decision_n than_o philosopher_n to_o continue_v in_o the_o error_n of_o their_o youth_n but_o yet_o when_o the_o argument_n pro_fw-la and_o contra_fw-la weigh_v equal_o and_o reason_n seem_v puzzle_v where_o to_o incline_v the_o authority_n even_o of_o our_o former_a decision_n shall_v cast_v the_o balance_n especial_o where_o the_o same_o reason_n then_o urge_v be_v there_o press_v and_o in_o the_o interpretation_n of_o law_n of_o which_o decision_n be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n if_o a_o whole_a tract_n of_o decision_n can_v be_v produce_v it_o will_v infallible_o bind_v wherein_o craig_n diag_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la quo_fw-la utimur_fw-la agree_v with_o callistrotus_fw-la l._n 38._o de_fw-la leg_n in_o ambiguitatibus_fw-la quae_fw-la ex_fw-la legibus_fw-la profisciscuntur_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la aut_fw-la rerum_fw-la perpetuo_fw-la judicatarum_fw-la auctoritatem_fw-la vim_o legis_fw-la obtinere_fw-la where_o these_o decision_n have_v proceed_v upon_o a_o debate_n by_o which_o the_o 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ordain_v to_o be_v forefault_v for_o the_o crime_n of_o treason_n commit_v by_o the_o father_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o forefaultor_n in_o absence_n be_v allow_v by_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n in_o anno_fw-la 1669._o because_o that_o be_v conform_v to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o falsehood_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v punish_v according_a to_o the_o civil_a and_o canon_n law_n act_n 22._o par._n 5._o q._n m._n and_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v our_o rule_n where_o our_o own_o statute_n and_o custom_n be_v silent_a or_o deficient_a be_v clear_a from_o our_o own_o lawyer_n as_o skeen_n annot._n ad_fw-la l._n 1._o r._n m._n c._n 7._o ver_fw-la 2._o and_o by_o craig_n l._n 1._o diog_n 2._o as_o also_o from_o our_o own_o historian_n lesly_n l._n 1._o cap._n leg_n scotor_n boet._n l._n 5._o hist_o camer_n de_fw-fr scot._n doctr._n l._n 2._o cap._n 4._o and_o the_o same_o be_v record_v of_o we_o by_o the_o historian_n and_o lawyer_n of_o other_o nation_n as_o forcat_n lib._n 1._o hist._n angl._n petr._n diamitis_fw-la geograph_n europe_n do_fw-mi d._n escosse_n and_o duck_v the_o auth_v jur_fw-fr civ_o lib._n 2._o cap._n 10._o and_o though_o the_o roman_n have_v some_o custom_n or_o form_n peculiar_a to_o the_o genius_n of_o their_o own_o nation_n yet_o their_o law_n in_o criminal_a case_n be_v of_o universal_a use_n for_o crymes_n be_v the_o same_o almost_o every_o where_o as_o boet._n well_o observe_v leges_fw-la romanas_fw-la à _fw-la justiniano_n collectas_fw-la tanta_fw-la ratione_fw-la &_o sermonis_fw-la venustate_fw-la esse_fw-la ut_fw-la nulla_fw-la sit_fw-la natio_fw-la tam_fw-la fera_fw-fr vel_fw-la ab_fw-la humanitate_fw-la abhorrens_fw-la quae_fw-la eas_fw-la non_fw-la fuerit_fw-la admirata_fw-la and_o k._n ja._n 5._o be_v so_o fond_a of_o the_o civil_a law_n as_o boet._n observe_v lib._n 17._o that_o he_o make_v a_o act_n ordain_v that_o no_o man_n shall_v succeed_v to_o a_o great_a estate_n in_o scotland_n who_o do_v not_o understand_v the_o civil_a law_n and_o erect_v two_o profession_n of_o it_o one_o at_o saint_n andrews_n and_o another_o at_o aberdeen_n and_o when_o james_n the_o 2._o do_v by_o the_o 48_o act_n of_o his_o 3._o parliament_n ordain_v that_o his_o subject_n shall_v be_v govern_v by_o no_o foreign_a law_n he_o design_v not_o to_o debar_v the_o respect_n due_a to_o the_o roman_a law_n but_o to_o obviate_v the_o vain_a pretence_n of_o the_o pope_n who_o canon_n and_o concession_n be_v obtrude_v upon_o the_o people_n as_o law_n by_o the_o church_n man_n of_o these_o time_n the_o four_o branch_n of_o our_o criminal_a law_n be_v the_o book_n of_o reg._n maj_n which_o be_v in_o criminalibus_fw-la look_v upon_o as_o authentic_a thus_o the_o thief_n must_v be_v punish_v before_o the_o recepter_fw-la and_o assyser_n must_v be_v pares_fw-la curiae_fw-la etc._n etc._n for_o which_o and_o many_o other_o maxim_n there_o be_v no_o warrant_n beside_o what_o be_v contain_v in_o these_o book_n of_o reg_n majest_n but_o why_o shall_v this_o be_v doubt_v see_v they_o be_v cite_v as_o such_o act_n 47._o parl._n 6._o ja._n 3._o where_o it_o be_v say_v that_o wilful_a and_o ignorant_a assyser_n shall_v be_v punish_v after_o the_o form_n of_o the_o king_n law_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o majesty_n and_o by_o the_o 98._o act_n 14._o p._n l._n 3._o transgression_n of_o that_o act_n be_v to_o be_v punish_v conform_v to_o the_o king_n law_n and_o of_o regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la likeas_fw-la by_o the_o 54._o p._n 3._o i._o 1._o a_o committee_n of_o parliament_n be_v ordain_v to_o meet_v and_o examine_v the_o book_n of_o the_o law_n that_o be_v to_o say_v regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la and_o quoniam_fw-la atta_fw-la chiamenta_fw-la which_o be_v repeat_v 115._o act._n 14._o p._n i._n 3._o and_o albeit_o they_o contain_v many_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o in_o use_n with_o we_o yet_o they_o have_v be_v in_o use_n and_o this_o objection_n will_v conclude_v the_o act_n of_o parliament_n not_o to_o be_v our_o law_n it_o be_v then_o my_o opinion_n that_o k._n ja._n the_o 1._o have_v bring_v down_o some_o of_o these_o collection_n from_o england_n with_o he_o nor_o find_v i_o these_o book_n cite_v before_o this_o time_n it_o be_v doubt_v whether_o the_o secret_a council_n can_v by_o any_o act_n or_o proclamation_n either_o introduce_v a_o crime_n which_o can_v infer_v tinsel_n of_o life_n or_o escheat_n for_o the_o parliament_n can_v only_o dispose_v upon_o our_o life_n and_o fortune_n and_o it_o be_v the_o representative_a of_o the_o nation_n every_o man_n be_v in_o law_n say_v to_o have_v consent_v to_o what_o the_o parliament_n do_v i_o find_v craig_n to_o have_v be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o act_n of_o secret_a council_n can_v infer_v a_o crime_n pag._n 38._o nor_o can_v the_o council_n by_o their_o act_n warrant_v any_o to_o do_v what_o will_v be_v otherwise_o a_o crime_n for_o ejus_fw-la est_fw-la nolle_fw-la cujus_fw-la est_fw-la velle_fw-la and_o none_o can_v take_v away_o a_o crime_n but_o such_o as_o can_v introduce_v a_o crime_n and_o therefore_o m_n r._n archb_n beath_n be_v pursue_v for_o kill_v some_o man_n he_o allege_v that_o these_o man_n be_v bring_v meal_n from_o ireland_n and_o that_o by_o act_n of_o council_n it_o be_v lawful_a to_o sink_v or_o kill_v such_o as_o contraveen_v the_o act._n to_o which_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n do_v reply_v that_o the_o act_n of_o secret_a council_n can_v not_o warrant_v the_o kill_n of_o a_o free_a liege_n and_o the_o commit_n of_o murder_n which_o reply_n be_v find_v relevant_a but_o since_o the_o council_n be_v to_o secure_v the_o peace_n and_o that_o many_o accident_n may_v emerge_n wherein_o the_o public_a peace_n can_v be_v preserve_v without_o this_o power_n it_o be_v hard_a to_o limit_v they_o too_o much_o iv._o whether_o dolus_fw-la or_o a_o wicked_a design_n be_v requisite_a in_o all_o crime_n be_v large_o treat_v of_o by_o the_o doctor_n and_o be_v most_o full_o debate_v in_o the_o process_n of_o ochiltrie_a balmerino_n and_o the_o marquis_n of_o argyle_n and_o by_o the_o text_n §_o placuit_fw-la just_a de_fw-fr furt_n l._n 3._o ff_n de_fw-fr injur_fw-fr l._n pen._n ff_n ad_fw-la leg._n jul_a de_fw-fr adult_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o wickedness_n of_o the_o design_n make_v only_o a_o action_n criminal_a but_o in_o my_o judgement_n this_o inquiry_n may_v be_v resolve_v in_o these_o conclusion_n 1._o that_o see_v man_n can_v only_o offend_v in_o what_o be_v voluntar_n to_o he_o it_o must_v follow_v that_o the_o will_n be_v the_o only_a fountain_n of_o wickedness_n and_o consequent_o it_o be_v at_o first_o the_o design_n of_o lawgiver_n only_o to_o punish_v such_o act_n as_o be_v design_o malicious_a 2._o because_o design_n be_v a_o private_a and_o conceal_v act_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o escape_v the_o severe_a probation_n therefore_o in_o some_o case_n this_o dolus_fw-la be_v allow_v by_o law_n to_o be_v infer_v from_o conjecture_n and_o presumption_n where_o the_o act_n be_v
a_o subvassal_n by_o a_o subvassal_n and_o a_o burges_n by_o a_o burges_n but_o a_o low_a person_n may_v be_v judge_v by_o a_o high_a and_o by_o the_o chap._n 2._o stat._n alex._n 2._o a_o knight_n shall_v be_v judge_v by_o knight_n or_o free_a holder_n but_o by_o a_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la 1._o june_n 1591._o the_o lord_n of_o session_n declare_v all_o such_o as_o be_v land_v man_n sufficient_a to_o pass_v upon_o assize_n of_o error_n though_o the_o old_a law_n require_v noble_a man_n and_o gentleman_n only_o in_o such_o case_n and_o albeit_o of_o old_a it_o be_v uncontraverted_o receive_v that_o none_o shall_v pass_v upon_o the_o assize_n of_o nobleman_n except_o nobleman_n nor_o upon_o the_o assize_n of_o baron_n except_o baron_n yet_o of_o late_o it_o have_v be_v much_o debate_v and_o especial_o in_o the_o case_n of_o douglasse_n of_o spot_n 9_o may_v 1667._o at_o which_o time_n he_o be_v accuse_v for_o kill_v home_o of_o ecles_n it_o be_v allege_v that_o spot_n be_v a_o baron_n and_o so_o can_v not_o be_v judge_v but_o by_o baron_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n conform_v to_o the_o citation_n above_o duced_z it_o be_v reply_v by_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n 1._o neither_o the_o book_n of_o quon_n attach_v or_o the_o statute_n of_o king_n alexander_n be_v bind_v law_n but_o only_a book_n of_o apocrypha_n 2._o though_o they_o be_v law_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o in_o viridi_fw-la observantia_fw-la see_v burgess_n and_o other_o be_v daily_o admit_v by_o the_o late_a practic_n to_o pass_v upon_o baron_n assize_n and_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o make_n of_o these_o law_n assizer_n be_v judge_n both_o to_o the_o relevancy_n and_o probation_n whereas_o now_o in_o effect_n they_o be_v but_o witness_n and_o therefore_o since_o the_o law_n repose_v much_o less_o confidence_n in_o they_o now_o then_o former_o it_o shall_v not_o now_o be_v so_o scrupulous_a in_o their_o election_n 3._o burgess_n be_v in_o parliament_n allow_v to_o sit_v upon_o the_o assize_n of_o and_o forefault_n nobleman_n and_o it_o be_v against_o reason_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o more_o solemn_a judicator_n and_o be_v reject_v in_o judicator_n where_o case_n of_o less_o importance_n be_v ordinary_o judge_v and_o in_o which_o the_o sentence_n pronounce_v may_v be_v easy_o repeal_v 4._o diet_n before_o the_o justice-court_n be_v always_o peremptor_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o diet_n behove_v very_o frequent_o to_o be_v desert_v if_o only_a nobleman_n be_v to_o be_v judge_v by_o nobleman_n baron_n by_o baron_n 5._o by_o the_o state_n of_o king_n alexander_n above_z cite_v it_o be_v only_o requisite_a that_o knight_n be_v judge_v by_o knight_n but_o it_o be_v not_o add_v there_o that_o baron_n shall_v be_v judge_v by_o baron_n which_o show_v that_o that_o privilege_n be_v not_o allow_v to_o they_o even_o in_o those_o day_n and_o last_o see_v all_o man_n life_n be_v of_o extraordinary_a concernment_n it_o be_v not_o reasonable_a to_o think_v that_o he_o who_o can_v be_v judge_n of_o any_o man_n life_n may_v not_o be_v judge_n of_o the_o life_n of_o all_o man_n to_o which_o it_o be_v duply_v as_o to_o the_o first_o that_o debate_n be_v oppone_v whereby_o it_o be_v evince_v in_o the_o title_n by_o what_o law_n crime_n be_v judge_v in_o scotland_n and_o the_o book_n of_o quon_n attach_v and_o reg._n majes_n be_v our_o law_n and_o the_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la abovecited_a dispence_v with_o that_o privilege_n in_o some_o case_n do_v demonstrat_fw-la that_o regular_o this_o privilege_n take_v place_n with_o we_o likeas_n skeen_n in_o his_o treatise_n concern_v the_o procedure_n before_o the_o justice_n general_n cap._n 4._o sect_n 3._o cite_v these_o law_n as_o bind_v and_o give_v for_o a_o rule_n that_o no_o man_n can_v be_v judge_v in_o that_o court_n but_o by_o his_o peer_n to_o the_o second_o it_o be_v duply_v that_o this_o be_v a_o declinatur_fw-la and_o be_v arbitrary_a for_o party_n to_o plead_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o it_o can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v antiquate_v unless_o it_o have_v be_v allege_v that_o it_o have_v be_v plead_v and_o repel_v but_o as_o this_o citation_n out_o of_o skeen_n who_o be_v but_o a_o late_a author_n do_v show_v the_o same_o to_o be_v in_o viridi_fw-la observantia_fw-la so_o nobleman_n have_v late_o have_v the_o same_o indulge_v to_o they_o as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o traquair_n and_o lord_n ochiltree_n which_o be_v allow_v to_o they_o upon_o the_o law_n here_o cite_v to_o the_o three_o found_v upon_o burgess_n sit_v upon_o forefaulter_n in_o parliament_n the_o same_o do_v not_o meet_v the_o case_n see_v the_o parliament_n may_z abrogat_fw-la law_n and_o so_o be_v not_o in_o their_o procedure_n tie_v to_o they_o and_o though_o burgess_n singly_o be_v not_o peer_n to_o nobleman_n yet_o the_o collective_a body_n of_o the_o parliament_n by_o which_o they_o be_v condemn_v be_v much_o more_o their_o peer_n to_o the_o four_o it_o be_v duply_v that_o inconvenience_n be_v only_o to_o be_v look_v to_o in_o the_o make_n of_o law_n but_o not_o after_o and_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o the_o other_o side_n be_v much_o more_o press_v it_o be_v very_o inconvenient_a that_o a_o assize_n of_o 15._o mean_a tradesman_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o try_v a_o duke_n or_o marquesse_n and_o it_o be_v a_o vast_a mistake_n to_o think_v that_o assize_n be_v only_a witness_n and_o not_o judge_n see_v they_o vote_v and_o their_o verdict_n be_v call_v a_o sentence_n and_o if_o art_n and_o part_n be_v libel_v the_o relevancy_n be_v in_o these_o case_n which_o use_v to_o be_v of_o all_o case_n most_o intricat_a simple_o refer_v to_o they_o without_o any_o debate_n to_o the_o five_o it_o be_v duply_v that_o the_o inference_n be_v mere_o conjectural_a but_o if_o the_o text_n be_v consider_v it_o will_v appear_v that_o by_o knight_n there_o be_v mean_v vassal_n or_o free_a holder_n for_o the_o latin_a translation_n render_v the_o word_n knight_n not_o eque_v but_o mile_n and_o it_o be_v say_v there_o that_o a_o knight_n shall_v be_v judge_v by_o knight_n or_o free_a holder_n so_o that_o the_o particle_n or_o be_v in_o that_o place_n exegetick_n and_o not_o disjunctive_a and_o to_o the_o last_o it_o be_v duply_v that_o all_o man_n life_n be_v not_o equal_o precious_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n for_o even_o by_o the_o roman_a law_n mean_a people_n be_v judge_v to_o die_v for_o many_o crime_n which_o be_v not_o capital_o to_o noble_a roman_n and_o though_o with_o we_o the_o punishment_n may_v be_v the_o same_o yet_o the_o way_n of_o procedure_v against_o nobleman_n be_v just_o allow_v to_o be_v more_o solemn_a upon_o which_o debate_n the_o justice_n ordain_v a_o new_a assize_n to_o be_v summond_v whereof_o the_o most_o part_n shall_v be_v baron_n and_o the_o remanent_fw-la land_v gentleman_n it_o be_v thereafter_o doubt_v whether_o a_o apparent_a heir_n of_o a_o baron_n have_v the_o same_o privilege_n so_o that_o none_o can_v pass_v upon_o his_o assize_n who_o be_v not_o baron_n or_o land_a man_n and_o it_o be_v allege_v that_o the_o apparent_a heir_n have_v this_o privilege_n and_o be_v a_o baron_n in_o the_o construction_n of_o law_n for_o his_o marriage_n or_o escheat_n will_v fall_v though_o not_o enter_v and_o as_o a_o baron_n though_o denude_v remain_v still_o a_o baron_n or_o a_o prelate_n though_o for_o age_n demit_v will_v be_v still_o a_o prelate_n so_o the_o apparent_a heir_n of_o a_o baron_n though_o not_o enter_v shall_v be_v still_o a_o baron_n as_o be_v find_v 23._o december_n 1674._o to_o which_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o a_o appearent_a heir_n be_v not_o nomen_fw-la juris_fw-la and_o privilege_n ought_v to_o be_v strict_o interpret_v and_o the_o appear_a air_n of_o a_o baron_n will_v not_o have_v a_o heir_n as_o be_v late_o find_v in_o sir_n allexander_n seaton_n case_n quem_fw-la sequitur_fw-la in_o comodum_fw-la etc._n etc._n whereas_o in_o law_n all_o baron_n may_v have_v heir_n nor_o do_v the_o instance_n adduce_v from_o the_o casualty_n of_o marriage_n or_o escheat_n militat_fw-la in_o this_o see_v these_o proceed_v ex_fw-la natura_fw-la feudi_fw-la non_fw-la ex_fw-la vi_fw-la privilegii_fw-la and_o be_v introduce_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o superior_a and_o not_o of_o the_o appearent_a heir_n upon_o which_o debate_n the_o justice_n 19_o of_o july_n 1675._o repel_v the_o objection_n against_o the_o assizer_n and_o find_v the_o privilege_a extend_v not_o to_o the_o appearent_a heir_n of_o baron_n mackintosh_n contra_fw-la frazer_n of_o culbokie_n not_o be_v this_o privilege_n extend_v to_o land_a man_n though_o infest_v if_o their_o land_n be_v not_o erect_v in_o a_o barony_n viii_o albeit_o it_o be_v ordinary_o receive_v that_o assiser_n may_v judge_v upon_o their_o proper_a
what_o consist_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o crime_n may_v be_v doubt_v and_o l._n 1._o reg._n maj._n c._n i._n a_o civil_a action_n be_v defyne_v to_o be_v that_o which_o concern_v land_n or_o good_n and_o a_o criminal_a action_n that_o which_o concern_v life_n or_o limb._n but_o skeen_n in_o his_o observation_n upon_o that_o place_n do_v confess_v all_o that_o to_o be_v a_o crime_n which_o concern_v the_o public_a good_a whether_o a_o corporal_a punishment_n or_o pecuniary_a mulct_n be_v crave_v but_o this_o be_v also_o too_o general_a especial_o since_o the_o law_n divide_v crymes_n in_o public_a and_o private_a crymes_n and_o therefore_o i_o offer_v these_o consideration_n 1._o all_o transgression_n of_o law_n be_v not_o criminal_a five_o g._n to_o make_v a_o disposition_n in_o defraud_n of_o creditor_n be_v not_o criminal_a though_o it_o be_v prohibit_v 2._o that_o be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v account_v a_o crime_n which_o bear_v express_o to_o be_v punishable_a by_o corporal_a punishment_n or_o pecunial_a mulct_n for_o in_o my_o lord_n renton_n case_n against_o hoom_n it_o be_v find_v that_o poind_v of_o ox_n in_o time_n of_o labour_v be_v criminal_a though_o it_o be_v not_o appoint_v by_o the_o act_n whereby_o it_o be_v prohibit_v to_o be_v punish_v by_o a_o definit_a punishment_n nor_o be_v it_o express_v to_o be_v a_o crime_n likea_n single_a adultery_n be_v punishable_a albeit_o it_o be_v not_o declare_v to_o be_v a_o crime_n by_o any_o express_a law_n with_o we_o 3._o that_o can_v only_o be_v think_v a_o crime_n which_o be_v commit_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n for_o poind_v of_o ox_n be_v no_o more_o such_o than_o make_v fraudulent_a disposition_n iii_o the_o true_a nature_n then_o of_o a_o crime_n may_v be_v comprehend_v under_o these_o general_a conclusion_n first_o that_o be_v a_o crime_n which_o be_v declare_v such_o by_o a_o express_a statute_n as_o murder_n treason_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o nothing_o be_v a_o crime_n which_o be_v not_o declare_v to_o be_v so_o by_o a_o statute_n for_o this_o will_v make_v subject_n inexcusable_a and_o prevent_v the_o arbitrariness_n of_o judge_n and_o i_o find_v by_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o criminalist_n nothing_o be_v to_o be_v account_v a_o crime_n or_o punish_v criminal_o but_o what_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o law_n under_o a_o express_a pain_n or_o punishment_n for_o they_o observe_v that_o as_o there_o can_v be_v no_o punishment_n inflict_v but_o where_o a_o delict_n be_v commit_v so_o there_o can_v be_v no_o delict_n but_o where_o the_o law_n have_v appoint_v a_o punishment_n cabal_n cas._n 1._o and_o this_o be_v clear_a l._n at_o si_fw-la quis_fw-la §_o divus_o ff_n de_fw-fr religios_fw-la &_o sumpt_n fun_n l._n haeres_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr usufr._n leg_n surd._n consil_n 301._o and_o yet_o lawyer_n assert_v that_o such_o as_o disobey_v and_o transgress_v any_o prohibit_v law_n may_v be_v punish_v arbitrar_o as_o contemner_n of_o the_o law_n suitable_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o their_o contempt_n though_o they_o can_v be_v punish_v criminal_o as_o guilty_a of_o a_o crime_n cabal_n ibid._n 2._o the_o transgress_v any_o municipal_a law_n which_o prohibit_v that_o which_o either_o the_o law_n of_o god_n or_o the_o civil_a law_n punish_v criminal_o by_o corporal_a punishment_n or_o a_o pecuniary_a mulct_n be_v a_o crime_n and_o thus_o the_o poynd_n ox_n in_o time_n of_o labour_v be_v declare_v a_o crime_n in_o the_o former_a decision_n because_o though_o it_o be_v prohibit_v by_o a_o express_a statute_n which_o do_v bear_v no_o punishment_n yet_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v punish_v according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n whereby_o it_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v a_o crime_n 3._o that_o be_v a_o crime_n whereby_o the_o public_a peace_n be_v immediate_o disquiet_v or_o whereby_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v violate_v thus_o incest_n and_o rapt_n be_v account_v crymes_n with_o we_o before_o they_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v such_o by_o a_o express_a law_n and_o bestiality_n and_o sodomy_n be_v crymes_n though_o yet_o we_o have_v no_o statute_n against_o they_o 4._o that_o be_v a_o crime_n which_o long_a custom_n have_v punish_v by_o corporal_a punishment_n or_o by_o a_o pecuniary_a mulct_n in_o the_o justice_n court_n as_o single_a and_o not_o manifest_a adultery_n from_o all_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o law_n of_o god_n be_v the_o first_o fountain_n of_o our_o criminal_a law_n and_o thus_o the_o lybel_n in_o single_a adultery_n be_v only_o found_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o in_o usury_n we_o lybel_n upon_o the_o municipal_a law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o god_n joint_o 2._o our_o statute_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v our_o proper_a law_n but_o even_o these_o may_v run_v in_o desuetude_n so_o far_o that_o they_o can_v be_v the_o foundation_n of_o a_o criminal_a pursuit_n for_o former_a transgression_n since_o the_o people_n who_o know_v not_o law_n so_o much_o by_o read_v the_o book_n of_o statute_n as_o by_o see_v the_o daily_a practice_n of_o the_o country_n shall_v not_o be_v ensnare_v by_o pursuit_n upon_o old_a bury_v law_n which_o scarce_o lawyer_n study_v or_o know_v nor_o can_v the_o people_n be_v think_v to_o have_v contemn_v what_o they_o can_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v know_v and_o our_o judicator_n by_o ordain_v such_o ancient_a law_n to_o be_v renew_v by_o proclamation_n do_v confess_v that_o before_o these_o proclamation_n these_o law_n be_v not_o bind_v for_o else_o the_o renew_v they_o have_v be_v unnecessar_n and_o if_o it_o be_v otherwise_o we_o have_v so_o many_o penal_a statute_n now_o in_o desuetude_n that_o the_o liege_n will_v be_v certain_o ruin_v by_o they_o and_o thus_o colonel_n borthwick_n have_v pursue_v the_o maltman_n criminal_o for_o contraveen_v the_o 92._o act._n 6._o parliament_n ja._n 4._o the_o council_n upon_o a_o supplication_n represent_v their_o ground_n sist_v that_o pursuit_n but_o desuetude_n must_v be_v universal_a ancient_a and_o notorious_a else_o the_o want_n of_o any_o of_o these_o three_o qualification_n will_v alter_v this_o conclusion_n and_o yet_o i_o think_v that_o desuetude_n can_v in_o futurum_fw-la abrogate_v a_o crime_n and_o enervate_a the_o law_n altogether_o since_o the_o parliament_n only_o can_v rescind_v their_o own_o law_n nor_o shall_v the_o people_n nay_o nor_o our_o judge_n be_v make_v legislator_n consuetudinis_fw-la ususque_fw-la longavi_fw-la non_fw-la vilis_fw-la est_fw-la auctoritas_fw-la verum_fw-la non_fw-la usque_fw-la adeo_fw-la svi_fw-la valitura_fw-la momento_n ut_fw-la aut_fw-la rationem_fw-la uincat_fw-la aut_fw-la legem_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n quae_fw-la sit_fw-la long_o consuet_n which_o shall_v rather_o hold_v in_o crime_n then_o in_o any_o other_o subject_n because_o it_o seem_v absurd_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a to_o the_o people_n to_o loose_v themselves_o from_o the_o law_n make_v against_o themselves_o and_o to_o gain_v impunity_n by_o frequent_a repetition_n of_o their_o fault_n or_o to_o be_v able_a to_o free_v themselves_o from_o punishment_n by_o contemn_v these_o law_n by_o which_o they_o be_v inflict_v the_o decision_n of_o our_o criminal_a court_n as_o of_o all_o our_o other_o do_v bind_v the_o same_o or_o succeed_a judge_n rather_o out_o of_o decency_n than_o necessity_n for_o nothing_o tie_v judge_n but_o law_n and_o none_o can_v make_v law_n but_o the_o parliament_n which_o be_v very_o suitable_a to_o l._n nemo_n c._n de_fw-fr send_v &_o inter_fw-la where_o justinian_n do_v express_o command_v ne_fw-la ullorum_fw-la judicum_fw-la sententiae_fw-la pro_fw-la jure_fw-la reputentur_fw-la the_o reason_n whereof_o give_v in_o that_o law_n be_v quod_fw-la non_fw-la exemplis_fw-la sed_fw-la legibus_fw-la est_fw-la judicandum_fw-la and_o the_o other_o reason_n l._n ult_n c._n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la quia_fw-la imperator_fw-la est_fw-la solus_fw-la legum_fw-la conditor_fw-la and_o if_o we_o consider_v how_o much_o circumstance_n influence_n particular_a case_n how_o judge_n may_v fail_v where_o party_n be_v name_v and_o that_o decision_n pass_v necessary_o upon_o less_o premeditation_n than_o be_v necessary_a to_o law_n it_o will_v be_v find_v reasonable_a not_o to_o trust_v decision_n too_o much_o likeas_n our_o judge_n do_v make_v express_a act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la as_o we_o call_v they_o when_o they_o resolve_v to_o regulat_fw-la future_a case_n which_o be_v unnecessar_n if_o all_o decision_n do_v of_o themselves_o bind_v nor_o do_v the_o decision_n of_o the_o very_a parliament_n of_o paris_n bind_v even_o the_o pronounter_n themselves_o for_o the_o future_a as_o conan_n observe_v lib._n 1._o c._n 15._o and_o so_o frail_a and_o fallible_a a_o thing_n be_v man_n judgement_n especial_o where_o vote_n be_v number_v and_o not_o weigh_v or_o where_o experience_n may_v discover_v the_o error_n which_o the_o sharp_a reason_n can_v not_o foresee_v that_o therefore_o judge_n shall_v no_o more_o be_v tie_v from_o alter_v their_o
sine_fw-la juramento_fw-la est_fw-la perjurii_fw-la reus_fw-la nor_o be_v a_o person_n depon_v for_o the_o information_n of_o the_o council_n oblige_v before_o a_o oath_n be_v administrat_fw-la to_o consider_v what_o she_o be_v depon_v as_o liable_a to_o the_o certification_n of_o perjury_n and_o if_o it_o be_v otherways_o there_o need_v no_o oath_n be_v administrat_fw-la so_o that_o before_o the_o administration_n of_o a_o oath_n the_o deponer_n be_v neither_o a_o witness_n nor_o swear_v can_v neither_o be_v guilty_a of_o perjury_n nor_o false_a witness_v much_o less_o can_v she_o be_v guilty_a of_o perjury_n in_o have_v depone_v false_o which_o be_v a_o complicate_v crime_n make_v up_o of_o perjury_n and_o falsehood_n 3._o she_o be_v but_o one_o single_a witness_n and_o so_o can_v not_o have_v prejudge_v by_o her_o testimony_n the_o person_n against_o who_o she_o depone_v &_o semper_fw-la perpendendum_fw-la est_fw-la damnum_fw-la quod_fw-la ex_fw-la perjurio_fw-la resultat_fw-la carpz_n quaest_n 46._o n._n 47._o likeas_n here_o she_o retract_v she_o own_o deposition_n herself_o before_o any_o pursuit_n be_v or_o can_v be_v intent_a against_o those_o gentleman_n and_o that_o she_o depone_v be_v the_o result_n of_o the_o confusion_n she_o be_v put_v in_o by_o her_o appearance_n before_o the_o council_n be_v a_o young_a girl_n not_o exceed_v 18._o so_o that_o her_o age_n and_o sex_n shall_v excuse_v she_o si_fw-la quis_fw-la calore_fw-la iracundiae_fw-la aut_fw-la forte_fw-fr lingua_fw-la lapsus_fw-la aut_fw-la praecipitatus_fw-la perjurium_fw-la commisit_fw-la ei_fw-la eo_fw-la casu_fw-la ignosci_fw-la debet_fw-la rens_n lib._n 3._o decis_fw-la 2._o and_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o natural_a or_o less_o dangerous_a then_o that_o a_o guilt_n arise_v from_o a_o deposition_n and_o mere_a word_n shall_v be_v take_v off_o in_o the_o same_o way_n especial_o before_o any_o person_n be_v thereby_o prejudge_v as_o in_o this_o case_n 4._o this_o libel_n can_v not_o be_v warrantable_o found_v upon_o the_o act_n of_o q._n m._n which_o punish_v only_a perjury_n commit_v in_o marry_v two_o wife_n but_o no_o other_o species_n of_o perjury_n to_o which_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o as_o to_o the_o first_o defence_n it_o be_v not_o relevant_a since_o she_o be_v cite_v before_o the_o council_n aught_o to_o have_v depone_v true_o even_o for_o inform_v the_o supreme_a judicatory_a of_o the_o nation_n who_o use_n and_o must_v examine_v woman_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n especial_o in_o such_o atrocious_a and_o occult_a crime_n as_o in_o the_o burn_a of_o the_o house_n of_o frendraught_n and_o though_o the_o defender_n may_v in_o some_o case_n cast_v a_o woman_n from_o be_v witness_n yet_o that_o excuse_n she_o not_o if_o she_o be_v examine_v to_o the_o 2._o lawyer_n be_v clear_a that_o a_o witness_n may_v depon_n without_o be_v swear_v for_o the_o swear_v they_o be_v not_o essential_a since_o the_o pursuer_fw-mi may_v remit_v it_o and_o yet_o the_o witness_n who_o depones_fw-la false_o even_o though_o not_o swear_v be_v a_o false_a witness_n bart._n in_o l._n si_fw-la quis_fw-la ff_n ad_fw-la l._n cornel._n the_o fall_v clar._n h._n t._n num_fw-la 11._o to_o the_o 3._o it_o be_v not_o relevant_a since_o she_o inform_v against_o these_o gentleman_n in_o a_o treasonable_a point_n and_o may_v have_v prejudge_v they_o nor_o do_v her_o retraction_n proceed_v from_o repentance_n but_o confrontation_n nor_o do_v she_o accidental_o only_a or_o by_o confusion_n lapse_n into_o this_o error_n she_o have_v spread_v these_o misreport_n before_o she_o be_v cite_v and_o have_v reiterated_a her_o confession_n after_o citation_n to_o the_o 4._o the_o practice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v oppon_v which_o be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o law_n and_o in_o anno_fw-la 1615._o grahame_n of_o long-boddom_a and_o in_o anno_fw-la 1622._o turnbul_n of_o belshes_n and_o late_o dempster_n of_o muresk_n be_v punish_v with_o death_n for_o depon_v false_o or_o seduce_v other_o to_o depon_n but_o these_o point_n be_v not_o decide_v vii_o the_o punishment_n of_o perjury_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v banishment_n l._n ult_n ff_n de_fw-fr crimine_fw-la stellionatus_fw-la &_o fustigatio_fw-la or_o scourge_v l._n si_fw-la duo_fw-la §_o si_fw-la quis_fw-la perjuraverit_fw-la by_o our_o law_n act_n 19_o parl._n 5._o q._n marry_o bigamy_n be_v declare_v punishable_a as_o perjury_n which_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v confiscation_n of_o all_o their_o movable_a good_n ward_n of_o their_o person_n for_o year_n and_o day_n and_o long_o during_o the_o king_n will_v and_o that_o as_o infamous_a person_n they_o shall_v never_o be_v able_a to_o bruik_v office_n honour_n dignity_n nor_o benefice_n in_o time_n come_v as_o to_o which_o act_n it_o be_v observable_a 1._o that_o perjury_n be_v not_o formal_o punishable_a with_o we_o but_o only_o declaratorly_a perjury_n be_v in_o itself_o so_o heinous_a a_o crime_n but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v that_o perjury_n be_v before_o this_o act_n punishable_a after_o this_o manner_n for_o by_o the_o 4._o cap._n lib._n 1._o reg._n maj._n it_o be_v appoint_v that_o temere_fw-la jurantes_fw-la super_fw-la assisa_fw-la spoliabuntur_fw-la mobilibus_fw-la &_o in_fw-la carcerem_fw-la detrudentur_fw-la per_fw-la annum_fw-la &_o diem_fw-la adminus_fw-la &_o infamiae_fw-la notam_fw-la incurrent_a &_o amittent_fw-la legem_fw-la terrae_fw-la which_o skeen_n interpret_v to_o be_v non_fw-fr habère_fw-fr personam_fw-la standi_fw-la in_o judicio_fw-la and_o not_o to_o be_v receivable_a as_o witness_n either_o in_o judicio_fw-la or_o extrajudicium_fw-la which_o act_n be_v likewise_o ratify_v by_o the_o 47._o act_n parl._n 6._o k._n i._n 3._o where_o it_o be_v say_v that_o wilful_a or_o ignorant_a assizer_n man-swearing_a shall_v be_v punish_v after_o the_o king_n old_a law_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o majesty_n where_o perjury_n be_v to_o be_v infer_v from_o a_o deposition_n either_o as_o party_n or_o witness_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o deposition_n be_v subscribe_v by_o he_o and_o the_o lord_n find_v that_o mr._n james_n row_n can_v not_o be_v convict_v of_o perjury_n upon_o his_o deposition_n subscribe_v by_o the_o clerk_n sometime_o the_o council_n change_v the_o punishment_n of_o perjury_n into_o banishment_n as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o galbraith_n who_o come_v in_o will_n for_o perjury_n 23._o july_n 1625._o title_n xxx_o of_o injury_n personal_n and_o real_a and_o of_o infamous_a libel_n 1._o injury_n be_v either_o verbal_a or_o real_a 2._o the_o requisit_n in_o libel_v verbal_a injury_n 3._o what_o be_v real_a injury_n 4._o who_o be_v judge_n to_o verbal_a or_o real_a injury_n 5._o infamous_a libel_n how_o punish_v 6._o leasing-maker_n how_o punish_v by_o our_o law_n i_o have_v ofttimes_o think_v that_o man_n shall_v walk_v legal_o not_o only_o in_o obedience_n but_o gratitude_n to_o law_n since_o the_o law_n take_v so_o much_o pain_n to_o secure_v not_o only_o our_o life_n and_o estate_n but_o even_o our_o honour_n and_o reputation_n and_o will_v humour_v we_o so_o far_o as_o that_o because_o we_o will_v think_v raillery_n a_o misfortune_n it_o will_v therefore_o punish_v even_o these_o who_o offend_v our_o imagination_n i._o injury_n then_o in_o its_o more_o comprehensive_a sense_n may_v give_v a_o name_n to_o all_o crime_n for_o all_o crime_n be_v injury_n but_o injury_n as_o it_o be_v the_o subject_a of_o this_o title_n be_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o contumely_n or_o reproach_n it_o be_v divide_v by_o lawyer_n into_o such_o as_o be_v commit_v by_o thought_n deed_n word_n and_o gesture_n but_o the_o more_o receive_v division_n be_v that_o injury_n be_v either_o verbal_a or_o real_a ii_o verbal_a injury_n be_v these_o which_o be_v commit_v by_o unwarrantable_a expression_n as_o to_o call_v a_o man_n a_o cheat_n or_o a_o woman_n a_o whore_n but_o because_o expression_n vary_v according_a to_o the_o intention_n of_o the_o speaker_n therefore_o except_o the_o word_n can_v allow_v of_o no_o good_a sense_n as_o whore_n or_o thief_n or_o that_o there_o lie_v strong_a presumption_n against_o the_o speaker_n the_o injuriandi_fw-la animus_n the_o design_n of_o injure_v as_o well_o as_o the_o injure_v word_n must_v be_v prove_v and_o the_o speaker_n will_v be_v allow_v to_o purge_v his_o guilt_n by_o declare_v his_o intention_n l._n 5._o §_o octavo_fw-la ff_n de_fw-fr injur_fw-fr and_o his_o declaration_n will_v without_o a_o oath_n be_v sufficient_a except_o the_o offender_n be_v burden_v with_o contrary_a presumption_n berlich_n conclus_fw-la 60._o num_fw-la 18._o lawyer_n therefore_o require_v in_o libel_v injury_n 1._o that_o the_o particular_a expression_n be_v distinct_o condescend_v upon_o nor_o be_v the_o general_a you_o call_v i_o a_o cheat_n or_o say_v some_o such_o thing_n sufficient_a see_v not_o only_a word_n but_o even_o the_o point_n of_o they_o do_v alter_v the_o estimat_fw-la of_o injury_n 2._o the_o pusuer_fw-mi shall_v libel_v the_o design_n of_o injure_v
punish_v after_o the_o form_n of_o the_o king_n law_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o majesty_n skeen_n observe_v upon_o that_o place_n reg._n maj._n that_o amittere_fw-la legem_fw-la terrae_fw-la be_v the_o same_o with_o non_fw-la habere_fw-la personam_fw-la standi_fw-la injudicio_fw-la and_o they_o can_v never_o be_v admit_v thereafter_o as_o witness_n neither_o in_o writ_n nor_o in_o judgement_n vid._n tit_n perjury_n but_o to_o the_o end_n it_o may_v be_v know_v which_o of_o the_o assize_n assoilzy_v it_o be_v by_o the_o 9_o article_n regul_n 1670._o appoint_v that_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o assize_n mark_v upon_o the_o same_o papper_n upon_o which_o the_o verdict_n be_v write_v who_o condemn_v and_o who_o assoilzâ—ed_v which_o paper_n be_v to_o be_v seal_v and_o keep_v till_o a_o summons_n of_o error_n be_v raise_v the_o council_n sometime_o rescind_v verdict_n without_o any_o action_n of_o error_n in_o criminalibus_fw-la as_o in_o george_n ghrahams_n case_n where_o they_o ordain_v the_o verdict_n of_o the_o inquest_n whereby_o he_o be_v find_v to_o be_v art_n and_o part_n of_o recept_n of_o steal_a bond_n to_o be_v unjust_a and_o restore_v he_o against_o the_o same_o but_o it_o may_v be_v doubt_v whether_o these_o who_o be_v unjust_o condemn_v may_v be_v restore_v against_o that_o verdict_n though_o it_o be_v find_v unjust_a see_v these_o who_o be_v unjust_o assoilzy_v can_v be_v thereafter_o pursue_v though_o the_o absolvitur_fw-la be_v find_v unjust_a per_fw-la argumentum_fw-la à _fw-la contrario_fw-la vid._n titl_n of_o the_o council_n where_o this_o question_n be_v full_o debate_v and_o determine_v title_n xxiv_o of_o probation_n by_o confession_n 1._o probation_n define_v 2._o probation_n by_o confession_n if_o judicial_a be_v the_o strong_a of_o all_o probation_n 3._o in_o what_o case_n be_v a_o extrajudicial_a confession_n allowable_a 4._o what_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o qualify_a confession_n 5._o the_o effect_n of_o a_o confession_n emit_v before_o a_o incompetent_a judge_n 6._o how_o far_o a_o minor_n confession_n obliedge_n probation_n be_v so_o full_o treat_v of_o by_o the_o civilian_n and_o cannenist_n and_o we_o differ_v so_o little_a from_o they_o that_o i_o shall_v only_o treat_v of_o it_o here_o in_o relation_n to_o our_o own_o law_n i._o probation_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o whereby_o the_o judge_n be_v convince_v of_o what_o be_v asseâ—ted_v and_o it_o may_v be_v divide_v in_o probation_n by_o confession_n by_o oath_n by_o writ_n by_o witness_n and_o by_o presumption_n ii_o probation_n by_o confession_n be_v the_o most_o secure_a of_o all_o other_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v in_o law_n that_o in_o confitentem_fw-la nullae_fw-la sunt_fw-la part_n judicis_fw-la suitable_a to_o which_o such_o as_o confess_v be_v ofttimes_o codemn_v without_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o inquest_n as_o i_o have_v more_o full_o treat_v in_o the_o title_n of_o assize_n but_o because_o man_n will_v sometime_o confess_v a_o crime_n rather_o out_o of_o weariness_n of_o their_o life_n than_o a_o consciousness_n of_o guilt_n therefore_o the_o law_n have_v require_v that_o if_o there_o appear_v any_o aversion_n for_o life_n taedium_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la or_o any_o sign_n of_o distraction_n or_o madness_n that_o these_o confession_n shall_v not_o be_v rest_v upon_o except_o they_o be_v adminiculat_fw-la with_o other_o probation_n as_o also_o because_o confession_n be_v ofttimes_o emit_v negligent_o the_o confessor_n think_v that_o their_o private_a confession_n can_v prejudge_v they_o therefore_o the_o law_n do_v only_o give_v credit_n to_o judicial_a confession_n and_o not_o to_o these_o that_o be_v extrajudicial_a &_o extra_fw-la bancum_fw-la which_o maxim_n be_v strong_a with_o we_o then_o elsewhere_o because_o by_o a_o particular_a act_n of_o parliament_n ja._n 6._o parl._n 11._o cap._n 90._o all_o probation_n shall_v be_v lead_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o assize_n iii_o this_o maxim_n do_v admit_v in_o farin_n icius_fw-la opinion_n many_o limitation_n as_o 1._o that_o if_o the_o extrajudicial_a confession_n be_v adminiculat_fw-la by_o other_o presumption_n it_o be_v sufficient_a but_o except_o the_o presumption_n be_v very_o violent_a i_o can_v allow_v this_o limitation_n see_v confessio_fw-la extrajudicialis_fw-la in_o se_fw-la nulla_fw-la est_fw-la &_o quod_fw-la nullum_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la potest_fw-la adminiculari_fw-la and_o therefore_o some_o approve_v bossius_n who_o admit_v this_o confession_n though_o adminiculat_fw-la only_a to_o infer_v paenam_fw-la extraordinariam_fw-la sed_fw-la non_fw-la ordinariam_fw-la for_o certain_o such_o prevarication_n and_o abuse_v of_o truth_n and_o judge_n deserve_v some_o punishment_n the_o second_o limitation_n be_v that_o if_o the_o confession_n be_v admit_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o accuser_n and_o accept_v by_o he_o than_o it_o be_v valid_a though_o extrajudicial_a but_o this_o i_o allow_v not_o because_o it_o be_v still_o extrajudicial_a and_o the_o confessor_n know_v that_o he_o shall_v not_o die_v upon_o such_o a_o confession_n for_o which_o reason_n likewise_o i_o approve_v not_o the_o three_o and_o four_o limitation_n which_o be_v that_o if_o the_o extrajudicial_a confession_n be_v geminata_fw-la and_o reiterated_a or_o emit_v in_o presence_n of_o a_o multitude_n or_o ad_fw-la exonerationem_fw-la conscientiae_fw-la that_o then_o it_o shall_v be_v valid_a and_o i_o remember_v that_o though_o major_a weir_n confess_v sodomy_n and_o incest_n to_o minister_n and_o magistrate_n joint_o for_o exoneration_n of_o his_o conscience_n in_o presence_n of_o many_o person_n that_o his_o majesty_n advocate_n take_v great_a pain_n to_o bring_v he_o to_o a_o judicial_a confession_n as_o think_v the_o former_a not_o sufficient_a and_o yet_o frazer_n be_v condemn_v upon_o a_o confession_n emit_v before_o the_o assembly_n at_o aberdene_n and_o other_o noble_a man_n though_o retract_v 1641._o where_o this_o limitation_n be_v allege_v upon_o out_o of_o farinacius_n and_o this_o be_v represent_v to_o the_o parliament_n they_o refuse_v to_o give_v their_o opinion_n and_o refer_v all_o back_n to_o the_o justice_n who_o sustain_v the_o confession_n adminiculate_v as_o say_v be_v the_o six_o limitation_n be_v that_o a_o extrajudicial_a confession_n be_v valid_a if_o upon_o oath_n but_o i_o allow_v not_o this_o see_v oath_n be_v not_o allow_v in_o criminal_a case_n nor_o can_v the_o panel_n be_v force_v thereto_o and_o if_o he_o swear_v ultronious_o and_o undesired_a the_o confession_n will_v appear_v to_o i_o to_o be_v suspect_n as_o emited_a either_o per_fw-la surorem_fw-la vel_fw-la ex_fw-la taedio_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la the_o seven_o limitation_n be_v that_o a_o extrajudicial_a confession_n be_v sufficient_a when_o the_o crime_n confess_v consist_v in_o animo_fw-la as_o for_o instance_n if_o it_o be_v doubt_v upon_o what_o reason_n a_o person_n accuse_v flee_v or_o shoot_v a_o pistol_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o neither_o allow_v this_o limitation_n for_o else_o it_o shall_v be_v as_o large_a as_o the_o rule_n see_v all_o crime_n require_v animum_fw-la delinquendi_fw-la and_o yet_o i_o think_v that_o some_o circumstance_n of_o a_o crime_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o a_o extrajudicial_a confession_n and_o so_o this_o limitation_n may_v be_v true_a in_o that_o sense_n all_o these_o limitation_n be_v large_o rather_o than_o exact_o set_v down_o by_o farin_n de_fw-fr reo_fw-la confesso_fw-la quest_n 81._o reg._n 10._o confession_n though_o extrajudicial_a may_v be_v sufficient_a if_o adminiculat_fw-la to_o subject_v the_o confessor_n to_o the_o torture_n but_o this_o be_v rare_o practise_v with_o we_o but_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v see_v mitchel_n late_o torture_v upon_o his_o retract_n a_o confession_n emit_v by_o he_o in_o presence_n of_o his_o majesty_n privy_a council_n and_o a_o confession_n extort_a by_o torture_n be_v in_o no_o law_n sufficient_a so_o that_o except_o it_o be_v adhere_v to_o after_o the_o person_n torture_v be_v remove_v from_o the_o rack_n for_o two_o or_o three_o day_n it_o make_v no_o faith_n farin_n de_fw-fr reo_fw-la confesso_fw-la cap._n 3._o the_o custom_n with_o we_o be_v that_o the_o advocate_n do_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o justice_n examine_v the_o party_n to_o be_v accuse_v and_o if_o he_o confess_v either_o he_o subscribe_v his_o confession_n if_o he_o can_v write_v or_o else_o the_o justice_n subscribe_v for_o he_o or_o which_o be_v secure_a make_v two_o nottar_n and_o four_o witness_n subscribe_v and_o albeit_o a_o confession_n thus_o subscribe_v by_o two_o nottar_n before_o four_o witness_n be_v find_v sufficient_a upon_o the_o 7._o of_o december_n 1669._o in_o the_o case_n of_o finla_n macknob_n who_o be_v pursue_v for_o theft_n yet_o it_o be_v then_o allege_v that_o the_o confession_n be_v not_o sufficient_a and_o that_o for_o these_o reason_n 1._o because_o all_o probation_n shall_v by_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n foresay_a be_v lead_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o assize_n and_o therefore_o when_o the_o probation_n be_v found_v upon_o confession_n the_o confession_n shall_v have_v be_v
cause_n in_o the_o first_o instance_n and_o of_o old_a if_o a_o person_n accuse_v for_o treason_n do_v absent_v himself_o the_o criminal_a court_n not_o no_o other_o inferior_a court_n can_v proceed_v to_o take_v trial_n by_o probation_n against_o he_o and_o so_o all_o they_o can_v do_v be_v only_o to_o denounce_v he_o fugitive_n for_o his_o absence_n upon_o which_o denounciation_n his_o escheat_n do_v only_o fall_v but_o he_o can_v not_o be_v forefeit_v and_o therefore_o since_o it_o be_v unjust_a that_o he_o shall_v by_o his_o own_o absence_n procure_v to_o himself_o a_o impunity_n and_o exemption_n from_o forfeiture_n the_o parliament_n do_v by_o their_o supreme_a power_n cite_v the_o person_n guilty_a to_o appear_v before_o they_o and_o do_v lead_v probation_n in_o absence_n against_o he_o and_o forfeit_v he_o in_o absence_n though_o guilty_a but_o it_o be_v find_v inconvenient_a that_o parliament_n behoove_v either_o to_o be_v call_v or_o such_o delinquent_n pass_v unpunished_a therefore_o by_o the_o 11._o act_n 2._o parl._n ch._n 1._o it_o be_v statute_v that_o the_o justice_n may_v proceed_v to_o try_v crime_n by_o probation_n even_o when_o the_o person_n cite_v be_v absent_a in_o case_n of_o treasonable_a rise_n in_o arm_n and_o open_a and_o manifest_a rebellion_n against_o his_o majesty_n or_o his_o successor_n and_o their_o authority_n so_o that_o the_o parliament_n be_v yet_o only_a judge_n to_o the_o trial_n of_o all_o crime_n by_o probation_n against_o absent_v except_o only_a perduellion_n oâ—_n open_a and_o manifest_a treason_n and_o albeit_o it_o may_v seem_v strange_a that_o the_o justice_n shall_v have_v be_v allow_v to_o lead_v probation_n against_o absent_v in_o this_o which_o be_v the_o great_a of_o crime_n and_o not_o in_o crime_n of_o lesser_a importance_n yet_o this_o proceed_v from_o the_o just_a detestation_n which_o the_o parliament_n have_v of_o this_o crime_n and_o that_o the_o punishment_n thereof_o may_v not_o be_v delay_v where_o the_o delay_n may_v prove_v so_o dangerous_a ii_o if_o the_o parliament_n forfeit_v any_o person_n after_o cognition_n of_o the_o cause_n their_o sentence_n can_v be_v quarrel_v by_o any_o inferior_a judge_n act_n 39_o parl._n 11._o k._n i._n 6._o and_o though_o it_o be_v add_v to_o that_o act_n that_o no_o forfeiture_n lawful_o and_o orderly_o lead_v in_o parliament_n shall_v be_v quarrel_v by_o any_o inferior_a judicatory_a for_o these_o word_n lawful_o and_o orderly_o lead_v seem_v unnecessary_a since_o after_o cognition_n of_o the_o cause_n by_o the_o parliament_n no_o inferior_a judicatory_a can_v quarrel_v a_o decreet_a of_o parliament_n even_o though_o it_o be_v pretend_v that_o the_o say_v decreet_a be_v not_o lawful_a and_o orderly_a yet_o if_o a_o person_n be_v only_o denounce_v fugitive_n by_o the_o parliament_n the_o lord_n of_o the_o session_n may_v suspend_v in_o that_o case_n if_o the_o process_n be_v not_o orderly_o lead_v but_o whether_o they_o can_v reduce_v even_o in_o that_o case_n est_fw-la altioris_fw-la indaginis_fw-la and_o some_o think_v that_o though_o it_o be_v very_o inconvenient_a that_o such_o a_o decreet_a shall_v receive_v present_a execution_n where_o possible_o the_o party_n be_v not_o lawful_o cite_v yet_o that_o such_o respect_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o parliament_n as_o that_o the_o illegality_n of_o that_o procedure_n before_o they_o though_o not_o object_v before_o sentence_n shall_v remain_v undecided_a till_o the_o next_o session_n of_o parliament_n iii_o if_o the_o parliament_n shall_v remit_v any_o such_o process_n for_o crime_n to_o any_o of_o their_o own_o number_n to_o be_v decide_v final_o before_o they_o it_o have_v be_v doubt_v whether_o their_o decision_n can_v be_v reduce_v by_o the_o session_n and_o this_o act_n of_o parliament_n reach_v only_o to_o decision_n in_o parliament_n but_o yet_o since_o decreet_n pronounce_v by_o commissioner_n of_o parliament_n be_v repute_v with_o we_o decreet_n of_o parliament_n and_o since_o decreet_v pronounce_v by_o commissioner_n for_o valuation_n of_o teind_n be_v not_o reduceable_a because_o these_o decreet_n be_v repute_v decreet_n of_o parliament_n as_o be_v pronounce_v by_o such_o commissioner_n of_o parliament_n it_o seem_v that_o decreet_v pronounce_v by_o such_o commissioner_n in_o crime_n after_o probation_n can_v not_o be_v quarrel_v and_o reduce_v by_o the_o session_n or_o other_o inferior_a judicatories_n title_n iu._n the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o high-constable_n in_o crminals_n 1._o the_o original_a of_o the_o word_n constable_n and_o his_o power_n 2._o the_o office_n of_o petty_a constable_n 3._o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o those_o who_o be_v constable_n of_o his_o majesty_n castle_n i._o some_o describe_v the_o word_n constable_n from_o the_o word_n coning_n which_o signify_v a_o king_n and_o staple_n which_o signify_v a_o stay_n or_o hold_v in_o the_o saxon_a language_n because_o constabulary_n be_v only_o erect_v in_o those_o place_n where_o the_o king_n keep_v house_n and_o thus_o the_o constable_n be_v judge_v of_o old_a to_o all_o crime_n commit_v within_o twelve_o league_n of_o the_o king_n house_n and_o habitation_n l._n malcol_n c._n 6._o though_o skeen_n there_o observe_v that_o the_o best_a manuscript_n bear_v only_o two_o league_n or_o four_o scot_n miles_n our_o craig_n and_o other_o author_n derive_v the_o word_n constable_n from_o the_o comes_fw-la stabuli_fw-la under_o the_o roman_a empire_n nam_fw-la constabularius_fw-la say_v he_o nihil_fw-la aliud_fw-la est_fw-la nisi_fw-la praefectus_fw-la aequitum_fw-la since_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n robert_n the_o bruce_n this_o office_n of_o high-constable_n stand_v heretable_o in_o the_o noble_a family_n of_o errol_n and_o their_o be_v some_o debate_n concern_v his_o jurisdiction_n francis_n earl_n of_o errol_n obtain_v commission_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n date_v the_o 23._o of_o jun_n 1630._o seal_v penult_n march_v 1631._o to_o the_o person_n therein_o specify_v or_o any_o nine_o of_o they_o impower_v they_o to_o search_v the_o act_n of_o parliament_n consuetude_n monument_n and_o register_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o all_o evident_n that_o the_o earl_n of_o errol_n or_o the_o lord_n hay_o his_o son_n shall_v produce_v concern_v their_o honour_n hostilogy_n privilege_n and_o immmunity_n belong_v or_o which_o have_v belong_v to_o the_o office_n of_o constabulary_a from_o the_o first_o institution_n thereof_o this_o commission_n i_o have_v see_v with_o the_o report_n thereof_o date_v the_o 27_o of_o july_n 1631._o bearing_n the_o commissioner_n to_o have_v meet_v with_o the_o earl_n of_o errol_n and_o his_o say_a son_n and_o to_o have_v consider_v their_o instruction_n warrant_n and_o custom_n of_o other_o country_n anent_o the_o constable_n privilege_n and_o in_o the_o three_o article_n of_o the_o report_n which_o relate_v to_o the_o criminal_a jurisdiction_n only_o here_o treat_v of_o they_o set_v down_o these_o word_n the_o constable_n be_v supreme_a in_o all_o matter_n of_o riot_n disorder_n blood_n and_o slaughter_v commit_v within_o four_o mile_n of_o the_o king_n person_n or_o of_o the_o parliament_n or_o council_n represent_v the_o royal_a authority_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o that_o alse_a well_o within_o the_o court_n as_o outwith_o the_o same_o and_o the_o trial_n and_o punishment_n of_o such_o crime_n and_o offence_n be_v proper_a and_o due_a to_o the_o constable_n and_o his_o depute_n and_o the_o provost_n and_o baily_n of_o that_o centre_n or_o burgh_n and_o all_o other_o judge_n within_o the_o bound_n where_o the_o say_v fact_n be_v commit_v be_v obliedge_v to_o ride_v concur_v fortify_v and_o assist_v the_o constable_n and_o his_o depute_n in_o take_v the_o say_n malefactor_n and_o to_o make_v their_o tolbooth_n patent_n for_o receive_v they_o therein_o as_o be_v clear_o evident_a by_o production_n of_o warrant_n grant_v by_o his_o majesty_n predecessor_n to_o that_o effect_n and_o which_o likewise_o appear_v by_o the_o exhibition_n of_o certain_a bond_n make_v by_o the_o town_n of_o edinburgh_n to_o the_o constable_n for_o the_o time_n concern_v that_o purpose_n the_o king_n have_v see_v this_o report_n do_v approve_v it_o in_o a_o letter_n direct_v to_o his_o secret_a council_n of_o this_o kingdom_n from_o the_o court_n at_o theobal_n the_o 11._o of_o may_v 1633._o registrat_n in_o the_o book_n of_o secret_a council_n the_o 15._o day_n of_o that_o month_n and_o in_o the_o commission_n report_n and_o letter_n foresay_a the_o constable_n be_v design_v high-constable_n and_o his_o office_n the_o high-office_n of_o constabulary_a the_o constable_n be_v still_o in_o use_n since_o that_o time_n to_o judge_v riot_n within_o the_o bound_n foresaid_n and_o to_o interrupt_v the_o town_n of_o edinburgh_n when_o he_o know_v of_o their_o meddle_v provide_v the_o riot_n be_v commit_v in_o time_n of_o parliament_n and_o i_o be_v tell_v that_o in_o time_n of_o parliament_n hold_v at_o edinburgh_n anno_fw-la 1640._o and_o 1641._o the_o earl_n of_o errol_n be_v find_v
without_o insert_v any_o part_n of_o the_o process_n in_o the_o journal_n book_n wherein_o also_o i_o find_v that_o malefactor_n be_v ordain_v to_o be_v execute_v very_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n for_o bestiality_n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o the_o confession_n of_o one_o who_o assert_v that_o the_o reason_n of_o his_o commit_v that_o crime_n be_v a_o curiosity_n he_o contract_v at_o his_o see_v one_o execute_v for_o it_o and_o in_o such_o crime_n no_o man_n needs_o to_o be_v deter_v nor_o wâ—ll_n terror_n restrain_v he_o who_o nature_n can_v since_o than_o execution_n for_o some_o crime_n incite_v some_o to_o curiosity_n and_o vex_v other_o with_o horror_n and_o be_v necessary_a to_o none_o some_o may_v be_v more_o proper_o punish_v private_o then_o public_o and_o thus_o such_o person_n as_o be_v popular_a and_o be_v execute_v only_o for_o crime_n for_o which_o the_o people_n have_v a_o kindness_n will_v be_v more_o happy_o execute_v private_o then_o public_o because_o the_o person_n execute_v be_v by_o public_a execution_n obleidge_v to_o die_v rebellious_o and_o the_o people_n be_v confirm_v in_o their_o good_a opinion_n of_o they_o by_o their_o courage_n at_o death_n ii_o constantine_n do_v forbid_v that_o any_o malefactor_n shall_v be_v crucify_v and_o this_o he_o do_v because_o of_o his_o respect_n to_o the_o cross_n he_o likewise_o do_v forbid_v to_o stigmatize_v the_o face_n l._n 17._o c._n de_fw-fr paenis_fw-la because_o the_o face_n be_v god_n image_n martyrus_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o banishment_n be_v not_o lawful_a lest_o the_o person_n so_o punish_v shall_v be_v force_v to_o live_v among_o turk_n and_o other_o by_o who_o he_o may_v become_v more_o flagitious_a then_o former_o and_o i_o have_v oft_o think_v it_o inhuman_a to_o send_v our_o malefactor_n to_o our_o neighbour_n and_o imprudent_a because_o it_o will_v occasion_v the_o send_n of_o they_o from_o home_n whereby_o we_o may_v be_v likewise_o trouble_v with_o such_o as_o they_o have_v banish_v and_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o correction-house_n will_v be_v both_o safe_a and_o more_o advantageous_a for_o in_o these_o they_o may_v serve_v the_o public_a who_o they_o have_v offend_v but_o with_o we_o no_o judge_n can_v confine_v a_o man_n who_o he_o banish_v to_o any_o place_n without_o his_o jurisdiction_n because_o he_o have_v no_o jurisdiction_n over_o other_o country_n and_o so_o can_v make_v any_o act_n nor_o pronounce_v any_o sentence_n relative_a to_o they_o torture_v punishment_n at_o death_n be_v also_o very_o inexcusable_a for_o they_o ofttimes_o occasion_v blasphemy_n in_o the_o die_a malefactor_n and_o so_o damn_v both_o soul_n and_o body_n whereas_o the_o soul_n shall_v be_v allow_v to_o leave_v quiet_o this_o earth_n and_o go_v in_o peace_n to_o the_o region_n of_o peace_n nor_o do_v these_o terrify_v other_o from_o the_o like_a offence_n for_o these_o who_o fear_v not_o death_n will_v fear_v nothing_o iii_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n among_o the_o civilian_n that_o no_o man_n can_v obliedge_v himself_o to_o any_o thing_n under_o a_o corporal_a pain_n quia_fw-la nemo_fw-la est_fw-la dominus_fw-la suorum_fw-la membrorum_fw-la but_o with_o we_o it_o be_v most_o ordinary_a for_o a_o man_n who_o be_v guilty_a of_o a_o crime_n to_o obliedge_v himself_o never_o to_o return_v to_o scotland_n under_o the_o pain_n of_o death_n thus_o hamiltoun_n be_v hang_v anno_fw-la 1649._o for_o return_v to_o scotland_n after_o she_o haâ—_n enact_v herself_o never_o to_o return_v under_o pain_n of_o death_n and_o her_o dittay_n be_v only_o found_v upon_o that_o contravention_n and_o certain_o contempt_n be_v add_v to_o the_o former_a guilt_n may_v make_v a_o crime_n that_o be_v not_o capital_a become_v so_o and_o this_o contravention_n imply_v in_o effect_n paenam_fw-la effracti_fw-la carceris_fw-la which_o be_v ofttimes_o capital_a so_o that_o though_o a_o person_n can_v bind_v himself_o when_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o no_o crime_n to_o perform_v any_o thing_n under_o pain_n of_o life_n or_o limb_n yet_o if_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o a_o crime_n he_o may_v consent_v and_o enact_v himself_o as_o say_v be_v iv._o whether_o when_o law_n allow_v a_o judge_n a_o arbitrary_a power_n in_o punish_v that_o judge_n may_v inflict_v death_n in_o that_o case_n be_v much_o controvert_v chassan_n and_o socin_n think_v that_o he_o can_v and_o this_o seem_v clear_a 1.4_o qui_fw-la vexant_fw-la annonam_fw-la debent_fw-la puniri_fw-la extra_fw-la ordinem_fw-la non_fw-la tamen_fw-la animae_fw-la amissione_n inst._n the_o publ_n ind_z and_o pappon_o relate_v a_o decision_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n find_v that_o it_o can_v not_o 2._o this_o will_v make_v judge_n very_o arbitrary_a and_o render_v the_o life_n and_o fortoun_n of_o the_o liege_n very_o unsecure_a 3._o see_v lawyer_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o man_n life_n can_v be_v take_v away_o without_o a_o express_a law_n it_o seem_v very_o consequential_a to_o this_o that_o no_o man_n life_n can_v be_v take_v away_o upon_o so_o general_a a_o law_n 4._o by_o the_o 20._o act_n parl._n 1_o sess._n 1._o ch._n 2._o death_n and_o arbitrary_a punishment_n be_v oppose_v for_o these_o who_o have_v pass_v sixteen_o year_n of_o age_n beat_v or_o curse_v parent_n be_v ordain_v to_o die_v but_o if_o they_o be_v within_o sixteen_o and_o past_a pupilarity_n they_o be_v ordain_v to_o be_v arbitrar_o punish_v whereas_o if_o arbitrary_a punishment_n may_v be_v extend_v to_o death_n this_o difference_n will_v be_v ineffectual_a and_o the_o law_n thereby_o evacuat_a and_o by_o the_o 5._o act_n 1._o parl._n ja._n 6._o the_o punishment_n of_o say_v and_o hear_v mess_n be_v escheat_v of_o their_o good_n and_o a_o arbitrary_a punishment_n of_o their_o person_n for_o the_o first_o fault_n banishment_n for_o the_o second_o and_o death_n for_o the_o three_o so_o that_o arbitrary_a punishment_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o less_o than_o death_n else_o the_o first_o fault_n shall_v be_v as_o seveer_o punish_v as_o the_o three_o against_o both_o the_o principal_n of_o reason_n and_o the_o design_n of_o the_o lawgiver_n 5._o arbitrary_a punishment_n be_v appoint_v ordinary_o for_o so_o mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a fault_n that_o it_o be_v inhuman_a to_o think_v that_o these_o can_v be_v extend_v to_o death_n skeen_n also_o de_fw-fr verb._n sig_n verb._n iter_fw-la say_v that_o if_o the_o panel_n come_v in_o will_n it_o be_v lawful_a for_o the_o justice_n to_o fine_v he_o according_a to_o his_o offence_n but_o he_o speak_v not_o there_o of_o his_o power_n to_o inflâ—ct_v death_n eo_fw-la casu_fw-la and_o yet_o skeen_n ad_fw-la cap._n 6._o l._n malcolimbi_fw-la vers_fw-la 2._o wherein_o it_o be_v statute_n that_o the_o marischal_n and_o constable_n shall_v punish_v offender_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o offence_n observe_v that_o paena_fw-la extraordinaria_fw-la may_v be_v sometime_o extend_v to_o death_n because_o of_o the_o aggradge_v circumstance_n and_o cite_v for_o this_o l._n ult_n ff_n de_fw-fr priv_n delict_n &_o 16._o de_fw-fr paenis_fw-la but_o these_o law_n be_v ill_o cite_v as_o will_v appear_v by_o read_v they_o when_o the_o pain_n be_v by_o law_n or_o custom_n arbitrary_a and_o the_o defender_n come_v in_o will_n he_o must_v present_o find_v caution_n to_o satisfy_v the_o king_n will_v betwixt_o and_o such_o a_o day_n this_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n and_o be_v practise_v the_o 22._o of_o november_n 1600._o advocatus_fw-la contra_fw-la patrick_n mc._n creif_n and_o other_o but_o where_o the_o crime_n be_v punishable_a by_o a_o express_a and_o determinat_fw-la punishment_n there_o though_o a_o defender_n come_v in_o will_n it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v receive_v and_o thus_o the_o marquis_n of_o argile_n be_v pursue_v before_o the_o parliament_n for_o treason_n offer_v to_o come_v in_o will_n but_o his_o submission_n be_v not_o accept_v v._o it_o be_v uncontravert_v with_o we_o if_o when_o any_o crime_n be_v punishable_a by_o death_n the_o movable_n fall_v to_o the_o king_n though_o the_o act_n bear_v not_o that_o the_o crime_n shall_v be_v punishable_a by_o death_n and_o confiscation_n of_o movable_n and_o according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n proscriptus_fw-la eratis_fw-la cujus_fw-la bona_fw-la expressim_fw-la confiscabantur_fw-la damnatus_fw-la vero_fw-la cujus_fw-la bona_fw-la tacit_a publicatio_fw-la enim_fw-la bonorum_fw-la sequebatur_fw-la tacit_a paenam_fw-la capitalem_fw-la matheus_n cap._n 2._o de_fw-la sicartis_fw-la num_fw-la 2._o and_o albeit_o the_o judge_n shall_v omit_v in_o his_o sentence_n the_o punishment_n due_a by_o law_n yet_o ipso_fw-la jure_fw-la there_o be_v by_o the_o damnation_n jus_o quaesitum_fw-la fisco_fw-la as_o be_v find_v after_o a_o large_a debate_n in_o the_o case_n of_o wauch_n who_o be_v a_o land_a man_n find_v guilty_a of_o theft_n though_o he_o be_v only_o fine_v by_o the_o sheriff_n in_o a_o thousand_o pound_n yet_o the_o donator_n to_o the_o escheat_n be_v find_v to_o have_v