meliapor the place where that Apostle was buried have Churches like ours in Europe on the Altars and Walls Crosses painted but no other Images no Bells the People meet on Sundays to hear Sermons and other Service Their head Bishop resides in Chaldea has twelve Cardinals two Patriarchs Archbishops Bishops and other Prelates and Fathers 16. The Priests are shorn in the form of a Cross they consecrate leavened Bread and Wine made of Rasins for want of other Baptize after Forty Days unless there be danger of Death instead of extream Unction the Priests bless the Sick use Holy Water bury after our manner the Relations and Friends eat together eight Days while the Ceremonies last If there be no Will the next of Kin inherits the Widows recover their Portion but forfeit it if they Marry within a Year 17. They have all our Holy Scripture in Hebrew and Caldaick with Expositions which they Read in Schools their Divines interpret it well chiefly the Prophets which they study most They observe the same Lent and Advent as we do Oâ—… the Eve of the Resurrection they neither eat nor drink and keep that Day with great Solemnity as also the Sunday of Pastor Bonus in remembrance that on that Day St. Thomas felt our Saviour's side they observe our very Festivals as Sundays the Feasts of our Lord Lady and Apostles and have the same Bissextile or Leap Year as the Latines Both they and the Gentiles keep the Feast of the Apostle on the first Day of Iune There are Monasteries of Monks and Nuns cloathed in black and religiously observe their Rules The Priests observe conjugal Chastity and marry not a second time There is no Divorce allowed beween Man and Wife 18. In the Year 1544 came to Cochim Iacob a Caldean Bishop of Cranganor where being dangerously sick he sent for the Treasurer Peter de Sequeyra and told him Necessity had obliged him to pawn two Copper-Plates with Characters engraven on them which were Original Grants and Privileges bestowed on the Apostle St. Thomas by the Sovereigns of those Countries when he Preached there that he desired him to release them least they should be lost if he died for if he lived he would take them out himself This Prelate found the only way to lose them in trusting the Portugueses for Sequeyra paid the Two hundred Royals they were pawned for put them into the Treasury and they were never more heard of 19. The Governor Martin Alfonso de Sousa after long search for some Body that could understand them had found a retired Jew on the Mountain who said they were writ in the Caldean Malabar and Arabian Languages and the Substance of them was That the Prince then Reigning of his free Gift granted to Thomas at Cranganor such a Parcel of Ground to build a Church for the Maintenance whereof he assigned the Fifths of Merchandize 20. Very much might be said of the Island Ceylon but I will only add a little to what is already said About five hundred Years
and Sugar with us and Eaten alone is pleasant strengthening but hard of digestion within that hollow is about half a pint of most pleasant Water which at certain times congeals and forms a substance like an Apple called by the Indians Pango of a delightful taste as is the conserve of Sugar of the same Tree and this same is the seed that produces the Tree 31. To make Wine Sugar Vinegar and other things of this Coco they suffer not the cluster to grow but bind the branch hard when green with cords made of the same Tree cut the end of the branch and put it into a Vessel into which it bleeds like a Vine This liquor is called Sura and a great quantity of it is gathered to make Wine they distil it some is stronger some weaker as our Brandy the hottest they call Orraca and we corruptly Rack to sweeten and colour it they put in Raisins and it is a plentiful and pretious Commodity in all that part of Asia Vinegar is made only by leaving that liquor some Days in Earthen Vessels Sugar by boyling it to a consistence with this Sugar they make good preserves one of the kernel of the same Coco grated 32. Oyl is made of the Coco's prepared and ground it serves not only to burn but to Eat dress Wounds cure Colds and purge it is a considerable commodity that mass of Coco which has been so pressed or ground is excellent food for Cattle so that of the Wood Leaves and Shells of this Tree is made the Ship Sails and Rigging without any other material and of the Fruit Liquors and Preserves are made to load it Of the Leaves are also made Brooms and Baskets of the Wood Darts and Lances not much inferior to Iron it also bears a a sort of Down that serves instead of Tinder When any of these Trees is cut down they take off the Head called Palmito which is of an excellent taste like to that of our Cardoons It is therefore not to be admired that the Indians take much pains to raise a Wood of these Trees and are so much troubled to have them destroyed in time of War CHAP. XX. Of the Memory there is of the Preaching the Gospel of Christ in all Asia and its Islands particularly by the Apostle Saint Thomas in those Parts mentioned in this History and of the Extirpation and Reparation of the same 1. FOR the better understanding of what follows it is necessary to run over the Position of these Countries Off from the Island Zocotora appears on the Coast of Africk the Empire of Ethiopia divided on the East from Asia by the Red Sea beginning on the North at the City Suanquem and ending on the South almost at the Mouth of the Red Sea Between that Sea and the Persian Golph lies that part of Arabia which is most Fruitful and best Peopled Ten Leagues from this Shore and three from that of Persia just within the Mouth of the Gulph is the Island Gerum and in it the City Ormuz a Kingdom more famous for its Trade than extent From thence runs along the Coast of Caramania subject to Persia for the space of Two hundred Leagues to the City Diul seated on the Westernmost Mouth of Indus which River makes one of the sides of that Continent which is properly called India and is in the form of a Lozenge 2. Of its most distant Angles the one lies North between the Fountains of Indus and Ganges on Mount Imaus the other South and is the famous Cape Comori the distance between these two Angles is Four hundred Leagues The other two Angles which lie East and West at Three hundred Leagues interval reach the Mouths of the same two Rivers This vast Continent called by the Natives Indostan is divided into several Kingdoms and Dominions as are to begin at the Mouth of Indus where we left off the Kingdoms of Gurzarate or Cambaya Decan Bisnagar those of Malabar viz. Canor Calicut Cranganor Cochim Porcà Coulam and Travancor reaching to the Point of the Cape in 7 deg 40 min. of N. Lat. From the Cape the Coast runs again toward the North till the Mouth of Ganges where taking a great round it makes the Bay of Bengala and runs again towards the South to the other famous Cape of Cingapura the Southernmost of all the Eastern Continent Opposite to Cape Comori is the Island Ceylon that of Sumatra to Cingapura But beginning at Cape Comori Two hundred Leagues of the Coast belong to the Kingdom of Narsinga or Bisnagar the rest to those of Orixa Bengala Pegu and Siam Beyond Cingapura are those of Cambodia Tsiompa Cochinchina and the Great China 3. The Islands of this great Archipelago are innumerable But not to mention those opposite to Indostan there are Iava Timor Borneo Banda the Molucos Celebes Mazacar Sunda Lequia and those of Iapan without speaking of many more of Note It is certain the Gospel was in the time of the Apostles Preached in many of these Provinces if not in all For the Ethiopians value themselves upon receiving it from a Servant of Queen Candace baptized by Saint Philip and from the Evangelist St. Matthew There is no doubt but Arabia and Persia flourished with many Saints and Martyrs and the People of Bazora where Tigris and Euphrates fall into the Sea have a Tradition that the beloved Disciple preached to them But the most singular Apostle of those Parts of Asia was St. Thomas the memory of whom is still preserved in Cranganor Coulam and Meliapor with evident Testimonies that he travelled over all those Countries even as far as China whence he returned to the Kingdom of Coromandell where he ended his Preaching with his Life 4. Christianity being now utterly corrupt in some Parts of Asia and quite lost in others the Portugues Arms accompanied by Apostolical Ministers went thither to restore it The first who Baptized in that Part of Asia was F. Peter de Cubillones of the Holy Order of the Blessed Trinity and Confessor to the first Discoverer Vasco de Gama 5. The most successful Labourers after him were in India the Vicar Michael Vaz and Iames de Borba and other Religious of the Order of St. Francis In the Moluco Islands Captain Francis de Castro who converted five Kings in the Island Mazacar Captain Antony de Payva who in the same Island Baptized two Kings and their Courts in one Day Others are named in their proper Places in this History and will doubtless be Recorded in the Book of Life 6. This was the Estate of Christianity in Asia when its new Apostle St. Francis Xaverius of the Society of Jesus came thither He travelled more than is credible and did more than human Works He was born of a Noble Family at Pamplona in Navarre in the Year 1497 studied and taught Philosophy and Divinity at Paris whence he went Companion to St. Ignatius Loyola followed his Rule and received Holy Orders at Venice 7. He
the Door they would not restore it When a Portugues passing by told him Leave off for in that House they love Hens If it were Adem they would soon part with it but not a Hen. Now in Portugues by a Hen they signifie a Coward as well as the Fowl and the word Adem signifies a Duck and was the name of the place he quitted D. Alvaro finding the posture of Affairs so changed desisted from the Enterprize 5. He had Orders as soon as he concluded at Adem to go to Caxem that first being laid aside he went to the second The King of Caxem impatiently expected his assistance against the Turks who had taken his Castle of Xael They assaulted it and those within being only Thirty offered to surrender upon Honourable Terms The Portugueses against the Inclination of the King and D. Alvaro refused to give any Conditions and wrongfully detained them that came to Treat Pride and Injustice seldom go unpunished The Portugueses attack the Fort and the Besieged turning their Submission into Rage died couragiously killing Five hundred Portugueses The rest returned in Triumph to Goa which was no ways grateful to the Governour and 't is thought the Cowardize at Adem and Rashness at Xael were two great Causes that carried him to his Grave for all he endeavoured to dissemble it 6. The News of the Victory at Diu being brought this Year to Lisbon the King resolved to send a greater Fleet than usual to India and to Honour D. Iohn with unusual Favours for they were the first that any Governour of India received from his Prince for good Service performed The Fleet consisted of seventeen Sail. D. Iohn had the Government continued to him with the Title of Vice-Roy a Present of Mony and his Son D. Alvaro made Admiral of the Indian Seas 7. D. Iohn was almost dead when these Bounties reached him and he died of a Disease that nowadays kills no man though it did formerly for even Diseases dye It was grief for the miserable estate India was reduced to without any means of redressing it and the Actions of some Gentlemen among them that of his Son at Xael He publickly begged pardon of many for Writing against them to the King that it may appear even Great Spirits purchase Favour by mean Whispers 8. D. Iohn find ing himself unable to manage the Government appointed a Council of select Persons to supply his place And when he saw there was no hopes of Life he called them before him and some others and said Though he neither hoped nor desired to live yet while he continued in that condition something must be spent That he had nothing and desired that they would order something out of the King's Revenue that he might not dye for want Then he ordered a mass-Mass-Book to be brought and laying his hand upon it his Eyes lifted up to Heaven swore That he had no way made use of the Kings or any other mans Mony That he had not drove any Trade to increase his own Stock and desired that this Act of his might be Recorded Soon after he gave up the Ghost in the Arms of St. Francis Xaverius on the 6th of Iune in the 48th year of his Age having Governed two Years and eight Months In his private Cabinet was found a Bloody Discipline and three Royals which was all his Treasure 9. He was buried in the Church of Saint Francis In the Year 1576 his Body was brought to Portugal and laid in the Church of Bemfica of the Dominicans on a Hill not far from Lisbon He is painted Crowned with Palm-branches and cloathed in Red. He was a great Latinist and well skilled in Mathematicks Being desirous to know why the Red-Sea appears of that Colour he made Men Dive to the bottom and bring up what they found whereof he writ a Treatise 10. D. Iohn Governed without suffering himself to be over-ruled by Pride as others did before and after him He asked nothing for himself as a Superiour what the Necessities of the Government required he asked as an Equal He valued Men according to Merit not Fancy He so much loved every one should look like what he was that seeing a fine Suit of Cloaths as he passed by a Taylors and being told it was his Sons he cut it in pieces saying Bid that young man provide Arms. He was the 14th in the number of Governours and may be accounted the 4th Vice-Roy and first of the Name 11. It is fit something should be said of this Great Man's descent and first Actions He was born the Year 1500 and was Son of Alvaro de Castro Governour of the Chancery and of D. Leonor de Noronha Daughter of D. Iohn de Almeyda Count of Abrantes In his Youth he served in Tangier and returning home had a Commendary valued at 500 Ducats a year conferred on him which was all a man of his Birth and Merits was ever worth In those days the Revenues were small and Men great afterwards the Revenues grew great and the Men little A Great Soul then did much with a little now they do nothing with a great deal The Year 1505 when D. Francis de Almeyda went first Vice Roy of India his Salary was but 15000 Royals a year D. Constantine fifty years after because he was of the Blood Royal had 40000. Now they have 100000. See who performed the greatest Exploits in that Post. 12. He served afterwards under the Emperour CHARLES the Fifth in the Expedition of Tuniz and refused his part of a Present in Mony that Prince made to the Portugues Officers saying He served the King of Portugal and of him expected his Reward After this he commanded a Fleet upon the Coast and was sent with another to the Relief of Ceuta which joyning with that of Spain the Spaniard hearing the Moors were drawing near would draw off to Consult concerning the manner of giving Battle but D. Iohn refused to stir The Moors not knowing the Fleets were parted retired and D. Iohn remained with the Honour of this Action 13. When the Vice-Roy D. Garcia de Noronha went to India D. Iohn was Captain of one of his Ships Being ready to go aboard the King sent him a Grant of the Command of Ormuz and 1000 Ducats a year â—…ll he was in possession of it The last he â—…ccepted because he was poor and refused â—…e first saying He had not yet deserved it â—…e went to Suez with D. Stephen de Gama â—…nd up to Mount Sinai where his Son 〈◊〉 Alvaro was Knighted Being returned to â—…ortugal he lived retired in a Country-â—…ouse he built near Cintra giving himself altogether to his Studies Thence he was called by the Advice of the Infante D. Luis and sent Governour to India CHAP. VI. The Government of Garcia de Sá from the Year 1548 till the Year 1549 in the Reign of King JOHN the Third 1. THE first Patent of Succession being opened named D. Iohn Mascarenhas who after the long Siege of
takes the Field he has in a readiness almost 300000 Men 10000 Elephants and other Beasts of burthen 6. About this time Fernan Perez de Andrade sent by the King to several discoveries sailing towards the Bay of Bengala arrived at Pacem the Metropolis of one of the Kingdoms of Sumatra where he found Portugueses trading and was well received of that King Here he lost his biggest Ship burnt by a Candle carelessly set up and was thereby obliged to return to Malaca sending away Iohn Coello in a Ship of Bengala to expect him there with what Intelligence he could get till he returned from Malaca Hence Coello set out with fresh Instructions for China and met with furious Storms and other Dangers On the Coast of Champa taking in fresh Water had like to cost him his Life At Patane he established Peace and Commerce with the Governour the same at other places and thus spent the Winter without reaching China He returned to Malaca and refitted himselâ—… for his Voyage to which he now sets out with eight Ships 7. The Empire of China is the most Eastern part of Asia as Spain the most Western of Europe Opposite to it is the Island Hainan as that of Cadiz to Spain It is almost as big as all Europe Divided from Tartary by a wonderful Wall running from East to West above 200 Leagues and ends at a vast Mountain that like a Promontory is washed by the Eastern Sea This large Empire is divided into fifteen Provinces or Governments Along the Coast Quantung Fokien Chekiang Nanking Xantung Leaotung The inland Queicheu Iunnan Quangsi Suchuen Huquang Xensi Kiangsi Honan and Xansi in which are 244 Cities Its Riches are prodigious its Government to be admired above all others They say they have two Eyes Europe one and all the rest of the World is blind They had Printing and Cannon long before us The City Quantung which is the Chief on the Coast is remarkable for its Greatness Strength of its Wall and resort of Strangers most Merchants 8. Fernan Perez arriving here after some dangers and difficulties had a conference with the thâ—…ee Governours of this City and sent to them one Thomas Perez with an Embassy and Present from our King to theirs to be sent forward to him He setled a Peace with that City and traded in it and the neighbouring Parts and then sailed for Malaca having received advice of the dangerous condition it was in by reason of the War with the King of Bintam and the Discord between the Portugueses 9. Fernan Perez loaded with Riches Ammunition and good Success in China was no less welcome at Malaca than D. Alexius de Meneses had been not long before What followed shall be seen hereafter Now let us turn to behold Iames Lopez de Sequeyra newly possess'd of the Government Lope Soarez de Albergaria was the third Governour He was a comly Man very red hair he is pictured with crimson Breeches and Doublet and black Coat lined with the same his Armour white adorned with Gold CHAP. III. From the Year 1518 tell the Year 1520 ending the Government of Lope Soarez de Albergaria and beginning that of James Lopez de Sequeira King Emanuel still reigning 1. ABout the end of March sailed from Lisbâ—… 〈◊〉 Ships bound for India with 1500 fighting Men all under the command of Iames Lopez de Sequeyra to whom the King gave the Government of India as a reward of his good Service in Africk his discovery of Malaca and worthy Qualities At the Cape of Good Hope one Ship was in danger of perishing by means of a great Fish which running against her stuck the length of two spans of a long Beak it has into her side this was afterwards found to be the Fish called the Needle Lope Soarez presently resigned the Government to Iames Lopez and set Sail for Portugal with nine Ships Sequeyra began to act D. Alonso de Meneses was sent against Baticala because it refused to pay Iohn Gomez went for Maldivia where he was to command and build a Fort. These things dispatched at Cochin Iames Lopez went away to Goa whence he dispatched others Anthony de Saldana to the Coast of Arabia and Simon de Andrade to China 2. The King of Bintam who had treacherously concluded a Peace only that D. Alexius Meneses and Fernan Perez might depart for Cochin as soon as they were gone attacked Malaca with 1500 Men and many Elephants and with 60 Vessels by Sea In the City were only 200 many sick and most unprovided But this surprize cured many of their Feavers and all Men running to oppose the danger on both sides there was a sharp engagement for the space of three hours with great loss to the Enemy and some on our side Twenty days the King lay before the Town and then retired having lost 330 Men of ours 18 were killed Then he lay to hinder the bringing of Provisions till the Governour sent relief and the Portugueses perceiving the damage they received from the Fort of Muar whence Sansotea Raja made inroads they resolved to gain it and accordingly gave the assault and after a vigorous resistance entered having killed most of the Defendants which were 800 Moors and then burnt it after securing the spoil in which were 300 Cannons some of Brass Thus Malaca was for a long time delivered of a dangerous Enemy 3. The King of Bintam still persisting in his resolution of taking Malaca the Inhabitants were reduced to great extremity having but few Men many of them sick and their Commander Alfonso Lopez ready to die He delivered the City from this last danger by resigning his command to Garcia de Sa who was newly arrived with 60 Men. Nothing of note happened at this time only that Iames Pacheco going with two Ships in search of the Island of Gold was lost and most of his Men. 4. Now arrived at Malaca Anthony Correa who came from the City Martavan where he had been concluding a Peace with the King of Pegu at the swearing of the Peace assisted with the King's Ministers the Priests of both Nations Catholick and Gentiles The Heathen was called the Great Raulim who after the Capitulations made in the Golden Mine as is the Custom of those People were publickly read began to read in a Book and then taking some yellow Paper a colour dedicated to their holy uses with some sweet Leaves of Trees whereon were certain Characters set Fire to it all and then taking the Hands of the King's Minister and holding them over the ashes said some words which rendred the Oath inviolable Anthony Correa to answer this Solemnity ordered his Priest to put on a Surplice and bring his Breviary which was so tottered and torn that it was scandalous those Heathens should see how little respect was paid to our sacred Books Correa observing this ordered to be brought instead of it a Book of Church-Musick which was more creditable being bigger and better bound and opening
fall upon and kill all the Portugueses taken up with the Procession on Maundy-Thursday and had effected it but that Giles Yancz put in there with his Squadron in his way to Goa 〈◊〉 departing on Friday they prevailed with some Christians to let them into the Fort on Eâ—…er Night The Design was discovered and the Conspirators quartered Now they resolve to attack it by open force and joyning with their Neighbour King of Tolar and 5000 Men burn the outward Town and bring all into great danger The Viceroy having notice sent Andrew Furâ—…ado wâ—… routed those Mutiniers and going up the River made great Havock along the Shore Thus the Fort was secured but the Officers not justified 11. The Religious of the Society of Iesus who have so much laboured for the Conversion of Infidels had sent some of their Number into the Island Salsete which contains 66 Villages of Pagans These Fathers took great pains and the Viceroy D. Antony de Noronha finding the People incorrigible destroyed all their Pagods yet they in the year 1559. taking up Arms ruined our Churches 12. This done they refused to pay the Tribute they owed us and fell to destroying the Preachers of the Gospel At this time F. Rodulphus de Aquaviva desiring to spread the Faith in the five Villages of Cocolii went thither with F. Francis Pacheca and F. Francis Aranna three Portuguese Soldiers and some Natives The Heathens fell upon them cut off F. Rodulphus his Legs and then his Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was struck through with a Spâ—…â—…d then stuck full of Arrows The rest were all slain after several 〈◊〉 The same â—…y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dâ—… Azevedo that went to Bâ—…ll with 40 Companions all suffered Marâ—… 13. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Figâ—…yredo Commander of 〈◊〉 by the Viceroy's Order 〈◊〉 a great â—…laughter of the People of Sâ—… destroyed theâ—… Habitations and leftt them not 〈◊〉 Temâ—… standing 〈◊〉 by a wiâ—…â—…tting those into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fatherâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of them which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 of them â—…d new Chrâ—… Câ—…es wâ—…e erected and Crosses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Hills 14. This was the posturr of Affairs in India when â—…ve Ships arriâ—… from Pâ—…gal and in them F. Viâ—… de Fouseca a Dominicâ—… who went to succeed F. Henry de Tâ—… in the Arch-Bishoprick of Goa 15. Sultan Amodifar the lawful King of â—…aya kept Prisoner by the Mogoâ—… after he had â—…surped his Kingdom at this time fâ—…ed by the means of some Women In disguise he came to a Baneane at Cambayâ—… by whom he was conveyed to Iambo one who in the late Revolution had secured to himself a Limb of that Empire He dutifully owned and caused him to be owned by others so that in few days they gathered an Army in which there were above 30000 Horse Behold how attractive is the Person of a Prince found after having been lost In a very short time either 〈◊〉 force or consenâ—… they recovered most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Kingdom of â—…aya 16. Our Viceroy the better â—…o take the advantage of these Confusions and hoping thereby to gain Suratte went â—…th 40 Sail to Chaul and thence sent some â—…standing Men to Baroche then besieged by Amâ—…difar the Wife and Children of Xotubidichan whom he had fraudulently taken and slain being in the Town Tâ—…se Ageâ—…s had Orders to Treat both with the Kinâ—… and that Woman without letting either of â—…hem know any Correspondence was field with the other that so our Interest might be â—…cured with 〈◊〉 prevailing Party But the Mogol coming down with a great Power and recovering all he had lost put a stop to the Viceroy's Proceedings who returned to Goa much afflicted for the Death of D. Iohn de Castro This young Gentleman commanded a Ship of Ferdinand de Miranda's Squadron and being parted from him by a Storm was attacked by two Malabar Paraos between Tarapor and Maii and his Powder taking fire the Ship blew up only three of the Men escaping Death to be led into Slavery 17. Whilst the Viceroy was absent from Goa many of the principal Subjects of Hidalcan provoked by the Insolencies of Larvacan his Favourite resolved to set up Cuâ—…ocan Son to that Meale who being Prisoner at Goa so long kept this powerful Neighbour in awe Cufo was at Goa and the Conspirators contrived how to get him out and Larvachan prâ—…ending to act for them corrupted the Guards and procured his Liberty This Treachery was managed by an infamous Portuguese called Iames Lopeâ—… Bayam much in the King's Favour for such-like Services Cufo thinking he went to them that designed to Crown him found himself in the hands of Larvacan who caused his Eyes to be put out 18. Then came to Goa a Woman of great fame formerly banished by Hidalcan She was about 65 years of Age little of Stature of Complexion fair still shewing the Ruins of Beauty esteemed a Virgin and much valued for her Prudence Wit and Courage for in a Man's Habit except her Head which was dressed in white on Horseback with a Bow and Arrow she followed the Army like an Amazon and gained Reputation Her Name Abchi She pretended to Treat with the Viceroy about important Affairs which were never known She was taken by the Inquisition banished to Ormuz and thence fled to the Mogol 19. Zamori now tired with so much Destruction and the Clamours of his Subjects his own Palace in Calicut being burnt by D. Giles Yanez and all that lay without the Town at last sued for Peace and concluded it on such Terms as we thought fit 20. At Cochim that King having assigned over all the Customs to the Portugueses the People rose to the number of 20000 swearing on a mass-Mass-Book to die in defence of their Liberties hereby infringed D. George de Meneses Baroche who commanded there finding the Tumult too high to be opposed suspended the Execution of the Viceroy's Orders relating to this Affair 21. D. Giles Yanez Mascarennas being appointed to go to Cochim to endeavour to suppress that Tumult was ordered by the Viceroy by the way to destroy the Nayque of Sanguicer who having raised a Fort on the River of that Name protected Pirats to our great loss He had 14 Sail with 300 of the choice Men of Goa 22. D. Giles run up the River and the better to come where he desired went out of his Galeon into a small Vessel and run so far between the Rocks that he could not get out and his Stem lay almost on the Shore Those of Sanguicer poured in their Shot so that all his Men left him where he was killed the other Vessels being no way able to relieve him 23. Iames de Azambuja Commander of Tidore was driven to great streights because no Relief came from Malaca Ferdinand Ortis de Tavora designed thither having been stopped by the coming of the King of Achem upon that City He understood by Santiago de Vera Governour of the Philippine Islands that King Philip was Proclaimed in Portugal and therefore
Count de Linarez with 9 Sail two lost 1629 165. D. George de Almeyda with 2 Sail one lost 1630 166. Antony de Saldana with 2 Ships both put back by Weather Fr. Vas de Almada with 2 Sail. 1631 167. Ios. Pinto Pereyra with 7 Sail. 1632 168. Antony de Saldana with 5 Sail. 1633 169. Hier. de Saldana with 3 Sail. 1634 170. Peter de Silva with 2 Sail one lost Gonzalo de Barros Silva with two 1635 171. Iohn de Melo with 2 Sail. 1636 172. Iohn Suarez Vivas with 2 Sail. 1637 173. I. de Sequeyra Varejam with 4 Sail. 1638 These are all the Ships there is any account of that sailed from Lisbon to discover and after for India since the Year 1412 when Prince Henry first attempted finding the way to India by Sea The Viceroy and Governors of India from the first Discovery till the Year 1640. 1. DON Francis de Almeyda first Viceroy and Governor Year 1505 2. Alfonso de Albuquerque second Governor 1509 3. Lope Soarez de Albergaria third Governor 1515 4. Iames Lopez de Sequeyra 4th Governor 1518 5. D. Duarte de Meneses 5th Governor 1522 6. D. Vasco de Gama Count de Vidigueyra 2d Viceroy and 6th Governor 1524 7. D. Henry de Meneses 7th Governor 1527 8. Peter Mascarennas 8th Governor 1529 9. Lope Vaz de Sampayo 9th Governor 1529 10. Nuno de Cunna 10th Governor 1529 11. D. Garcia de Noronna 3d Viceroy and 11th Governor 1538 12. D. Stephen de Gama 12th Governor 1540 13. Martin Alfonso de Sousa 13th Governor 1542 14. D. Iohn de Castro 4th Viceroy and 14th Governor 1543 15. Garcia de Sa 15th Governor 1549 16. George Cabral 16th Governor 154â—… 17. D. Alonso de Noronna 5th Viceroy and 17th Governor 1550 18. D. Peter Mascarennas 6th Viceroy and 18th Governor Year 1554 19. Francis Barreto 19 Governor 1555 20. D. Constantin de Bragança 7th Viceroy and 20th Governor 1558 21. D. Francis Coutinno Count de Redondo 8th Viceroy and 21th Governor 1561 22. Iohn de Mendoça 22 Governor 1564 23. D. Antony de Noronna 9th Viceroy and 23d Governor 1564 24. D. Luis de Ataide 10th Viceroy and 24th Governor 1567 25. D. Antony de Noronna 11th Viceroy and 25th Governor 1571 26. Antony Monez Barreto 26 Gov. 1573 27. D. Laurence de Tavora 12th Viceroy and 27th Governor 1576 28. D. Iames de Meneses 28 Gover. 1576 29. D. Luis de Ataide Count de Atouguia the second time 13 Vicer and 29 Gov. 1578 30. Ferdinand Tellez de Meneses 30th Governor 1581 31. D. Francis Mascarennas Count de Santa Cruz 14 Viceroy and 31 Governor 1581 32. D. Duarte de Meneses 15th Viceroy and 32th Governor 1584 33. Emanuel de Sousa Coutinno 33 Gov. 1588 34. Mathias de Albuquerque 16th Viceroy and 34th Governor 1691 35. D. Francis de Gama Count de Vidigueyra 17th Viceroy and 35th Governor 1597 36. Ayres de Saldanna 18th Viceroy and 36 Governor 1600 37. Martin Alfonso de Castro 19th Viceroy and 37th Governor 1604 38. D. F. Alexius de Meneses Archbishop of Goa 38th Governor 1607 39. D. Iohn Pereyra Count de Feyra 20th Viceroy and 39th Governor 1608 40. Andrew Furtado de Mendoça 40th Governor 1609 41. Ruy Lorenco de Tavora 21th Viceroy and 41st Governor 1609 42. D. Hierome de Azevedo 22th Viceroy and 42th Governor 1613 43. D. Iohn Coutinno Count de Redondo 23th Viceroy and 33th Governor 1617 44. Ferdinand de Albuquerque 44 Gov. 1619 45. D. Alfonso de Noronna 24th Viceroy and 45th Governor 1621 46. D. Francis de Gama Count de Vidigueyra the 2d time 25 Viceroy 46 Governor 1622 47. D. Luis de Brito Bishop of Cochim 47th Governor 1628 48. D. Francis Mascarennas 26 Viceroy 48 Governor 1628 49. Nunno Alvarez Botello 49 Gov. 1628 50 D. Michael de Noronna Count de Linnares 27 Viceroy 50 Governor 1629 51. Peter de Silva 28th Viceroy 51th Governor 1635 52. Antony Tellez de Silva 52 Gov. 1639 53. Iohn de Silva Tello 29 Viceroy 53 Governor 1640 Books in Print and Manuscripts out of which the Portugues Asia was Collected BOOKS in Print 1. EIght Volumes of the Affairs of India by Ferdinand Lopez de Castanneda who went into India only to examine into he Truth of what he writ His Stile nor Geography are not commendable but he has many curious though tedious Remarks It has been translated into French and Italian and I suppose some other Languages 2. Four Decades of the great Iohn de Barros who though posterior to Castanneda as to time is preferable to all for Judgment and is particularly esteemed for his Geography 3. Four other Decades of Iames de Couto Historiographer of India from the 4th to the 7th for he began at the 4th for then that of Iohn de Barros was not publick 4. Commentaries of the Actions of the great Alfonso de Albuquerque writ by his Son of the same Name 5. Antony Pinto Pereyra his Chronicle of D Luis de Atayde the famous Viceroy and Supporter of India writ in the Days of King Sebastian 6. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto his Indian History writ at the same time as the last Many make a doubt of Truth of what he writes and as many who have travelled those Parts affirm he might with truth have writ much more no less incredible to our apprehension I look upon him as a very true Historian for many Reasons Yet supposing he is not it is in things wholly omitted by me 7. The Bishop D. Hierome Osorio wrote the History of India in Latin which beyond dispute is the best Work of that Nature next to Titus Livius As to his Latin all Men grant him to be the best Ciaeronian His method is singular his Judgment piercing his Reflections sharp his Ornament majestick In fine he is accomplished in all Points 8. Mafeus is well known and very pleasant he did little but Epitomizing the Decades of Iohn de Barros as to the Substance of the History 9. F. Antony de S. Roman did little more than Translate Mafeus but not with Elegancy equal to him the Translation there is of him in Italian is better 10. Iohn de Lucena a Jesuit in the Life of S. Francis Xaverius brings in many Particulars of the Indian History He sticks not to the Rules of History but in his way of Writing deserves esteem for his Judgment Elegancy and way of Reasoning 11. Antony Galvam who was Commander of Ternate writ much concerning India and particularly of the Affairs of those Islands which has not been Printed or is extant at least it has not come to my Hands I only saw the Books he calls of Discoveries which is only short hints of things 12. Dr. Garcia Dorta of the Drugs and Medicinal Plants of Asia 13. A Collection of several small Books by several Authors giving an Account of many Shipwrecks that happen'd whereof we make mention in their Places 14. Several Relations particularly of the Jesuits 15. My own Book of
the Empire of China collected from the Memories and Observations of F. Alvaro Semedo of the Society of Jesus 16. Bartholomew de Argensola of the Molucoes who in many Particulars errs as much as F. Urreta 17. Manuel Xaverius a Jesuit of the Victories obtained by Nunno Alvarez Botello 18. Two Poems of Hierome de Cortereal 19. Francis Alvarez a Priest of the Affairs of Abassia 20. F. Iohn de los Santos a Dominican of the Affairs of Ethiopia 21. F. Luis de Urreta MANUSCRIPTS 1. ONE Volume of the Portugues Voyages found among the Papers of the Bishop D. Hierome Osorio Emanuel Fernandez Villareal helped me to the sight of it and from me it went to D. Hierome Mascarennas of the Council of Orders in Castile 2. Five Decades of Iames de Couto Historiographer of India from the 8th to the 12th the last but half compleat 3. The History of the Actions of D. Paul de Lima a great Man in India by the same Couto 4. The 13th Decade of Antony Bocarro Historiographer of India yet not divided into 10 Books as the Title implies 5. Military Affairs of India a Book of great Learning written by Francis Rodriguez Silveyra who served there some Years and gained Reputation 6. The Spiritual Conquest in Asia by F. Paul of the Trinity a Franciscan in the Year 1630. I saw it upon occasion of its being designed to be Printed at Madrid in the Year 1638 when the Ordinary sent it to me for my approbation It is a good Work and treats of what relates to that Order 7. A Translation of that which among the Malabars is held in the same Account as the Bible among us It treats of their Gods and Ceremonies it is strange and resembles Ovid's Metamorphoses The Heads of it are in the 4th Part of the 2d Tome of my Asia 8. One Volume of several Relations of the Affairs of Asia and of some Shipwrecks A Relation of the Government of the Viceroy the Count de Linnares given by his Order to a Spaniard who promised to write his Actions Another of the same by Captain Dominick de Toraly Valdez who served under him in India 9. A Copy of several other Relations communicated to me by Emanuel de Severim as also the Book of the Malabars that of the military Affairs and that of Bocarro above mentioned 10. Loose Papers and annual Letters of the Jesuits imparted to me by F. Alvaro Semmedo of the same Order out of which I afterwards collected the History intituled The Empire of China 11. The Chronicles of King Alfonso the 5th and the Earl D. Duarte de Meneses Commander in Africk by Gomez Yanez de Azurara Historiographer to King Alfonso the 5th 12. One Volume of divers Relations of Occurrences in Africk during the Reigns of King Iohn II. Emanuel Iohn III. and Sebastian 13. A Description of Ethiopia by F. Emanuel Barradas a Jesuit who having seen the Country himself truly and zealously discovers the many and remarkable Errors set down in his Ethiopia by the Learned and Elegant F. Luis de Urreta Emanuel Severim de Faria imparted it to me Besides the Books above mentioned there is much relating to Asia in the Chronicles of King Iohn II. King Emanuel King Iohn III. and King Sebastian as well in those which are still in Manuscripts as those Printed FINIS 1412. 1415. 1418. 1419. 1434. 1435. 1440. 1442. 1443. 1444. 1445. 1446. 1447. 1448. 1448. 1449. 1460. 1471. 1484. 1489. 1490. 1491. 1493. 1497. 1498. 1502. 1506. 1507. 1508. 1512. 1514. 1564 1567. 1569. 1570. 1573 1575. 1575. 1577. 1538. 1539. 1564. 1544. 1545. 1545. 1547. 1549. 1553. 1554. 1556. 1557. 1558. 1560. 1561. 1561. 1563. 1564. 1515. 1516. 1517. 1518. 1519. 1520. 1521. 1522. 1526. 1527. 1529. 3530. 1531. 1532. 1534. 1538. 1594. 1595. 1596. 1617. 1617. 1624. 1629. 1632. 1632. 1639. 1640.
to punish her Husbands guilt by seeing her return into slavery This Proceeding was no ways justifiable and Pirbec to shew he did not again receive what he had once given ordered them to be left upon the Shoar 4. The Governour informed of the danger that threatned Ormuz but not of its deliverance with great diligence fitted a Fleet to go in Person to relieve it All Ranks vied in aiding him towards this Work at such time as six Ships arrived from Portugal it being the beginning of September He sailed as far as Diu and hearing Ormuz was out of danger returned to Goa At this time D. Duarte Deça sailed for Ceylon to succeed D. Iohn Enriquez deceased with him went St. Francis Xaverius carried by the desire of making a Spiritual Conquest 5. A bold Turk by Consent of Zamori scoured the Seas with fifteen large Vessels well Manned He fell upon Punicale where Emanuel Rodriguez Commanded with seventy Portugueses The Fight was sharp till Antony Franco taking the Enemies Colours they fled The Turk enraged sent again Fifteen hundred who put all our Men to flight except the Captain and seventeen and these made a desperate resistance but at last were obliged to quit the Town and fly to Bisme Naique a Subject of Canarà who made them all Slaves The Turk after plundering the Town returned to his Ships Victorious The News being brought to Cocâ—…im stirred up a general desire of Revenge Whilst things were debating Giles Fernandez de Carvallo offered himself to go and bear all the Charge desiring only Shipping All was provided with great diligence and he set out in search of the Enemy but by ill Luck Lawrence Coello fell into their hands and was slain with all his Men having fought bravely Carvallo being no way able to come to his Relief by reason of the contrary Wind. 6. On the 15th of August he fell upon the Turks with great Fury and was received with no less Courage The Fight lasted some hours with much bravery all the Enemies Ships were boarded and taken but much shattered many killed in them and others swimming to the Shoar Then Giles Fernandez went to ransom the Prisoners and restored Emanuel Rodriguez not only his Liberty but also Goods of great value the Turk had taken from him at Punicale 7. At this time the two Brothers D. Alvaro de Ataide and D. Pedro de Silva at Malaca were at Variance about that Command the former was most to blame endeavouring to Remove the other before his time Iames de Melo Coutino and D. Duarte Deça acted worse in Ceylon for after the Example of the Vice-Roy having taken Mony of that Prince to assist him with each fifty Men against his Enemy the King of Ceytavaca the first after demanding more Mony sent but Twenty the other after receiving his sent none and because he refused more increased the Feud he ought without any Bribe to appease Melo had secured that Princes Father by D. Alfonso his Order upon pretence of Suspition in reality because he owed him 12000 Ducats of 100000 he promised on account of being succoured Deça instead of mending this Fault made it worse keeping the Old Man with more rigour and much more when he heard he was converted to the Faith which might hinder his wicked Designs A wicked practice of many Portugueses who hindred the Conversion of many Souls because it was an obstacle to filling their Purses The Prisoners Wife bribing the Guards got him out and set him at the Head of a Body of Men she had in readiness to revenge this Outrage He began to act successfully till his Son appeased him This year departed this Life St. Francis Xaverius and the next was brought to Goa with great solemnity 8. At Constantinople Pirbec's Head was cut off for going beyond the Commission he received from the Turk notwithstanding he made him a Present of all the Riches he carried At the same time Moradobec set out by that Prince's Order with fifteen Galleys to prevent the harm the Portugueses might do in revenge for what they had received Moradobec was the Captain that lost Catifa and desired to recover his Reputation On the Coast of Persia D. Iames de Noronha met him with his Fleet. They saluted one another with showers of Bullets and Arrows In the height of the Engagement the Wind calming left our Galleons without motion That of Gonzalo Pereyra Marramaque was far distant from the rest The Turk laying hold of this opportunity besets him with his Galleys tears all his Rigging and pierces him in a thousand places However Pereyra stood firm and did much Execution among the Enemies but receives more harm for almost all that was above Water of the Galleon was torn in pieces The Gentlemen Souldiers and Seamen fought with incredible Courage and appeared wherever there was occasion though weakned with several Wounds 9. The Captain was always where the greatest danger threatned and the Turks never durst board him Our Admiral raved that he could not relieve and share with him in that Honour and after making his Vows to Heaven without being heard even railed at Providence stamped and tore his Beard for madness He sent some Boats but they could not reach the Galleon because the Galleys compassed it round Towards Night the Wind began to freshen and the Admiral to move The Turk not daring expect him retired The Admiral came up to the Galleon admired the Bravery but scarce knew the Men they were so disguised with Wounds Blood and the Smoot of the Powder He embraced every one and bestowed due Praises on them 10. Pereyra his Galleon and Men were not in a condition to proceed so they were sent to Ormuz with some Barques The Admiral pursued the Galleys which kept close in with the Shoar Our light Vessels forced a Ship that had been taken by Pirbec to run aground the Men leaped Over-board to save themselves and were killed The Ship was taken and brought off and our Admiral returned to Ormuz having in vain endeavoured to overtake Moradobec who run up the Euphrates where there was not Water for our Galleons At this time arrived in Goa only one Ship from Portugal four set out thence one of them was forced back the other two came later In the first Ship went our admirable Poet Luis Camoens to try if he could advance his Fortune by the Sword which had been so little favourable by the Pen. 11. Now comes the King of Cota's Revenge as was promised before for those Wrongs done him by the Portugueses One of the Orders Fernandalvarez Cabral Captain of the Ship newly come from Portugal carried was That all that had been exacted from that King should be restored Which though slowly was executed Another That Bernardin de Sousa should be Imprisoned for what he had done at the Maluco's He was Imprisoned but not long And another That the Vice-Roy should no way employ D. James de Almeyda Commander of Diu for that the King had
struck him out of his Books never to â—…e received into Service This also was put in execution Almeyda's Crime was That he had seemed to undervalue the Kings Favour refusing some Grace offered him The Vice-Roy was concerned that the differences between the Kings of Pimienta and Cochiâ—… grew daily greater Towards the End of November the Vice-Roy sailed with a good Fleet to assist the latter who was our Friend He was met at Sea by D. Iames de Noronha and his Fleet with whom came Gonçalo Pereyra Marramaque who was received with much Joy for his great Bravery in the late Action with the Turks It was agreed after some Consultation to land in the Islands called Alagada's belonging to the King of Pimienta The Natives in crowds opposed our Men landing with showers of Arrows but the Cannon made way After a vigorous Resistance all was destroyed with Fire and Sword only one Man was lost on our side 12. Gomes de Silva was left to prosecute the War which he did so successfully that the King sued for Peace which was concluded to our advantage and he was satisfied with the restitution of the Islands his Wife and the People taken in them The Vice-Roy dispatched the Ships for Portugal That of Ferdinand Alvarez Cabral was Cast-away at Aguada de S. Blas some of the Men got ashoar in Boats After a tedious Journey by Land Cabral and D. Alvaro de Noronha with his Family were drowned in a River The Vice-Roy sent his Son D. Ferdinand with a good Fleet to the Red-Sea He attempted to gain the Fort of Dofar but was repulsed with loss of seven or eight Men so he returned without any effect 14. At Diu arose New Troubles on account of the death of the King Sultan Manaud He was bred with Poison like Mithridates that none might hurt him When his Women were near their time he opened them to take out the Children He was one day hunting a Deer with some of them and falling off from his Horse hung by the Stirrup the Horse dragged him and one of the Women running cut the Girts with a Cimiter in requital he killed her saying A Woman of such courage had enough to kill him A Page in whom he had great confidence murdered him for Tyrants always dye by the hands of those they trust A Child accounted his Son succeeded him The Nobility offended at the Insolence of Madre Maluco who with the Title of Governour managed the Affairs of the Crown rebelled in several parts One of these was Abixcan at Diu who suffering his Men to Affront ours obliged D. Iames de Almeyda to enter the City with Five hundred Men killing a great number and plundering their Houses Abixcan though late saw his Error and came to Composition and was afterwards more submissive than had been at first desired of him 14. D. Iames de Noronha succeeded Almeyda in that Post in pursuance of the Kings Order before-mentioned The Moors forgetting their Fault and the Punishment they had incurred relapsed again Noronha with Six hundred Men so refreshed their Memories that they abandoned the City Cide Elal who Commanded in the Castle that was in the City offered to defend himself but seeing our Men begin to scale it submitted to march away without Arms. The Castle was demolished Scarce was it done when Abixcan appeared with Four hundred Men. Ferdinand de Castanoso advanced to meet him with One hundred and twenty but Three hundred of the Enemies Horse obliged him to retire in such disorder that on a sudden he found he had but seventeen Men left He posted himself where the Horse could not come and the Three hundred Enemies dismounting beset the 18 who back to back defended themselves till they were all killed their Hearts cut out and carried to the General 15. D. Iames de Norona marched on with the rest of the Men ignorant of what had happened but so impatient to engage with Abixcan that he could no way be dissuaded from pressing forward Meeting the Three hundred Horse he fell on furiously and put them to flight but Abixcan coming on with his Cannon D. Iames was forced to retire rather losing than gaining Reputation in this Action Common Conveniency brought them to an Accommodation Noronha this day lost by his Rashness what he often deserved for his Valour for the Factor endeavouring to stop his fury and saying to him He ought to consider the King's Fort would be lost He Answered in a Passion No matter when I am gone all is gone This saying was remembred when he was in election to be Vice-Roy of India and deprived him of that Post because it was thought so great a Trust could not with safety be reposed upon so rash a Man 16. The Great Turk hearing Miradobec was come off worse than the Unfortunate Pirbec and Alechelubij making great boast of what he would do gave him the Command of fifteen Galleys D. Ferdinand who was come out of the Red-Sea went after them On the 25th of August he had sight of them near Mascate Alechelubij not daring to give Battle endeavoured to get off with all his Galleys but six of them could not escape being taken by our Caravels 17. D. Ferdinand put into Mascate refitted the Galleys bought the Slaves and appointed them Captains Alechelubij pursued by some of our Vessels was drove into Suratt with seven of his nine Galleys and there shut up by D. Hierome de Castellobranco Nuno de Castro and D. Emanuel Mascarenhas The other two were pursued by D. Ferdinand de Monroy and Antony Valadares till they were beaten to pieces on the Coast of Damam and Daru 18. But because one is coming to succeed our Vice-Roy let us say somewhat of him He was modest easie and not active which was the Cause his Government answered not expectation As to his Person he was of a middle Stature a graceful Countenance and agreeable Behaviour his Complexion swarthy his Hair black In the number of Vice-Roys he was the 5th in that of Governours the 17th and held it four years the second of the Name and Sirname CHAP. XI The Government of the Vice-Roy D. Peter de Mascarenhas from the Year 1554 till 1555 King JOHN the Third still Reigning 1. DOn Peter de Mascarenhas was of one of the best Families of Portugal and had born the most considerable Offices in the Kingdom and was 70 years of Age when named Vice-Roy of India He set out of Lisbon with six Ships one of them was drove back and that in which he went as soon as he Landed at Goa sunk downright In these Ships were Two thousand Land-men The first thing the Vice-Roy did he appointed his Nephew Ferdinand Martinez Admiral to the great dissatisfaction of all Men. Martinez had 32 Sail given him and Orders to bring to Goa the 7 Turkish Galleys that were blocked up at Suratt Cáraçen Commander of that place would not permit it and gave good sufficient Reasons for his refusing so by