MARCVS Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties to Marcus his sonne turned oute of latine into english by Nicolas Grimalde ¶ Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum ¶ Anno domini 1556. TO THE RIGHT REuerend father in god his singular good lorde Thomas Bisshop of Elie one of the King Quenes Maiesties moste honorable priuie Counsell HAuyng recourse of late right reuerend father to y â— olde studies y t I once applied in y e vniuersitie and getting soÌ„me frute of quiet life to the perusing and recording of those things wherwith in time past I felt myself greatly both delited and furdered I gaue my minde chiefly to such kinde of lerning as wold serue best bothe to the order of my studie also to the gouernauÌ„ce of my life so that comparing my experience and reading togither I might make my priuate diligence in studieng do serâ—… to the opeÌ„ vse ofliuing In folowing of which intent what by incre ase of iudgement for yeres what by trauatliÌ„g abrode in y â— world I fouÌ„de euer more and more so new profits commodities y â— wheras methought I had seene but y â— shadow of thinges now I begin more to see as it wer the holle bodie therof And moste of all this proofe I haue in y â— greatest and moste profitable parte of philosophie which is coÌ„cerning maners and namely in the bokes that of duties be written by Marcus Tullius Cicero a mater conteining the holle trade how to liue among men discreetly and honestly and so rightly pointing oute the pathwaye to all vertue as none can be righter onely Scripture excepted Insomuch that when I had well considerd alltogither I saide with miself concerning this as did a certein lerned maÌ„ not long ago by Homer This is the fift time I haue redde ouer this author and as oft as I reade him so oft somwhat I finde that I marked not before and that hath neede to be deeply pondered so y t I fansied at the first he was easie but now methinks he requires a verie heedfull a musing reader Wherfore not without maruailous greate pleasure espyeng y â— either in priuate life to attein quietnesse and contentation or in office-bearing to winne fame honour or in euerie estate bothe to auoyde disorder and enormitie and also to keepe a right rule commeÌ„dable behauiour this boke playnly is y â— myrrour of wisdom y â— fortres of iustice the master of manlinesse the schoole of temperance the iewell of coÌ„melinesse I wisshed many mo to be parteners of such sweetnesse as I had partly felt myself to declare that I meÌ„t nolesse thaÌ„ I wisshed I laied to my helping hand endeuouring by translation to do likewise for my contriemeÌ„ne as ItaliaÌ„s FreÌ„chmeÌ„ Spaniardes DutchmeÌ„ other foreins haue liberally done for theyrs So chiefly for our vnlatined people I haue made this latine writer english haue now brought into light y â— from them so longe was hidden haue caused an auncieÌ„t wryting to beecoÌ„me in a maner newe agayne and a boke vsed but of fewe to war coÌ„mon to a great meany so that our meÌ„ vnderstaÌ„ding what atreasure is amonge them for the fashioning of their life and beeing by nature most of all other nations giueÌ„ to ciuilitie humanitie wheÌ„ thei shall be aided directed by these perfite precepts may in all pointes of good demeanour becoÌ„me people perelesse Yet iudge I all this labour litleworthe smally or nothing able to preuaile withoute your honorable lordship were patrone herof to whoÌ„ I do dedicate bothe my good hert my worke also I call it mine as Plautus and Terence called the comedies theyrs which they made oute of Greeke not as to teache your lordshipp ought that you haue not allredy but by your authoritie to gett it the more estimacion w t other For as Tullies treatise beeing so full of lerning asketh alerned mans iudgement which whoso refuse thei showe themselues to be vnwise eueÌ„ so such a noble CouÌ„seler of EnglaÌ„d seemeth most meete to receiue so noble a Senatour of Rome into a straunge region Doutlesse among so many honorable deedes of your lordships it shall not be the leste honorable if ye do Marcus Tullius this honour to welcoÌ„me him hither and to be the verie cause that so famous a Romane may becomme familiar with our English men So shall a worthy pere be worthylie entreated as very curtesie requireth so your lordshipps iudgement must needes be well lyked which is woÌ„te to alow louely knowledge goodnesse so wyll the coÌ„mon people more hyely esteeme the thing as it is expedient for them to do and the soner also will they folow these hollsome lessons which is full necessarie in a well ordered state to be short your lordship for a chosen patrone my translation for a welcome worke Tullie shall be takeÌ„ for such a Tullie as he is And like as Marcê° Cicero w t the authoritie of a father commended these bokes to his yonge Cicero so wheÌ„ our English youth shall beholde them once authorised by so reuerend a father in god nodoute they will be the rather in loue with them and will counte it pleasaunt paines taking here to enriche themselues with enformations of vertue ensaumples oute of stories morall doctrine politike prudeÌ„ce antiquitie varietie of maruailous maters so conningly oratorially treated and endited as hee was able to declare expresse who was the first and the chief that euer cladde ladie Philosophie in Romane attire Thus verie lothe to let your lordship from your weighty affaires I make an end praye god longe to preserue your honorable lordship in helth with increase of honour Your humble oratour Nicolas Grimalde N. G. to the reader ALl thinges in the world good reader be made for soÌ„me vse end which end is more worthe than all that dothe seruice therunto and where bothe the end is good whatso serues therto there y â— holle doing is likewise good In vs the best ende is to vse ourselues well and worthyly who in the order of naturall thinges ar of the best and worthyest kinde For what is ther that can vse itself onlesse it bee enfourmed with reason and vnderstanding DuÌ„me creatures and liuelesse of other bee vsed but themselues can they neuer vse Beastes endewed with life and sense maye seeme to haue soÌ„me seÌ„blauÌ„t herof in y t they vse theyr feediÌ„g lodging other necessaries yet therbi they obtein neither praise nor dispraise seeing they do it not of any free choyse but onely by the motion of kinde as theyr appetite draweth them But we who haue the greate gift of witt reason must not most of all sticke still in y â— appetite to gett nothing els but pleasure profit but ensewing the heuenly guyde of our nature must be ledde to the desire of trouth honour seemlinesse wherw t the more that we bee decked adourned beautified y t â—…rder we bee from the
succour and withstaÌ„d he would leaue sett aside all those studies yea though he thought he wer able to nomber the sterres or to measure the huge comepasse of y â— worlde the same man also would doo as much in his parents and in his frendes cause and perell By which thinges it is gathered y â— before y â— studies duties of knowledge the duties of iustice ar to bee preferred which doo belonge to y â— profit of men than the which a maÌ„ ought to holde nothing derer Also they who haue spent theyr holle life and studie in knowledge of thiges haue not yet withdrawne themselues froÌ„ helping to increase mennes profits and commodities For they also haue enstructed many to make theÌ„ the better citiezens and the more profitable in theyr commonweales as Lysis the Pythagorean scholed the Lhebane Epaminondas Plato taught DioÌ„ the Syracusian and many other many mo and whatsoeuer we ourself brought to the commonweale if any thing we haue brought we caÌ„me to it enfourmed by teachers and furnished with lexning And they not onely while they liue and bee present do schoole and teache the studentesof lerning but after their death also by their monuments of lerning they â—…o thesame For they haue not ouâ—…passed one pointe y â— coÌ„cerneth lawes custoÌ„es â—… the commonwelth knowledge so as they may seeme to haue employed their quiet studies to our common affairâ—…s Thus they being themselues giuen to the studies of lerning wisdoÌ„e do chiefly bestowe theyr wisdome prudence and vnderstanding to mennes commodities For thesame cause also it is better to vtter plentyfully so it bee discreetlie than withoute eloquence to conceiue neuer so wittyly bicause ones conceite serueth onely within it self whereas eloquence gettes within her reache those with whome wee ar ioyned in common felowshippe And as swarmes of bees doe cluster togither not to this end to make combes but beeing swarming by kinde they worke their combes so men much more than they by nature swarming doe vse their conning of doyng and deuising Therfore onlesse thatsame vertue which consisteth in defending meÌ„ that is to saye the felowshippe of maÌ„kinde dothe meete w t the knowledge of thinges it may seeme a verie bare and alonewandering knowledge and likewise greatnesse of corage seuered from common feloushippe and neybourhod of men muste needcs bee a certein sauagenesse and beastly crueltie So it falles oute that the accomepanieng coÌ„mon felowship of men farre surmountes the studie of knowledge Neither is it true which is sayd of some that this common knott and felouship is hadde emong meÌ„ euen for necessite of life bicause w toute other we might not gett bring to passe those thinges y â— nature dooth desire and that if all thinges wer fownde vs euen by the grace of god as they saie which appertein to food furniture of life then would euerie one of a good witt all bysinesse laide aside settle himself holly in knowledge and scieÌ„ce But that is not so For he woulde bothe flee solitarinesse and choose a coÌ„panion of studie bothe teache lerne bothe heare speake Wherfore all dutie which auaileth to mainteine neybourhod felowship of men is to be preferred aboue y â— dutie which consisteth in knowledge science This question perauenture may be well moued whether this coÌ„mon felouship which is moste of all agreable to nature bee also alwayes to bee preferred before meane and measure keping I think not so For ther bee soÌ„me thinges partlie so filthy partly so haynous that a wise man woulde not do them no not to saue his couÌ„trie Uerie many such Possidonius hath gathered togither but somme of theÌ„ so fowle and so filthie that euen to be spoken they seeme shamefull Those therfore ought noman to take in haÌ„d for the commonweales cause nother woulde the common-weale for her sake haue them enterprised But this mater standes in better case for that ther caÌ„ befall no time y â— the commonweale shoulde neede to haue a wiseman doo any of them Wherfore let this be concluded in choise of duties that such kinde of duties most excell as concerne the felouâ—…ippe of menne For aduised doing will folowe knowledge and wisdome So it comes to passe that to doe aduisedly is more worthe than wisely to deuise And herof thus farre For this place is plainlie inough sett oute that it is not hard in serching oute of dutie to perceiue emong them all which afore other is to bee preferred Yet euen in commoÌ„ felowship ther be degrees of duties wherby may be knowne what one is aboue the other so as the first duties be due to the godds immortall the secoÌ„de to our countrie the third to our parents and so forthe by degrees the rest to the rest Of the which maters briefly debated may be gathered how meÌ„ ar wonte not onely to doute whether a thing be honest or dishonest but also twoo honest thinges layed before them whether is the honester This pointe as I sayd before is ouerslipped by Panetius But now to the residue let vs procede ¶ MARCVS TVLLIVS 〈◊〉 seconde booke of duties to Marcus his sonne AFter what sorte duties should be taken oute of honestie sonne Marke and froÌ„ euerie kinde of vertue I suppose it sufficientlie declared in my former boke It folowes y t we go forward w t these kindes of duties which belonge to power to riches to y â— furniture of maÌ„ns life to the pleintie of those thinges y â— men do occupie Wherin I said it is sought bothe what is profitable what vnprofitable also of profitable thinges which is the more profitable or which the moste profitable Of the which I will entre to speake if I shall saye a worde or twoo before of my purpose and meaning For though our bookes haue stirred vp manie meÌ„ to y â— studie not onlie of reading but also of writing yet other while I feare leste y â— name of philosophie bee hatefull to soÌ„me good meÌ„ that they maruail I beâ—…owe in it so much trauail time In deede as longe as the weale was gouerned by them to whome she had coÌ„mitted herself I did emploie all my care study vpoÌ„ it But wheÌ„ one maÌ„ kept al in thraldome ther was no place at all for couÌ„sell authoritie I besides had for gone my coÌ„panioÌ„s of preseruing y â— state who had been singuler meÌ„ neither I gaue myself to greeues wher w t I should haue been wasted onlesse I had resisted theÌ„ nor again to pleasures vnseemlie for a lerned maÌ„ And would god y â— coÌ„monweale had stoode in y â— state wherin it begaÌ„ had not light vpon men who wer not so desirous of altering as ouerthrowing of thinges For first as we wer wonte to doo wheÌ„ y â— coÌ„moÌ„weale was staÌ„ding we would take more labour in
be iust who dreedeth death paine banishment or pouertie nor any y t before equitie preferreth the contraries And moste of all they wonder at him who is not tempted with money â—… in what man that is well tried him think they worthie to be regarded Therfore iustice dothe worke all those three which be pointed oute for glorie and gettes good will also bicause it meanes to profit verie manie and for the same cause it worketh credit likewise and admiratioÌ„ bicause it despiseth noughâ—… regardeth those thinges wherunto moste men enkindled with greedinesse be haled And surelie after my iudgement euerie trade and order of life requireth the aydes of men â—… chieflie that ye haue somme with whom you may debate in familiar talk which is hard onlesse ye beare vpoÌ„ you the showe of an honest maÌ„ Therfore opinion of iustice is necessarie euen to the aloneliuer and one that leades his life in y t feeldes yea and so much the more bicause if they haue it not vniust they shall be counted and beeing garded with no defeÌ„ce shall be vexed with manie iniuries And to these also who do sell bye hyre lette and be entaÌ„gled in bargaining bysinesse iustice to go thorow wich their maters is necessarie Whose power is so greate y â— euen they who be fedde with euill doing and mischief caÌ„ not possible liue withoute somme percell of iustice For who stealeth or priuielie pyketh anie thing from anie of theÌ„ with whom he goeth a theeuing he leaueth not himself a place no not in robberie And onlesse he who is named the archpirate deuide the prise egallie either he shall be slaine of his mates or els forsaken Yea and it is said ther ar lawes amonge theeues wherto they obey and doo obserue them And so by reason of the euen portioning of the prise bothe Bargulus the Illyrian robber of whom mention is made in Theopompus had greate riches and much greater had Uiriatus the Lusitane to whome of trouth euen our armies â—…aptains gaue place whom Caius Lelius he that was commonlie called the wise being Pretor didde discomfite and abate so alayed his fersnesse that he left an easie warre to other Seeing then the streÌ„gth of iustice is so great y t it also stablisheth encrcaseth robbers richesse how great suppose we y t power therof to be among lawes iudgemeÌ„ts and ordinauÌ„ces of a coÌ„mon weale Certesse methink not onelie amonge y t Medes as telleth Herodotê° but also among our auÌ„ceters in old time wellcoÌ„ditioned kings haue bene ordeined for y t end of enioyeÌ„g iustice For at the beginning when y â— multitude was oppressed by them who had y â— greater power for refuge they fled to soÌ„me one excelling in vertue who when he saued the weaker froÌ„ iniurie by pâ—…inting out an equitie kept the hyest w t the lowest in indifference of lawe And the like cause ther was of making lawes as of kings for euermore an egall right hathe beene sought for otherwise it wer not a right If they obteined y tsame at the haÌ„des of one iust good man w t him they wer coÌ„tented wheÌ„ y t chaunced not lawes wer deuised which w t all men alwaies in one alike voice shoulde speake Wherfore this is doutlesse a cleare case y â— they wer wonte to be chosen to gouern of whose iustice the opinioÌ„ of the multitude was great And this therto adioined y t they also might be couÌ„ted wise ther was nothing y â— men vnder those guides shoulde wene theÌ„selues vnable to attein Iustice therfore is by all maner meanes to be regarded mainteined bothe it for itselfsake for els it wer not iustice also for y â— enlargement of honour glorie But as ther is a waie not onelie of getting money but also of bestowing it which may suffise for continuall charges not onelie such as be necessarie but also liberall so glorie must be both gotten ordered by a meane Notw tst aÌ„ding notablie Socrates did saie this to be the nerest and as it wer the gaine waie to glo rie if a man wold endeuour this to be in dede such as he wolde be counted And if anie doo deeme theÌ„selues able to attein stedfast glory by false pretence vaine outshow both w t fained spech couÌ„ tenauÌ„ce they be farre out of y â— waie The true glorie taketh deepe roote and also shootes abrode all counterfet thinges do soone shed as do the litle flowers neither can ther anie forged thing be durable Witnesses verie manie ther be on bothe sides but for shortnesse sake we will be contented with one familie For Tyberius Gracchus Publiê° sonne so longe shall be praised as remembrauÌ„ce of the Romane state shall stand But his sonnes neither tiuing wer liked of good men and dedde go in the noumber of menne rightfullie puâ—…e to death Let them then whoso the true glorie will atteine perfourme the duties of iustice What those wer it was tolde in y â— former booke But to y â— ende y â— soone we may seem such maner meÌ„ as we be although the greatest effect is euen in this pointe that wee be such as we wolde be counted yet certein preceptes ar to be giueÌ„ For if anie from his first entered age hathe cause of name and fame either receiued of his father which to you my Cicero I suppose to haue happened or by anie chaunce and fortune on him al meÌ„s yies ar cast and of him ther is serching what he dothe and how he liueth and so as though he should leade his life in moâ—…e open light nother worde nor 〈◊〉 of his can be vnknowne But whose first age is passed withoute mennes knowledge by reason of basenesse vnknowne name these as soâ—…ne as they begin to be yongemen ought to looke after greate thinges and to prease vnto thesame with direct studies Which they shall doe with so much the better corage bicause that age is not onelie not 〈◊〉 but also fauored The chief setting forth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—… yongman to glorie is it anâ—… 〈◊〉 may be gotten by seates of 〈◊〉 wherin manie haue showed themselues among our aunceters for warres wer almoste 〈◊〉 kept But your age chaunced vpon that warre where the one side had tomuch mischief the other litle good fortune In which warre yet wheÌ„ Pompeius had made you captein of the one wing bothe of a mâ—… most noble and of the armie you gotte great prayse with riding with throwing the darte and susteining all thinges with a souldiourlike painfulnesse And verilie that your praise and the common-weale fell togither But of me this treatise is not taken in hand touching you but touching the holle generaltie Wherfore let vs go forward to such thinges as do remaine As then in other maters the workes of â—…he minde be much more thaÌ„ of the
is made the worsse therby and the redier alwaies to looke for the like This said he to his sonne but let vs think it giuen in precept to vs all Wherfore this certeinlie is no doute but that same liberalitie which standeth in trauail and diligence bothe is honester and also spreddeth farder and is able to profit mo Oftentimes yet a man must giue largelie and this kinde of liberalitie is not to bee vtterlie cast of and wee must manie times giue parte of our substauÌ„ce to mete men that haue need but wee must doo it heedfullie and measurablie For diuers haue spoilde oute their liuelod by lauishing it vnaduisedlie But what is folisher than to cause that you caÌ„ no lenger doe the thing which ye loue to doe And also spoile foloweth of lauishnesse For when by giuing they begin to be needie they be driuen to lay haÌ„d on other mennes goodes so when they wolde be beneficiall for cause of goodwill getting they purchase not so greate loue of theirs to whome they gaue as of them they gette hatered from whome they tooke Wherfore neither a mannes substaunce is so to bee shutte vp that liberalitie can not open it nor so to be vnlocked that it lye abrode for euerie bodie A measure is to be kept and let it bee referred to abilitie In anie wise wee must remember that which with our men is verie ofte in vsage and now is comme into the custome of a prouerb that Lauishnesse findes no bottome For what staie can ther be when bothe they who ar wonte to it and other do desire one thing In all ther be two sortes of largegiuers of which the one be called foolelarge the other liberall Foolelarge we call them who with open feastes and fleshgiftes and fenseshowes and furniture of sightes and hontinges power oute their money on those thinges wherof they shall leaue a memorie either shorte or none at all But liberall they be named who with their riches do raunsome men taken by preyeseekers or for their frendes sake do become sureties for dette or do ayde them in their daughters preferment of mariage orels do help them either in getting or encreasing their goodes And therfore I maruail what camme in Theophrastus minde in that boke which he wrote of riches wherin he spake manie thinges notablie but this oute of course For he is much in praising greate sumptuousnesse and furnishment of peoplepleasing showes and he deemeth the ablenesse of such charges to bee the frute of riches But methinketh that frute of liberalitie wherof I haue putte a fewe examples is bothe greater and more certain How much more grauelie trulie dothe Aristotle reproue vs who ar not in a wondermet at these lasshinges oute of money which bee done to clawe the multitude but in case they who ar besieged of enemies should bee driuen to bye a quarte of water for teÌ„ne crownes that this at first hearing seemeth to vs vncredible and all make a maruail at it but wheÌ„ we haue giuen good heede therto we holde w t necessitie yet wee make no greate maruail at these exceeding losses and endlesse charges when speciallie neither necessitie is relieued nor worship encreased that self-same clawing of y â— multitude shall endure for a short a small while yea and that w t euerie of the lightest mindes yet in the verie same euen togither with the fulnesse the remembraunce also of the pleasure dieth It is also well gathered that these showes be wellliked of Childern and women and slaues and freemeÌ„ moste like vnto slaues but y t no wayes they caÌ„ be allowed of a sage man and one y t with a grounded iudgement weyeth those thinges that be done Neuerthelesse I perceiue in our citie it hath growne into vse now in this good worlde that the gay showes of the Ediles office is loked for â—…uen of the best men Therfore Publius Crassus bothe by surname riche and also in substauÌ„ce kept his Edileoffice marueloê° suÌ„ptuously And soone after Lucius Crassus with Quintus Mutius the greatest meanekeper of all meÌ„ kept the time of their Edileoffice most royally Then caÌ„me Caius Claudius Appius sonne Afterwarde succeded manie as Lucullus Hortensius Silanus But Publius Lentulus when I was Consul passed all his predecessours Scaurus folowed him But our Pompeius showes in his second Consulship wer y â— costliest of all in eueriedeale wherof you see what liketh me We must yet auoide suspicion of couetousnesse For the refusall of the Edileship brought to Mamercê° a verie riche man a fall for the Consulship Wherfore the thing is to be done bothe if it be called for of the people good men though they do not require it do yet allow it so it be according to ones abilitie as we ourself haue done and also if anie greater and more profitable thing is wonne at anie time by peoplepleasing largesse as of late a greate honour to Orestes wer the dynings in opeÌ„ waies in name of his tenthes No nor it was not couÌ„ted a reproche to Marcus Seiê° that in a derth of corne he gaue to the people for foure peÌ„ce a busshell For froÌ„ a greate a loÌ„gefestred enuie he deliuerd himself neither by a dishonest losse seeig he was Edile nor yet verie greate But alate it was pauÌ„iÌ„g hie honour to our Milo bicause for the coÌ„monweales sake which in our safetie consisted with hired feÌ„smen he suppressed all Publius Clodius atteÌ„ptes and rages Ther is therfore cause of largesse if either it be necessarie or ê“fitable And yet in thesesame the rule of meankeeping is best Certesse Lucius Philippus Quintus sonne a manne of great witte and moste famous was wonte to glorie that he withoute anie gift giuing had atteined al maner dignities which were counted moste honorable The like said Cotta Curio We also in this may glorie after a certein sorte For doutlesse small was the cost of our Edileship in respect of such large honours as by all-mennes voices we atteined eueÌ„ in our yere which hathe befallne to none of them whome I named â—…while And also these expenses be better which ar bestowed vpon citiewalles shippedockes hauens conduites and all that appertein to the vse of the coÌ„monweale Although y â— is more pleasaunt which presentlie is giuen as it were in hande yet for time to coÌ„me these be more acceptable Sightcourts galereywalkes and new churches the more reuerentlie I fynde faulte with for Pompeius sake but the best lerned men do not alow them as bothe this same Panetiê° whoÌ„e I haue folowed much in these bokes yet not translated him also Phalereus Demetrius who dispraised Pericles the prince of Greece bicause he layed so much money vpon those goodlie porches But of this kinde vniuersallie it is diligeÌ„tlie disputed in
the Stoikes call the meane duties and those be commoÌ„ duties and do spread farre which manie attein bothe by goodnesse of witte and by going forward in learning But that which they call Râ—…etum is the perfite and absolute dutie â—… as they also saye it hathe all his partes neither can happen to anie but a wiseman And wheÌ„ any thing is done wherin the meane duties may appeare it seemeth to be fullie perfite bicause the coÌ„mon people al moste vnderstaÌ„deth not at all what it waÌ„teth of perfite but as farre as they vnderstaÌ„d they think nothing is left vndone And wher as it commonlie chauÌ„ceth in meeters paintinges in other thinges mo y â— the vnâ—…kilfull be delited praise those thinges y â— ar not to be praised for y â— cause I beleue they do so y â— in those ther is soÌ„me good grace y â— catcheth the ignoraunt who in deede be not able to discern what fault is in euerie thing And therfore wheÌ„ they be taught of the skilful they soone fal froÌ„ their opinion The Stoiks then say y â— these duties wherupoÌ„ in theâ—…e â—…okes we treate be as who saieth certein second sorts of honestie not proper onelie to the wise but coÌ„mon also to all maner of men Therfore all be allured with these in whome ther is a forwardnesse of vertue And when the twoo Decii or y â— two Scipioes be vouched for maÌ„lie meÌ„ orels when Fabritius or Aristides be alledged as iust neither of them for manlinesse nor of these for 〈◊〉 the example is brought as of perfite wisemen For none of these in such sorte is wise as in this place we will haue a wise manne taken nor Marcus Cato and Caius Lelius who wer counted and called wise were perfite wise menne no nor those seuen sages of 〈◊〉 but by the often vsing of the meane coÌ„mon duties they bore a certein semblaunce and showe of wisemeÌ„ Wherfore neither it is lawful that the thing which in deede is honest be compared with the contrarietie of y â— profitable neither y â— which coÌ„monlie we call honest and which is exercised of them who will haue themselues good meÌ„ to be counted with commodities at any time is to be compared and as well that honestie which falleth into our vnderstanding is of vs to be mainteined and kept as that is of the wise which properlie is called indeede is honestie For otherwise it caÌ„ not be holden on if ther be atteined any proceeding to vertue But this wee say by them who by keeping of duties ar esteemed for good men But who do measure all things by profits and commodities and will not the same to be ouerweyed with honestie these ar wonte in aduisemeÌ„t taking to coÌ„pare honestie with it which they recken profitable good men vse not so to do Therfore I think Panetius wheÌ„ he said meÌ„ ar wonte in this coÌ„parison to dout ment the veriesame that he spake that meÌ„ onelie ar wonte but not y t they must needes For not onelie to iudge the thing that seemeth profitable more worthe thaÌ„ that which is honest but also to compare these togither in them to cast doutes a verie fowle shame it is What is it then that manie times is wonte to bring a doutefulnesse and seemeth meete to be considered I suppose it is if at anie time ther befall a doutfullness what maner of thing it is wherof consideration is taken For often by the time it coÌ„mes to passe that it which for the moste parte is wonte to be counted dishonest is founde not to be dishonest For exaÌ„ples sake let ther be put soÌ„me case that more largelie extendeth What greater mischief can ther be than one to kill not onelie a man but also his familiar Hathe he then giltied himself of murder who hathe slaine a tyraunt all wer he his familiar To y â— people of Rome doutlesse it seemeth not so who of all worthie deedes esteemeth that the noblest With them therfore profite passed honestie yea rather honestie folowed after profit Therfore that withoute anie errour we may be able to iudge if euer y t which we cal profitable shall seem to striue w t it which is known for honest a certein rule is to be appointed which if we will folowe in the coÌ„parison of things from dutie we shall neuer swarue And this rule shall be moste agreeable with the trade doctrine of the Stoiks which verilie in these bookes wee therfore folowe bicause although of the auncieÌ„t Academiks and our Peripatetiks who were once all one w t the Academiks those things which be honest be preferred before such as seeme profitable yet these more goodlily be disputed of y â— Stoiks to whoÌ„ whatso is honest y â— same seemeth profitable nothing semes profitable which is not honest thaÌ„ it is of those who recken soÌ„mewhat to be honest and not profitable or sommewhat profitable and not honest But to vs our Academia giues great libertie y t whatsoeuer moste proueable â—…oÌ„mes in place thesame by our prerogatiue wee may lawfully defeÌ„d But I return to y â— rule To pull awaie then anie thing from an other and a maÌ„ to encrease his commoditie with an other maÌ„s discommoditie it is more against nature than death than pouertie thaÌ„ paine and other things which may happen either to the bodie or to the outward state For first of all it takes awaie the conuersation felowship of men For if we shall be so disposed that euerie man for his owne coÌ„moditie spoile wrong an other that felowship of mankinde which is most according to nature must needes be broken As if euerie parte of y t bodie should haue this imagination to think it might be strong if it had conueyed to itself the strength of the next limmes of force it should folowe that the holle bodie should be weakened perish euenso if euerieone of vs catche to himself the coÌ„modities of other and pulleth from eche maÌ„ what he can for his owne profites sake y â— felowship and coÌ„mon companie of men must needes be ouerthrowne For it is sufferable and nature not against it that euerieman be more willing for himself than for an other man to get whatso perteineth to the vse of his life This doutlesse nature doth not suffer that with the spoile of other we encrease our riches substauÌ„ce and welth And not onely it is ordeined by nature that is to witte by the vniuersall lawe of nations but also in like maner by the lawes of people wherby in euerie citie the commonwelth is vpholden that it shoulde not be lawfull for a mannes owne profits sake to hurt an other For the lawes tend to this and this they meane that y â— felowship of citiezens be in safetie which whoso riue a soÌ„der those with death bannishment prisonmeÌ„t and penalties they
worke 65. b Tullies philosophie 1. b Tullies sect and libertie in writing 65. a Tullies soÌ„nes bringing vp 112. a Tullies sonnes schoolemaster III. b Tulâ—…ies sonnes stocke III. b. Two ê“fitable things whether more ê“fitable 109. a Tyrannie 18. b Tyrauntes 120. b Tyrauntes endes 71. b V. Uaine 〈◊〉 8. a Uainglorie 19. a Uanquished men 14. b Uehement speche 52. a. 81. a. Uenê° notable image c. 113. a by Uerâ—…ue must meÌ„ be â—…oÌ„ne to our vse 69. a Uertue of an othe in olde time 153. b. Uertues 76. b Uertues not vices of elders to be folowed 4. 7. b Uertue standes in 3. pointes 69. a. 〈◊〉 78. a Uâ—…sage 51. b Uâ—…ysses 147. b. 〈◊〉 for a time suffred eue rie thing 44. b Uncomly hauiour of bodie c. 40. b. Undertaking of enterprises 29. b. Unhonest profit mother of all mischief 122. b. Unhonest thing not profitable 1â—…7 b Unlawâ—…ull parting of landes 107. a Unmesurablenesse 35. b. Unshamefastnesse 50. a Unthankfulnesse 88. a Uoice 52. a Uoidance of euell affections 27. b Uoiding of affections 27. a Uoluptuousnesse contrariâ—… to honestie 157. b. Use and exercise 24. a Use of 〈◊〉 67. b. Use of riches 10. a Uâ—…urers 59. a Usurie 109. b. VV. Warre 31. b. wastefulnesse 84. a water 67. b welfauordnesse 49. b what point of philosophie he will treate vpon 2. b why he gaue himâ—…elf to philosophie 64. a why he seuerâ—…h vertues coupled by nature 76. a why he spendes his vacant tune in philosophie 110. a. Whâ—… he writâ—…s to his sonne of philosophie in latine 1. a wilinesse 136. a wine that wil not last 145. a wisdome 7. a. b. 48. b. 64. b. 69. a. 1. 6. b wisdomes properties 7. a wise 133. a if a wiâ—…eman may drowne a foole to saue himself 144. a wisemeÌ„ne shifting for their liues 144. a witte 31. b wont 116. a wordes 50. a workes of the minde 80. b worthinesse 87. b worthinesse of honour 76. b writing III. b wrong doing is against nature 118. a â—… sorts of wroÌ„gdoing whether is the worse II. a X. Xenophons booke of ordering a houshold 108. b Y. Yelded men 14. b Yongmens duties 48. â—… Youth 79. b FINIS ¶ Imprinted at London in Fletestreâ—…e within Temple barre at the signe of the hand starre by Richard â—…ottel Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum The preface 1. Parie why he writes to his soÌ„ne of philosophie in latine The studie of bothe touÌ„ges Two kiâ—…des of eloquence Example of hâ—…elfe His maisters helpe Tullies philosophie The latin tounge Tullies eloquence ConclusioÌ„ oâ—… this paâ—…e EnlargemeÌ„t by comparisoÌ„ D. Phalereus Plaâ—… Demosthenes Aristoteles Isocrates 2. parte What pointe of philosophie he will treate vpon CoÌ„mendatioÌ„ of his mater Duties 3. parte How he will teache Sectes of philosophers Epicurus Aristippus 〈◊〉 Stoikes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The treatise 〈◊〉 to be 〈◊〉 Dutie 〈◊〉 An other waâ—… of diuiding dutie Dutie deâ—… Outfynding of duties by choise of thinges Honest. Profitable Honestie and profit coÌ„pared More honeâ—… More profitable The suÌ„me of these 3. bokeâ—… Giftes of nature Thinges coÌ„moÌ„ to beasâ—… and men Beaste Sense Man Reason Groundes of iustice Principles of wisdome Sparkes oâ—… manlinesse Certain sedes of sobermode Honestie Dutiful demeanour wysdome Iustice. Manlâ—…sle Temperance Properties of wisdome Duties of iustice and manâ—…nesse Properties of temperaâ—…nce Wisdomâ—… Knowleâ—…ge of â—…routh faultes to 〈◊〉 auoided 〈◊〉 of rashâ—… iudgâ—…ment The remedie Maine curiositie Dutie in thiâ—… behalf Good knoâ—…ledge Practise Speculation Of iustice as it is generall Particular iustice Liberalitie Duties of iustice Priuate thinges â—…lato to Architas The Stoiks Common felowship Faithfulnesse Iniustice Occasions of wroÌ„g doing Feare Conetousnes The vse of riches Crassus the riche Ambition Ennius Caius Iulius Caesar. Of twoo sortes in wrong doing whether is the woorsse 〈◊〉 why som do 〈◊〉 dutie in not resisti wroÌ„g Idle Philosophers disalowed Briefe rehersall of things afore Care of other mens materâ—… Exceptions in duties par teining to faithfulnesse Of Theseâ—… Neptunus 〈◊〉 ought to leane to the equitie of the lawe Cleomenes a Lacedemonian Q. Fabius Labeo Ponnishing of 〈◊〉 Hitherto oâ—… ciuil iustice Of iustice in warre Speeche Force The end of warre peas Duties in the end of warres Peas allwaies to bee sought The vanquished The yeelded Example of the auncient Romanes The â—…eciall lawe of bidding 〈◊〉 Conscience in keeping their othe of warfare Their gentle naming their enemies Hostes. Hostis is now taken for an enemie Duties in warres holden for honour or life Pyrrhus answere to the Romanes Uerses of Ennius Priuate proâ—…es to the enemie Example of Regulus How the Cesors ponm sâ—…ed certein 〈◊〉 A generâ—… rule A notable eâ—… ample of the Romanes equitie Tâ—…ochares Iustice in housholding Slaues Hurtes Force Gyle False semblaunte Hitherto of the particular iustice Of liberalitie 2. parte of the gen iustice Exceptions How How much To whome Partiaâ—… â—…annie Foolelarge â—…ortion 〈◊〉 The first 〈◊〉 of the third rule touching maners â—…ction towarde vs. Of râ—…iting a good turn Choice in 〈◊〉 Measure the gift by the giuers good hert A generall 〈◊〉 The feloâ—…ship of life The firâ—… degree of felouship Reason and speeche Ciuil laweâ—… The lâ—…we of nature Thinges coÌ„mon Ennius A measure in coÌ„mon lib. Nerer degrees offeâ—…ouship Câ—…untrieme Citiezenâ—… â—…red Frendship amonge good men Good turâ—… doone from one to an other Loue of comonâ—…eale Comparing of degrees Countrey Parents Childern Familie â—…insfolke Frendes This order â—…s often altered as psones and times require Exampleâ—… Use and exercise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the â—…ame MaÌ„hâ—…d 〈◊〉 iustice falleth into diuers extreems Brutishneâ—… 〈◊〉 hat is manlinesse Foolehardinesse The manlie must be plain ImpedimeÌ„tes of this vertue Sturdinesse Desire of souerantie The moste parte likes not the best thinges Glorie The duties of manlinesse Contempt of casual thiges Doing of great entrepâ—…ses Contempt of outward thinges â—…nlie honesty good Uoiding of affections The manlie man is neuer vanquished of his owne affections Couetise of money Loue of glorie Desire of rule Uoidaunce of euill affectious Of officebeaâ—…ing or refusing Libertie The philosophers life The magistrates life Refusing of gouernment in the coÌ„monweale I feare contrarie to maÌ„linesse Such as 〈◊〉 meete must serue the coÌ„monweale Magistrates ought to auoide passâ—…s of minâ—…e nolesâ—…e than philosophers Philosophers mindes be not â—…pted so maâ—…e waies as magistrates Undertaking of eÌ„treprises Despaire PresumptioÌ„ A lesson Citiematers aboue martiall feates Exaumples of greekes Themistocles Salamis Solon The Areopage The Athenians Pausamas Lisander The Lacedemonians Lycurgus Examples of Romanes M. Scaurus C. Marius Q. Catulus â—…n Pompeiê° Africanus P. Nasica Tullieâ—… Conâ—…ship Cn. Pompeiê° triumphed thrise ouer the A fers anâ—… the Spâ—…rdes 〈◊〉 dates The cause of manlinesse Strength oâ—… the minde Labour of the bodie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 warre The properties of a maÌ„lie man Corage witt Rashâ—… Necessitie Razing oâ—… cities Justice toward the 〈◊〉 Fleel ing of perell Assailing of â—…tures Daungers 〈◊〉 Common Of life Of glorie Of fauour