so fitted for publick employments that almost as soon as they began they made themselves famous therein some in politicks others in martial affairs The same I may say of every private Gentleman who being a man of Estate and Interest in his Country hath ground to hope for being chosen a Parliament man where almost every day when they sit have occasion of making tryal of their parts and learning whereby they are cried up come to be leading men in the House and so are taken notice of the whole Nation over and become necessary to Court and State Though as yet I have not named Physitians I suppose none will deny that Learning is necessary to them and though I know the practical part is that which is required most of all this is certainly much helped and made easier by Theory and indeed of all professions this of Physick requires reading as much as any The object is so noble hath so many dependencies and is of so vast an extent that it requires the whole man and the whole life of man How many thousands of Distempers is the body subject to whereof they are to know the signs and symptoms the causes effects and remedies what a study is that of the temper and constitutions of men which they must know and several circumstances to be observed by them then the number of Books concerning their profession which at one time or other 't is fit for them to read written in Arabick Greek Latin and several other Languages surely their task is great seeing that according to what says one of the Fathers Adam through sin hath lâ—ft the soul of his posterity to the care of Divines their body in the hands of Physicians and their goods and estates are committed to Lawyers Therefore there is no doubt to be made but that Learning will prove a great advantage to old and young Doctors and Scholars and to every one according to his capacity It is then necessary betimes to put Children upon it there being so long a course to run and the life of man being so short Amongst Heathens Learning was so considerable that one of their Sects accounted it to be the chief good of men as others declared themselves for vertue St. Paul desires to be delivered from unreasonable men the word is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without Topicks or Logick to shew that this Art or Science which is the door into all the rest is essential or at least necessary to man as such Reason being an essential principle of humanity Hitherto I specified nothing of what Books Arts and Sciences Youth are to be taught because in my discourse about Learning I have been drawn to speak of that which is proper and necessary to men of all ages Indeed to treat of this exactly and methodically I ought to have made a distinction of ages as Childhood infancy c. but as in so doing many things had fallen under consideration which are not of my purpose I thought fit to wave it till now when I intend in few words to tell my mind of it First I know that not only every Nation but also almost every School and every particular Preceptor have different ways and methods and read some different Books excepting Accidence Grammars and Dictionaries which though as to the substance and rules they be every where alike yet they are digested and compiled in a different way so that every Nation hath these fundamental Books particular to her â—elf but as to Classical Authors they use very much the same every where the choice which hath been made of them being universally approved of and with good reason too for they are the productions of as sine wits as ever Rome had I mean the Poets as Ovid Virgil Horace and Terence though an African with Plautus c. for the Latins Hesiode and Hoâ—â—â— for the Greeks For Prose of the lower orb Corderius Vives Erasmus his Colloquies then Quintus Curtius Florus Iustin Caesar's Commentaries and of a higher form for Poets Lucanus Iuvenalis Persius For Historians Livius Suetonius C. Tacitus Plutarch and several others all which I may reduce under the notion of Humaniores litterae taught in Schools to several forms besides Fables whether Poetical or Moral as Ovid's Metamorphoses AEsop's and others But there are some nice spirits who would have the use of these Books forbidden only because they are the works of Heathens yet I think they ought to be satisfied considering they are universally used amongst Christians but I add they are not made use of upon any account of Faith or Religion but only for the Wit Learning Language and sometimes good Morality found in them and for want of better in that kind In all this I would have them to proceed by degrees as first of all being perfect in their Accidence and Grammar to turn English into Latin and to learn by heart some of the Works of the fore-named Poets with the English of it or else if that be too hard to begin with Cato's Disticha de moribus or Verini Diâ—ticha because besides the tongue they may therein learn very good sentences of morality All this time I do not exclude the private Exercises they ought to make in their Studies when they are come from School for having done the task required of them in the School they may and must fall upon reading of some History or other good Book whether Latin or English commended to them or of their own chusing Poetry they ought not to neglect specially they who have any genius towards it and therefore they must exercise themselves in all manner of Verses whether Exameter and Pentameter Sapphick Asclepiade Phaleuck Iambick Choriambick or others for thereby they will attain to a greater facility of understanding Latin Poets who expressed themselves in those kinds of Verses In all this I wish that as the School and age do bring the young man's parts to maturity so Tutors would advance their Lectures I said before those ought not to neglect making Verses who are inclined and disposed towards it such as Ovid who saith of himself Quicquid conabar dicere carmen erat and it had been pitty his Father had prevailed with him when through hard usage he extorted this promise from him Parce mihi genitor post hac hand carmina condam As to Cicero for want of this disposition he did better to follow the prose wherein he so admirably well could express himself and leave off his O fortunatam natam me Consule Romam In the mean time I wish them not to neglect the Tongues or School Languages first the Latin I know all this while they have been learning of it but I desire the purity the Idiome and the critick part and as much as can be to perfect themselves in 't for most ancient Authors have written in this tongue which is the door of Sciences and the universal character whereby all Nations may understand one another it ought to
be loved not only for the use and necessity but also for the beauty and elegancy Hence it is that some call it Lingua Regina the tongue which is the queen of all the rest The difficulty of this consists in speaking Then the Greek called Lingua Copiosa because it abounds very much in words and expressions and for the composition of words none is so fit as this Many good Books are written in 't out of which the Romans borrowed part of their learning and once at Athens which was the great School of the world all Arts and Sciences were taught in this Tongue Cicero himself was there to learn it this is of a great use specially to Divines to understand the Septuagint or 70 Interpreters but chiefly the New Testament originally written in Greek When St. Paul did write to the Romans it was in Greek though he knew well the Latin Tongue which he spoke when he was amongst them the knowledge of Tongues being one of the gifts which God had bestowed upon him This he expresses when he saith I speak more tongues than you all This is also a Tongue necessary to Phyâ—itians to understand the works of Hypocrates Dioscorides Galenus and others who have written in 't besides that most parts of man's body great many Diseases and the names of several Drugs are expressed in that language the difficulty of this consists in writing The Hebrew Tongue called Lingua Sancta by reason of the many holy things written in 't is very necessary to Divines for the understanding of the Old Testament which is originally in this In the confusion of Languages at the building of the Tower of Babel this remained in the house of one Heber whence I think it was called Hebrew besides the reason I already mentioned why it is called holy there may be this that it contains no unhandsome or unbecoming word but it doth express things in terms very decent and modest where there is a question about a Text or the true signification of a word to be able to discourse of it one must be versed in the Original which also hath a peculiar idiome and a singular energy which it loses in part being translated into other Languages Furthermore if one hath a mind to understand the Targums Talmuds and other Rabinical Writings he must be skilled in the Hebrew Language out of which most other Languages whether antient or modern have borrowed something Under this I comprehend the Samaritan whereof the letters differ only in figure from the Hebrew We have only the Pentateuch or five Books of Moses written in this the difficulty of it consists in reading The Chaldaic Language will also prove useful and necessary to Divines not only by reason of the affinity it hath with the Hebrew of which it is a Dialect the character of both having the same name and figure but also by reason of the Paraphrase written in that language which was necessary for the understanding of the Text after 70 years captivity for the people born in Babylon and other places of Chaldea wherein they were dispersed being forced to speak the language of their Masters forgot their own for here it was not as in Egypt where they were altogether in the Land of Goshen After they had leave to return home this Paraphrase was compiled to make them understand the Text as I said before which came to be of an Authority almost equivalent to the original Hence came that affinity and some mixture of both and there is whole Chapters in this tongue in the Prophesie of Daniel some verses in Ezra and elsewhere The Syriack which is derived from the Hebrew and Chaldaick or as others think is almost the same with this only of a different Dialect is also necessary because of the version of the Old and New Testament made into it which compared with the Hebrew gives a great light to the sense of the Text and much more in relation to the New Testament for this in Iudea was the common tongue in the days of our Saviour and of his Apostles wherefore in several places of the Gospels and Epistles we find several idiomes and phrases of this tongue which are no ways proper to the Greek so that 't is thought the Evangelists except St. Luke who specially well understood the Greek tongue conceived first in Syriack their Gospels and then put them into Greek This Syriack then was their mother tongue so that true Hebrew was not commonly understood as appears by this that our Saviour on the Cross crying out Eli Eli Lamma sabactani The standers by amongst them the Inhabitants of Ierusalem being the greatest part did not understand it but said he calls for Elias and the rest said let us see whether Elias will come which words could not be pronounced but by Jews who were acquainted with the name and history of Elias The Arabick tongue is very considerable upon the account of her antiquity and usefulness for it did not only begin to be known in the days of Ismael son of Agar who went into Arabia the Desart but it was so after the confusion of tongues at Babel when Sabi a Nephew of Cham went into 't whence it was called Sabea That people called Arabians have been careful to keep it from mixture with other Languages for they had no communication with other Nations Hence it is that they call themselves the best Gentlemen of the world their blood in matter of alliances having not been mixed with other people They have gotten the name of being the greatest Robbers in the world This tongue is very copious and easie to be learned there being but few rules with fewer exceptions This as I said is of great use to Divines not only by reason of the affinity it hath with the Hebrew but also because of the traduction of the Bible into it which compared with the original gives a great light to the Text. All Books of Mahumetan's superâ—tition are written in 't as well as the Alcoran in all their Services they use it and where they have Schools they learn it as here we do Latin and Greek It is also useful to Physicians because there hath been of that Nation great men in that profession who have written in that language besides those Books which are extant about other Arts and Sciences as Mathematicks Politicks Historical and Chymical Other tongues there are which if a man's genius inclines him to learn he will find help and pleasure in 't but these I think to be the chief and most necessary to be learned in Schools which indeed for the most part are commonly taught in them But I must leave off speaking of tongues to reassume my discourse where I left it when I began to fall upon this subject I would have the young Scholar to be put upon Declamations assoon as he is fit for it this will not only try but also improve his parts for then he must read Books to get
London to Anger 's or the place I intend to settle at by the River Loire which places I do prefer to those more Southerly as Montpellier c. not only upon the account of the Language and Exercises but also for health and safety sake for one must not remove out of England into very hot Countries upon a sudden but by degrees to rest and see what is worth seeing upon the way then I will reside 9 or 10 months in one place 10 weeks or 3 months to go the Grand Tour 6 weeks to see Geneva and make a step into Switzerland or as far as Strasbourg and the other six weeks at Lyon till the season be fit to go into Italy Note that when I say 9 or 10 months and do not just fix the time which in that place the longer it is the better my reason is that ever I would be before-hand with my time and have six weeks or two months in case of Distempers or other accidents or otherwise to dispose of it as I see occasion for Let this be an essential rule for Travellers To be good husbands of their time and monies In the space of nine or ten months I am to reside in a place the Governor ought not only to lay the foundations of but also set very forward the work for which his Gentleman went into France As to the Language Exercises and Fashions specially the informing of his judgment all which things are better learned thus than when a man is going forward on his Journey To this end in case he hath no experience of his own who in that place are the best Masters of Exercises he is to ask the advice of those who are able to judge of it and are not partial and in case men in giving their advice prove partial as often it falls out every one commending him whom he likes and loves best as it is not to be expected but that they will differ in opinion then the general approbation will make me prefer one before another yet no farther than to put him to a trial for in case I were not satisfied with him I would make no difficulty of changing him for another Now these three qualifications I desire to find in every Master of Exercises First he must have a good way for it is not so necessary he should Dance well as that he should teach well which two things do not always meet in one if he hath both the better but the last I would prefer above the former one may be an advantage of nature which hath endued him with a good shape and disposition but the other is a reward of Art and Industry Secondly he ought to be constant and exact not to miss his hours but when there is a set one he must be punctual therein I would not have them at one time to come soon and at another late and sometimes not at all for not only this is a loss to the Scholar in that particular but also it is a prejudice and a hinderance to him in his other Exercises Thirdly I would have him civil and respectful to his Scholars and not ranting nor domineering whereby not only their person but the very exercise become odious he must civilly and gently tell him where he faileth For the three first months specially if he is of a weak Constitution I would not have him to ride the great Horse because at first that Exercise is tiresome and takes up much time specially if it be in Summer but if he hath but a short time to stay in Town and he be able without inconveniency every morning to rise by break of day and he already hath an introduction into the Language he may the sooner begin the Exercise That which makes me advise not to learn it at first is to the end he may have more time to learn the Tongue for all other Masters may come to his Lodging but if he will ride he must go to the Academy Indeed for those three months I would hardly have him to look abroad except to walk take the air or go out upon some necessary occasion for till he hath something of the Language he is unfit to go into company or take pleasure or receive profit thereby Hence one may see how necessary it is to understand something of it before they go over it is not very fit neither he should go to the Dancing and Fencing Schools till he hath gotten a garb a posture and the grounds of those Exercises though the sooner he goeth the better it will be Having often mentioned Exercises I must now show what they are some being more and others less necessary The Language is of the first kind yea the most usual and beneficial of all without it no society to be had nor company to be kept with profit and satisfaction We go beyond Seas to learn what general or particular good things are in the places we come to but who can be better able to inform us of it than the people of the Countrey but how can we have any access or conversation about it with them except we understand their Language How can we make use of the several good Books written in their Tongue except we do somewhat understand it no discoursing with Ladies which in France is accounted a part of a civilized life without it He who hath it not finds himâ—elf exposed to daily inconveniences is a Barbarian to them as they are to him whereby he leads an unprofitable and uncomfortable life Wherefore I would have every other Master of Exercise to be a kind of a Language-Master to put him upon discourse and the young man must neglect nothing to get it he must first of all talk about any thing though trifles and not to the purpose and although of ten words he could not speak two right yet let him not be ashamed or discouraged at it for it is not to be expected he should be a Master before he hath been a Scholar Qui nunquam male nunquam bene and to every thing there is a beginning With speaking we learn to speak Fabricando fabri simus Let him not think any thing below him till he hath overcome the difâ—iculty of it which once being attained unto then he may the better mind his words and expressions and more exactly observe himself and his actions The Language-Master must teach him to read write true Orthography and to speak properly to this effect he must make use of some good Books which besides the Language may teach substantial things as some History Morality or Politicks As the world goes Dancing is an Exercise becoming a Gentleman it being one of the essential parts of an Outlandish French Breeding so that as a Gentleman who there goeth into company hath daily occasions of practising it it would be a shame for a young Gentleman not to have some skill in 't a natural disposition is required to it so let a man measure his
his Gentleman's conversation which is of two sorts one improperly called to converse with the dead and the other with the living is properly so named to converse with the dead is to read Books herein he must be as cautious of what Books he reads as what company he frequents evil company doth debauch the body and evil Books do corrupt the mind causing that error in judgment which bad men do cause in the practice A great deal of good hath been done by good Books and much evil and mischief caused by evil ones Some are so dangerous that cunningly and inperceptibly they infuse a poison into the mind and heart of the readers This was a known truth to Primitive Christians who being converted to the Gospel brought all curious Books they had and burned them When once a man is used to read prophane and dishonest things he will easily be brought to practise them wherefore it should be the Governors care to see he reads no dangerous Book to shake him in his Religion for this without exception ought to be his chief care to keep him stedfast to his Religion nor any prophane obscenous and others apt to corrupt good manners There is abroad a sort of Books called Romances which have been occasion of much talk pro and con some saying they are curious and innocent Books which upon several accounts may prove beneficial for therein Virtue and Vice are set down the first to be followed the other avoided besides that the chief subject of them is grounded upon History what ornaments it receives from art they rather add to than take from the beauty of it as it is with Poetry A modern Author in France stands much in the defence of these sort of Books he and his Sister having written several in that kind On the other side other good pens have cried them down for corrupters of good manners teaching Ladies to give meetings to their Gallants run away from their Parents c. But to give every one his due the invention elegancy style and purity of the Language are to be commended as far as I know no body doubts of the two last as to the former when the Author undertakes to give the Character of a proud ambitious amorous constant cruel base and perfidious or of a wise witty generous and valiant man he carries on well his design and the Author makes him act his part well But on the other side passions are so represented to the life that it works them into the heart of the Reader which naturally being disposed to receive evil rather than good entertains the first and neglects the last specially when they are in the hands of weak brains who seeing their passions flattered with a good success at last though through many crosses they are encouraged to follow them and will soon imagine themselves able to perform what others are therein said to have done But if one hath a mind to know the way of them he must read with this caution that many things in them are not true and consequently are for recreation rather than for instruction no doubt but that some good and some evil are to be learned out of them but if the harm that springs from that reading is greater than the good one can get by it 't is prudence to forbear reading them specially youth which easily receives impressions but if they be read let it be with moderation seldom and without application except it be for the Language for certainly reading of them much steals some of our precious time which might be better employed yet a Gentleman may be informed of what manner of Books these are so as not to be altogether ignorant of them when he happens to be in a place and company where such things are to be spoken of but let him do 't so warily as to fear being poisoned therewith and like dogs in Egypt which never stop when they lap in Nilus for fear of Crocodiles that are in 't The Tutor also is as much as in him lies to see he reads no Books which contain unsound and Heterodox Principles or able to lead them to sinful practises such are some Books of Jesuites which hold any error in judgment under the Doctrine of Probability that is if one single Doctor hath advanced an opinion never so false or erroneous it is probable he was in the right and so men may believe it with a safe conscience Other Books of Jesuites do countenance any sinful practice and corrupt wholly morality under the notion and Doctrine of Directing the Intention Thus one is allowed to steal not to deprive others of their own but with an intent to serve his occasions and relieve his wants These things are clearly set down in the Book called the Mystery of Iesuitism and at large in another entituled The Morals of Iesuites both translated out of French Now I must speak of Conversation properly so called though to distinguish it from the other it was named conversation with the living This is one oâ— the most important things a Traveller hath to do man as I said somewhere else being a sociable creature ought to seek for company to enjoy the benefit of society therefore it must be a Governors care to find him such company as is good and fit for him and by this one may see what an advantage it is for those Gentlemen whose Governors know the Language and ways of the Countrey and are already acquainted then they are not to seek as others so as to need being introduced themselves however he ought to shew him company by degrees and not all at once for he would be like those who having been a while in the dark when upon a sudden they come to the light have their eyes dazled with it he must begin with inferior persons as it were to enter him and see how he will behave himself in 't for with such he is more free and it is not required he should observe himself altogether so much as when he is with people of Quality but in those sorts of companies I would not have him to stop very long for fear of contracting some of those imperfections which often do attend persons of that kind But before he engageth far in company he must first know in general the temper of the Nation then the particular of the persons he is to be acquainted with the former is known by the testimony of those who have been a long while amongst that Nation or out of ones own experience Thus the temper of the French Nation is free bold jovial witty and civil besides they are branded with rashness and inconstancy The particular temper he may get information about from his friends who introduce him from whom also upon occasion he may be instructed of particular customs and how he ought to behave himself upon some accounts When he is once resolved to go into company he must be sure to keep neat and clean
to a practice because you will thereby become more acceptable to the people and insensibly learn to know all manner of tempers and agree therewith do the like with the several companies in those Countreys endeavor to be serious with those who are such and merry when you are with men of that temper you must also sute and fit your self to the subject of the discourses serious when you speak of serious things and jovial when you speak of merry ones Remember how the manner of doing or saying things gives them a great deal of weight so if you oblige one handsomly thereby you lay a double obligation upon him One said of old That to grant a man a favour with a frowning look or hard words is to give him Bread full of Stones Let not your Hat stick on your head for civility winneth the heart and according to the Rule of Morality Honor est magis in honorante quam in honorato When you do any thing which seems to put one to the least trouble and inconveniency though only you passed your hand before him which often happeneth at table ask him permission to do 't or pardon when you have done it and if ever you expect from others to receive respect and civility you must give them some with advantage for one hand washeth another and never stand who shall begin even in places where the order of the World gives you the hand take it with so much discreetness that though it be your rank it may appear you rather receive it from the civility of him who yields it The character of a worthy Gentleman is not only not to suffer but also to do no wrong and express his repentance when he hath done any but upon some occasions it must be endured when it cannot be cured nor hindred at least without danger and in such a case you do well not to seem to take notice of it for if you did you will be obliged to resent it whereupon you would make your weakness and want of power be seen or else you would be suspected being a Coward Make not only acquaintances but friends also and get as many friends and as few enemies as you can often one enemy may do you more harm than ten friends can do you good and friends do you no hurt when they have no occasion to do you good Disoblige no man unless you be forced to 't or receive thereby some considerable advantage yet still let it be seen to be against your mind and when you are so unhappy as to be forced thereunto do it in the most mild and gentle ways that are possible to you still expressing the trouble you have thereat As much as in you lies avoid the company of quarrelsome insolent persons and given to drink for fear of becoming such as they are from Wolves one learns to houl or at least thereby you shall get a bad name Dimmi con chi vai ch'io te dirò queli ' che tu fai say the Italians Tell me what Company you keep and I can tell you what you are doing Now Vices cause men to be hated and slighted of God and Men. Despise no man and condemn nothing slightly but upon good grounds and when any one is ill spoken of for some bad action laid to his charge if it be as probable he hath not done it as that he hath done it charity obliges you to believe the best therefore be more apt to believe good than evil about another Speak not evil of any man within his hearing in whatsoever Language for fear he doth understand you Try all things saith the Apostle and retain that which is good By all good and lawful means endeavor to get and deserve the esteem of honest men and if it were possible of all the World Do not imitate those who are so given to jesting as trouble not themselves about what they say who have rather to loose much and be exposed to dangers than forbear telling of a Jest when it comes into their head that kind of people careth not for the displeasure they cause to others nor for the wrong they do to themselves for at last it falls on their head Take well all advices given you and return thanks to the Givers specially if they be of the number of those whom you take to be your friends then mend and be the better for 't if not learn thence to know the envy and malice of some and the ignorance of others ever taking well that which is told you with a good intent and at least seemingly that which is on the contrary what natural defects you know to be in you strive to mend and master Who can be long without a Looking-glass to see what is amiss in ones Face they who tell us of our faults are the Looking-glasses of our actions which now and then are necessary to us All civilized persons are agreed that civility is every where to be practised But the manner and customs of doing it are different according to the Countreys therefore get of them as exact an information as you can when you are upon the places When you are setled in a place every day be reading some good Latin Book or other Nulla dies abeat quin linea ducta supersit and when you read good Authors never forget to take Notes of what doth deserve it To benefit your self with what you have seen heard or read in the day time be sure to have a table-Table-Book or other Paper-Book to set down that which is remarkable in 't and this you may do thorough your whole journy and every night before you go to bed specially if you make abode in a Town take an hours time to call it to your memory which will much be helped and make a greater impression upon 't if you have time enough to meditate and make reflections on 't I would also advise you every day to learn something by heart for that exerciseth and strengtheneth your memory and is no burthen to you Before you leave a place to go to another specially if this last be remote endeavor to find the company of one or two honest civil and sober Gentlemen which will make your way more safe pleasant and comfortable to you Another thing ought to be done before you leave a Place or Country which is to buy some of the best and most curious Books in that Language by these means you will have the newest and best of what Books are in Europe and being come home you will have wherewith to entertain your self and keep from forgetting what Languages you learned in your travels In the mean time observe that in every Country for the generality of Authors there is a genius particular to something as for instance Italians write well in Politicks the French in Memoires and Romances c. It were well also to have the Names and Pictures of the Prince and of his Ministers or other Magistrates
which as judgment ripeneth may be refined and come to perfection The Heathens by the light of Nature and the help of Learning have given notable lessons about it and whosoever is able to read and understand the Writings of Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Seneca c. will subscribe to what I say and also admire to see them so much go beyond many Christians in the knowledg and practise of moral vertues yet for want of Faith their Chastity Sobriety Fortitude c. were but shining sins Splendida peccata as St. Austin calls them Now though I could wish Parents to be remiss in those things which are of an indifferent nature yet stifly they must be set against vices and things contrary to good manners but the chastisement is to be left to their prudence ever making a distinction between the person and the thing but of this hereafter we will speak more at large as of the difference of irregularities committed out of ignorance humane weakness or of set purpose yet one must never allow them the gross breaches of the Law of God as Swearing Lying Stealing c. not in the least degree thereof for from a low degree one easily rises to a higher and so persists till he be consummated in that sin and then consuetudo peccandi tollit sensum peccati the custom of sinning takes away the sence of sin It is very ill done of some who allow Children to use by-Oaths merry-Lyes and petty-Thefts of Toyes and Trifles and do not consider how the Devil is thereby intruding sin though in a disguise and not in that horrid shape which is natural to it No no he who takes the Name of God in vain if not prevented will at last be brought to Swear Forswear Curse and Blaspheme from merry Lyes he will proceed to those which are pernicious He who steals a pin will at last steal a pound What men allow when 't is in their power and their duty to hinder they are approvers of and so guilty of the sad consequences that arise therefrom To makâ— Youth abhor sin it must be represented to them odious vile and in its own colours Justice 〈◊〉 dâ—eply to be printed in their hearts and they to be made perfect in this Rule Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri ne feceris Deal with others as you would be dealt by Now as there are many of a stubborn humour and naturally inclined to mischief so admonitions ought to be used and if this cannot serve correction must be applied Indeed some Parents are sometimes the cause of their Childrens destruction like Apes they so dally embrace and make so much of them that they choak and stifle them This unnatural tenderness I must so call it is so pernicious that they who are afraid of keeping a Rod in the house to correct a Child sometimes see him drawn to the Gallows for want of timely chastisement This saying too often proves true He who hath not a rod in his house for his Son keeps a rope for him A wiser man than such further saith Folly is bound in the heart of a Child but the rod of correction shall drive it off This sparing of children is so far from being a sign of true love that it is a strong demonstration of hatred or indifferency Let what Solomon saith to this purpose be taken notice of He that spareth his rod hateth his Son but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes that is in his childhood and infancy yet this correction is used with different success some under it like wax by the fire are softned and bettered others like clay and dirt are hardened On the other side some Parents far from being too indulgent go to an extreme of severity or cruelty When Children are chastened it must be in measure and with moderation by Fathers not by Hangmen When God chastiseth his Children he doth it in mercy and not in fury to heal and not to destroy His heart is turned within him Some are so unreasonable that if they are vexed at any thing and a Child lies in their way out of a frolick or folly this Child who at that time hath done nothing amiss must be beaten and a Father or Mother will pass their anger upon him a stranger so doing may happen to be excused for he is not obliged to the natural affection which a Father and Mother ought to have In the case of the two Harlots she who was not the Mother of the Child alive was content he should be divided but the tenderness of the true Mother could not allow of it she had rather lose him altogether than see him destroyed So that 't is more natural and pardonable for Parents to be too indulgent than too severe though I do not deny there ought to be a proportion between the fault and the chastisement But before I pass farther I must take notice of a thing considerable in it self though it be not to the present purpose How the case of the two Harlots is an emblem of the difference between Kings and Tyrants Kings are Fathers of their people whom they deal with like children whom they love and are tender of their good peace and happiness but Tyrants care not for them only to serve their ends and let them sink or swim 't is all one to them But to return to the matter in hand fatherly corrections ought to be inflicted seasonably there is time and season for every thing a chastisement as well as a word in season is very effectual it must also be done gently for natural tenderness must not be forgotten Yet I do not deny as I said before it should be somewhat sutable to the offence and in this Parents ought not to be actuated by any violent passion only out of a desire for the Childrens good In a word a rod in their hand is to be physick to heal and not poison to kill and this is spoken to fathers more than to Mothers because these last are commonly more inclined to tenderness than to severity Wherefore we see how God to shew his kindness in Scriptures compares himself to Mothers oftner than to Fathers upon four accounts of Love Indulgency Allurements and Condescension Erudition or learning is the third thing I wish Children to be put upon but it must be a learning proportionable to their capacity provided it be no prejudice to their health for upon this account one is not to venture the substance for the accident which yet I would not have to be understood of the two former especially of Piety which includes a necessity to salvation for then I could speak in the words of that pious man who being dissuaded from his study and reading of godly Books as a thing contrary to his health answered thus For life sake I must not lose that for which I ought to live Nec propter vitam vivendi perdere causam Let them begin with Reading Writing and what thing
for Death some in England have sad experience how their Sons having for several years been abroad in health died not long after they were come home as if they were come over only to give up the ghost in the arms of their Friends To this I add that our days as our hairs are numbred and God who is not tied to times nor places is able to protect us every where so that whether or not our hour be come it is not in our power to reverse the decree of God As to Countrey breeding which is opposed to the Courts to the Cities or to Travelling when it is meerly such it is a clownish one Before a Gentleman comes to a settlement Hawking Coursing and Hunting are the dainties of it then taking Tobacco and going to the Alehouse and Tavern where matches are made for Races Cock-fighting and the like and if a Gentleman be not as forward as they are then he is proud he is an enemy to good fellowship and is not a man fit for society thence Dicing and Carding will follow which at last are attended with loss of Estates and destruction of Families I desire to know what good employment is such a one fit for indeed to speak the best of him we use to say he is an honest Country Gentleman that is often apt to be fooled who hath neither much wit nor experience but when a man is abroad he studies the temper of men and learns their several fashions he becomes a fit companion for every one he observes the good and evil of others he knows how to avoid tricks put upon men refines and fits himself for any employment and fixes in a certain manner of life not forgetting himself to be an Englishman nor with becoming a Frenchman an Italian or a German but building upon the true foundation of an Englishman and making use of the different ways of those several Nations as Ornaments only and not as a bottom for why should he transform himself into and as it were become a Foreigner who is to live in England all the rest of his days it is enough for him as it were to squeeze the quintessence of what ways manners and other good things those Countries do afford Yet God forbid I should by what I said a little before in the least speak amiss of that we call a Country life which to many proves so quieâ— and so satisfactory and which for a time most of the Nobility and of the Gentry are glad to lead out of choice or by reason of their concerns and interest but I mean the Countrey life merely such when a Gentleman is able to talk of nothing but of a Plough Corn Horses Hounds c. which yet doth not reach persons of the highest quality whose Houses in the Country are like petty Courts therefore 't is necessary for the compleating of a Gentleman to know more than Farmers Faulconers and Park-keepers but without insisting any longer upon this the third part of this work wherein I treat of a private life will sufficiently shew how well I speak of a Countrey life Concerning dangers which Travellers are exposed to I hold they ought to be avoided with care and prudence and the occasions too but to be so timerous as to be afraid of that which perhaps shall never be and hath no probability of being it is to have a groundless fear as if I were afraid to go out because it is possible for tyles to fall upon my head so can a Chimney when I am sitting by the fire These as to means and occasions we ought prudently to avoid and for the event to submit it to Gods Providence For if dangers ought to be so much minded no body must drink out of a Gold or Silver Cup because some were poisoned out of the like no body go to Sea because some are drowned none must go to War because â—everal are killed so that take away dangers there is no reward no merits nor virtue Now the two ends of Travelling are profit and pleasure the last subordinate to the former arising from the satisfaction one hath about the first and from the variety of objects for that which Frenchmen call divertissement or recreation comes from diversity which certainly causes a pleasure almost every day one seeing different things but benefit is a thing I mind most of all 't is a thing gotten by Travels as confirmed by the practice of all polished and civilized Nations ancient and modern Not to look farther than the Romans who travelled into Greece and men of several Nations to Rome and Italy And now all those who send their Children out of England Sueden Germany Holland c. to travel into Foreign parts must needs have some good grounds for what they do Kings themselves and Sovereign Princes do the same not rashly but doubtless upon mature deliberation and there are several who seeing their Children follow a bad course at home send them abroad on purpose to reform them as often they do though to their own costs for rash quarrelsome men will find those who are able to tame them and therefore are forced to learn wisdom which coming to a daily practise is at last contracted into an habit When they are abroad they are remote from those many occasions they have to be debauched at home As for an instance in matter of Drinking if one should practise this in Italy and most parts of France namely South and Southwest he would be a laughing-stock so that he will be mocked out of this vice Now for men to learn sobriety civility frugality and an universal compliance with all manner of tempers to be acquainted with persons and places the most considerable in Europe to be instructed in the way of Government of several Nations and with their forces riches and nature to gather all the good there is in them and at last to know and rule himself are matters of no small concernment to be gotten by travelling to say nothing of the advantage of Languages whereby one is fitted for considerable employments at home and one is capable of improving himself out of all Books written in several Tongues But because young Gentlemen are hardly capable to benefit themselves they want help and directions which they receive from those who usually go under the name of Governors Companions or what other notion you please whose office is to take care of the Gentleman's person improvement and affairs therefore upon this last account in Italy they are called Majordomo or Steward These Governors so called because they have the government of their Pupils are of two sorts some capable of that employment and some not Of these last there are several who go as much to improve themselves as the young Gentleman so that these make that to be their end which to others is but the means They intend first to go abroad and to bring it about they seek for an opportunity of Travelling at the costs of
forgiven that it may never rise up in judgment to accuse convince condemn or shame him in this world or that which is to come then he must thank God for the protection which till then he hath afforded him he hath brought him out of his own Country through deep waters and dry land yet no harm hath befallen him he must beg his help in the carrying on of the design he had in his going over that in the first place he would teach him to fear his Majesty and to keep his Commandments and then how to improve himself to bless his weak endeavors and of those who have a hand in his Education enabling him to receive their instructions and making him willing to be advised by them in every good thing to the end the glory of all may be given to God satisfaction to his Friends and Relations and he receive the benefit of it wishing withal in due time to meet with his Friends if it be his pleasure to their mutual comfort beseeching God till then to take him into his protection and deliver him from those dangers which Travellers are exposed to I conceive these heads are comprehensive of his ordinary wants and necessities besides this before he goeth to his Prayers he must read at least two Chapters in the Bible every day Further he must be sure to observe the Lords day which beyond Seas is too much prophaned either going to the Protestant Churches where it can be done or else in his own Chamber in prayer and reading Scriptures and some good Book of Devotion or doing both and other works of Piety and let this be performed without failing or interruption Therefore that one may be the better able and free to go about this they must chuse a convenient Lodging of which the people be honest affording good accommodation and the Master if possible be a man of parts and learning whose conversation one may have at Table which will prove pleasant and useful for the Language and other things Also let them be Protestants if it can be done for union in judgment makes commonly union of affections and one is free from snares both of changing his Religion and being brought to trouble in case of speaking amiss of another besides that in case of sickness one can receive comfort from a Minister and will not be troubled with Priests as it is usual in Popish Countries upon such occasions of which we have seen examples then in a Protestant house one may have flesh if he hath a mind to it upâ—n Fridays and other forbidden days which many of the contrary Religion would not give This being regulated the young Traveller must immediately be put upon some Exercises fit for and becoming a Gentleman which his genius and strength ought to be consulted about if he hath no mind nor disposition to 't it will hardly come to any good some also of those Exercises requiring a greater strength than others The time of the year is to be considered for if he be weak some violent Exercises as riding the Great Horse and may be Fencing could endanger his health in Summer the quality of Exercises is to be lookt upon first to do those which are most necessary and then others according as he and the Governor do agree he must have enough to take him up at least the greatest part of the morning and some of the afternoon yet so as not to be overburthened therewith for then he would be tired and do none well When days are longer he can do more than when they are short except the heat were so great as to take his heart and strength from it but in hot weather he must begin betimes in the morning every Exercise commoÌ„nly takes up an hour except the Great Horse which requires much more those he undertakes he must be constant and diligent in The benefit coming from doing these exercises is manifold first thereby he learns and instructs himself so hereafter upon occasion being skilled in 't he may make use of them then they take him up and use him to be active and stirring and â—ome of them which make him stretch his joynts help to make him grow and this keeping him in action makes him nimble strong and healthful Furthermore they keep him from idleness and bad company and are a pleasure and a recreation to him for almost every hour he hath a new one and thereby is diverted from evil thoughts passions and deeds but let the time of these Exercises be so ordered that in the morning he may have a whole hour to himself to eat his breakfast to rest to walk or do what he hath a mind to Let him also have time to read and study for all his time must not be given to bodily exercises To tell my opinion of this more particularly first one must know how long he is allowed to be abroad in the whole for then he must divide the time into so many parts as an instance some travel no farther than France and these must resolve to be so long in Saumur Anger 's c. so long in going the Grand Tour and may be staying at Montpelier Lyon Geneva and so long at Paris This must be known to a certain time or thereabouts for there ought to be a rule in ordering of our time Others intend besides France to see Italy others farther will come home through Germany and the Low-Countries and of these some will only go directly through Germany others will see the Emperors Court some of the Electors and of other Princes there some have a curiosity of making a step into Denmark and Sueden There are those who before they come home will go into Spain and Portugal In all this one can never take his measures well or order of his journey except he knows so long I must be in France so long in Italy and so forth which generally depends upon the pleasure of Parents who will not have their Sons to be long in some places and be very long in others according to reasons they have for it which yet may be altered as they receive from the Governor advice of conveniences or inconveniences not foreseen in those places whereby we see how much is referred to the prudence of a Director Now to state a case of this I will suppose I am to be abroad three years or thereabouts I believe the time is never so much stinted as to stand upon one month or two the more because the altering of our resolutions doth often depend upon accidents which are not in our power and within this time I am to see France Italy Germany and part of the Low-Countries then I will resolve thus in France I will be first 18 months 9 or 10 in Italy 5 in Germany and the Low-Countries and 4 or 5 at Paris before I go home Of every one I will speak in order Of the eighteen months I am to be in France I will pass two in going from
would thus be known to him I add that to undertake this upon good grounds and better hopes of success the genius and age of the young Gentleman are not only to be lookt into but dealt with accordingly which to effect one is to consider that to understand to imagine and to remember are proper operations of the rational Soul inasmuch as the intellect the wit and the memory are faculties of the same As Memory is for things past so it may be said the Intellect and Wit are part for present and part for those which are to come and both these last receive a great help from the first for it doth afford matter to discourse and to be exercised upon These faculties of the Soul have their working in the head where upon occasion are drawn the spirits into the brain Hence it is that there is more brains in the head of a Man than in that of the greatest Oxe and it is observed that those Brutes which draw nearer to men as dogs apes and foxes have more of it than others A man excels in one faculty or other according to the temper he is of at such a time or as it is altered either through accidents or the usual course of nature that is according to the several ages which age and genius I say it again if not well observed and dealt with accordingly by the Instructor he will build upon the sand and if he succeeds as to him it will be by meer hazard but when he hath found it out he must put him forward in that way according to the faculty best in him whether Memory Wit or Understanding yet let not the others be idle and let no time be lost I named just before the four Principles of the temperature of man yet I say cold doth nothing of it self only helpeth to temperate the rest therefore the good one is to be neither too moist nor too dry nor too hot nor too cold for when one is too predominant it ever disturbs and at last destroys the rest The Memory to be good must be moist the Intellect dry and the Wit hot yet every one within certain degrees and as these qualities are contrary so it happens seldom that one who hath a good wit hath also a sound judgment because the first requires heat whereby this last is weakened and he who hath a good judgment hath seldom a good memory because that must be dry and this must be moist yet I do not deny but that sometimes a man of a good judgment may also have a good Memory or a good Wit yet all in a moderate degree but the stronger and more predominant one of the faculties is the weaker the others are Hence as I say elsewhere it will appear how Memory is the prevalent faculty in the most tender years because that age abounds in moisture therefore Plato had reason to say In the presence of children we should ever speak of good and honest actions inciting to Vertue because the memory softned with moisture is better able to receive impressions than when it is dried up As one sees the difference between hard and soft clay and wax yet a Child must not be troubled with many several different matters at the same time because they breed a confusion for want of being duly placed besides that to every Science are prescribed some bounds which must not be trespassed and therefore see you perfect him in some measure before you proceed to other things Arts and Sciences gotten with Memory and proper to 't are Grammar some Theory of the Law the Principles but not the Controversies of Divinity Arithmetick reading of History and Languages which are learned by Children better than by men of riper years yet remember Memory grows better for being used When one is passed from childhood to infancy the mind begins to understand and therefore proportionable things must be offered to that present capacity as good Authors and something of Logick but when by degrees that moisture ceases to abound then the Understanding grows stronger as we see it by experience with people who live in hot Countries who are wiser and more judicious than those who inhabit cold Climates where reigns more simplicity and stupidity because the Sun and heat cannot dry up part of their moisture as it doth where it shines with more strength Now to the Intellect belongs to distinguish to discourse conclude judge and chuse and things proper to it are Dialectick Natural Philosophy Theory of Physick the practice of the Law Polemical and School Divinity To Wit belong invention and composition of things it hath in its operation a beginning a progress and a decay as the other faculties when it turns too much into fancy and arises to some hotter degree than it should it becomes destructive and falls into delirium making one light-headed they who go so far fancy high and great things their brains being over-heated with too much working or reading Romantical Adventures which they should be forbidden to do this humoring and elevating that fancy Yet certainly true Wit is of a vast extent for to it do belong all Arts and Sciences consisting in figure harmony and proportion as Musick Picture-Drawing Eloquence the practice of Physick Mathematicks Astrology application to several things at the same time which yet is not an ordinary effect of it Poetry for some young men can sooner make twenty good Verses in two hours than learn by heart ten lines in two days whereby is seen the difference of Wit and Memory as the example of Socrates makes it visible between Wit and Understanding for the Oracle pronounced him to be the wisest man alive when he never had the wit to make one good verse though as much as in him lay he had learned the rules of Poetry Lastly to pen well Cards and several other Games are under the compass of Wit which must be taken up with good things I make much depend upon the temperature of the body yet detest the consequence of Galenus but I make most depend upon a rational Soul yet I think it fit for men to endeavour to know the natural causes of things for Nature is a Book to be read and observed by us leaving all to the concourse and influences of the All-mighty and wise God Maker of our immortalSouls One must endeavour to get all former Rules confirmed by experience because in some cases general Rules fail Some the better to know the temper of men will proceed farther and consult Physiognomy whereof Aristotle hath given some Rules and to begin with the forehead according to the Proverb Frons hominem praefert they who have it great are lasie if little they are light and inconstant if it be large and broad they are easie to be moved and unsetled in mind If the eye-brows be straight as it were in a line they signifie one to be effeminate if they bow towards the nose he is sower and churlish if they be turned
acquainted with the Classical Authors I named with the Languages I spoke of with Rhetorick Philosophy Morals included so that in all this I mentioned nothing but what every young man brought up a Scholar ought to know in some measure which they may attain unto if betimes they are put upon 't and have mind and abilities to follow it Withal I do not intend to impose any thing upon others only let the Reader suppose I writ what I think fit to be done or would do my self if that were my calling for in such things often opinions do differ and as many heads as many minds as in matter of taste one likes the sweet and another the sowre one finds one meat very savory and another cannot relish it yet for all this there are some Principles which most are agreed upon about this except some whose taste is perhaps depraved through some distemper or other accident namely that Gall and things very bitter have no good taste and also that there are things insipid So it is in relation to another of our sences namely thâ— eye In the case of Beauty one likes the fat another is pleased with the lean one is taken with the black another with the white complection and several other things to this purpose as the blue and the black eyes yet there are principles concerning this which we are all agreed upon namely that a good complexion a white skin regular features and an exact proportion of all parts are marks of beauty for if one would affirm that a squint eye or a nose awry were signs of beauty he would make himself ridiculous The same I may say of the subject in hand though concerning Breeding of Youth men do differ in the ways and methods or other things yet we all agree that Erudition or Learning of Arts and Sciences the precepts of Morality and the like are essential parts of Education or at least much contributing to complete one As therefore this is the chief not to say the only matter I have handled in this Treatise I believe I may well conclude that it contains nothing but what is possible and necessary to be done not out of â— principle which many are acted by and which indeed is as natural for an Author to lick his work as for a father to love his child it being often with Writings as with Whelps which to make very smooth the bitch takes great pains to lick over so do some Authors with their productions till they be polished to their mind I add one thing more to wit that there are several cases and circumstances of Education upon which one can hardly give any particular Rules the genius of young men being so different and so contrary that many things must be left to the prudence of the Tutor circumstances of persons times and places herein are much to be observed FINIS A TREATISE Concerning the EDUCATION OF YOUTH The Second Part. About their Breeding Abroad By I. GAILHARD Gent. Quid brevi fortes jaculamur avo Multa quid terras alio calentes Sole mutamus patriae quis exul Se quoque fugit Horat. lib. 2. Ode 16. In the SAVOY Printed by T.N. for I. Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet-street near Temple-Bar 1678. To the Honorable Sir THOMAS GROSVENOR BARONET SIR WHen first I had the Honour to see you thorough my own experience I was confirmed in the opinion of a Sympathy between persons for then my inclination was wrought upon with much respect and tenderness for you these beginnings produced by sudden Causes were soon grounded upon others better known aâ—d strengthen'd with the consideration of your being committed to my Care and I intrusted with the direction of your Travels Then that which was at first an effect either of inclination or choice was enforced as a necessary duty of being diligent and faithful in the Trust I had taken upon me I was much encouraged and received it as a good Omen to see you in those very tender years take a generous Resolution and this as much out of your own motion as upon the suggestion of others yet in subordination to the direction of those who had right and authority over you to leave Relations and Countrey to strive after being bettered with an Outlandish Breeding But when I began better to be acquainted with you all former Dispositions and Engagements ceased or were suspended to give place to new and greater Ties I could perceive in you all inclinations to be Good free from Vice and favourable Dispositions to receive what good impressions I was able to work upon you a Judgment desirous or rather greedy to be informed a Will ready to be directed and Affections to be rectified And in few words by way of Reading Conversations propounding Doubts asking good Questions you were unwearied in your Endeavors to be instructed And with your close following Riding the great Horse Fencing Dancing Drawing Landskips and Designing Learning upon the Gitar the French and Italian Tongues and following other Exercises to acquire those Accomplishments which do so much become a Gentleman of your Age Estate and Quality It is very hard to find one as you who would take so much Pains and be so exact in making Observations about Persons Places and Things so that for the space of four years thorough all France Italy part of Hungary Bohemia Germany and Switzerland hardly any considerable Person or Thing hath escaped your fight It is rare to see others as well as you in the depth of Winter to be with Masters of Exercises by Candle-light and sometimes an hour before day and not be satisfied with the explication of the Writings of your Master of Mathematicks but also to take your self the Pains to Copy them But one of the greatest Commendations I can add is That you ever yielded to Reason and were pleased to take my advice and follow my counsel which made my Task comfortable to me and your Travels beneficial to your self Hence it is that in your Actions one could perceive you had the two essential things necessary to every one of them namely Rule that is Grounds and Causes with Resolution that is Courage and Constancy whereby you know some difficulties lying in our way have been overcome Your Moneys you did not trifle away but bestowed them upon good Books Medals and other useful Rarities worth the Curiosity of a Compleat Gentleman so that one may see you have been a good Husband of two precious Things your Time and your Moneys After this you may judge of my inclination and the world of the necessity of my Dedicating this to you which with the other Parts of my Book you know were compiled the first Summer we were together in France Accept it therefore with the full assurance of my ever being Sir Your most Humble Servant I. Gailhard The Preface THe Ends of Men are reduced to that which â—is either honest pleasant or profitable these give motion to all their actings by
who had not run themselves beyond Seas into such premunire's if they had had one about them who had prevented extravagant expences their being arrested and such other dangers and shame Those indeed who once were abroad and had such Directors if they go again are better able to mannage their affairs Some will take a faithful Valet de Chambré who hath some experience which is better than none or a raw one and this when the Gentleman is passed twenty but except the Master be of a good nature the Servant will not dare to â—ay to him any thing against his mind or give him good advice rather to get his love he will serve and comply with him in any thing for his own ends whereof the consequences are often very bad When a man is not able or hath no mind to be at the charges of keeping abroâ—d a Governor with his Son in my opinion the best way is to joyn with one or two more to help to bear charges or else to send one with him well qualified to carry him over and settle him in one place or other of France or of other Countries to be there with him two or three months leave him there after he hath set him in a good way and then come home 'T is fit to say also something of qualifications necessary to young Gentlemen who are appointed to Travel but because though all agree in their ultimate end to procure their good the subordinate ones are so different that in many these dispositions are more to be wished than hoped for in some it is to divert them from bad inclinations they are subject to or to withdraw them from vices they are given to in others to mend and reform their bad nature in others to learn the Language and Exercises in many to improve themselves in one or several things in others to get health confidence c. so that often Parents have private reasons for sending them abroad However though these things be not depending upon those who are to Travel with them yet 't is to be wished they had some or all the good qualities I am now ready to express Beâ—ides what I mentioned in the first part of this Book of Piety Erudition and Morality it is to be wished a young Gentleman were of good parts both acquired by study and innate or by nature when the understanding is naturally good the apprehension quick and memory happy 't is a great encouragement to a Governor and in a young man a good disposition to receive and retain instructions contrariwise when he is dull and heavy it is tedious uncomfortable and hard infusing things into him This requires a good method and a great patience in the Teacher who must tell again and again things before the Scholar can remember them yet for all this he must not be discouraged nor the young man for Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo And sometimes those who are slow and so heavy in receiving are strong in keeping what they received It is to be wished in the second place he be of a good nature meek and gentle not froward nor humorsome but easie to be dealt withal apt and willing to be directed and advised this is a great satisfaction to a man who is to deal with such tempers for he sees he bestows well his time and pains and is like thereby to get credit and reputation which to men is a great motive to act but when a man sees that what he doth is in vain that the more he strives to please and to benefit the less he is regarded and that his labours are paid with unthankfulness that whatsoever he doth is disliked and that the young man grows so unruly and wild that there are little hopes of remedy to recal him then he begins to feel the weight and burthen of his task which he wishes to be discharged of wanting strength and courage to go through this will make Travelling unpleasant and unprofitable to both so that when it proves so both do share in the hardness and the trouble Thirdly In a young man is required an opinion that his Governor is worthy of and able to perform the trust committed to him Some young Travellers are so highly conceited of themselvs and set themselves at such a value that they look upon every one else as much their inferior and every way below them but they must learn not to over-value themselves nor undervalue others and not use like Serving-men those whom their Parents thought fit and worthy to give them as Directors In the fourth place I would have Gentlemen young when they begin to Travel abroad and this for several reasons First what bad inclinations may happen to be in them cannot be very strong in so short a time and therefore are more easily rooted out and better ones grafted in their place As long as evil is not contracted into an habit still there is hopes of a remedy but when it is inveterate and hath been in possession for a long time then it proves more dangerous and hard to be removed Secondly because when they be young they are the more tractable and receive impressions better and though some think them to be less reasonable than when they are come to riper years I believe also their passions are weaker in them and therefore are not so strong headed and less obstinate They do not go abroad to shew they are very rational men of wit and parts but to learn these things and when they have it to perfect themselves therein Neither is a Governor given them to be a witness and spectator of what good qualities they have but rather to shew how they may get them in case they want them and raise them to a higher degree of perfection if they are endued therewith A Preceptor will be pleased when his Scholar moves questions to him and learns easily what he teaches him but if because the young man hath good parts he would not mind his Masters instructions but constantly be a disputing against him this is worse than if he were less witty but more yielding to rule and advice for I repeat here what I said elsewhere how obedience is the foundation upon which all instructions are to be built and the basis of good Breeding God also loves Obedience better than Sacrifice It is a custom with many in England to order Travelling to their Sons as Emetick Wine is by the Physician prescribed to the Patient that is when they know not what else to do and when Schools Universities Inns of Courts and every other way hath been tried to no purpose then that nature which could be tamed in none of these places is given to be mended by a Governor with many a woe to him and all this because the young Gentleman was not sent abroad betime and before he was hardened in his evil courses Moreover when they are young they are more capable of learning
Tennis or others provided this be no hinderance to better things and be not followed with excess or too much eagerness for else instead of contributing to one's health it would endanger it specially in Summer when heat is great and violent for without that is made a great dissipation of spirits which maketh one weak and faint yet I would advise him not to give himself to those sports which none but an inâ—erior sort of people are at for thus he makes himself contemptible to persons of Quality therefore as long as he is abroad and takes any recreation without doors let him use those of the Country he lives in and which are followed by his equals for else men would conceive thoughts of him very disadvantageous as if he were weak spirited or low minded Thus much concerning bodily Exercises let us now come to those of another nature for he goes abroad not only to frame his body but also to instruct his mind and inform his judgment therefore he must add what he can to those Arts and Sciences I mentioned in the first part of this work to bring them to a greater maturity and perfection so that where he finds an eminent Philosopher there I would have him to close the same he must do of a good Linguist where he happens to light upon one for it is the good fortune of Travellers in one place to find a man who excels in one thing and in another place one who is famous for another for those jewels are dispersed and he is a wise man who makes use of the advantage and draws out of them all what he can for when the occasion is lost 't is not easily recovered Fronte capillata est sed post occasio calva One of the things which above all I would have him to be careful of is not to forget any thing he learned before in the Schools or University for it were a greater shame to do so than if he had never learned it and let him not think it to be below him again to go over those things for I have known some eminently learned men who every year read over their Grammar Some think a Governor hath no more to do herein but to find good Masters of all sorts of Exercises and see them perform their charge but I am not of that mind for I woulâ— not have him to be an idle spectator whilst others are at work but in time and place I wish him to impart to his Gentleman some of the lights he hath in himself for be is both Censor morum and Doctor rerum teacher of things not of Fencing Dancing or the Language but of Sciences whether natural or moral but this specially by way of discourse therefore I would have him to take pains briefly to insinuate into the young man a general ground of History from the Creation of the world to the present age out of some good Books of his own choice then also an Epitome of the particular History of the Country you are in composed by an Author of the same Nation esteemed the best whether it be in France or Italy c. and one treating of the present state of things in France they have one which is often renewed called The State of France containing curious and necessary things for strangers and others The useof the Map will be very beneficial if he understands it which he can do easily this will give a great light to some parts of History depending upon Geography which he must have an insight of till in due time he comes to a place where he may dive farther into it whereof I will speak in its place In the mean time he must endeavor to understand the use of the Terrestrial Globe which can much help him therein The Science of Mathematicks is very curious and much worth the pains of a Gentleman Indeed I think this of all others to be the most fit and proper for a man of quality though not every part of them her demonstrations are so visible and so convincing that of all humane Arts and Sciences this hath the clearest proofs This is so generally received that when we will say such a thing is undeniable we call it a Mathematical demonstration but as it requires ripeness of judgment I would have him to learn it by degrees till he grows more and more fit for it let him learn first the Principles and Elements of it yet if he can he must perfect himself in the crabby yet very necessary part thereof called Arithmetick which is of a universal necessity Geometry is one of the most important parts of it necessary to many sorts of persons pleasant and beneficial to all The matter of Fortification is very important for the defence of places and the rules of ordinary Architecture are useful they teach how to build well to chuse a situation pleasant strong and convenient that is having things necessary to subsist by as Water c. what shall I say of Astronomy Astrology and other lawful parts of this curious Science which of all humane ones are of the greatest extent the most consummated therein making daily new discoveries they are so taking and recreative that the more one studies them the more he is enticed to do 't they are the delight of the greatest wits to whom they afford matter enough to exercise themselves Chymistry is another curious Art full of secrets and rarities very pleasant and useful for certainly extractions made out of Metals and Minerals can do much good when applied well and if in the practice of it men could but confine themselves within certain bounds it would not prove so hurtful and dangerous to some as it is but indeed 't is so bewitching a thing that many not being gone very far into 't do seek for the philosophical Stone in the pursuit whereof they exhaust their brains and purse and hope to find it out which yet is harder to be done than a Quadrature in the Circle or malleable Glass that is harder than stones which can be broken with a hammer If a Traveller hath time and happens to be in a convenient place as may be Padoa Montpellier or other it would be in him a commendable curiosity to learn something in Physick not to be a Doctor of or to practise it only to be able to understand the grounds of it A man having a body to look to would be glad to know the temper and constitution of it what manner of diet he must observe to keep it in health and also to know the nature causes signs and remedies of Diseases it would be a satisfaction and a benefit to one for at all times and in all places one hath not a Doctor at his elbow to consult with besides that there is a great pleasure to read the strong and rational Books of great Writers in that profession as Avicenna's Averroes's Hypocrates Galenus's and others out of which here and there I will collect
a man into his Grave If men in drink could see their faces their looks their reeling and staggering postures hear their stammerings and non-sensical discourses they would be ashamed so to abuse themselves and the creatures which God hath given them to be used with sobriety and thanksgiving Why should they be prostituted to the passion and inordinate lust of those who as St. Paul saith make the whole work of Creation sigh and groan and expose it to that bondage out of which it shall at last be delivered Drunkenness is the cause of most or all mischiefs hence come quarrels blows wounds bruises and often death Who hath woe who hath sorrow who hath contentions babling wounds without cause redness of eyes they that tarry long at the wine c. This Vice is commonly the fomenter of Luxury for Sine Cerere Baccho friget Venus it is as the bait to it and what wood is to the fire that same drunkenness and gluttony are to Luxury therefore one said well Tollas ligna foco si vis extinguere flammas Si veneris motus otia vina dapes Horace having said of Hercules Multa tulit fecitque puer sudavit alsit addeth the Verse immediattly following Abstinuit venere vino He abstained from women and wine as of two great enemies to virtuous men It is said of one who one day being asked which of these three sins he thought to be the least Drunkenness Murther of a Father or Incest answered Drunkenness which he being given to one night he went home drunk went in and lay with his Mother whilst she was asleep and then killed his Father for censuring of him Whether or not this was true it matters not much but this is a certain truth how a drunken man is capable of doing or suffering any possible mischief It is a wonder if a man given to this Vice be good in any relation he is apt to kill to steal to commit Adultery to play his Estate away he is unfit for any employment He who cannot rule himself is not able to govern others nor to manage any affair whether publick or private for he cannot keep a secret whether his own or another manâ— in vino veritas when he is known to be given to drink others will play upon him in that way and pump out what he hath in his heart History both ancient and modern affords us examples of great and important designs which miscarried through this which although it be every where a vile vice yet 't is more dangerous abroad than at home for where a man is known others will bear with him when he is in such fits and not much heed what he saith or doth but in Foreign parts strangers will not suffer the extravagancies which men commit when they are in this condition but will chastise them for 't St. Paul saith they who are drunken are drunken in the night because darkness hides the vice and frees them from the shame but these seem to brave all the world committing it in the sight of the Sun and go abroad only as it were to let other Nations see how vicious they are which is a great dishonour to themselves and disparagement to the Nation they are of for others will be apt to think there is many such others in their Country wherefore as they tender the credit of their Nation the honor of their Family and their own reputation if they pretend to any let them avoid drunkenness whereby their life is every day in danger and jeopardy and if they will be drunk let them be so at home and not do that wrong to sober persons of their own Nation whom thus they cause to be thought to be such as they are being all Country-men if they have not the fear of God before their eyes who excludeth drunkards from the Kingdom of Heaven let them tremble at the dangers which every day hang over their heads they are loth to break good fellowship but matter not to venture their soul life health reputation and estate they will drink say they but a glass of Wine with a friend then the glass is followed with another and this with a bottle and many more so that the Verse will be true Pinta traht pintam sequitur mox altera pinta Et sic post pintas nascitur ebrietas Amongst the several laws made by Lycurgus there was none against drunkenness which he being asked the reason of answered that Vice is attended with its punishments shame head-aches distempers c. The company of dishonest Women is also to be avoided which is the more dangerous because the desire of it is so natural yet one must strive against Lust which when it hath conceived it bringeth forth sin Adam could say the Wife which thou hast given me made me eat the Fruit of the forbidden Tree This hath been a stumbling block to many a good and great man David had a sore fall in the case of Bersheba and Women turned away Solomon's heart from following his God He who in his Book of Proverbs had given so excellent lessons against this sin saying Wisdom will deliver one from a strange woman whose end is bitter as wormwood she is called an evil woman by whose means a man is brought to a piece of bread she leads one to death and destruction and many such places This caused the destruction of the Trojan Empire which once was so flourishing For this the Tarquins were expelled out of Rome and by the accident of Virginia the Decemvirs were turned out And if King Rodrigo of Castille had not ravished the honour of Count Iuliano's Daughter this Count had not brought into Spain the Saracens to be avenged of that injury Solomon saith jealousie is the rage of a man who will not spare in the day of vengeance Sampson and Hercules perished by these means which made a Poet to say Quis Samsone fuit quis fortior Hercule constat Foemineis ambos succubuisse thoris Spaniards say well Guerra Caca y amores Por un placer mil dolores War Hunting Love give bad morrows For one pleasure a thousand sorrows Without going so far back to find in ancient Histories examples of damages befallen great States through an inordinate love for Women there is a modern one very remarkable which hath caused an unspeakable prejudice to the Spanish Monarchy Philip II. fell passionately in love with Anna Mendozza a beautiful Widow of Ruygomez de Sylva formerly a Minister and great Favorite of that King and made confident of this passion his Secretary of State Antonio Perez who instead of serving his Master spoke for himself and had his desire which could not be done so secretly but that Escovedo Secretary to Don Iuan of Austria and newly arrived out of Flanders heard of it and acquainted the King therewith with a design thereby to undo Perez who in the Council opposed Don Iuan's concerns Whereupon the King
to them the virtue of their Ancestoâ—s whose footsteps they ought to tread upon because thereby they attained unto honors and dignities Certainly if they have any good inclinations it will work in them a desire of imitation Thus Alexander the Great attained to the perfection of Achilles whom he took for his pattern therefore he was seldom without Homer's Iliads which he used to lay under his Pillow and it is beneficial to take one to be his pattern as he did Homer amongst the Greeks and Virgil amongst the Latins in matter of Heroical Virtues ought to be consulted for in their Books ex professo under several names they have given us an exact Character of great wise valiant and virtuous men in which kind of writing for certain they ought to be esteemed true Masters and best Authors but this subject being not so proper for this place because Breeding and Travelling do not make youth do great things but fits and disposes them for it This is only a leader and a guide to action when they are raised to preferments come to riper years and in a capacity of doing their Country service then directions to heroical virtues would prove fit and seasonable but that should be the work of another Treatise for here I intended only to carry him to travel and then bring him home and not shew him what to do to get to a settlement when he is come thither Therefore to carry on my design I would advise the Governor after the nine or ten months appointed to settle in a place are over to remove but if they have time I think it would not be amiss to shew him the Sea-coasts of Britany before he leaves the River Loire for by reason of the neighborhood one cannot tell what occasion he may meet with hereafter thereabouts to serve his King and Countrey therefore when he travels by those parts he must observe the situation and the strength or weakness of places the same he should do of Normandy of all Sea-Towns there when he is come to Rouën so of all the Sea-Coasts of France and of other Nations he comes amongst because our Nation being so potent at Sea one cannot tell what occasion hereafter he may have to lead Fleets or Ships into those parts either as friend or foe for any thing relating to Navigation may prove very necessary for every Englishman the situation of the Countrey being such that we can have communication with no other Nation but by the means of the Sea I had almost forgotten to say that as commonly at home in Schools young Gentlemen are kept seven or eight years in learning that which they should be taught within half of that time at most whereby much of their time is lost so abroad they will meet with those Masters of Exercises who for some interest of little money will be a whole month in teaching that which they could learn in a week this the Governor is concerned to prevent But before he leaveth the place he hath been at all this while he ought to take leave of his friends and acquaintances in 't giving them thanks for their civility either in receiving his visits or making theirs to him then in case they can conveniently give him any Letters of commendation to their Friends in the places he is to go by he may ask of them that farther favor but let him chiefly be careful to leave behind him no bad name but give every one his due and discharge all debts he hath contracted there An honest man never loves to go out like a snuff and leave a stinking smell behind him but rather he will so depart from a Town as that he may dare to come thither again and be welcome As he goeth through the Country let him besides what I said before exactly enquire of the chief Families of every Province as afterwards he must do about the greatest of the whole Kingdom in time and place This gives a great light and help to understand the constitution and interests of a State specially that of France where great men have much power and influences and as that is a large Country he may observe the different temper of the Inhabitants of the several Provinces in some places they are more hasty than in others as in Gascony and formerly the Forlorn Hope of their Armies consisted of Gascons fit for a quick and speedy execution In other Provinâ—es men are fitter for Horse than for foot Those who are nearer the Sea-side are better than others for the Sea those who are amidst Mountains are good to keep or force difficult passages so towards the Pyrenean Mountains or other as in the Sevenes and the Alps they climb up high Hills and Rocks and are fitter to endure hardship not being so impatient as others are Now out of the knowledge of this the use will be in case one had to do against Armies composed of these several sorts of men he could better know how to deal with them with tiring or taking other advantages over those who are impatient drawing into level ground those who are used to Mountains keeping in Plains when stronger in Horse or in harder places when strong in Foot and though every one hath no occasion to be a Soldier or is not fit for it yet 't is well for every one to know how to defend his King and Country how to repulse a Foreign Enemy or how to disturb others at home when our Princes think fit so to do for though Kingdoms be not ever gotten or preserved by the Sword yet without it they cannot be maintained for all Councels in the world except they be back'd with Sword and Authority and be in a martial posture will be slighted and not cared for Silent leges inter arma France is a potent Monarchy of a large extent very full of daring and industrious people from Dunkirk to Bayone washed with the Ocean and the Southerly parts with the Mediterranean defended by the Pyrenean Mountains from Spain by the Alps from Italy and by strong places upon her other Frontiers it hath a door into Spain by the ways of Perpignan and Bayone into Italy by Pignerol into Germany by Brisac and many strong places in the Low-Countries this Kingdom as Boccalini saith is a land where at any time one can sow seed and a Sea where one can sail with every wind and this so conveniently seated to disturb so many other parts of Europe and all commanded by an absolute Monarch makes it the more considerable in it self and formidable to her enemies and indeed that Nation except in case of civil Wars or with England hath ever more offended others than defended her self These general things and others more particular ought exactly to be observed by Strangers when they come into those parts the more because of their present flourishing condition which makes that Crown have so considerable influences upon most Counsels and affairs of Europe which through her
abuse Princes favors for so doing they deserve their misfortunes because being from a low condition raised to a great height of favor they are like those men who being used to keep in low places if they be lifted upon the top of a Steeple as they look down to the place whence they came up their head turns they grow giddy and do not know what they do just as if they had been lifted up so high only to make their fall the more precipitate dangerous and more conspicuous Many who upon a sudden are raised from a low to a great fortune are like one who from a Dungeon or any dark and blind place being brought to a great light have their eyes dazled with it and all objects above them appear of a different colour from what they are therefore 't is the prudence of a Prince to chuse those who are fit for such places though Subjects must acquiesce to such a choice when 't is once made for the Prince being the fountain of honor may impart it to whom he pleases yet therein he is chiefly to aim at the publick good But I must engage no farther upon this matter which is not just of my present purpose but occasionally brought in to return to the Travellers whom I left in Italy having only hinted to them something of that journey but if they desire to know more about it and how to benefit themselves let them peruse my Relation of that Country That which I made of the Republick of Venice can shew them a method how to make observations about Principalities and Dominions only let them know that most mischiefs which in Italy befal Strangers are upon the account of Women as in France about certain points of honor and in Germany about drinking therefore in France let him have a special care to avoid Quarrels Women in Italy Wine in Germany and Gaming every where To order well the journey of Italy when one is come thither he must be resolved upon two things one is how long he intends to stay there the second is which way he intends to come out of it for as he hath time in the whole allowed him he may accordingly distribute it into parts for he who is to stay two years in Italy will be longer in some places than if he were to be there but one and this as to the first As to the second some go only to see Italy and as they went into 't out of France so they come back again into France others go out of it into Germany According then to the supposition I made before that a Traveller will be ten months in Italy and that he intends to come back into France he may thus order his journey according to the season he comes into that Country some come in Spring and pass there the Summer others arrive in Autumn and stay there a Winter and part of the Spring and this last is the best season because they who come from Northern and cold Climates will find the inconveniences of hot weather in Summer for not being used to so hot a Climate this and Fruits may happen to cause Fevers Bloody-fluxes and other distempers I mean chieâ—ly to those who are of a weak and tender complexion For as to some others it is not altogether so I can say for my part I never found any such inconvenience in what Climate or Country soever I have been with the use of sobriety and temperance which I thank God for Now when a man comes into 't in Autumn this and Winter being seasons more moderate than Summer one uses himself by degrees to the Climate and Country in those parts heat and dust being very troublesome in that time of year though in some more than in others not only because some are hotter than others but also by reason of the remedies they enjoy in some places which others do want for in the Dukedom of Milan and other parts of Lombardy there are several channels of water wherewith when they please they can water the High-way which cools it and allays the dust but they who travel in Summer do 't in the night time and rest a great part of the day which also is observed by those who are in Town for Italians say in a Proverb specially at Rome that none but French-men mad men or dogs use to walk or go about streets in Summer about the middle of the day But before I shew our Traveller which way to steer his course I must give him one advice or two the first is to take Bills of Health from whatsoever Town he goes away for being very sorely afraid of the Plague they are very strict in often keeping Guards to question whence one doth come Herein they are severe indifferently to all and let in no body till after a tedious quarantena The second advice is to make provision of a good Bridle Saddle and things belonging to 't for in many places one is sadly put to 't for these three things Thirdly he must take heed what Books he carries for if they be Latin or Italian forbidden not only they will be lost but also they may bring a man to a great trouble about it Fourthly let him take heed what Arms he carrieth for Daggers Stileti Pocket-Pistols and long Knives with points in most places are forbidden under pain of death Fifthly he must beware of the Inquisition and therefore ought carefully to avoid speaking against the Pope or his Religion Sixthly I must add one thing more about Diet to be sober for their meat and drink are hot and nourishing and apt to give surfeits also to avoid drinking much of their cold and frozen waters which are too commonly used there against the heat of aliments and weather but which often prove worst than the Disease several dying for drinking too much of them Lastly because few of our Englishmen are used to Oil they would do well to accustom themselves to 't for most of their Sauces are made with it Butter there being very dear and scarce in most places As our Travellers did in France so in Italy they must chuse a place in which to spend most of their time whereof the most usual are first Rome then Venice others stay at Siena or Florence For certain Rome is the best and fittest place of Italy for Travellers to be at by reason of the great liberty strangers enjoy in 't of the number of Arts and Exercises to be used there and of the variety of ancient and modern Curiosities to be seen and of the pomp and stateliness of that Court and of the many Cardinals Princes Embassadors and other publick Ministers Venice is remarkable for the rarity of the situation the wisdom of the Senate the antiquity and fame of the Republick a month or six weeks time is enough for a â—tranger who hath no business there to be in 't according to their saying O Venetia chi non te vede troppo te
specially this last when you are within the Dominions of a Republick with the names of men famous in one Profession or other whether of Sciences or Arts as are Divines Mathematicians Picture-Drawers Architects Musicians and the like Remember how difficult it is to find again occasions when once they are lost and time lost can never be recovered therefore whil'st you stay abroad use your utmost endeavors to fit your self when you are come home to serve your King and Country Let there be a Rule and a Resolution in every thing you do that is have reasons for every thing you do and be not fickle when you resolve upon something and if as I said elsewhere you have a good disposition inclination application and direction you need not doubt with the Grace of God of a good success in your undertakings A Gentleman will be much the better by the knowledge and practice of these things which are universal Truths not tyed to any time or place directing him how to get Knowledge and Wisdom if he inclines and applies himself to it for the time he is abroad which being expired he must prepare to come home having got a good stock of learning prudence experience and of Books necessary not only to preserve but also to improve it upon his leaving Paris he is to take leave of the chief of his acquaintances and of all his friends returning them thanks for their civilities desiring them to continue their love to him in his absence and of some particular he may ask leave now and then to trouble him or them with a Letter and vouchsafe from time to time to answer thereunto Thus when he is at home he will have news of what happeneth abroad and by this correspondency he may more and more be informed of affairs the sooner and from good hands hereby also he can oblige any one of his friends when they go over commending them to those he hath beyond Seas As soon as he is come over let him exactly observe himself in what he saith or doth for the eyes of most that knew him will be fixed upon him and according to the opinion which at that time people conceive of him whether good or bad so he is like to be esteemed as long as he liveth a man whose reputation is setled may do many things and never be thought the worse for 't because men have a good opinion of him which if those who have bad repute should do they would be condemned and cryed down it is usual to think well of those we love and honour so on the contrary of those we care not for when the person is acceptable what he doth pleaseth us but when we have a prejudice against him we dislike every thing he doth and indeed 't is strange a thing yet true that we should so much depend on the opinion of others to obtain it generally one must be not only prudent but also very â—ortunate and yet for all this such is the variety of mans mind and they so differ in their opinion that nequidem Iupiter omnibus placet saith one God himself doth not please all men therefore this universal approbation being so hard to be obtained one must be content with that of the best sort and with the testimony of his own Conscience not minding the envying jealousie hatred and other principles which several men in the world are actuated by Seeing then how necessary it is to get into the good opinion of the World and how difficult to be obtained one must be the more wary and careful and labour the harder for it specially at home the place of ones settlement where he is to give a tryal of his Parts Abilities and Improvement in his Travels which being known he will be cryed up in his Country considered at Court and respected every where which will last as long as his life in case he abuses not that love and favour of men but in case it should happen with him as it doth with some who learn no good but all the evils and vices practis'd beyond Seas and who are not a jot the better for their travels having only lost their time and mispent their monies to such we might apply the Story of the Ass which having left his ordinary Pasture to go into those that were more remote and having been there for a considerable time at last being come back he lookt about and stared and made much ado expecting from those fellows he had left a great respect and admiration which being deny'd him he expostulated the case with them saying He had been very far and had seen many things That may be said others but still you are the same you were an Ass when you went and an Ass now you are come back with this difference that at that time you were a little one and now you are a great one your Ears being grown much longer than they were at that time So it had been better for some Gentlemen not to have travelled because they come home worse than they went Socrates told one who asked him why he was not the better for all his Travels Quid miraris nihil tibi peregrinâ—tiones prodesse cum te circumferas ut animum possis continere prius corporis tui fugam siste aegri animi est ista vagatio like a Patient who lies abed restless he thinks but is mistaken to be the better with often changing place so with some disquietness of mind is often cause of travelling to such Seneca faith Animum debes mutare non coelum licet vastum trajeceris mare térraeque urbesque recedant sequentur te quocumque perveneris vitio One ought to change Mind and Manners as well as Climate and Country Horace spoke wisely upon this subject and to the same effect as the former But he who travelleth with prudence and discretion will mind his benefit and reputation the content of his Friends and Relations and the service of his King and Country which by all good lawful and possible means he will endeavor to procure and promote but how and by what means this may be effected 't is a sufficient matter for another Book and a particular Treatise FINIS Histories and other Curious Discourses fit to be Read by Young Gentlemen All Printed for and sold by Iohn Starkey in Fleet Street 1. THE Voyages and Travels of the Duke of Holsteins Ambassadors into Moscovy Tartary and Persia begun in the year 1633. and finished in the year 1639. containing a compleat History of those Countreys Whereunto are added the Travels of Mandelslo from Persia into the East Indies begun in 1638 and finished in 1640. The whole illustrated with divers accurate Maps and Figures Written originally by Adam Olearius Secretary to the Embassie Englished by I. Davis The second Edition in Folio Price bound 20 s. 2. The Works of the famous Nicholas Machiavel Citizen and Secretary of Florence containing the History of Florence the Princâ— the
The Compleat Gentleman OR DIRECTIONS For the EDUCATION OF YOUTH As to their BREEDING at HOME And TRAVELLING ABROAD In Two Treatises By I. GAILHARD Gent. Who hath been Tutor Abroad to several of the Nobility and Gentry In the SAVOY Printed by Tho. Newcomb for Iohn Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet Street near Temple-Bar 1678. Imprimatur Guil. Sill R. P. D. Henrico Episcopo Lond. Ã Sacris Dom. Septemb. 22. 1677. A TREATISE Concerning the EDUCATION OF YOUTH The First Part. About their Breeding at Home By I. GAILHARD Gent. Vae tibi qui praees non prodes si quia praeesse nequis prodesse recusas Adde quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores nec sinit esse feros Ovid. In the SAVOY Printed by T.N. for I. Starkey at the Mitre in Fleet-street near Temple-Bar 1678. To the Right Honorable THEOPHILUS Earl of Huntingdon Lord Hastings Hungerford Homet Botreaux Moelis Molins and Peverel c. My Lord AS the Tempers of men are different so are their Conditions according as they are placed by Providence Nature or their Industry but all priviledged men whether with nobleness of Birth fulness of Riches or greatness of Parts and Vertue are equally bound in their station to act according to the measure of their power They who are in elevations ought to avoid making idols or cyphers of themselves as if they were thus placed only for their own sake or for a shew to others but the higher they are the nearer they are to God and the more lively images of him whose influences are more immediately derived on them not there to rest but to be imparted to those of an orb inferior to theirs which ends if they do not answer they may well look upon themselves in their elevation as standing on the edg of a dreadful precipice For the higher they are lifted up the greater and more dangerous will be their fall and to their own shame they will undergo the fate of those fiery vapours elevated in the air which to the eyes of men seem to be Stars and placed amongst them but on a sudden by their fall vanish away and then it appears what they were namely an illusion without reality No man endued with Judgment and Reason will believe him who acts the part of a Prince upon the Stage though for a time he borrows Royal Ornaments and assumes over his equals a Sovereign Authority to be indeed what he seems and pretends to be 't is so but for a time and to give delight to his Spectators so will he off who being a man of quality is useless to those who because he is above them have their eyes fixed upon him and gives them neither good Precepts Advises nor Examples There is no Star but hath its influences within her sphere no good Tree but produces good Fruit but he who is noble and doth not act his part is but a vain shadow Your Lordship knows and is concerned to know these things for not only you are born to be under our Sovereign one of the chief Pillars of the State as a member of the most illustrious House of Peers whereof few go before you but also you are so highly advantaged by your Birth that the Blood of many Princes runs in your Veins This Priviledge is so far improved by the care and tenderness of the extraordinary Person who brought you into the world and your own good dispositions that in your Lordship we find this to be true Men of a superior Orb are not tied to common Rules neither doth vertue in such persons as you stay for years You make a good use of such advantages and in your Lordship these good causes produce good effects that which into others would infuse pride and loftiness in you breeds meekness and humility so that you never give occasion to the ordinary dispute in the world between Superiors and Inferiors caused by want and excess too little and too much for often great men are apt to require and exact too great respects and submission from the lower sort who on their parts are too prone to deny yielding the Honour and Obedience which they owe to those who are above them My heart not satisfied some years ago to have vowed it self to serve your Lordship is now ambitious to make it known to the world and that which first of all was the effect of a choice being attended with my inclination is at last become a strong and necessary duty grounded upon those Vertues which for a competent time I could perceive to spring in you but now are ripening and drawing towards perfection whereupon I must express my joy to your Lordship pray for an increase and beseech him who will honour those that honour him to make you like a new shining Star in the Firmament of the State to raise you from one degree of light to another that you may have Christian and wise influences over those that are round about you and to season your tender years with his true Grace which none will be more glad of than Right Honorable Your Lordships most Humble and most Devoted Servant J. Gailhard TO THE READER THE Subject I now handle is as important and necessary as any to humane Society inasmuch as being reduced to Rules and these Rules brought to practice it will have great influences and prove very beneficial if any ways I can treat it sutably to its worth it will afford variety of things for several sorts of persons for all the parts of it joyned together are very comprehensive and of a large extent What time I could spare from my necessary Employment for part of a Summer which I passed at Anger 's in France I bestowed upon this but since it was laid aside for about seven years by reason of my farther travelling into France Italy Germany c. but now that God hath been pleased to bring me back again I think sit to impart it to the world I will not go about giving an account of it but leave it to the judgment of the Reader only I hope none will take exceptions at any thing I say in some places of the other parts for I can assure them I never intend but rather avoid offending others in what I do or say and much less do I point at any when I speak of the tricks of vicious and debauched persons which I believe none but those who are such will take notice of and in such a case I will not much trouble my self with what they can say or do because they are like those whose wounds are so sore that they cannot endure the Chyrurgion should touch them in the least let his hand be never so gentle so if one mentions the vices of such they cannot abide it but start thereat A wise man said of old that four good Mothers had begotten four good Children viz. Familiarity Contempt Prosperity Pride Confidence Danger and Truth Hatred Hence comes the Proverb Veritas odium
parit in the delivery whereof one ought to be very cautious specially when any ways it reflects upon great men thus Il Ferrante Palavicini suffered for his Divortio celeste c. and witty Boccalini at Venice was beaten to death with bags full of sand for his Pietra del Paragone and some things in his Raguagli di Parnasso and a poor Italian Poet was made suffer the Strapata for this general expression of his Biasimare un principe é pericolo é lodarlo bugia To blame a Prince is dangerous but to commend him is a lie Subjects of this nature ought not to be handled at all or at least very sparingly The mark of Majesty which God hath printed upon the forehead of Princes ought to be respected by all men but the faults of particular men may be more freely censured upon occasion specially when it is for the publick good For my part I look upon this world as a stage and I value men only according as they act their part in it He who is but a Countreyman and lives well as such seems to me more commendable than he who is a Gentleman born and doth not the actions of a Gentleman so that esteeming every one for what he is and not for what he hath I equally value those who have the greatest Charges and Dignities and those who carry burthens upon their backs except Vertue makes a difference between them Indeed Birth Places and Authority in whatsoever Subject they be found ought to be respected but Vertue alone makes men to be esteemed I am neither so ignorant nor so inconsiderate as not to think that there are those who are as illustrious for their Merits as for their Birth and Fortune and that this age is not so barbarous but that some in it have good Inclinations and do good Actions but that number is small and the multitude is usually affected to evil This consideration hath put me upon this matter for as my genius cannot long allow me to be idle so I have chosen a subject which being satisfactory to me might prove useful and beneficial to others What few things I have learned in my Travels I think my self upon serious consideration obliged to impart to others who may thence receive some small instructions and directions if they have a mind to see the world though the chief thing I propound herein to my self is to shew the necessity benefit and excellency of a good Breeding becoming none so much as a Gentleman who by his Vertue and Merit more than by his Extraction should be raised above the Commonalty for Vertue first of all made a difference between man and man there being an equality between all the Children of Adam as to Birth and Nature and certainly when the Nobility and Gentry want Merits to Command and Abilities to Govern they must change place with the lower sort of People whom Parts and Virtue though not without favour will raise to the greatest Charges and Dignities in the Land OF THE EDUCATION OF YOUTH At Home Of Breeding Children at Home TO have Youth well brought up is so necessary to Humane Society that all Nations ought to make it one of their chief cares If Egyptians Caldeans Persians Grecians Romans and other Heathens were so studious of it how much more are Christians who have greater lights than they had bound to mind it For that which to others was a natural and politick duty is enforced upon us by the Gospel which the more men do conform to the better they understand their duty which not only themselves will practise but also â—uggest to those who have any dependence upon them and so infuse into them Vertue and Sciences The better a Christian is the more humble civil and gentle he will be and the greater care he will take to teach those who are related to him to be so too This more nearly concerns Parents who have a tie to instruct their Children beyond any other Relation whatsoever 'T is not enough to have brought them into the world except they instruct them to live well therein nor to have given them being unless they direct them how to attain to a well-being Nature alone is no great matter for Beasts do not want a sensitive principle and even amongst them there are those which are not satisfied to have brought forth their young ones but they tend and take care of them till they are able to shift for themselves Birds of prey will lead them to it and Eagles which use to be about Rocks and Mountains and to fly very high expose their young ones to the beams of the Sun to the end they may abide it when it shineth clear and hot upon them Cats lead theirs to catch Mice Dogs their Whelps to hunt and those creatures which are apt to be destroyed with snares will often teach their little ones how to avoid them This natural instinct should not have more power on Beasts than reason in men How much greater is the obligation which Parents lay upon their Children when to being they add breeding when not only they make them men but also teach them how to be knowing and vertuous men As to the first nature makes us all alike it produces us all with body and soul flesh and blood the essential parts of humanity but Education makes a difference and sets a mark of distinction wherefore 't is well called a second nature For want of this a poor Country-man's Son will be fit only to handle a Plough and follow vile and mechanical employments though perhaps he has within him dispositions to learn great things and to receive good impressions if they were given him Contrariwise a great man's Son's dulness and weakness are often overcome by a constant care taken of his Education whereby his bad natural qualities are mended his imperfections and defects corrected and what seeds of good dispositions he hath in him are improved whereas if he had been neglected he had perhaps been unfit for any good thing How often hath Breeding proved a better and a surer estate and inheritance than Lands Riches and Honours all these things are subject to losses chances and revolutions but Breeding is an unestimable treasure unseparable from him who hath it A man may be fooled out of his Estate but not out of his Wit providence hath put such a difference between the means and fortunes of men to leave a field to Virtue which being exercised may attain rewards which men of worth do often obtain and though sometimes they miss them yet they have in themselves the satisfaction to deserve them And certainly 't is more honourable not to have yet deserve than to have and not deserve Now when a man wants Birth and Means Education will supply them for it reforms what is amiss in nature and perfects what good we have it helps a man to get what he hath not and to preserve what he hath so that at one time or other
which negative precepts do oblige one semper ad semper All men in what Countrey soever are generally obliged to the observation of this But other things there are more particular than this relating only to a civil life consisting in some fashions and customs of Countries for herein one Nation differs from another which a Traveller ought to study follow and practise this difference in some parts is greater in others lesser these must be learned by him who is willing to go into company else he would appear absurd and ridiculous and though it is not to be expected that a stranger should be perfect in the customs of a Countrey as he who is born and bred in 't yet it is to be supposed they will labour to be informed of them For a time one ought to leave off his Countrey fashions to practise those of the Nations he converâ—es with for 't is more fit and easie for one or few men and strangers to conform themselves to the ways of a whole Town Province or Kingdom than for a whole Nation to learn those of a particular man or of few which yet some are so unreasonable as to desire and dislike any thing which is not exactly as they have it at home This may well be called the disease of their own Countrey whence they brought it and which they will have to attend them through the whole course of their Travels Certainly they are no wise men who say what care I for such fashions and customs which is the same as to say I matter not to make my self ridiculous and to do thâ—ngs whâ—â—â— are absurd one thing is well in one place and amiss in another As for instance here in England the manner is for the Master of the house to go in before a stranger this would pass for a very great incivility in France so here the Lady or Mistress of the house uses to sit at the upper end of the Table which in France is given to strangers so if we be many in a company we make no scruple to drink all out of a Glass or a Tankard which there they are not used to do and if a Servant would offer to give them a Glass before it was washed every time they drink they would be angry at it Here when a man is sneezing we say nothing to him but there they would look upon 't as a want of civility Again we use in England upon a Journey now and then to ask one another how we do but in France they do no such thing amongst them that question would answer to this what aileth you that you look so ill I could make a long enumeration of such things and other obvious when a man hath society with people in that Countrey for not only every Kingdom but also every Province or Shire and almost every Town hath some such particular thing and some reason for 't which one is not to trouble himself about provided he hath the ground of the general customs of France Italy and other parts when he is in them A man's carriage in the street ought to be well composed and according to the usual way of the place in some if they see one walking extraordinarily slow they will say he hath the Gout in others I have seen people walk so fast that one might have thought they were running for a Doctor or a Midwife The Italian and Spanish Nations walk with great gravity and would see others do so too Some going through the streets gaze and stare as if they were fallen from the Clouds or had never â—een Men Houses or Shops others wag their head so much jugg so their hands and are so discomposed in their whole motion that one would think they are wild or mad Another sort there is of those who seem to go oâ—t into the street a purpose to see what other men do or wear such a man's Hat say they doth not sit well his Cloaths arâ— not fashionable the Lace of his Cravate is old his Shooes are worn out and such busie-bodies observations that one would think they are authorized to be publick censors of these things Others as they go talk as loud as if they were speaking to deaf men and that too in their own language as if they had a mind to make people take notice they are strangers and yet do not mind or else scorn to return civility to those who shew it to them with putting oâ—f their Hats or otherwise A good behaviour at Table is to me a strong proof of a good Education here a Gentleman must put a difference between him and a Clown Grace being said and civility ended about places I mean when a man is a stranger in a place for else every one knows his own or else they will indifferently seat any where still paying civility to him who is much above the rest a handsome liberty is to be used In France they hardly admit of any Ceremonies the bashful countenance of some at Table ought to be put off Forks are a neat invention therefore to be used to avoid greasing hands with laying them upon the meat having occasion of passing the hand before others one must do 't as seldom as he can and when he doth he is to crave pardon for the trouble from him he gives it to and to make clean his spoon before he puts it in the dish after he hath taken it out of his mouth Sometimes I have seen Gluttons and a rude sort of people who as soon as a dish is set down upon the Table snap all they can out of it as if they were afraid to want and starve one can see often as much upon their plate as there is in the dish not considering that others as well as they must have their share then leaning one or both elbows upon the Table like pigs they hang their mouth over the plate and with both hands to the mouth greedily devour that which so uncivilly they have taken Thus â—atisfying their gluttony they mind neither decency nor their health little heeding whether such a kind of meat and such a quantity of fruit will not give a surfeit to their stomach for some raw fruits are dangerous as well as meat hard to be digested they also will sin against sobriety with immoderate dâ—inking thereby inflaming their blood and liver and do not mind how at Table men ought to have good and profitable discourse In my Travels I have been in places where people are very neat in their houses in linnen plate and dressing of meat but as nasty in the eating as others are in the dressing of it but as Gentlemen are not the Cooks they cannot help when 't is nastily dressed but it is in their power to eat it cleanly It is not good to be over-nice in his diet abroad yet 't is a great satisfaction to sit at Table with clean linnen knives spoons forks and plate Furthermore the Governor must be careful of