the_o profession_n he_o make_v to_o love_v and_o esteem_v it_o but_o though_o he_o see_v error_n and_o ignorance_n and_o probable_a talk_v overspread_v the_o face_n of_o philosophy_n and_o stifle_v truth_n and_o knowledge_n both_o he_o sit_v still_o unconcern_v now_o and_o then_o indeed_o there_o be_v a_o writer_n who_o attempt_v to_o confute_v this_o or_o that_o particular_a error_n some_o casual_a circumstance_n addict_v he_o to_o that_o employment_n but_o what_o man_n set_v himself_o to_o lay_v the_o axe_n at_o the_o root_n or_o write_v against_o uncertain_a method_n and_o groundless_a babble_v what_o man_n go_v about_o to_o make_v mankind_n aware_a of_o the_o mischief_n that_o come_v to_o rational_a nature_n by_o the_o sophisticate_a way_n of_o talk_v pretty_o neat_o and_o witty_o though_o perhaps_o not_o a_o word_n ground_o and_o solid_o nay_o what_o man_n be_v not_o well-appayed_a and_o please_a with_o a_o well-penned_a piece_n though_o be_v the_o reason_n in_o it_o sift_v to_o the_o bottom_n perhaps_o there_o be_v not_o one_o evident_a ttuth_n in_o it_o to_o build_v that_o discourse_n on_o that_o be_v not_o one_o word_n of_o sense_n in_o it_o but_o only_o such_o a_o way_n of_o plausible_a discourse_n or_o language-learning_n as_o may_v serve_v equal_o and_o indifferent_o to_o maintain_v either_o side_n of_o the_o contradiction_n 11._o last_o which_o be_v the_o chief_a point_n who_o be_v there_o that_o apply_v himself_o to_o find_v out_o a_o certain_a method_n to_o arrive_v at_o truth_n and_o attain_v knowledge_n without_o which_o all_o our_o study_n be_v to_o no_o purpose_n logic_n be_v the_o proper_a art_n to_o give_v we_o this_o method_n and_o i_o see_v student_n do_v general_o make_v use_n of_o any_o logician_n so_o he_o but_o talk_v dâ—yly_o of_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o understanding_n of_o proposition_n syllogism_n and_o demonstration_n though_o perhaps_o he_o give_v not_o one_o word_n of_o reason_n for_o his_o unproved_a say_n to_o enlighten_v the_o understanding_n of_o the_o learner_n or_o inform_v he_o ex_fw-la natura_fw-la rei_fw-la whence_o and_o why_o this_o and_o the_o other_o rudiment_n or_o rule_n must_v be_v so_o such_o a_o author_n may_v indeed_o enable_v a_o learner_n to_o say_v as_o he_o say_v and_o talk_v after_o he_o in_o imitation_n as_o it_o be_v but_o he_o can_v never_o instruct_v he_o to_o understand_v what_o be_v true_a and_o why_o it_o be_v true_a or_o to_o demonstrate_v himself_o which_o be_v the_o main_a design_n of_o my_o method_n 12._o but_o my_o great_a complaint_n against_o other_o and_o my_o best_a excuse_n for_o put_v myself_o forward_o with_o such_o a_o confident_a air_n be_v that_o i_o see_v not_o that_o any_o learned_a man_n do_v endeavour_v to_o make_v head_n against_o scepticism_n which_o through_o this_o universal_a connivance_n or_o rather_o civil_a and_o kind_a toleration_n and_o in_o some_o sort_n encouragement_n creep_v by_o insensible_a degree_n into_o even_o the_o most_o learned_a society_n infect_v the_o best_a wit_n of_o our_o nation_n threaten_v to_o bear_v down_o all_o true_a philosophy_n to_o extinguish_v the_o natural_a light_n of_o man_n understanding_n and_o drown_v their_o best_a faculty_n reason_n in_o a_o deluge_n of_o profound_a ignorance_n for_o if_o this_o vogue_n shall_v obtain_v still_o in_o the_o world_n to_o look_v upon_o any_o loose_a discourse_n for_o brave_a sense_n so_o it_o be_v but_o spruce_o dress_v up_o in_o neat_a language_n and_o sauce_v with_o a_o little_a piquancy_n of_o brisk_a wit_n and_o let_v it_o pass_v current_n for_o true_a learning_n and_o knowledge_n scepticism_n will_v not_o only_o insinuate_v itself_o sly_o into_o all_o sort_n of_o man_n but_o be_v recommend_v to_o the_o world_n by_o such_o a_o universal_a approbation_n of_o well-clad_a gentile_a ignorance_n nor_o do_v this_o mischievous_a inundation_n stop_v its_o career_n in_o bereave_v we_o of_o natural_a truth_n but_o have_v once_o darken_v in_o we_o the_o knowledge_n of_o nature_n it_o dispose_v man_n to_o doubt_v of_o and_o too_o often_o to_o deny_v the_o existence_n of_o the_o author_n of_o nature_n himself_o who_o be_v best_a make_v know_v to_o mankind_n by_o science_n or_o the_o exact_a knowledge_n of_o his_o creature_n from_o which_o we_o glean_v all_o the_o notion_n and_o consequent_o all_o the_o knowledge_n we_o by_o ordinary_a mean_n have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v all_o these_o mischief_n i_o may_v add_v and_o all_o immorality_n too_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o insensible_a growth_n of_o this_o lethargy_n of_o our_o understanding_n scepticism_n which_o benumb_v and_o chill_v our_o intellectual_a faculty_n with_o a_o cold_a despair_n of_o ever_o attain_v evident_a knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n for_o which_o as_o its_o natural_a perfection_n our_o soul_n be_v fit_v and_o ordain_v i_o see_v this_o gloomy_a evening_n overca_v the_o clear_a sky_n of_o science_n and_o draw_v on_o the_o cimmerian_a night_n of_o dark_a ignorance_n and_o black_a infidelity_n and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o to_o awaken_v man_n soul_n out_o of_o this_o drowsy_a sleep_n and_o torpor_n of_o their_o mind_n i_o do_v so_o often_o bold_o and_o fearless_o though_o as_o i_o judge_v true_o declare_v and_o proclaim_v aloud_o that_o demonstration_n in_o philosophy_n may_v be_v have_v and_o that_o i_o have_v actual_o demonstrate_v in_o such_o and_o such_o particular_n 13._o last_o it_o be_v for_o this_o reason_n and_o to_o rescue_v all_o sincere_a lover_n of_o truth_n from_o this_o spread_a contagion_n of_o scepticism_n that_o with_o a_o unusual_a boldness_n i_o do_v as_o be_v say_v before_o attempt_v to_o write_v a_o demonstrative_a logic_n to_o comprehend_v which_o whoever_o shall_v bestow_v half_a that_o pain_n as_o man_n usual_o do_v who_o study_n the_o mathematics_n for_o such_o connected_a discourse_n be_v not_o to_o be_v peruse_v with_o hope_n of_o profit_v by_o they_o with_o a_o cursory_a application_n will_v i_o be_o sure_a be_v able_a to_o set_v all_o his_o natural_a notion_n in_o a_o right_n and_o distinct_a order_n know_v how_o to_o connect_v two_o of_o they_o with_o one_o another_o in_o a_o solid_a judgement_n and_o both_o of_o they_o with_o a_o three_o to_o frame_v a_o conclusive_a discourse_n and_o not_o only_o have_v the_o true_a nature_n of_o demonstration_n know_o fix_v in_o his_o mind_n by_o comprehend_v the_o reason_n of_o it_o but_o by_o have_v it_o there_o he_o himself_o will_v be_v enable_v to_o work_v according_a to_o that_o nature_n or_o to_o demonstrate_v himself_o without_o ability_n to_o know_v or_o do_v which_o none_o ought_v to_o pretend_v to_o be_v a_o philosopher_n last_o to_o carry_v this_o good_a work_n forward_o as_o far_o as_o be_v possible_a i_o have_v here_o as_o a_o supplement_n to_o my_o method_n and_o a_o introduction_n to_o my_o reflection_n add_v five_o preliminary_a discourse_n show_v the_o true_a and_o solid_a bottom-ground_n on_o which_o all_o exact_a knowledge_n or_o philosophy_n be_v build_v and_o that_o the_o thing_n themselves_o and_o not_o idea_n resemblance_n or_o fancy_n which_o can_v never_o make_v we_o know_v the_o thing_n be_v and_o must_v be_v the_o only_a firm_a foundation_n of_o truth_n and_o of_o our_o knowledge_n of_o all_o truth_n whatsoever_o 14._o i_o must_v not_o pass_v over_o another_o complaint_n make_v of_o i_o by_o some_o of_o the_o cartesian_a school_n viz._n that_o in_o the_o preface_n to_o my_o method_n i_o so_o deep_o censure_v malbranche_n as_o a_o fanatic_a in_o philosophy_n nay_o the_o whole_a way_n itself_o as_o dispose_v to_o enthusiasm_n to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o my_o charge_n i_o reply_v that_o i_o cite_v that_o author_n be_v own_o word_n which_o be_v such_o strong_a proof_n of_o a_o fanatic_a genius_n that_o i_o can_v believe_v any_o argument_n of_o i_o can_v add_v weight_n to_o the_o full_a evidence_n and_o force_n they_o carry_v with_o they_o to_o manifest_v that_o his_o philosophy_n be_v build_v upon_o inspiration_n or_o as_o himself_o express_v it_o come_v to_o he_o by_o revelation_n and_o for_o my_o pretend_v that_o the_o whole_a cartesian_a way_n of_o philosophize_v be_v of_o the_o same_o leven_n i_o can_v need_v no_o other_o compurgatour_n than_o that_o french_a author_n who_o with_o much_o exactness_n write_v the_o life_n of_o cartesius_n and_o be_v his_o good_a friend_n and_o follower_n the_o book_n be_v now_o make_v english_a where_o in_o the_o 34th_o page_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o to_o get_v rid_v of_o all_o his_o prejudices_fw-la that_o be_v to_o unlearn_v among_o other_o thing_n all_o that_o the_o clear_a light_n of_o nature_n have_v teach_v he_o cartesius_n do_v undergo_v no_o less_o than_o to_o unman_v himself_o a_o pretty_a self-denying_a beginning_n and_o pag._n 35_o 36._o that_o he_o weary_v out_o his_o mind_n to_o that_o degree_n in_o his_o enquiry_n after_o this_o happy_a mean_n viz._n that_o his_o imagination_n shall_v represent_v
there_o say_v by_o the_o sensible_a quality_n have_v any_o idea_n of_o the_o substance_n of_o body_n more_o than_o if_o we_o know_v nothing_o at_o all_o and_o the_o essence_n or_o entity_n of_o particular_a substance_n as_o clear_a reason_n demonstrate_v be_v incomparable_o hard_a to_o be_v know_v than_o substance_n in_o the_o abstract_n whence_o we_o must_v consequent_o know_v less_o than_o nothing_o of_o they_o if_o we_o know_v nothing_o at_o all_o of_o the_o other_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v what_o this_o thing_n or_o this_o man_n be_v if_o we_o be_v ignorant_a what_o thing_n or_o man_n be_v nor_o have_v we_o any_o innate_a idea_n as_o he_o confess_v to_o make_v substance_n know_v if_o than_o neither_o innate_a nor_o acquire_v idea_n can_v make_v we_o know_v any_o thing_n at_o all_o of_o it_o and_o we_o can_v know_v nothing_o but_o by_o idea_n it_o be_v plain_a we_o can_v know_v thing_n or_o substance_n at_o all_o and_o so_o we_o must_v rest_v content_v with_o know_v 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doubt_v not_o sincere_o too_o he_o have_v make_v so_o frequent_a profession_n that_o he_o will_v please_v to_o apply_v his_o thought_n anew_o for_o if_o second_o thought_n be_v better_a the_o last_o may_v be_v best_o of_o all_o to_o review_v his_o way_n of_o idea_n and_o compare_v it_o with_o what_o i_o have_v propose_v and_o prove_v in_o my_o method_n to_o science_n my_o preliminary_n and_o my_o several_a reflection_n on_o his_o essay_n he_o will_v unbyass_o consider_v whether_o since_o he_o can_v suspect_v his_o own_o excellent_a part_n this_o new_a way_n of_o philosophize_v be_v not_o the_o sole_a cause_n of_o all_o his_o mistake_v and_o mislead_v he_o into_o all_o these_o great_a error_n to_o entertain_v which_o this_o fantastic_a method_n have_v inveigle_v his_o good_a reason_n i_o have_v no_o more_o to_o preface_n but_o to_o beg_v pardon_n for_o oftentimes_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n over_o and_o over_o in_o the_o ensue_a book_n mr._n lock_v civil_o apologise_v for_o do_v the_o same_o and_o my_o chief_a excuse_n be_v that_o be_v to_o trace_v and_o follow_v his_o discourse_n i_o can_v not_o well_o avoid_v it_o hope_v withal_o at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o clear_v the_o point_n better_o either_o by_o some_o new_a thought_n which_o then_o occur_v or_o by_o give_v a_o better_a turn_v to_o my_o former_a argument_n beside_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o i_o do_v now_o and_o then_o affect_v these_o repetition_n to_o make_v some_o particular_n which_o be_v of_o most_o weight_n sink_v better_a into_o the_o judgement_n of_o my_o reader_n by_o re-minding_a they_o often_o of_o such_o important_a truth_n i_o be_o force_v to_o use_v the_o word_n idea_n often_o because_o mr._n locke_n with_o who_o i_o be_o discourse_v do_v so_o always_o though_o general_o i_o join_v notion_n to_o it_o but_o this_o one_o note_n will_v keep_v my_o true_a sentiment_n from_o be_v misunderstand_v that_o i_o allow_v ideas_n or_o resemblance_n in_o the_o fancy_n or_o imagination_n but_o i_o absolute_o deny_v there_o be_v any_o spiritual_a idea_n or_o similitude_n in_o the_o mind_n on_o which_o we_o ground_n any_o truth_n or_o which_o be_v the_o material_n of_o knowledge_n but_o notion_n only_o or_o the_o thing_n abstract_o or_o inadequate_o conceive_v by_o the_o understanding_n your_o wellwishing_a friend_n and_o faithful_a servant_n j._n s._n solid_a philosophy_n assert_v preliminary_a discourse_n preliminary_n first_o of_o the_o impropriety_n and_o equivocalness_n of_o of_o the_o word_n idea_n 1._o the_o author_n of_o the_o essay_n concern_v human_a understanding_n have_v sincere_o level_v the_o aim_n of_o his_o endeavour_n at_o the_o attainment_n of_o truth_n in_o philosophy_n which_o can_v only_o be_v have_v by_o clear_v the_o way_n to_o science_n hence_o this_o be_v the_o sole_a end_n we_o have_v both_o of_o we_o prefix_v to_o ourselves_o the_o best_a method_n in_o common_a which_o i_o can_v take_v in_o my_o reflection_n on_o that_o learned_a treatise_n be_v to_o keep_v my_o eye_n still_o direct_v to_o that_o end_n and_o to_o take_v my_o measure_n from_o the_o order_n and_o rapport_v which_o our_o respective_a position_n or_o discourse_n may_v be_v conceive_v to_o bear_v to_o that_o best_a design_n 2._o this_o premised_a my_o first_o preliminary_n reflection_n shall_v be_v upon_o his_o make_n use_v throughout_o his_o whole_a work_n of_o science_n the_o word_n idea_n as_o the_o chief_a or_o rather_o only_a material_n of_o which_o according_a to_o he_o we_o be_v to_o frame_v immediate_o all_o our_o knowledge_n which_o be_v so_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o the_o sense_n of_o that_o word_n be_v not_o itself_o clear_a but_o equivocal_a and_o if_o as_o take_v in_o one_o sense_n it_o be_v manifest_o nothing_o at_o all_o to_o science_n nor_o can_v be_v any_o material_a of_o it_o and_o as_o take_v in_o the_o other_o it_o may_v and_o must_v conduce_v to_o it_o nay_o be_v the_o sole_a immediate_a ground_n and_o origin_n of_o all_o science_n i_o can_v but_o think_v that_o the_o promiscuous_a usage_n of_o that_o word_n in_o such_o disparate_a sense_n it_o be_v of_o so_o general_a concern_v and_o run_v through_o that_o whole_a book_n must_v necessary_o encumber_v and_o perplex_v in_o a_o high_a measure_n the_o way_n to_o scientifical_a knowledge_n 3._o one_o of_o his_o secondary_a design_n be_v as_o he_o express_v himself_o in_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o reader_n to_o remove_v the_o rubbish_n necessity_n in_o order_n to_o the_o build_n up_o science_n and_o to_o beat_v down_o the_o vanity_n and_o ignorance_n of_o those_o who_o have_v reduce_v philosophy_n which_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n to_o insignificant_a school-term_n this_o be_v certain_o a_o very_a necessary_a and_o a_o very_a laudable_a design_n it_o be_v evident_a to_o all_o ingenuous_a lover_n of_o truth_n that_o never_o be_v there_o more_o need_n of_o a_o reformation_n than_o there_o have_v be_v of_o philosophy_n in_o these_o last_o century_n to_o second_v he_o in_o which_o i_o have_v not_o fail_v on_o my_o part_n to_o contribute_v my_o endeavour_n yet_o notwithstanding_o i_o do_v not_o think_v we_o ought_v without_o great_a and_o necessary_a occasion_n alter_v those_o word_n which_o have_v be_v accept_v and_o use_v by_o the_o learned_a world_n such_o as_o it_o be_v hitherto_o especial_o such_o word_n as_o be_v proper_a and_o univocal_a such_o i_o take_v the_o word_n notion_n to_o be_v much_o less_o to_o substitute_v another_o which_o i_o must_v proper_a think_v be_v less_o proper_a and_o withal_o high_o equivocal_a or_o ambiguous_a i_o mean_v the_o word_n idea_n i_o know_v this_o ingenuous_a author_n apologise_v for_o his_o frequent_a use_v it_o and_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o think_v he_o do_v this_o out_o of_o civility_n towards_o our_o modern_a philosopher_n who_o have_v bring_v it_o
sense_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o a_o new_a thing_n be_v make_v it_o be_v not_o create_v or_o make_v of_o nothing_o but_o of_o the_o matter_n that_o pre-existed_n in_o the_o former_a compound_v but_o this_o matter_n alone_o since_o it_o be_v a_o mere_a power_n to_o be_v another_o thing_n be_v of_o its_o own_o notion_n utter_o indeterminate_a which_o be_v the_o true_a sense_n of_o aristotle_n description_n of_o it_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o exist_v or_o a_o thing_n for_o nothing_o in_o common_a can_v exist_v but_o what_o be_v determinate_o this_o therefore_o this_o matter_n or_o power_n needs_o another_o compart_n conceive_v to_o determine_v it_o which_o the_o school_n call_v the_o form_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v capable_a to_o be_v or_o a_o thing_n and_o without_o which_o it_o can_v be_v such_o it_o be_v evident_a then_o that_o every_o single_a mode_n or_o accident_n do_v something_o distinguish_v body_n therefore_o such_o a_o complexion_n of_o they_o as_o so_o distinguish_v matter_n that_o it_o make_v it_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o body_n it_o do_v consequent_o determine_v it_o to_o be_v this_o and_o no_o other_o and_o therefore_o constitute_v it_o such_o a_o thing_n or_o constitute_v it_o capable_a to_o exist_v which_o be_v to_o make_v it_o this_o thing_n or_o a_o individuum_fw-la now_o if_o we_o leave_v all_o consideration_n of_o matter_n out_o of_o the_o notion_n of_o body_n and_o make_v it_o consist_v of_o modes_n or_o accident_n only_o as_o he_o seem_v to_o tell_v we_o that_o himself_o and_o cartesius_n do_v we_o must_v put_v those_o mode_n to_o have_v no_o possible_a subject_n but_o to_o hover_v in_o the_o air_n none_o know_v how_o and_o therefore_o we_o must_v needs_o discourse_v incoherent_o and_o be_v too_o hard_a for_o ourselves_o by_o raise_v at_o every_o turn_n puzzle_v difficulty_n we_o can_v solve_v all_o our_o ground_n must_v fail_v we_o when_o we_o do_v not_o distinguish_v between_o the_o mode_n or_o manner_n how_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o the_o thing_n itself_o nor_o do_v i_o think_v cartesius_n hold_v body_n to_o be_v extension_n but_o extend_v matter_n how_o mr._n locke_n come_v not_o to_o treat_v of_o matter_n in_o his_o whole_a book_n i_o know_v not_o but_o i_o fear_v it_o be_v because_o his_o fancy_n can_v frame_v a_o idea_n or_o similitude_n of_o it_o by_o which_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o evident_a that_o very_o many_o of_o his_o idea_n be_v mere_a fancy_n coin_v by_o his_o imagination_n for_o it_o be_v evident_a he_o must_v have_v a_o notion_n of_o it_o since_o he_o very_o well_o know_v the_o meaning_n of_o those_o word_n a_fw-la power_n to_o be_v a_o thing_n or_o matter_n which_o mean_v be_v the_o same_o with_o our_o notion_n of_o it_o as_o for_o vacuum_n which_o he_o again_o mention_n here_o my_o demonstration_n against_o it_o be_v in_o short_a this_o wave_v many_o other_o mention_v above_o all_o our_o natural_a notion_n be_v take_v from_o body_n and_o among_o they_o that_o of_o space_n therefore_o they_o be_v nothing_o but_o body_n inadequate_o consider_v and_o either_o body_n or_o some_o mode_n of_o body_n therefore_o whatever_o our_o fancy_n may_v suggest_v it_o be_v impossible_a there_o shall_v be_v space_n where_o there_o be_v no_o body_n since_o the_o mode_n have_v no_o distinct_a entity_n of_o its_o own_o can_v be_v where_o the_o thing_n which_o give_v it_o be_v be_v not_o therefore_o to_o put_v space_n where_o there_o be_v no_o body_n or_o a_o vacuum_n be_v a_o direct_a contradiction_n each_o part_n of_o which_o discourse_n have_v be_v make_v good_a in_o its_o proper_a place_n 12._o in_o his_o second_o instance_n of_o man_n he_o seem_v again_o not_o to_o distinguish_v between_o the_o fancy_n and_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o philosophy_n man_n which_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o method_n book_n 1_o lesle_n 2._o §_o 24._o next_o he_o seem_v not_o to_o reflect_v that_o a_o imperfect_a conception_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v of_o the_o whole_a thing_n confuse_o three_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o man_n do_v only_o err_v or_o discourse_v wrong_a by_o imperfect_o conceive_v through_o this_o reason_n because_o they_o be_v not_o so_o wise_a as_o to_o consider_v that_o there_o may_v be_v more_o modes_n wrap_v up_o in_o the_o thing_n than_o we_o yet_o distinct_o discover_v in_o which_o case_n they_o may_v err_v by_o mis-applying_a their_o general_n maxim_n for_o which_o they_o must_v blame_v themselves_o and_o not_o the_o maxim_n itself_o but_o i_o absolute_o deny_v that_o any_o man_n can_v possible_o have_v the_o true_a and_o distinct_a notion_n of_o man_n unless_o he_o conceive_v he_o to_o be_v rational_a as_o for_o what_o he_o tell_v we_o he_o have_v discourse_v with_o very_o rational_a man_n who_o have_v actual_o deny_v they_o be_v man_n i_o can_v only_o say_v i_o wonder_v how_o they_o escape_v bedlam_n where_o i_o dare_v say_v there_o be_v many_o man_n who_o be_v more_o rational_a than_o they_o and_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o those_o very_a rational_a man_n be_v very_o high-flown_a ideist_n for_o such_o man_n by_o desert_v their_o natural_a notion_n take_v from_o the_o thing_n and_o the_o conduct_n of_o true_a logic_n and_o pore_v perpetual_o on_o their_o own_o interior_a and_o be_v withal_o unable_a to_o see_v the_o difference_n between_o those_o idea_n they_o find_v there_o or_o to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o fancy_n and_o spiritual_a conception_n be_v unless_o they_o be_v otherwise_o master_n of_o a_o excellent_a genius_n connatural_o dispose_v by_o their_o principle_n to_o be_v fanatic_n in_o philosophy_n and_o to_o entertain_v as_o wild_a fancy_n as_o the_o deep_a enthusiast_n witness_v cartesius_n his_o mad_a fit_a of_o enthusiasm_n which_o last_v some_o day_n when_o he_o be_v lay_v his_o principle_n as_o be_v write_v in_o his_o life_n and_o those_o self-stranger_n now_o speak_v of_o who_o actual_o deny_v they_o be_v man_n who_o to_o requite_v mr._n lock_v with_o a_o parallel_n story_n i_o can_v liken_v so_o well_o to_o any_o thing_n as_o to_o a_o famous_a humourist_n one_o john_n band_n who_o serve_v my_o lady_n wootton_n in_o kent_n this_o fellow_n in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n go_v out_o in_o a_o cart_n draw_v by_o two_o horse_n fall_v asleep_a in_o the_o cart_n the_o horse_n not_o hear_v any_o cry_n gee_o ho_o to_o urge_v they_o forward_o take_v their_o opportunity_n to_o rest_v themselves_o and_o stand_v still_o a_o companion_n of_o his_o come_n by_o and_o see_v how_o matter_n stand_v underpropped_a the_o cart_n take_v out_o the_o horse_n and_o have_v set_v they_o up_o return_v and_o lay_v behind_o the_o hedge_n to_o observe_v how_o john_n will_v behave_v himself_o when_o he_o miss_v his_o horse_n who_o awake_v get_v up_o rub_v his_o eye_n and_o in_o the_o dawn_v of_o his_o reason_n break_v out_o to_o himself_o in_o these_o word_n either_o now_o i_o be_o john_n band_n or_o i_o be_o not_o john_n band_n if_o i_o be_o john_n band_n i_o have_v even_o lose_v two_o horse_n but_o if_o i_o be_o not_o john_n band_n i_o have_v find_v a_o cart._n so_o that_o all_o john_n hope_n be_v that_o he_o be_v not_o himself_o for_o than_o he_o have_v be_v on_o the_o better_a hand_n i_o much_o doubt_n that_o both_o he_o and_o mr._n locke_n rational_a man_n want_v the_o help_n of_o a_o identical_a proposition_n which_o though_o mr._n locke_n hold_v they_o be_v not_o in_o the_o least_o instructive_a will_v have_v make_v they_o all_o so_o wise_a as_o to_o know_v that_o every_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v 13._o but_o to_o be_v serious_a i_o can_v but_o admire_v that_o this_o ingenious_a author_n shall_v in_o his_o 8_o chapter_n so_o ridicule_fw-la ridicule_v identical_a proposition_n or_o esteem_v they_o trifle_a he_o tell_v we_o in_o his_o second_o chapter_n that_o that_o knowledge_n he_o call_v intuitive_a be_v of_o self-evident_a proposition_n and_o identical_a one_o be_v such_o he_o assure_v we_o that_o in_o every_o step_v reason_n make_v in_o demonstrative_a knowledge_n there_o be_v a_o intuitive_a knowledge_n of_o the_o agreement_n or_o disagreement_n of_o our_o idea_n consonant_o to_o which_o i_o have_v demonstrate_v in_o my_o method_n book_n 3_o liss_n 1._o §_o 3._o that_o all_o the_o force_n of_o consequence_n which_o give_v the_o nerve_n to_o all_o our_o discourse_n must_v be_v a_o identical_a proposition_n moreover_o he_o say_v chap._n 4._o that_o we_o know_v each_o idea_n to_o be_v itself_o and_o not_o another_o and_o that_o no_o abstract_a idea_n can_v be_v the_o same_o with_o any_o other_o but_o with_o itself_o which_o be_v perfect_o identical_a speech_n and_o equivalent_a to_o these_o the_o same_o be_v the_o same_o with_o itself_o or_o every_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v nay_o and_o general_a maxim_n too_o against_o which_o he_o show_v himself_o much_o offend_v in_o that_o chapter_n
nor_o do_v i_o doubt_v but_o that_o he_o judge_n his_o knowledge_n by_o idea_n be_v refund_v into_o those_o identical_o as_o its_o ground_n as_o will_v be_v show_v short_o now_o after_o all_o this_o to_o rally_v identical_a proposition_n after_o such_o a_o rate_n be_v to_o i_o unintelligible_a but_o i_o shall_v be_v brief_a here_o upon_o this_o subject_a have_v demonstrate_v in_o my_o method_n book_n 2._o lesle_n 2_o and_o 3._o by_o many_o argument_n which_o i_o be_o very_o confident_a be_v unanswerable_a that_o all_o first_o principle_n must_v be_v identical_a proposition_n whence_o either_o those_o argument_n must_v be_v show_v invalid_n or_o it_o must_v be_v forcible_o deny_v by_o he_o that_o there_o be_v any_o first_o principle_n at_o all_o which_o all_o mankind_n unless_o they_o be_v perfect_a sceptic_n do_v grant_v and_o common_a sense_n force_v we_o to_o acknowledge_v for_o if_o there_o be_v no_o supreme_a or_o first_o principle_n it_o be_v impossible_a there_o shall_v be_v any_o inferior_a or_o subordinate_a one_o and_o so_o mankind_n must_v talk_v ramble_o and_o at_o random_n all_o their_o life_n without_o any_o principle_n or_o ground_n at_o all_o but_o wave_v all_o the_o other_o aforesaid_a proof_n i_o will_v beg_v of_o he_o to_o consider_v this_o one_o argument_n we_o may_v speak_v of_o or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o put_v into_o proposition_n all_o other_o consideration_n or_o notion_n of_o the_o thing_n whether_o they_o be_v in_o the_o same_o line_n or_o be_v the_o divers_a modes_n of_o it_o we_o can_v say_v without_o danger_n of_o be_v reproach_v that_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n a_o animal_n a_o yard_n high_a white_a a_o father_n writing_z etc._n etc._n and_o it_o be_v a_o hard_a case_n if_o we_o may_v not_o be_v allow_v to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o metaphysical_a verity_n of_o the_o thing_n this_o be_v that_o on_o which_o all_o truth_n be_v build_v and_o without_o which_o all_o we_o can_v say_v will_v be_v false_a and_o all_o the_o world_n a_o chaos_n of_o chimoera_n and_o if_o we_o may_v say_v any_o thing_n of_o it_o i_o defy_v all_o mankind_n to_o show_v i_o that_o that_o say_v can_v be_v any_o other_o but_o a_o identical_a proposition_n this_o be_v so_o i_o allege_v far_o that_o as_o all_o truth_n be_v fundamental_o build_v on_o the_o metaphysical_a verity_n of_o thing_n so_o all_o formal_a truth_n or_o true_a proposition_n must_v be_v ground_v on_o such_o proposition_n as_o express_v or_o signify_v that_o metaphysical_a verity_n or_o say_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n and_o only_o such_o can_v be_v first_o principles_n now_o if_o first_o principle_n and_o that_o which_o ground_n all_o the_o force_n of_o consequence_n may_v be_v call_v trifle_a i_o desire_v to_o be_v inform_v what_o can_v be_v call_v solid_a serious_n and_o useful_a 14._o i_o perceive_v by_o mr._n locke_n manage_v his_o discourse_n here_o that_o his_o dislike_n of_o identical_a proposition_n spring_v they_o from_o his_o mistake_n of_o our_o manner_n of_o use_v they_o he_o seem_v to_o imagine_v that_o we_o will_v place_v they_o in_o capite_fw-la libri_fw-la as_o it_o be_v and_o thence_o deduce_v conclusion_n from_o they_o or_o else_o that_o we_o consider_v they_o in_o their_o bare_a self_n without_o relation_n to_o any_o thing_n else_o whence_o he_o with_o good_a reason_n affirm_v they_o do_v not_o instruct_v we_o or_o teach_v we_o any_o thing_n that_o there_o be_v no_o real_a knowledge_n get_v by_o they_o etc._n etc._n but_o the_o business_n be_v quite_o otherwise_o they_o be_v the_o first_o and_o most_o evident_a truth_n fix_v and_o rivet_v by_o rational_a nature_n in_o our_o understanding_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o they_o lie_v perhaps_o unseen_a and_o and_o unreflected_a on_o yet_o so_o that_o they_o give_v the_o perfect_a light_n to_o guide_v all_o our_o thought_n and_o discourse_n whence_o it_o come_v that_o speculater_n do_v by_o art_n what_o the_o 18_o *_o vulgar_a do_v by_o nature_n and_o make_v they_o the_o ultimate_a resort_n of_o all_o their_o persuasion_n and_o endeavour_v to_o reduce_v and_o resolve_v all_o their_o other_o knowledge_n into_o they_o this_o will_v appear_v evident_a to_o any_o man_n who_o reflect_v that_o if_o those_o be_v false_a or_o we_o be_v not_o pre-imbued_a with_o they_o we_o can_v have_v no_o truth_n nor_o any_o knowledge_n at_o all_o they_o be_v such_o deep-laid_a foundation_n that_o all_o science_n be_v raise_v upon_o they_o though_o they_o make_v no_o formal_a appearance_n in_o the_o symmetry_n or_o beauty_n of_o that_o structure_n nay_o even_o those_o who_o rally_v they_o as_o dry_v and_o useless_a must_v be_v force_v for_o their_o own_o interest_n to_o have_v recourse_n to_o they_o for_o unless_o mr._n locke_n do_v first_o know_v that_o each_o idea_n he_o have_v be_v itself_o and_o not_o another_o which_o be_v a_o identical_a proposition_n he_o must_v confess_v he_o can_v have_v no_o distinct_a idea_n at_o least_o no_o knowledge_n that_o they_o be_v distinct_a whence_o the_o fabric_n of_o his_o whole_a book_n will_v fall_v to_o the_o ground_n after_o which_o kindness_n and_o support_v from_o they_o in_o requital_n to_o call_v they_o trifle_a be_v not_o so_o gentile_a a_o return_n hence_o be_v see_v that_o we_o make_v no_o other_o use_v of_o they_o than_o himself_o do_v and_o must_v do_v or_o neither_o of_o we_o can_v possible_o speak_v one_o word_n of_o sense_n for_o neither_o can_v he_o without_o they_o suppose_v and_o hold_v at_o least_o in_o his_o mind_n if_o not_o express_v be_v certain_a of_o any_o idea_n nor_o we_o of_o any_o notion_n we_o have_v nor_o consequent_o can_v either_o of_o we_o build_v any_o discourse_n upon_o they_o mr._n locke_n acknowledge_v book_n 2._o chap._n 32._o that_o the_o metaphysical_a truth_n of_o his_o idea_n do_v contain_v a_o tacit_fw-la proposition_n which_o be_v so_o what_o blame_v can_v we_o deserve_v for_o speak_v out_o or_o write_v what_o be_v tacit_o in_o our_o mind_n the_o chief_a reason_n why_o we_o put_v those_o tacit_fw-la proposition_n into_o formal_a one_o be_v for_o the_o sceptic_n sake_n who_o have_v a_o utter_a aversion_n against_o metaphysic_n will_v not_o heed_v the_o metaphysical_a verity_n of_o thing_n unless_o it_o be_v produce_v and_o force_v upon_o they_o by_o put_v it_o into_o such_o a_o undeniable_a form_n of_o speech_n as_o all_o mankind_n use_n and_o must_v grant_v whence_o as_o mr._n locke_n confess_v that_o they_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o stop_v the_o mouth_n of_o wrangler_n so_o experience_n teach_v we_o they_o be_v of_o no_o less_o use_v to_o convert_v or_o confute_v sceptic_n nay_o absolute_o necessary_a for_o that_o end_n because_o sceptic_n will_v not_o admit_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a but_o identical_a proposition_n only_o for_o which_o reason_n i_o have_v attempt_v in_o my_o method_n to_o give_v some_o hint_n how_o to_o reduce_v all_o other_o to_o they_o i_o once_o think_v to_o have_v write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n on_o that_o subject_a but_o i_o hope_v those_o short_a hint_n i_o give_v there_o may_v excite_v some_o other_o speculater_n to_o perfect_v what_o have_v a_o large_a field_n of_o matter_n to_o pass_v through_o i_o do_v there_o but_o brief_o touch_v upon_o all_o this_o while_n i_o be_o well_o aware_a that_o mr._n locke_n book_n 4._o chap._n 8._o mention_n other_o self-evident_a proposition_n which_o be_v not_o identical_a but_o then_o he_o acknowledge_v withal_o that_o unless_o those_o idea_n which_o make_v the_o two_o term_n of_o those_o proposition_n be_v fix_v in_o their_o own_o nature_n to_o be_v such_o or_o to_o be_v themselves_o only_o and_o therefore_o not_o to_o be_v another_o none_o of_o those_o proposition_n can_v be_v evident_a at_o all_o so_o that_o nothing_o can_v be_v know_v to_o be_v true_a or_o be_v evident_a but_o by_o have_v recourse_n final_o to_o identical_a proposition_n 15._o another_o sort_n of_o trifle_a proposition_n he_o say_v be_v when_o a_o part_n of_o the_o complex_n idea_n be_v predicate_v of_o the_o name_n of_o part_n the_o whole_a that_o be_v the_o genus_fw-la or_o difference_n of_o the_o species_n i_o answer_v what_o have_v we_o to_o do_v with_o idea_n when_o we_o predicate_v for_o predicate_v be_v the_o say_v something_o of_o another_o which_o we_o call_v the_o subject_a if_o then_o the_o thing_n itself_o be_v not_o predicate_v then_o to_o predicate_v be_v to_o say_v we_o do_v not_o talk_v or_o speak_v of_o it_o but_o perhaps_o of_o our_o own_o fancy_n especial_o since_o mr._n locke_n have_v declare_v b._n 1._o chap._n 2._o §_o 8._o that_o he_o take_v idea_n indifferent_o for_o what_o be_v mean_v by_o phantasm_n or_o by_o notion_n second_o what_o mean_v predicate_v of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o if_o the_o name_n of_o the_o subject_n
sensation_n our_o own_o existence_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o any_o other_o body_n whatever_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o mr._n locke_n will_v grant_v they_o will_v since_o then_o the_o embryo_n in_o the_o womb_n lie_v in_o a_o roundish_n posture_n why_o may_v not_o one_o part_n of_o it_o by_o touch_v another_o or_o operate_n upon_o it_o cause_n in_o we_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o soul_n which_o have_v a_o capacity_n of_o receive_v notion_n be_v in_o it_o a_o notion_n of_o our_o own_o existence_n by_o way_n of_o sensation_n especial_o since_o operation_n be_v nothing_o but_o the_o 7._o existence_n of_o the_o agent_n body_n press_v or_o imprint_v as_o it_o be_v upon_o another_o by_o motion_n certain_o it_o become_v we_o who_o deny_v innate_a idea_n to_o show_v how_o all_o our_o first_o notion_n do_v come_v into_o we_o by_o impression_n on_o the_o sense_n and_o not_o to_o say_v raw_o that_o some_o of_o they_o come_v by_o intuition_n which_o be_v the_o way_n of_o know_v proper_a to_o angel_n who_o knowledge_n be_v all_o innate_a and_o none_o of_o they_o acquire_v either_o by_o sense_n or_o discourse_n for_o they_o have_v neither_o this_o i_o say_v be_v certain_o best_a for_o the_o interest_n of_o our_o tenet_n of_o which_o intuition_n give_v but_o a_o slender_a account_n i_o believe_v mr._n locke_n proceed_v upon_o this_o that_o he_o find_v he_o not_o only_o do_v but_o must_v as_o firm_o assent_v to_o the_o proposition_n ego_fw-la sum_fw-la as_o he_o do_v to_o the_o most_o evident_a proposition_n whatever_o nor_o can_v he_o at_o all_o doubt_n of_o it_o nor_o can_v it_o need_v proof_n but_o my_o judgement_n be_v that_o this_o introversion_n and_o study_v our_o own_o interior_a be_v a_o very_a fallacious_a guide_n and_o will_v often_o lead_v we_o astray_o if_o we_o keep_v not_o a_o steady_a eye_n attentive_o bend_v to_o our_o principle_n which_o he_o seem_v here_o to_o neglect_v for_o many_o position_n need_v no_o proof_n and_o force_v our_o assent_n and_o yet_o their_o certainty_n may_v depend_v on_o different_a cause_n 10._o the_o 12_o chapter_n treat_v of_o the_o improvement_n of_o our_o knowledge_n which_o mr._n locke_n say_v do_v not_o depend_v on_o maxim_n principle_n but_o first_o he_o mistake_v the_o use_v of_o general_n maxim_n they_o be_v not_o make_v for_o the_o vulgar_a or_o beginner_n to_o gather_v knowledge_n by_o they_o though_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o man_n of_o all_o sort_n do_v natural_o use_v they_o when_o they_o suit_v their_o purpose_n nay_o sometime_o make_v proverb_n of_o they_o nor_o be_v this_o maxim_n a_fw-la whole_a be_v big_a than_o a_o part_n ever_o intend_v for_o boy_n or_o to_o teach_v they_o that_o their_o hand_n be_v big_a than_o their_o little_a finger_n or_o such_o like_a but_o be_v premise_v to_o the_o ensue_a proof_n they_o be_v occasional_o make_v use_n of_o by_o learned_a man_n in_o the_o process_n of_o their_o discourse_n to_o clinch_n the_o truth_n of_o the_o point_n when_o it_o need_v it_o by_o their_o self-evidence_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o myself_o have_v very_o frequent_o have_v recourse_n to_o metaphysical_a principle_n and_o make_v use_v of_o they_o in_o my_o preliminary_n and_o reflection_n as_o occasion_n present_v to_o make_v my_o discourse_n evident_a and_o to_o rivet_v the_o truth_n i_o advance_v in_o the_o mind_n of_o my_o reader_n as_o any_o attentive_a peruser_n of_o they_o may_v easy_o observe_v he_o speak_v against_o our_o receive_v principle_n without_o examination_n and_o of_o principle_n that_o be_v not_o certain_a that_o be_v against_o such_o say_n as_o be_v no_o principle_n for_o if_o they_o can_v either_o need_v or_o admit_v of_o examination_n or_o if_o they_o be_v not_o certain_a none_o but_o mere_a fop_n will_v let_v they_o pass_v for_o prinples_n yet_o though_o mr._n locke_n do_v thus_o oppose_v maxim_n and_o principle_n it_o be_v notwithstanding_o very_o evident_a that_o himself_o must_v make_v use_n of_o some_o maxim_n and_o principle_n all_o the_o while_o he_o dispute_v against_o their_o usefulness_n otherwise_o he_o can_v discourse_v at_o all_o or_o his_o discourse_n can_v have_v no_o force_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o he_o that_o wrestle_v with_o another_o must_v either_o fix_v his_o foot_n on_o some_o firm_a ground_n or_o he_o will_v fall_v himself_o instead_o of_o overthrow_v his_o adversary_n let_v we_o then_o examine_v his_o principle_n he_o allege_v that_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o certainty_n of_o principle_n examine_v depend_v only_o upon_o the_o perception_n of_o the_o agreement_n or_o disagreement_n of_o our_o idea_n this_o then_o be_v one_o of_o his_o principle_n both_o because_o it_o run_v through_o good_a part_n of_o his_o 3d_o and_o four_o book_n as_o also_o because_o it_o be_v equivalent_a to_o this_o universal_a all_o certainty_n of_o principle_n depend_v etc._n etc._n now_o this_o be_v so_o far_o from_o self-evident_a that_o it_o need_v examination_n enough_o and_o be_v one_o of_o those_o i_o judge_v not_o certain_a and_o therefore_o can_v be_v no_o ground_n or_o principle_n at_o all_o nor_o be_v it_o possible_a it_o shall_v unless_o the_o word_n idea_n be_v clear_v to_o mean_v spiritual_a notion_n in_o our_o mind_n and_o not_o mere_a resemblance_n or_o material_a representation_n in_o our_o fancy_n to_o clear_v which_o though_o the_o whole_a treatise_n need_v it_o no_o provision_n be_v make_v but_o on_o the_o contrary_a those_o two_o vast_o different_a thing_n be_v rather_o careless_o confound_v as_o be_v show_v in_o my_o first_o preliminary_n another_o principle_n seem_v to_o be_v this_o none_o aught_o with_o a_o blind_a and_o implicit_a faith_n to_o receive_v and_o swallow_v principle_n this_o be_v of_o universal_a influence_n and_o self-evident_a and_o therefore_o in_o all_o point_n well_o qualify_v for_o a_o principle_n for_o principles_n be_v not_o principle_n if_o they_o need_v either_o faith_n or_o deduction_n of_o reason_n to_o make_v they_o go_v down_o since_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v evident_a by_o their_o own_o light_n but_o what_o good_a can_v this_o do_v to_o any_o but_o to_o such_o as_o have_v renounce_v common_a sense_n even_o to_o ridiculousness_n and_o perhaps_o mr._n locke_n have_v some_o such_o weak_a writer_n in_o his_o eye_n when_o he_o advance_v this_o cautious_a position_n as_o a_o warn_v to_o learner_n 11._o now_o the_o general_a maxim_n and_o principle_n on_o which_o the_o learned_a part_n of_o the_o world_n have_v hitherto_o proceed_v inevident_a can_v only_o be_v overthrow_v if_o they_o must_v needs_o be_v so_o by_o other_o principle_n more_o evident_a than_o themselves_o be_v or_o else_o it_o will_v be_v but_o a_o draw_a match_n and_o so_o they_o may_v hope_v still_o to_o stand_v as_o the_o lawyer_n phrase_n it_o in_o their_o full_a force_n effect_v and_o virtue_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v then_o what_o principle_n mr._n locke_n have_v substitute_v in_o their_o room_n when_o they_o be_v discard_v for_o it_o be_v a_o very_a ill_a case_n to_o be_v leave_v without_o any_o principle_n at_o all_o it_o be_v this_o all_o knowledge_n of_o the_o certainty_n of_o principle_n and_o consequent_o the_o way_n to_o improve_v our_o knowledge_n be_v to_o get_v and_o fix_v in_o our_o mind_n clear_a distinct_a and_o complete_a idea_n as_o far_o as_o they_o be_v to_o be_v have_v and_o annex_v to_o they_o proper_a and_o constant_a name_n now_o if_o the_o idea_n must_v be_v clear_a the_o term_n must_v be_v very_o simple_a and_o consequent_o as_o be_v show_v above_o general_n one_o and_o this_o will_v force_v we_o back_o upon_o general_a maxim_n which_o it_o be_v intend_v we_o shall_v avoid_v as_o good_a for_o little_a to_o be_v distinct_a if_o we_o go_v to_o work_v like_o artist_n we_o must_v distinguish_v those_o general_n and_o common_a notion_n which_o will_v bring_v we_o back_o into_o the_o old_a road_n of_o those_o ten_o common_a head_n call_v predicament_n and_o consequent_o of_o genus_fw-la species_n and_o difference_n which_o be_v late_o dislike_v i_o suppose_v because_o it_o be_v too_o much_o travel_v in_o and_o beat_v though_o i_o think_v such_o a_o common_a path_n shall_v not_o be_v leave_v because_o some_o may_v have_v here_o and_o there_o lay_v a_o block_n or_o briar_n in_o the_o way_n last_o complete_a idea_n as_o he_o grant_v be_v not_o to_o be_v have_v of_o the_o species_n much_o less_o of_o the_o individuum_n and_o as_o for_o name_n it_o be_v not_o we_o that_o be_v to_o annex_v they_o but_o the_o common_a usage_n of_o the_o vulgar_a or_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o learned_a man_n in_o case_n they_o be_v artificial_a one_o for_o these_o be_v they_o who_o give_v they_o their_o constant_a and_o proper_a signification_n whence_o be_v see_v that_o so_o many_o difficulty_n be_v involve_v in_o this_o one_o thesis_n or_o principle_n beside_o what_o be_v say_v