his_o history_n of_o the_o church_n of_o durham_n who_o have_v intersperse_v many_o excellent_a passage_n concern_v the_o same_o northern_a story_n here_o likewise_o we_o may_v add_v the_o chronicle_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o mailross_n which_o tho_o write_v by_o the_o abbot_n of_o dundraimon_n be_v certain_o collect_v out_o of_o some_o much_o ancient_a annal_n of_o that_o monastery_n which_o be_v then_o destroy_v and_o these_o together_o with_o the_o last_o mention_v author_n have_v help_v we_o to_o make_v up_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n king_n after_o eardulf_n that_o be_v expel_v his_o kingdom_n anno_fw-la 806._o from_o who_o our_o common_a writer_n suppose_v there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la for_o the_o space_n of_o above_o sixty_o year_n though_o by_o those_o abovenamed_a it_o appear_v to_o have_v be_v otherwise_o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o table_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o last_o book_n after_o these_o flourish_v william_n of_o malmesbury_n who_o finish_v his_o history_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n stephen_n but_o certain_o he_o begin_v it_o long_o before_o viz._n in_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o to_o which_o learned_a monk_n be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a writer_n both_o for_o judgement_n and_o style_n of_o that_o age_n i_o must_v own_v myself_o oblige_v for_o the_o best_a and_o choice_a passage_n in_o this_o volume_n to_o he_o succeed_v henry_n archdeacon_n of_o huntingdon_n who_o write_v a_o history_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n as_o well_o before_o as_o after_o the_o conquest_n and_o retire_v to_o rome_n live_v there_o for_o some_o time_n for_o that_o purpose_n he_o deduce_v his_o history_n almost_o to_o the_o end_n of_o k._n stephen_n and_o write_v most_o common_o by_o way_n of_o annal_n transcribe_v many_o thing_n out_o of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o be_v of_o that_o great_a reputation_n that_o geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n who_o be_v his_o cotemporary_a recommend_v the_o english_a history_n to_o be_v write_v by_o his_o pen_n as_o he_o do_v the_o british_a to_o be_v continue_v by_o caradoc_n of_o lancarvon_n who_o write_v a_o welsh_a chronicle_n as_o far_o as_o his_o own_o time_n the_o substance_n whereof_o i_o have_v here_o likewise_o give_v you_o as_o it_o be_v put_v out_o by_o dr._n powell_n to_o which_o i_o have_v also_o add_v several_a remarkable_a passage_n that_o be_v design_v in_o a_o new_a edition_n of_o the_o same_o work_n to_o be_v publish_v from_o the_o manuscript_n of_o the_o learned_a antiquary_n mr._n robert_n vaughan_n by_o mr._n ellis_n late_a of_o jesus_n college_n in_o oxon_n but_o which_o be_v never_o finish_v and_o i_o have_v likewise_o insert_v divers_a choice_n note_n that_o i_o gather_v from_o another_o manuscript_n of_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v to_o the_o chronology_n and_o action_n of_o the_o british_a prince_n which_o he_o write_v for_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o lord_n primate_n usher_n and_o from_o he_o be_v now_o in_o my_o possession_n and_o i_o suppose_v no_o ingenious_a british_a antiquary_n will_v think_v this_o performance_n unnecessary_a since_o he_o will_v here_o find_v the_o substance_n of_o all_o that_o be_v contain_v in_o caradoc_n chronicle_n together_o with_o a_o great_a many_o considerable_a addition_n from_o the_o manuscript_n abovemention_v as_o also_o some_o other_o gather_v from_o two_o ms._n copy_n of_o the_o chronicle_n of_o wales_n the_o one_o in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n the_o other_o in_o the_o exchequer_n write_v at_o the_o end_n of_o one_o of_o the_o volume_n of_o doomsday_n for_o the_o perusal_n of_o which_o i_o stand_v oblige_v to_o the_o reverend_n dr._n gale_n h._n huntingdon_n be_v follow_v by_o rog._n hoveden_n a_o secular_a priest_n of_o oxford_n and_o be_v domestic_a clerk_n or_o secretary_n to_o henry_n the_o second_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v chief_o transcribe_v from_o simeon_n of_o durham_n as_o to_o the_o affair_n before_o the_o conquest_n as_o he_o do_v from_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o other_o author_n as_o well_o as_o his_o own_o observation_n for_o those_o that_o occur_v afterward_o to_o his_o own_o time_n continue_v his_o history_n to_o the_o begin_n of_o king_n john_n reign_n the_o next_o we_o come_v to_o be_v those_o author_n contain_v in_o that_o noble_a volume_n call_v the_o decem-scriptores_a such_o as_o ailred_n abbot_n de_fw-fr rievalle_n who_o write_v concern_v the_o king_n of_o england_n so_o far_o as_o king_n henry_n the_o second_o in_o who_o time_n he_o live_v as_o also_o concern_v the_o life_n and_o miracle_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n from_o who_o i_o have_v take_v divers_a memorable_a passage_n relate_v to_o the_o life_n of_o that_o king_n as_o well_o as_o to_o his_o predecessor_n omit_v his_o fable_n and_o legend_n in_o which_o he_o do_v too_o much_o abound_v after_o he_o follow_v radulphus_fw-la de_fw-la diceto_fw-la dean_n of_o st._n paul_n london_n who_o flourish_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n about_o the_o year_n 1210._o he_o be_v esteem_v a_o very_a accomplish_a historian_n and_o a_o indefatigable_a collector_n in_o his_o time_n of_o thing_n not_o only_o before_o but_o after_o the_o conquest_n i_o have_v also_o take_v some_o few_o passage_n from_o william_n thorn_n a_o monk_n of_o canterbury_n who_o write_v a_o entire_a history_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o his_o own_o monastery_n of_o st._n augustin_n down_o to_o the_o begin_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o in_o who_o reign_n he_o live_v after_o who_o we_o have_v for_o a_o long_a time_n no_o print_a historian_n of_o the_o time_n before_o the_o conquest_n till_o that_o in_o the_o decem-scriptores_a which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o john_n brompton_n abbot_n of_o jorvaulx_n in_o richmondshire_n though_o mr._n selden_n have_v show_v we_o in_o his_o preface_n to_o that_o volume_n that_o he_o be_v rather_o the_o purchaser_n than_o author_n of_o this_o chronicle_n which_o he_o leave_v to_o his_o own_o abbey_n he_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o but_o the_o history_n conclude_v with_o the_o death_n of_o richard_n the_o first_o but_o the_o say_v reverend_a dr._n gale_n far_o observe_v of_o he_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o continue_v geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o preface_n and_o in_o col._n 1153._o as_o also_o that_o he_o take_v much_o from_o benedictus_n abbas_n still_o in_o manuscript_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n and_o not_o from_o roger_n hoveden_n for_o where_o a_o fault_n or_o omission_n be_v find_v in_o benedictus_n the_o same_o be_v here_o find_v also_o but_o not_o so_o in_o hoveden_n e._n g._n benedictus_n want_v the_o seal_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sicily_n and_o so_o do_v bromton_n till_o it_o be_v add_v from_o some_o other_o copy_n and_o not_o out_o of_o hoveden_n for_o the_o seal_n differ_v and_o some_o copy_n of_o hoveden_n have_v it_o not_o at_o all_o and_o though_o the_o compiler_n of_o this_o history_n seem_v to_o have_v live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o richard_n i._o as_o himself_o seem_v to_o intimate_v yet_o col._n 967._o it_o mention_n richard_n the_o three_o which_o must_v have_v be_v add_v to_o continue_v down_o the_o genealogy_n of_o our_o king_n as_o be_v often_o do_v in_o ancient_a chronicle_n by_o some_o late_a hand_n but_o the_o learned_a doctor_n far_o suppose_v this_o chronicle_n to_o have_v be_v write_v by_o one_o john_n brompton_n who_o as_o the_o doctor_n find_v in_o a_o old_a manuscript_n year-book_n or_o collection_n of_o report_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o be_v a_o justice_n itinerant_n about_o that_o time_n which_o conjecture_n be_v also_o confirm_v by_o his_o careful_a insert_v the_o ancient_a saxon_a law_n into_o this_o chronicle_n this_o as_o it_o be_v not_o do_v by_o any_o before_o he_o so_o neither_o do_v it_o savour_v of_o the_o monk_n this_o be_v the_o more_o worthy_a take_v notice_n of_o because_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n have_v omit_v this_o john_n brompton_n in_o his_o catalogue_n of_o judge_n itinerant_a at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o origines_fw-la juridiciales_fw-la to_o this_o historian_n succeed_v henry_n de_fw-fr knyghton_n canon_n of_o leicester_n who_o write_v his_o history_n de_fw-fr eventibus_fw-la angliae_fw-la begin_v with_o king_n edgar_n and_o end_v with_o the_o reign_n of_o richard_n the_o second_o but_o the_o reader_n may_v be_v please_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o in_o these_o two_o last_o author_n be_v find_v many_o passage_n which_o be_v in_o none_o of_o the_o more_o ancient_a writer_n and_o since_o most_o of_o they_o relate_v to_o custom_n and_o term_n that_o have_v their_o original_a after_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n therefore_o they_o may_v with_o good_a reason_n be_v suspect_v to_o have_v be_v borrow_v from_o some_o common_a story_n or_o tradition_n that_o then_o pass_v up_o and_o down_o for_o current_n nor_o can_v
in_o those_o dark_a time_n for_o near_a 500_o year_n follow_v as_o the_o reverend_n dr._n burnet_n now_o bishop_n of_o salisbury_n have_v learned_o prove_v in_o his_o preface_n to_o his_o translation_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a treatise_n of_o lactantius_n nor_o do_v the_o monk_n fail_v of_o find_v their_o account_n in_o this_o design_n since_o nothing_o contribute_v more_o than_o this_o and_o such_o like_a legend_n to_o the_o worship_v of_o the_o relic_n of_o saint_n and_o go_v on_o pilgrimage_n to_o their_o tomb_n which_o superstition_n how_o much_o it_o advance_v the_o worldly_a power_n and_o grandeur_n of_o the_o clergy_n of_o those_o time_n he_o must_v be_v a_o great_a stranger_n to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a history_n of_o those_o age_n not_o to_o understand_v have_v now_o i_o hope_v go_v through_o all_o those_o thing_n i_o think_v necessary_a to_o advertise_v the_o reader_n of_o i_o have_v little_a else_o remain_v but_o to_o ask_v his_o pardon_n for_o not_o add_v in_o the_o margin_n some_o short_a note_n or_o content_n of_o what_o be_v in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o work_n which_o though_o i_o confess_v several_a historian_n have_v do_v yet_o i_o think_v it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v spare_v here_o first_o because_o in_o my_o opinion_n it_o spoil_v the_o beauty_n of_o the_o margin_n and_o beside_o this_o volume_n be_v write_v in_o a_o exact_a chronological_a order_n it_o will_v be_v very_o easy_a for_o the_o reader_n if_o he_o will_v but_o please_v to_o remember_v near_o the_o year_n about_o which_o any_o thing_n he_o will_v find_v happen_v to_o satisfy_v himself_o in_o the_o matter_n he_o will_v know_v by_o turn_v over_o but_o two_o or_o three_o page_n and_o further_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n stand_v in_o roman_a figure_n in_o the_o margin_n do_v in_o many_o place_n fill_v that_o space_n which_o those_o content_n usual_o take_v up_o but_o if_o these_o reason_n by_o some_o may_v not_o be_v think_v sufficient_a a_o good_a friend_n of_o i_o have_v be_v at_o the_o pain_n for_o your_o sake_n as_o well_o as_o my_o ease_n to_o make_v a_o exact_a table_n to_o the_o whole_a work_n by_o which_o i_o be_o confident_a you_o can_v miss_v ready_o find_v out_o any_o thing_n whatsoever_o you_o have_v a_o desire_n to_o be_v satisfy_v in_o that_o be_v contain_v in_o this_o volume_n either_o as_o to_o person_n place_n or_o thing_n i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v this_o history_n as_o divert_v as_o i_o can_v by_o variety_n of_o matter_n as_o also_o by_o insert_v into_o it_o whatsoever_o relation_n i_o meet_v with_o in_o our_o old_a historian_n that_o be_v not_o utter_o improbable_a and_o therefore_o i_o hope_v the_o reader_n will_v not_o be_v uneasy_a because_o all_o the_o part_n thereof_o be_v not_o keep_v up_o alike_o pleasant_a and_o agreeable_a since_o the_o dryness_n of_o the_o matter_n and_o the_o barrenness_n of_o those_o few_o author_n i_o find_v in_o some_o period_n will_v not_o always_o equal_o afford_v it_o any_o more_o than_o it_o can_v be_v expect_v that_o in_o a_o long_a journey_n it_o shall_v be_v alike_o pleasant_a travel_v through_o dark_a and_o narrow_a lane_n as_o over_o a_o free_a and_o open_a champaign_n there_o be_v one_o thing_n more_o i_o must_v needs_o stand_v oblige_v to_o you_o in_o for_o your_o pardon_n and_o that_o be_v the_o many_o errata_n you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o first_o four_o book_n for_o be_v out_o of_o town_n when_o near_o half_a of_o it_o be_v wrought_v off_o i_o can_v not_o supervise_v it_o myself_o and_o though_o i_o commit_v the_o correction_n of_o those_o sheet_n to_o a_o person_n on_o who_o i_o can_v as_o i_o have_v do_v before_o safe_o rely_v for_o his_o ability_n and_o faithfulness_n in_o the_o discharge_n of_o that_o trust_n yet_o no_o man_n be_v able_a to_o judge_n of_o the_o author_n sense_n so_o well_o as_o himself_o nor_o consequent_o to_o mend_v it_o if_o any_o where_o too_o obscure_a or_o mistake_v and_o i_o can_v as_o i_o will_v answer_v so_o well_o for_o the_o care_n of_o my_o amanuensis_fw-la in_o his_o write_n or_o point_v and_o i_o must_v add_v this_o also_o that_o some_o printer_n be_v not_o always_o so_o careful_a as_o they_o shall_v be_v to_o amend_v their_o own_o fault_n though_o never_o so_o exact_o correct_v by_o those_o to_o who_o their_o sheet_n be_v entrust_v for_o that_o purpose_n the_o general_a introduction_n to_o the_o whole_a work_n since_o the_o late_a learned_a doctor_n howell_n and_o doctor_n brady_n the_o former_a in_o his_o second_o and_o three_o part_n of_o his_o general_n history_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o latter_a in_o his_o general_n preface_n and_o first_o book_n of_o his_o complete_a history_n of_o england_n have_v give_v we_o a_o large_a account_n of_o the_o political_a government_n and_o law_n in_o this_o part_n of_o our_o island_n we_o now_o call_v england_n during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n as_o also_o of_o our_o english-saxon_a king_n as_o far_o as_o the_o norman_a conquest_n this_o undertake_n of_o i_o will_v look_v very_o imperfect_a if_o i_o shall_v not_o in_o some_o measure_n follow_v their_o method_n and_o prefix_v before_o it_o something_o of_o the_o like_a nature_n i_o have_v therefore_o make_v bold_a to_o borrow_v from_o mr._n selden_n and_o those_o other_o author_n who_o have_v write_v on_o this_o subject_a whatsoever_o i_o think_v be_v necessary_a to_o carry_v on_o the_o same_o design_n and_o also_o add_v those_o thing_n that_o i_o find_v they_o have_v either_o omit_v or_o mistake_v and_o which_o require_v more_o large_o to_o be_v treat_v of_o in_o order_n to_o render_v this_o work_n as_o useful_a as_o possible_a i_o can_v for_o a_o matter_n of_o so_o great_a importance_n to_o begin_v then_o with_o the_o government_n of_o the_o britain_n before_o the_o arrival_n of_o julius_n caesar_n into_o this_o island_n of_o which_o we_o have_v scarce_o any_o account_n but_o what_o can_v be_v gather_v from_o geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n which_o be_v so_o uncertain_a and_o fabulous_a that_o there_o be_v little_a reliance_n upon_o what_o he_o say_v save_v that_o in_o the_o general_a it_o be_v govern_v by_o king_n and_o often_o canton_v into_o several_a kingdom_n for_o that_o it_o be_v ever_o under_o one_o monarch_n as_o he_o frequent_o affirm_v i_o have_v very_o good_a reason_n to_o doubt_v it_o be_v not_o only_o contrary_a to_o the_o genius_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o british_a nation_n where_o all_o the_o male_a issue_n inherit_v alike_o to_o suffer_v the_o elder_a son_n to_o go_v away_o with_o the_o whole_a inheritance_n but_o likewise_o it_o be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o caesar_n account_n of_o this_o island_n when_o he_o come_v first_o hither_o which_o he_o say_v he_o find_v divide_v into_o several_a distinct_a principality_n and_o state_n but_o if_o any_o part_n of_o geoffrey_n relation_n be_v true_a that_o be_v most_o likely_a to_o be_v so_o which_o he_o give_v we_o of_o the_o law_n of_o molmutius_n viz._n that_o the_o temple_n of_o the_o god_n have_v this_o privilege_n that_o whatever_o guilty_a person_n shall_v fly_v to_o they_o they_o shall_v be_v secure_a from_o their_o prosecutor_n because_o we_o find_v that_o custom_n very_o ancient_a not_o only_o among_o the_o greek_n and_o roman_n but_o indeed_o all_o other_o nation_n the_o jew_n not_o except_v next_o that_o the_o public_a way_n lead_v to_o the_o say_a temple_n and_o the_o city_n wherein_o they_o be_v shall_v be_v free_a and_o safe_a and_o last_o that_o such_o a_o proportion_n of_o land_n shall_v maintain_v so_o many_o plough_n for_o the_o encouragement_n of_o husbandry_n which_o be_v very_o natural_a in_o a_o country_n where_o not_o only_o the_o soil_n but_o the_o laziness_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n rendrâ—d_v it_o more_o apt_a for_o graze_v than_o tillage_n but_o i_o can_v forbear_v observe_v how_o little_a stress_n be_v to_o be_v lay_v on_o geoffrey_n account_n of_o the_o law_n of_o those_o british_a prince_n since_o he_o have_v the_o confidence_n to_o tell_v we_o of_o another_o sett_n of_o law_n suppose_v to_o be_v make_v by_o queen_n martia_n which_o he_o say_v be_v afterward_o translate_v by_o king_n alfred_n out_o of_o the_o british_a langâ—age_n be_v by_o he_o insert_v into_o his_o body_n of_o saxon_a law_n under_o the_o title_n of_o meâ—rchen-lage_n the_o falsehood_n of_o which_o derivation_n mr._n camden_n have_v very_o well_o discover_v by_o show_v that_o this_o word_n have_v not_o its_o original_a from_o queen_n martia_n but_o from_o the_o saxon_a word_n mearc_n signify_v a_o limit_v or_o boundary_a from_o whence_o the_o mercian_n kingdom_n have_v its_o name_n and_o be_v so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n as_o be_v circumscribe_v by_o the_o other_o kingdom_n of_o the_o heptarchy_n but_o as_o for_o the_o british_a
his_o son-in-law_n who_o he_o denote_v by_o this_o title_n ethelredo_fw-la principi_fw-la meae_fw-la militiae_fw-la the_o other_o viz._n the_o great_a civil_a officer_n be_v that_o of_o chancellor_n chancellor_n so_o call_v from_o the_o barbarous_a latin_a word_n cancellare_fw-la from_o his_o cancel_v or_o strike_v out_o what_o he_o please_v in_o man_n grant_n and_o petition_n and_o as_o for_o his_o power_n we_o find_v it_o thus_o express_v in_o ingulf_n oxen._n upon_o k._n edward_n the_o elder_n be_v have_v make_v his_o cousin_n turketule_n chancellor_n quaecúnque_fw-la negotia_fw-la temporalia_fw-la vel_fw-la spiritualia_fw-la regis_fw-la judicium_fw-la expectabant_fw-la illius_fw-la consilio_fw-la tam_fw-la sanctae_fw-la fidei_fw-la &_o tam_fw-la profundi_fw-la ingenii_fw-la tenebatur_fw-la omne_fw-la tractarentur_fw-la &_o tractata_fw-la irrefragabilem_fw-la sententiam_fw-la sortirentur_fw-la from_o whence_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o king_n do_v not_o only_o in_o that_o age_n determine_v civil_a but_o spiritual_a cause_n too_o in_o his_o own_o person_n and_o have_v his_o chancellor_n for_o his_o assistant_n in_o his_o judgement_n which_o be_v so_o give_v irrefragabilem_fw-la sententiam_fw-la sortirentur_fw-la i.e._n they_o obtain_v a_o uncontrollable_a sentence_n beyond_o which_o there_o then_o lie_v no_o appeal_n and_o this_o i_o suppose_v be_v do_v in_o that_o great_a court_n we_o now_o call_v the_o king_n bench_n for_o as_o for_o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n in_o cause_n relate_v to_o equity_n sir_n edward_n coke_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o 4_o the_o institutes_n 8._o that_o there_o be_v no_o precedent_n of_o it_o before_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n vi._n but_o that_o it_o be_v the_o business_n of_o the_o chancellor_n to_o draw_v up_o the_o king_n charter_n and_o also_o to_o sign_v they_o before_o the_o conquest_n you_o will_v find_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o last_o charter_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o westminster_n in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n where_o aelfgeat_n a_o notary_n sign_n it_o vice_n reynbaldi_n regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la cancellarii_n the_o next_o degree_n be_v that_o of_o ealdorman_n ealdormaâ—_n which_o be_v not_o only_o titular_a as_o to_o the_o person_n but_o a_o office_n and_o signify_v as_o you_o will_v find_v all_o along_o in_o our_o annal_n those_o great_a magistrate_n under_o the_o king_n who_o be_v call_v in_o latin_a subreguli_fw-la principes_fw-la &_o consules_a in_o some_o of_o our_o ancient_a charter_n and_o sometime_o in_o saxon_a cynings_n i.e._n petty_a king_n have_v the_o subordinate_a government_n of_o city_n county_n and_o often_o too_o of_o whole_a province_n in_o all_o affair_n both_o civil_a and_o military_a and_o be_v of_o much_o great_a power_n before_o king_n alfred_n reign_n than_o afterward_o for_o whereas_o before_o his_o time_n they_o have_v the_o chief_a authority_n in_o all_o place_n belong_v to_o their_o jurisdiction_n they_o seem_v after_o the_o word_n eorle_fw-mi come_v in_o use_n with_o the_o dane_n to_o have_v lose_v much_o of_o their_o power_n though_o they_o still_o retain_v the_o title_n and_o it_o be_v observe_v by_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n 25._o that_o he_o who_o be_v call_v the_o ealdorman_a of_o the_o county_n signify_v in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelstane_n something_a between_o the_o earl_n and_o the_o sheriff_n and_o therefore_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v he_o who_o under_o the_o earl_n govern_v the_o county_n or_o province_n and_o be_v his_o deputy_n or_o judge_n in_o the_o county_n court_n in_o his_o absence_n for_o in_o those_o law_n the_o value_n of_o a_o archbishop_n and_o earl_n head_n be_v set_v at_o fifteen_o thousand_o thrimsae_n whereas_o the_o bishop_n and_o ealdorman_n be_v but_o at_o eight_o thousand_o yet_o notwithstanding_o this_o title_n do_v not_o cease_v to_o be_v esteem_v very_o honourable_a many_o year_n after_o that_o time_n for_o we_o find_v in_o camden_n britannia_n that_o the_o tomb_n of_o ailwin_n founder_v of_o the_o abbey_n of_o ramsey_n huntingtonshirâ—_n be_v inscribe_v with_o the_o title_n of_o ealdorman_n of_o all_o england_n which_o as_o mr._n selden_n say_v can_v only_o mean_v that_o he_o be_v somewhat_o like_o the_o ancient_a chief_a justiciary_a of_o england_n 505._o or_o chief_a director_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n or_o viceroy_n regiae_n dignitatis_fw-la consors_fw-la &_o nominis_fw-la or_o half_o cyne_v as_o the_o gale_n book_n of_o ramsey_n have_v it_o not_o but_o that_o this_o word_n be_v also_o of_o a_o much_o more_o inferior_a signification_n see_v we_o find_v frequent_a mention_n in_o the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n aldemannus_n as_o well_o as_o in_o those_o king_n immediate_o after_o the_o conquest_n of_o aldermannus_n hundredi_n seu_fw-la wapentachii_fw-la as_o also_o of_o aldermannus_n civitatis_fw-la vel_fw-la burgi_n whence_o the_o title_n of_o our_o present_a alderman_n of_o city_n and_o great_a town_n be_v derive_v though_o of_o a_o far_o different_a signification_n as_o well_o as_o a_o much_o late_a institution_n and_o this_o i_o suppose_v happen_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o paucity_n of_o word_n in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n which_o call_v grave_a man_n distinguish_v by_o any_o office_n or_o dignity_n by_o the_o title_n of_o ealdorman_n because_o they_o be_v at_o first_o bestow_v on_o man_n of_o elder_a year_n though_o afterward_o geref_o as_o the_o auctuary_n to_o king_n edward_n law_n inform_v we_o they_o be_v not_o so_o style_v propter_fw-la senectutem_fw-la cum_fw-la quidam_fw-la adolescentes_fw-la essent_fw-la sed_fw-la propter_fw-la sapientiam_fw-la therefore_o i_o can_v forbear_v take_v notice_n that_o whereas_o bede_n speak_v of_o k._n oswald_n send_v ad_fw-la majores_fw-la natu_fw-la scotorum_fw-la to_o the_o elder_n of_o the_o scot_n for_o bishop_n 13._o king_n alfred_n in_o his_o translation_n of_o bede_n call_v they_o the_o ealdorman_n of_o the_o scot_n that_o be_v the_o great_a or_o chief_a man_n of_o that_o nation_n i_o must_v here_o beg_v the_o reader_n be_v pardon_n for_o a_o mistake_v i_o have_v commit_v in_o the_o render_n of_o that_o passage_n into_o english_a in_o the_o ensue_a history_n for_o not_o have_v the_o saxon_a version_n by_o i_o but_o only_o a_o latin_a copy_n when_o i_o write_v it_o nor_o have_v then_o consult_v mr._n selden_n to_o who_o i_o confess_v myself_o much_o behold_v for_o this_o criticism_n i_o have_v there_o translate_v the_o word_n majores_fw-la natu_fw-la scotish_n bishop_n because_o i_o think_v it_o most_o proper_a for_o they_o to_o be_v send_v to_o about_o a_o affair_n concern_v religion_n i_o have_v no_o more_o to_o say_v on_o this_o head_n only_o that_o i_o have_v leave_v this_o word_n ealdorman_n so_o often_o use_v in_o our_o annal_n untranslate_v for_o though_o i_o grant_v he_o be_v frequent_o style_v dux_n or_o come_v in_o latin_a yet_o it_o will_v not_o bear_v be_v render_v duke_n or_o earl_n in_o english_a because_o that_o those_o title_n be_v not_o only_o very_o different_a but_o be_v unknown_a in_o our_o saxon_a tongue_n till_o many_o year_n after_o that_o government_n be_v settle_v in_o england_n i_o come_v now_o to_o the_o title_n earl_n or_o eorle_n which_o be_v altogether_o danish_n eorle_fw-mi be_v not_o common_o use_v here_o till_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n cnute_n though_o we_o now_o and_o then_o find_v it_o mention_v in_o our_o annal_n before_o his_o time_n but_o as_o for_o its_o power_n and_o authority_n it_o be_v much_o what_o the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o ealdorman_n abovemention_v i_o think_v i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o of_o it_o only_o that_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v then_o hereditary_a nor_o descend_v to_o son_n or_o brother_n though_o they_o often_o continue_v in_o the_o same_o family_n when_o the_o king_n be_v please_v so_o to_o confer_v it_o and_o both_o the_o title_n and_o the_o office_n be_v liable_a to_o be_v forfeit_v upon_o any_o great_a maladministration_n as_o you_o will_v find_v in_o divers_a instance_n in_o this_o book_n the_o next_o title_n and_o office_n i_o shall_v mention_v be_v that_o of_o heretoch_n which_o be_v whole_o military_a heretoch_n and_o as_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_a suppose_n hold_v be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o hold_v or_o commander_n in_o war_n mention_v in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelstan_n because_o his_o wiregild_n be_v make_v equal_a to_o that_o of_o a_o high-gerife_a viz._n four_o thousand_o thrymsa_n this_o heretoch_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v somewhat_o like_o our_o lord-lieutenant_n of_o a_o county_n at_o this_o day_n and_o be_v choose_v for_o some_o extraordinary_a occasion_n as_o upon_o a_o sudden_a invasion_n or_o expedition_n against_o the_o scot_n or_o welshman_n which_o be_v over_o their_o commission_n also_o cease_v but_o they_o themselves_o be_v still_o have_v in_o high_a esteem_n and_o honour_n if_o they_o have_v prudent_o and_o courageous_o discharge_v that_o great_a trust._n and_o as_o the_o
he_o that_o be_v so_o injure_v the_o high_a offence_n against_o man_n alone_o be_v treason_n treason_n and_o the_o punishment_n for_o this_o offence_n i_o find_v set_v down_o in_o the_o 4_o the_o law_n of_o k._n alfred_n to_o this_o effect_n viz._n that_o if_o any_o one_o by_o himself_o or_o any_o other_o person_n shall_v attempt_v against_o the_o king_n life_n he_o shall_v lose_v his_o life_n and_o good_n or_o in_o case_n he_o will_v purge_v himself_o he_o be_v to_o do_v it_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o king_n head_n but_o in_o this_o the_o king_n have_v no_o great_a a_o prerogative_n than_o divers_a other_o of_o his_o subject_n for_o the_o same_o law_n do_v inform_v we_o that_o it_o ordain_v in_o all_o judgement_n concern_v other_o man_n whether_o noble_a or_o ignoble_a whosoever_o shall_v conspire_v against_o his_o lord_n shall_v lose_v both_o his_o life_n and_o estate_n or_o else_o pay_v the_o valuation_n of_o his_o lord_n head_n clip_v i_o come_v next_o to_o the_o coin_n and_o clip_v of_o money_n which_o be_v not_o original_o such_o a_o offence_n as_o be_v punish_v by_o death_n for_o the_o first_o law_n that_o make_v it_o so_o be_v that_o of_o ethelred_n whereby_o it_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o king_n discretion_n either_o to_o fine_a or_o put_v to_o death_n such_o merchant_n as_o import_v false_a money_n and_o all_o port-reeves_n of_o town_n who_o shall_v be_v accessary_a to_o it_o be_v make_v liable_a to_o the_o same_o but_o for_o all_o this_o it_o be_v not_o even_o after_o the_o conquest_n punishable_a by_o death_n but_o amputation_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o privy-member_n murder_n as_o for_o murder_n or_o kill_v a_o man_n with_o malice_n prepense_a it_o be_v by_o the_o preface_n to_o king_n alfred_n law_n punishable_a by_o death_n and_o this_o and_o the_o former_a law_n concern_v treason_n will_v help_v we_o to_o interpret_v in_o what_o case_n the_o wiregilds_n or_o mulct_n that_o we_o find_v so_o frequent_o mention_v in_o the_o saxon_a law_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o life_n of_o a_o man_n and_o particular_o that_o law_n of_o king_n athelstan_n which_o set_v the_o rate_n of_o these_o wiregilds_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n slay_v from_o the_o king_n to_o the_o peasant_n that_o be_v when_o the_o party_n be_v kill_v in_o some_o sudden_a fray_n or_o quarrel_n without_o any_o malice_n forethink_v this_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o to_o obviate_v the_o error_n of_o some_o who_o suppose_v that_o all_o murder_n even_o of_o the_o king_n himself_o be_v redeemable_a by_o money_n which_o be_v not_o allow_v in_o any_o case_n but_o those_o we_o account_v manslaughter_n at_o this_o day_n manslaughter_n and_o show_v the_o antiquity_n of_o that_o distinction_n between_o manslaughter_n and_o murder_n which_o be_v now_o almost_o peculiar_a to_o england_n and_o arise_v at_o first_o from_o the_o proneness_n of_o our_o nation_n to_o feud_n and_o sudden_a quarrel_n though_o the_o like_a custom_n be_v also_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o ancient_a frisian_a and_o german_a law_n if_o you_o will_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o consult_v they_o but_o as_o for_o bloodshed_n etc._n strike_v maim_v wound_v dismember_a etc._n etc._n they_o be_v all_o of_o they_o punishable_a by_o mulct_n or_o fine_n as_o you_o will_v see_v in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n alfred_n and_o other_o place_n in_o this_o volume_n burglary_n i_o proceed_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o robbery_n and_o burglary_n which_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n be_v punishable_a by_o death_n only_o the_o thief_n be_v admmit_v sometime_o to_o redeem_v it_o according_a to_o the_o estimation_n of_o his_o head_n and_o that_o i_o suppose_v be_v leave_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o judge_n either_o to_o deny_v or_o allow_v but_o for_o all_o other_o less_o theft_n they_o be_v redeemable_a by_o fine_n and_o the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n limit_v that_o punishment_n of_o death_n to_o theft_n of_o twelve_o penny_n in_o value_n or_o above_o trespass_n and_o trespass_n of_o a_o less_o nature_n upon_o land_n and_o good_n be_v to_o be_v punish_v by_o the_o criminal_n make_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o injure_a party_n and_o his_o pay_v a_o certain_a fine_a beside_o to_o the_o king_n which_o by_o king_n alfred_n law_n be_v set_v at_o five_o shilling_n and_o in_o his_o time_n other_o action_n be_v likewise_o use_v 30._o such_o as_o we_o call_v action_n upon_o the_o case_n and_o the_o plaintiff_n not_o only_o recover_v damage_n for_o trespass_n do_v to_o possession_n and_o good_n but_o also_o cost_v for_o injury_n in_o point_n of_o scandal_n and_o defamation_n in_o case_n the_o complainant_n special_o declare_v that_o he_o be_v thereby_o disable_v or_o injure_v in_o his_o preferment_n and_o make_v proof_n of_o the_o same_o much_o like_o to_o the_o form_n of_o our_o plead_n now_o perjury_n as_o for_o perjury_n which_o i_o have_v hitherto_o omit_v though_o in_o strict_a method_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v mention_v before_o as_o a_o sin_n against_o both_o god_n and_o man_n the_o saxon_n be_v utter_o enemy_n to_o it_o and_o punish_v it_o with_o perpetual_a discredit_n of_o their_o testimony_n and_o sometime_o with_o banishment_n or_o with_o grievous_a fine_n to_o the_o king_n and_o mulct_n to_o the_o judg._n for_o that_o difference_n i_o find_v observe_v in_o those_o day_n between_o fines_n and_o mulct_n 18._o though_o the_o more_o ancient_a time_n use_v they_o for_o one_o and_o the_o same_o for_o i_o often_o find_v pars_fw-la muâ—ctae_fw-la regi_fw-la in_o all_o these_o matter_n where_o any_o interest_n be_v vest_v in_o the_o crown_n the_o king_n have_v the_o prerogative_n of_o pardon_n yet_o always_o a_o recompense_n be_v save_v to_o the_o injure_a party_n beside_o the_o security_n of_o the_o good-behaviour_n for_o time_n to_o come_v as_o the_o case_n require_v these_o mulct_n for_o all_o these_o offence_n be_v set_v down_o in_o a_o book_n which_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o standard_n of_o the_o judge_n sentence_n and_o it_o be_v call_v in_o the_o preface_n to_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o doom_n or_o judgment-book_n and_o composition_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o satisfaction_n give_v according_a to_o what_o be_v lay_v in_o this_o judicial_a or_o doom-book_n this_o show_v that_o fine_n be_v then_o set_v out_o and_o appoint_v by_o law_n law_n and_o be_v proportion_v not_o only_o according_a to_o man_n offence_n but_o ability_n of_o what_o they_o be_v able_a to_o pay_v and_o be_v not_o in_o those_o time_n leave_v to_o the_o arbitrary_a will_n and_o humour_n of_o the_o judge_n to_o ruin_v man_n fortune_n and_o family_n and_o imprison_v their_o person_n during_o life_n perhaps_o only_o for_o a_o small_a offence_n in_o a_o rash_a word_n or_o unmalicious_a deed._n i_o confess_v this_o introduction_n be_v long_a than_o i_o first_o intend_v it_o but_o herein_o i_o hope_v the_o reader_n will_v excuse_v i_o since_o i_o have_v present_v he_o with_o a_o true_a scheme_n of_o the_o ancient_a english-saxon_a government_n and_o law_n as_o well_o ecclesiastical_a as_o civil_a relate_v to_o the_o just_a prerogative_n of_o the_o king_n as_o also_o to_o the_o true_a right_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n and_o this_o i_o have_v do_v for_o two_o end_n first_o to_o inform_v those_o of_o our_o own_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o stranger_n that_o this_o government_n before_o the_o pretend_a conquest_n agree_v in_o the_o most_o material_a part_n of_o it_o with_o those_o of_o the_o same_o gothick_n model_n all_o over_o europe_n and_o that_o if_o we_o do_v still_o labour_v to_o preserve_v our_o ancient_a constitution_n when_o most_o of_o our_o neighbour_n have_v either_o lose_v or_o give_v up_o they_o i_o think_v we_o do_v deserve_v commendation_n more_o especial_o since_o both_o prince_n and_o people_n may_v have_v find_v a_o equal_a interest_n and_o happiness_n in_o it_o and_o second_o to_o show_v that_o neither_o the_o danish_a nor_o norman_a invasion_n call_v by_o some_o conquest_n have_v at_o all_o alter_v it_o in_o any_o of_o the_o substantial_a part_n of_o our_o government_n or_o law_n notwithstanding_o what_o some_o man_n have_v so_o strenuous_o advance_v to_o the_o contrary_a out_o of_o what_o design_n they_o themselves_o best_o know_v as_o for_o what_o i_o have_v here_o lay_v down_o if_o any_o thing_n appear_v either_o new_a or_o of_o suspicious_a credit_n i_o desire_v to_o be_v no_o far_o believe_v than_o the_o reason_n and_o authority_n i_o have_v here_o produce_v will_v justify_v i_o and_o therefore_o shall_v leave_v the_o reader_n to_o make_v what_o judgement_n he_o please_v of_o it_o which_o if_o it_o do_v not_o suit_n with_o i_o i_o shall_v not_o take_v it_o amiss_o since_o i_o be_o sufficient_o sensible_a how_o much_o man_n opinion_n depend_v on_o their_o present_a
council_n at_o london_n as_o well_o of_o ecclesiastic_n as_o laic_n where_o be_v present_a odo_n and_o wulstan_n archbishop_n with_o many_o other_o bishop_n to_o consult_v for_o the_o good_a of_o their_o own_o soul_n and_o of_o those_o that_o be_v commit_v to_o their_o care_n and_o government_n at_o which_o synod_n or_o council_n be_v enact_v several_a law_n viz._n but_o they_o be_v six_o in_o number_n of_o mere_a ecclesiastical_a concernment_n as_o for_o pay_v tithe_n and_o against_o fornication_n with_o nun_n and_o perjury_n i_o omit_v they_o then_o follow_v in_o bromton_n copy_n seven_o other_o constitution_n of_o civil_a concernment_n say_v to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o king_n his_o bishop_n and_o wise_a man_n at_o cullington_n not_o extant_a in_o the_o saxon_a edition_n the_o first_o of_o these_o require_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o be_v take_v by_o all_o to_o king_n edmund_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o a_o man_n ought_v to_o bear_v faith_n to_o his_o lord_n without_o any_o controversy_n or_o sedition_n both_o in_o public_a and_o private_a to_o love_v who_o the_o king_n shall_v love_v and_o to_o hate_v who_o he_o shall_v hate_v and_o before_o the_o oath_n be_v give_v that_o no_o man_n shall_v conceal_v a_o crime_n in_o his_o brother_n or_o neighbour_n more_o than_o in_o a_o stranger_n the_o second_o concern_v the_o apprehension_n of_o thief_n enjoin_v that_o if_o it_o be_v know_v for_o certain_a where_o a_o thief_n be_v the_o twelfhind_a and_o twihind_v man_n i._n e._n the_o former_a worth_n twelve_o hundred_o and_o the_o latter_a two_o hundred_o shilling_n of_o estate_n shall_v combine_v together_o and_o take_v he_o either_o alive_a or_o dead_a but_o in_o case_n any_o man_n take_v up_o a_o mortal_a feud_n against_o another_o for_o so_o do_v he_o be_v to_o be_v esteem_v as_o the_o enemy_n of_o the_o king_n and_o all_o his_o friend_n and_o if_o any_o refuse_v to_o assist_v in_o his_o apprehension_n he_o shall_v forfeit_v to_o the_o king_n a_o 120_o shilling_n and_o to_o the_o hundred_o 30_o shilling_n the_o four_o enjoin_v that_o if_o several_a thief_n do_v steal_v the_o elder_a of_o they_o shall_v be_v hang_v and_o each_o of_o the_o rest_n be_v whip_v thrice_o and_o for_o a_o example_n have_v his_o little_a finger_n cut_v off_o this_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o because_o it_o be_v the_o first_o law_n whereby_o thief_n be_v express_o order_v to_o be_v hang_v without_o be_v admit_v to_o pay_v their_o weregild_n or_o price_n of_o their_o head_n the_o five_o and_o six_o be_v against_o buy_v and_o receive_v stranger_n cattle_n i_o pass_v by_o the_o seven_o enjoin_v that_o every_o person_n make_v his_o servant_n and_o all_o that_o live_v within_o his_o peace_n i._n e._n his_o district_n and_o on_o his_o land_n to_o give_v security_n and_o also_o that_o all_o other_o of_o ill_a fame_n who_o lie_n under_o accusation_n shall_v have_v security_n give_v for_o they_o and_o what_o officer_n thane_n ealdorman_n or_o countryman_n soever_o he_o be_v that_o refuse_v to_o do_v according_a thereunto_o shall_v forfeit_v 120_o shilling_n and_o further_o be_v deem_v worthy_a of_o such_o punishment_n as_o have_v be_v before_o mention_v after_o these_o follow_v seven_o other_o of_o king_n edmund_n law_n find_v both_o in_o bromton_n and_o lambard_n copy_n before_o which_o also_o we_o find_v a_o preface_n wherein_o the_o king_n signify_v to_o all_o subject_n both_o old_a and_o young_a that_o he_o have_v most_o studious_o inquire_v in_o a_o solemn_a assembly_n of_o ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n dccccxlvi_fw-la by_o what_o mean_v the_o christian_a life_n may_v best_o be_v maintain_v and_o that_o it_o seem_v most_o convenient_a to_o they_o all_o that_o he_o shall_v cherish_v and_o procure_v love_n and_o mutual_a friendship_n through_o all_o his_o dominion_n for_o they_o be_v much_o trouble_v at_o the_o unjust_a division_n and_o contention_n among_o they_o therefore_o the_o king_n and_o they_o do_v now_o ordain_v first_o that_o if_o hereafter_o one_o man_n kill_v another_o he_o alone_o shall_v bear_v the_o deadly_a feud_n or_o enmity_n of_o the_o kindred_n of_o the_o party_n slay_v unless_o within_o twelve_o month_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o his_o own_o kindred_n he_o shall_v pay_v the_o weregild_n or_o value_n of_o the_o slay_v man_n head_n of_o what_o condition_n soever_o he_o be_v and_o then_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v take_v for_o enemy_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n they_o shall_v not_o relieve_v he_o nor_o have_v peace_n with_o he_o and_o if_o they_o do_v or_o have_v they_o shall_v forfeit_v all_o their_o estate_n to_o the_o king_n and_o he_o that_o shall_v kill_v any_o man_n shall_v be_v take_v as_o a_o enemy_n by_o all_o the_o kindred_n of_o the_o slay_v and_o they_o may_v maintain_v deadly_a feud_n against_o he_o and_o if_o any_o shall_v revenge_v himself_o upon_o or_o prosecute_v any_o other_o of_o his_o kindred_n beside_o the_o manslayer_n himself_o he_o shall_v forfeit_v all_o he_o have_v and_o be_v take_v as_o a_o enemy_n both_o by_o the_o king_n and_o all_o that_o love_v he_o which_o law_n be_v make_v because_o before_o this_o if_o one_o man_n kill_v another_o the_o kindred_n of_o the_o slay_v have_v a_o mortal_a feud_n and_o revenge_v his_o death_n upon_o any_o of_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o murderer_n as_o they_o do_v among_o the_o indian_n even_o to_o this_o day_n the_o second_o denounce_v that_o if_o a_o man_n fly_v to_o a_o church_n or_o to_o the_o king_n town_n and_o there_o any_o one_o set_v upon_o he_o or_o do_v he_o harm_n he_o shall_v be_v punish_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n by_o the_o three_o the_o king_n express_o forbid_v that_o any_o fyhtwite_n or_o manbote_n that_o be_v any_o fine_a for_o fight_v or_o kill_v be_v remit_v by_o the_o four_o the_o king_n open_o declare_v that_o his_o house_n shall_v afford_v no_o shelter_n to_o he_o that_o have_v shed_v blood_n except_o he_o have_v first_o make_v satisfaction_n to_o god_n and_o the_o kindred_n of_o the_o party_n slay_v and_o do_v whatsoever_o be_v enjoin_v he_o by_o the_o bishop_n in_o who_o diocese_n the_o fact_n be_v commit_v the_o six_o enjoin_v that_o he_o that_o break_v the_o peace_n and_o set_v upon_o a_o man_n in_o his_o own_o house_n shall_v forfeit_v all_o he_o have_v and_o his_o life_n be_v at_o the_o king_n mercy_n the_o seven_o and_o last_o of_o these_o law_n be_v also_o concern_v enmity_n or_o deadly_a feud_n declare_v that_o it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o all_o wise_a man_n to_o suppress_v they_o and_o prescribe_v the_o way_n and_o mean_n of_o do_v it_o as_o first_o that_o a_o indifferent_a friend_n be_v send_v before_o to_o the_o kindred_n of_o he_o that_o be_v slay_v to_o signify_v to_o they_o that_o he_o that_o kill_v he_o will_v make_v all_o due_a satisfaction_n upon_o which_o the_o manslayer_n shall_v be_v deliver_v into_o his_o hand_n that_o he_o may_v safe_o appear_v and_o give_v caution_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o value_n of_o the_o dead_a man_n head_n which_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v do_v the_o king_n peace_n be_v next_o to_o be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o then_o after_o the_o end_n of_o one_o and_o twenty_o day_n he_o shall_v pay_v halsfage_n according_a to_o bromton_n copy_n or_o as_o the_o saxon_a text_n have_v it_o healfange_n that_o be_v as_o mr._n lambard_n interpret_v it_o that_o which_o be_v pay_v in_o commutation_n for_o the_o punishment_n of_o hang_v by_o the_o neck_n to_o the_o king_n or_o lord._n the_o rest_n as_o be_v tedious_a i_o omit_v for_o i_o think_v sufficient_a to_o let_v the_o reader_n understand_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o deadly_a feud_n or_o family_n quarrel_n among_o the_o english_a who_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o ancient_a saxon_n german_n and_o other_o barbarous_a northern_a nation_n dccccxlvi_fw-la that_o common_o maintain_v private_a quarrel_n by_o their_o whole_a kindred_n thereby_o render_v their_o feud_n as_o it_o be_v hereditary_a so_o tacitus_n write_v concern_v the_o german_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o the_o quarrel_n and_o friendship_n of_o their_o father_n and_o kinsman_n beside_o these_o law_n beforementioned_a there_o be_v some_o other_o constitution_n ascribe_v to_o the_o same_o king_n edmund_n concern_v the_o manner_n and_o rite_n of_o marriage_n and_o though_o find_v by_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o saxon_n in_o a_o ancient_a book_n belong_v to_o corpus_fw-la christi_fw-la college_n in_o cambridge_n tack_v to_o the_o law_n of_o king_n alfred_n yet_o 861._o bromton_n reckon_v they_o among_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edmund_n and_o i_o think_v they_o ought_v rather_o to_o be_v suppose_v his_o they_o be_v to_o this_o effect_n that_o where_o a_o man_n resolve_v to_o marry_v a_o woman_n with_o her_o friend_n consent_v the_o bridegroom_n shall_v give_v caution_n or_o security_n by_o his_o
for_o to_o manage_v r._n who_o manage_v p._n 39_o l._n 36._o for_o then_o r._n there_o p._n 56._o l._n 16._o d._n after_o p_o 72._o l._n 15._o for_o consecrate_v r._n design_v p._n 89._o l._n 10._o for_o chief_a standard-bearer_n r._n marshal_n p._n 96._o l._n penult_n for_o some_o year_n r._n the_o year_n p_o 97._o l._n 9_o for_o suspicious_a r._n certain_a p._n 110._o l._n 30._o for_o king_n r._n duke_n p._n 113._o l._n 26._o d._n they_o ib._n for_o not_o to_o shoot_v r._n not_o to_o be_v shoot_v p._n 116._o l._n 20._o for_o age_n r._n year_n appendix_n to_o the_o former_a addenda_fw-la some_o thing_n of_o moment_n have_v be_v casual_o omit_v or_o mistake_v i_o think_v good_a to_o insert_v they_o here_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n leave_v out_o in_o the_o margin_n by_o the_o oversight_n of_o the_o printer_n and_o not_o perceive_v till_o the_o work_n be_v finish_v p._n 132._o l_o 32._o in_o margin_n add_v anno._n dom._n cccclxxxviii_n p._n 174._o l._n 15._o in_o marg_n add_v anno_fw-la dom._n dcxxviii_o p._n 80._o l._n 16._o after_o macrinus_n add_v within_o a_o parenthesis_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o army_n as_o be_v also_o his_o predecessor_n p._n 110._o l_o 28._o after_o note_n r._n of_o the_o learned_a dr._n gale_n p_o 138._o l._n 42._o after_o absence_n add_v but_o be_v here_o also_o slay_v and_o yet_o another_o ancient_a welsh_a chronicle_n make_v king_n arthur_n to_o have_v die_v at_o glastenbury_n of_o the_o wound_n he_o receive_v in_o that_o battle_n p._n 179._o l._n 39_o after_o episcopal_n see_v add_v who_o pope_n honorius_n send_v into_o england_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o east-angle_n p._n 181_o l._n 4._o after_o victory_n add_v but_o he_o be_v some_o year_n after_o esteem_v a_o saint_n and_o martyr_n for_o the_o christian_a religion_n oswin_n his_o brother_n succeed_v he_o and_o according_a to_o the_o saxon_a annal_n reign_v 30_o year_n p._n 185._o l._n 45._o after_o winved_a add_v anna_n be_v avenge_v p._n 193._o l._n 26._o after_o easter_n add_v day_n and_o after_o fourteen_o add_v day_n of_o the_o these_o word_n not_o be_v bede_n be_v be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o explain_v his_o meaning_n p._n 195._o l._n 22._o the_o account_n of_o st._n erkenwald_n be_v repeat_v in_o the_o next_o page_n may_v be_v here_o strike_v out_o and_o p_o 196._o l._n 16._o after_o according_a to_o d._n bede_n and_o read_v it_o thus_o according_a to_o mat._n westminster_n for_o bede_n do_v not_o give_v we_o the_o time_n archbishop_n theodore_n etc._n etc._n consecrate_a erkenwald_n young_a son_n to_o anna_n king_n of_o the_o east-angle_n bishop_n etc._n etc._n p._n 225._o l._n 45._o over-against_o these_o word_n the_o city_n of_o beban_a add_v in_o â—he_n margin_n now_o call_v bamburgh_n castle_n in_o northumberland_n p._n 232_o l._n 12._o over-against_o soccabyrig_n add_v in_o the_o margin_n now_o call_v secburne_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n p._n 241._o l_o 9_o after_o bury_v r._n thus_o and_o another_o eanbald_n be_v consecrate_v in_o his_o stead_n also_o the_o same_o year_n bishop_n ceolwulf_n die_v and_o then_o d_o the_o same_o word_n in_o that_o line_n p._n 262._o l_o 28._o after_o dignity_n add_v though_o i_o conceive_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o story_n be_v that_o this_o anoint_v amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o the_o chrism_n administer_v by_o the_o pope_n at_o this_o young_a prince_n confirmation_n which_o by_o the_o monkish_a writer_n of_o those_o time_n be_v magnify_v into_o a_o royal_a unction_n p._n 311._o l._n 2_o after_o eadred_a add_v vice-king_n or_o alderman_n of_o etc._n etc._n p._n 315._o l._n 24._o after_o st._n osway_v add_v within_o a_o parenthesis_n once_o king_n of_o northumberland_n p._n 317._o l._n 44._o after_o northumberland_n add_v yet_o that_o the_o britain_n of_o cumberland_n be_v notwithstanding_o this_o relation_n many_o year_n after_o still_o remain_v in_o that_o country_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o next_o book_n under_o anno_fw-la dom_fw-la 945._o book_n vi_o p._n 12_o l_o 9_o after_o charter_n add_v common_o call_v oswald_n law_n from_o st._n oswald_n the_o bishop_n who_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v procure_v it_o ib._n in_o the_o margin_n over-against_o the_o word_n charter_n add_v vid._n sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n vol._n 1._o anno_fw-la dom._n 964._o it_o be_v also_o find_v to_o be_v enroll_v by_o inspeximus_fw-la in_o the_o tower_n vid._n chart_n 9_o edw._n 3._o n._n 49._o chart._n 4._o edw._n 4._o n._n 4._o p._n 14_o l._n 31._o after_n to_o pass_v add_v this_o king_n be_v also_o mention_v by_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n to_o have_v make_v a_o law_n for_o restrain_v excessive_a drink_v by_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o no_o man_n under_o a_o great_a penalty_n shall_v drink_v at_o one_o draught_n below_o certain_a pin_n which_o be_v order_v to_o be_v fix_v on_o purpose_n on_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o cup_n or_o goblet_n p._n 25._o l_o 48._o after_o country_n add_v norway_n of_o which_o as_o john_n of_o wallingford_n inform_v we_o he_o be_v then_o king_n p._n 45._o l._n 40._o after_o almer_n d_o join_v r._n both_o which_o have_v then_o private_o combine_v with_o and_o assist_v the_o dane_n underhand_o vid._n append._n 3._o add_v vit_fw-fr alfredi_n vid._n gorcelin_n in_o vit_fw-mi grimbaldi_n page_n 491._o edit_fw-la camden_n de_fw-fr gest._n ponâ—_n lib._n 2._o script_n britan._n cent._n 2._o cap._n 25._o vid._n hollinsheaâ—_n lib._n 1._o scotland_n sovereignty_n assert_v p._n 39_o 40._o lib._n 1._o fol._n 23._o vid._n vol._n 1._o script_n ang._n edit_n oxon._n florenc_n an._n dom._n 921.943_o craig_n ubi_fw-la supra_fw-la p._n 47._o pag._n 545._o lib._n 4._o cap._n 24._o idem_fw-la pa._n 41._o id._n ibid._n id._n p._n 47._o vid._n dr._n stillingfleet_n antiq._n of_o the_o british_a church_n pref._n pag._n 39_o 40._o chap._n 1._o lib._n 1._o c._n 6._o dissert_n cypr._n 11._o de_fw-la paucitate_fw-la martyrum_fw-la §._o 75._o cap._n 13._o lib._n 1._o lib._n 2._o an._n 1257._o an._n 794._o de_fw-fr â—is_fw-la nominiâ—us_fw-la vid._n pancirol_n ad_fw-la nâ—t_fw-la imperii_fw-la occident_n &_o camden_n brit._n vid._n pancirol_n in_o notit_n imperii_fw-la the_o heprarchy_n 1_o sy_n kingdom_n 2_o d._n kingdom_n 3_o d._n kingdom_n 4_o the_o kingdom_n 5_o the_o kingdom_n 545._o 6_o the_o kingdom_n 7_o the_o kingdom_n kingdom_n de_fw-fr moribus_fw-la germanorum_n 32_o hen._n viii_o cap._n 1._o adam_n bremen_n hist._n eccles._n brem_n &_o hamburg_n cap._n 5._o ex_fw-la bibliothecâ_fw-la henric_fw-la ranzovii_n ranzovii_n nithard_n p._n 4._o vid._n mag._n charta_n c._n 6._o &_o merton_n c._n 7._o bede_n eccles._n hist._n li._n 5._o cap._n 12._o verstegan_n chap._n 3._o pag._n 68_o 69._o dr._n howell_n general_n history_n part._n 4_o fol._n 272._o id._n ibid._n 1._o kent_n vid._n florence_n of_o worcester_n be_v genealogy_n of_o the_o kentish_a king_n at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o chronicle_n pag._n 689._o and_o will._n of_o malmesâ—ury_n lib._n 1._o p._n 10_o 11._o 11._o vide_fw-la saxon_n annal_n anno_fw-la 901_o 902._o ibid._n 2._o south-saxons_a 3._o east-saxons_a bede_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 5._o &_o flor._n wig._n pag._n 690._o ibid._n cap._n 12._o 4._o northumber_n vid._n the_o genealogy_n of_o the_o saxon_a king_n at_o the_o end_n of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 3._o see_v florence_n in_o the_o place_n above_o cite_v flor._n ibid._n 5._o east-angle_n 6._o mercian_n mercian_n florence_n wig._n p._n 691._o 691._o pag._n 852._o print_v at_o the_o end_n of_o script_n post_fw-la bedam_fw-la bedam_fw-la anno_fw-la 758._o 758._o page_n 26._o vid._n sir_n henry_n spelm._n coâ—cil_n vol._n 1._o anno_fw-la 787._o lib._n 1._o vid._n chronicon_fw-la saxonicum_fw-la anno_fw-la dcclv_o where_o his_o pedigree_n be_v set_v down_o vid._n william_n malm._n lib._n p._n 33._o 7._o westsaxon_n westsaxon_n vid._n rad._n de_fw-fr diceto_n anno_fw-la 593._o vid._n annal._n saxon._n an._n 611._o 611._o lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o 2._o vid._n flor._n wig._n an._n 666._o and_o the_o pedigree_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o 4_o the_o book_n book_n vid._n william_n malmesb._n lib._n 1._o pag._n 13._o 13._o flor._n hist._n anno_fw-la 672._o vid._n annal._n saxon._n anno_fw-la 693._o 693._o vid._n one_a vol._n of_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n be_v council_n as_o also_o the_o ensue_a history_n anno_fw-la 755._o eâ—helwerdi_n hist._n lib._n 3._o cap._n 2._o fol._n 292._o lib._n 4._o cap._n 1._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 1._o selden_n tit._n hon._n fol._n 502._o last_o edition_n the_o division_n of_o england_n into_o counties_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o king_n alfred_n aelfredi_n magnì_n vita_fw-la fol._n 82._o vid._n annal._n saxon._n &_o flor._n wig._n an._n 636._o 636._o flor._n hist._n anno_fw-la 637._o 637._o vid._n annal._n asserii_fw-la anno_fw-la 855._o pag._n 56._o edit_n per_fw-la doct._n gale_n &_o de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la aelfredi_n pag._n 3._o vid._n testament_n alfredi_n
their_o own_o subject_n and_o beside_o this_o power_n owe_v its_o original_a whole_o to_o force_v and_o not_o to_o a_o lineal_a succession_n or_o election_n over_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o prince_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v usurp_v be_v without_o any_o just_a or_o legal_a right_n and_o consequent_o last_v no_o long_o than_o the_o success_n or_o at_o far_a the_o life-time_n of_o such_o a_o conquer_a prince_n and_o than_o it_o be_v for_o a_o time_n extinct_a until_o some_o other_o of_o the_o seven_o by_o the_o like_a success_n of_o his_o arm_n can_v set_v up_o for_o the_o same_o power_n and_o greatness_n so_o that_o at_o length_n we_o find_v that_o the_o best_a way_n of_o write_v this_o history_n be_v to_o follow_v the_o plain_a and_o natural_a method_n of_o our_o saxon_a annal_n not_o only_o as_o the_o most_o easy_a for_o ourselves_o but_o also_o for_o the_o reader_n and_o though_o perhaps_o a_o objection_n may_v be_v make_v against_o this_o method_n viz._n that_o the_o crowd_v of_o so_o many_o different_a action_n do_v in_o several_a place_n and_o under_o several_a king_n render_v the_o work_n perplex_v and_o difficult_a to_o be_v remember_v which_o i_o grant_v be_v in_o part_n true_a yet_o to_o obviate_v this_o i_o have_v at_o the_o end_n of_o each_o of_o the_o ensue_a book_n except_o the_o last_o present_v you_o with_o exact_a chronological_a table_n not_o only_o of_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o king_n contain_v under_o each_o period_n but_o also_o in_o what_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n they_o begin_v and_o end_v their_o reign_n so_o that_o the_o reader_n by_o cast_v his_o eye_n upon_o any_o one_o of_o they_o may_v easy_o find_v what_o king_n live_v and_o reign_v together_o and_o consequent_o in_o which_o of_o their_o reign_n any_o action_n relate_v in_o the_o history_n be_v perform_v and_o now_o to_o come_v to_o the_o four_o book_n bede_n be_v the_o most_o ancient_a author_n that_o give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o what_o be_v do_v in_o this_o period_n and_o out_o of_o who_o the_o saxon_a annal_n themselves_o have_v borrow_v almost_o the_o great_a part_n of_o what_o they_o relate_v concern_v those_o early_a time_n of_o christianity_n i_o have_v therefore_o whole_o confine_v myself_o to_o he_o without_o have_v recourse_n to_o these_o annal_n or_o any_o other_o unless_o it_o be_v where_o i_o find_v they_o relate_v any_o action_n of_o which_o he_o have_v be_v whole_o silent_a but_o in_o this_o period_n i_o can_v but_o mention_n stephen_n eddi_n or_o heddi_n a_o monk_n who_o as_o bede_n tell_v be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o master_n for_o sing_v in_o the_o northumbrian_n church_n and_o have_v be_v invite_v by_o wilfred_n archbishop_n of_o york_n out_o of_o kent_n for_o that_o purpose_n have_v so_o great_a a_o veneration_n for_o his_o memory_n that_o he_o write_v his_o life_n in_o latin_a in_o a_o style_n somewhat_o better_o than_o can_v be_v expect_v from_o that_o age_n this_o treatise_n have_v continue_v in_o manuscript_n in_o the_o library_n of_o sir_n jo._n cotton_n and_o also_o of_o that_o of_o salisbury_n have_v late_o be_v publish_v by_o the_o learned_a dr._n gale_n in_o his_o last_o volume_n of_o english_a writer_n and_o to_o which_o i_o must_v own_v myself_o behold_v for_o many_o choice_a passage_n relate_v to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a state_n in_o those_o time_n this_o author_n flourish_v cotemporary_a with_o bede_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o osric_n king_n of_o northumberland_n and_o die_v about_o anno._n dom._n 720._o but_o indeed_o as_o for_o the_o last_o forty_o year_n or_o thereabouts_o viz._n from_o the_o time_n when_o bede_n cease_v to_o write_v which_o be_v anno_fw-la dom._n 637._o we_o have_v be_v force_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o annal_n or_o else_o of_o those_o of_o late_a writer_n that_o have_v make_v any_o addition_n to_o they_o which_o annal_n since_o i_o find_v they_o the_o storehouse_n or_o repository_n from_o whence_o most_o if_o not_o all_o of_o our_o latin_a historian_n as_o well_o those_o that_o write_v before_o as_o since_o the_o conquest_n have_v borrow_v the_o early_a account_n of_o our_o english_a saxon_n affair_n i_o have_v by_o the_o advice_n of_o person_n of_o much_o great_a learning_n and_o judgement_n than_o myself_o rather_o choose_v to_o translate_v and_o give_v you_o they_o almost_o entire_a as_o i_o find_v they_o in_o the_o edition_n late_o publish_v than_o to_o do_v as_o most_o other_o writer_n cite_v they_o at_o second_o hand_n not_o that_o i_o have_v omit_v set_v down_o whatsoever_o any_o other_o author_n have_v add_v to_o these_o annal_n by_o way_n of_o improvement_n or_o illustration_n wherefore_o to_o avoid_v stuff_v my_o margin_n with_o unnecessary_a quotation_n i_o desire_v my_o reader_n once_o for_o all_o to_o observe_v that_o wheresoever_o he_o shall_v find_v the_o line_n commae_v unless_o they_o be_v before_o some_o speech_n or_o law_n they_o always_o denote_v the_o saxon_a annal_n whether_o express_o mention_v or_o not_o as_o also_o in_o all_o other_o place_n though_o not_o commae_v where_o no_o other_o writer_n be_v cite_v but_o if_o some_o think_v i_o have_v insert_v too_o many_o name_n of_o author_n into_o the_o body_n of_o this_o history_n and_o that_o it_o have_v be_v better_o omit_v there_o and_o put_v into_o the_o margin_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o page_n to_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o intend_v faithful_o to_o translate_v these_o annal_n and_o to_o make_v such_o frequent_a use_n of_o they_o as_o i_o have_v do_v there_o can_v be_v no_o way_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o other_o writer_n but_o either_o by_o letter_n in_o the_o margin_n or_o else_o by_o set_v they_o in_o a_o different_a character_n but_o as_o the_o former_a will_v have_v be_v a_o constant_a and_o unsightly_a clog_n to_o the_o margin_n so_o the_o other_o will_v have_v look_v as_o unhandsome_a in_o the_o body_n and_o especial_o at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o work_n where_o these_o annal_n alone_o take_v up_o several_a whole_a page_n and_o though_o in_o my_o citation_n of_o author_n i_o have_v seldom_o quote_v the_o page_n yet_o have_v take_v what_o i_o write_v from_o those_o who_o have_v write_v in_o a_o chronological_a method_n the_o reader_n by_o turn_v to_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n may_v easy_o find_v what_o he_o look_v for_o make_v some_o small_a allowance_n for_o different_a account_n and_o where_o other_o author_n have_v not_o take_v that_o course_n i_o have_v there_o quote_v the_o chapter_n or_o book_n and_o in_o matter_n of_o great_a moment_n the_o very_a page_n but_o that_o even_o the_o annal_n themselves_o do_v vary_v from_o each_o other_o in_o account_n of_o time_n often_o one_o and_o sometime_o two_o or_o three_o year_n that_o be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v either_o to_o the_o fault_n of_o the_o several_a amanuensis_n or_o else_o to_o the_o different_a calculation_n of_o those_o monk_n who_o draw_v they_o up_o in_o the_o form_n we_o now_o have_v they_o as_o any_o may_v easy_o perceive_v that_o will_v give_v himself_o the_o trouble_n to_o compare_v the_o various_a readins_n of_o the_o several_a copy_n of_o these_o annal_n late_o publish_v at_o oxford_n by_o the_o ingenious_a mr._n edmund_n gibson_n in_o the_o five_o and_o six_o book_n as_o i_o have_v endeavour_v faithful_o to_o translate_v the_o same_o annal_n so_o i_o have_v also_o use_v that_o liberty_n as_o not_o slavish_o to_o confine_v myself_o to_o the_o very_a word_n themselves_o when_o either_o the_o obscurity_n or_o vncouthness_n of_o the_o phrase_n will_v not_o bear_v a_o literal_a translation_n but_o i_o think_v i_o can_v give_v they_o a_o better_a turn_n and_o here_o as_o also_o in_o the_o two_o precede_a book_n i_o have_v often_o add_v by_o way_n of_o illustration_n to_o the_o text_n the_o present_a proper_a name_n of_o place_n in_o a_o parenthesis_n immediate_o after_o the_o obsolete_a saxon_n one_o as_o also_o the_o title_n of_o the_o ealdorman_n or_o earl_n bishop_n and_o abbot_n out_o of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o other_o author_n where_o the_o annal_n have_v only_o give_v their_o bare_a name_n without_o tell_v we_o to_o what_o place_n they_o belong_v and_o here_o likewise_o i_o will_v note_v that_o in_o all_o saxon_a word_n where_o the_o letter_n c_o be_v make_v use_n of_o it_o be_v always_o pronounce_v like_o k_o there_o be_v no_o k_o in_o that_o language_n and_o as_o for_o the_o saxon_a name_n of_o man_n make_v use_v of_o in_o the_o annal_n i_o have_v as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v faithful_o keep_v to_o the_o saxon_a original_a though_o they_o often_o differ_v very_o much_o in_o their_o way_n and_o manner_n of_o spell_a they_o from_o that_o of_o those_o latin_a author_n that_o translate_v they_o have_v thus_o give_v you_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o several_a
of_o the_o northumber_n which_o contain_v lancashire_n yorkshire_n the_o bishopric_n of_o duresme_fw-fr cumberland_n westmoreland_n northumberland_z and_o part_n of_o scotland_n as_o far_o as_o edinburgh_n frith_n this_o kingdom_n after_o the_o death_n of_o ida_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o whereof_o contain_v all_o the_o country_n lie_v on_o this_o side_n the_o river_n tyne_n be_v call_v the_o kingdom_n of_o deira_n and_o that_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o it_o be_v call_v bernicia_n and_o so_o continue_v for_o several_a descent_n till_o king_n oswy_a about_o the_o year_n 643._o upon_o the_o murder_n of_o king_n oswin_n his_o cousin_n again_o reduce_v they_o into_o one_o and_o they_o continue_v thus_o unite_v till_o such_o time_n as_o the_o southern_a province_n be_v overrun_v by_o the_o dane_n as_o the_o more_o northern_a be_v by_o the_o scot_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o remain_v part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o hence_o it_o be_v the_o lowland_n of_o scotland_n that_o be_v all_o the_o country_n from_o the_o river_n tyne_n to_o the_o frith_n of_o edinburgh_n and_o dunbritton_n ancient_o speak_v the_o english_a saxon_a tongue_n which_o in_o succeed_a time_n be_v change_v into_o that_o english_a dialect_n they_o call_v the_o modern_a scotch_a and_o consist_v of_o the_o old_a saxon_a with_o no_o little_a mixture_n of_o the_o danish_a language_n this_o i_o suppose_v proceed_v from_o the_o great_a conquest_n and_o settle_v so_o many_o of_o that_o nation_n in_o those_o northern_a part_n this_o be_v in_o great_a measure_n confirm_v by_o john_n of_o wallingford_n publish_v by_o the_o learned_a dr._n gale_n where_o he_o relate_v 545._o that_o keneth_n king_n of_o scot_n receive_v lothian_n from_o king_n edgar_n under_o the_o condition_n of_o a_o homage_n from_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n king_n of_o scotland_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n as_o also_o that_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n shall_v enjoy_v their_o law_n and_o custom_n as_o also_o the_o use_n of_o the_o english_a tongue_n but_o as_o for_o the_o true_a and_o genuine_a scotish_n which_o they_o now_o call_v the_o speech_n of_o the_o highlander_n because_o by_o they_o only_o speak_v at_o this_o day_n it_o be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o ancient_a irish_a which_o the_o scot_n bring_v over_o with_o they_o from_o thence_o when_o they_o first_o come_v over_o to_o inhabit_v there_o as_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o bede_n history_n the_o six_o kingdom_n be_v that_o of_o the_o east-angle_n kingdom_n which_o contain_v norfolk_n suffolk_n cambridgshire_n with_o the_o isle_n of_o ely_n the_o seven_o be_v that_o of_o the_o mercian_n contain_v gloucestershire_n kingdom_n herefordshire_n worcestershire_n warwickshire_n leicestershire_n rutlandshire_n northamptonshire_n lincolnshire_n huntingtonshire_n bedfordshire_n buckinghamshire_n oxfordshire_n staffordshire_n shropshire_n nottinghamshire_n cheshire_n and_o part_n of_o hertfordshire_n but_o as_o for_o the_o name_n of_o the_o king_n who_o reign_v in_o each_o of_o these_o kingdom_n till_o they_o be_v all_o bring_v under_o that_o of_o the_o westsaxon_n i_o shall_v refer_v you_o to_o the_o table_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o four_o and_o five_o book_n of_o this_o volume_n wherein_o you_o have_v at_o one_o view_v all_o the_o king_n that_o succeed_v in_o each_o of_o those_o period_n as_o also_o those_o of_o that_o part_n of_o britain_n we_o now_o call_v wales_n and_o for_o the_o more_o exact_a chronology_n of_o the_o first_o british_n prince_n i_o must_v own_v myself_o oblige_v to_o the_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o right_n reverend_a the_o present_a lord_n bishop_n of_o bangor_n who_o i_o hope_v one_o day_n will_v let_v the_o world_n see_v some_o of_o his_o learned_a labour_n on_o that_o subject_a this_o be_v a_o short_a scheme_n of_o the_o several_a kingdom_n into_o which_o that_o part_n of_o britain_n we_o now_o call_v england_n be_v divide_v in_o the_o saxon_a time_n i_o shall_v next_o proceed_v to_o the_o particular_a law_n and_o form_n of_o government_n in_o each_o respective_a kingdom_n but_o since_o we_o have_v no_o remain_n of_o those_o leave_v we_o for_o want_v of_o letter_n before_o the_o preach_a of_o christianity_n here_o we_o can_v only_o say_v in_o the_o general_n that_o without_o doubt_v each_o of_o these_o kingdom_n have_v its_o own_o particular_a law_n and_o custom_n and_o though_o they_o may_v perhaps_o differ_v one_o from_o the_o other_o in_o some_o point_n yet_o they_o all_o agree_v in_o the_o main_a as_o to_o the_o most_o material_a and_o fundamental_a constitution_n of_o their_o government_n and_o long_o receive_v law_n and_o custom_n before_o ever_o they_o arrive_v in_o england_n as_o proceed_v from_o the_o same_o common_a ancestor_n and_o though_o the_o english-saxons_a be_v not_o immediate_o derive_v from_o the_o german_n but_o goth_n as_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o this_o volume_n yet_o since_o even_o the_o german_n themselves_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o same_o gothick_n original_a with_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o northern_a people_n as_o the_o sweed_n dane_n and_o norwegian_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o agreement_n of_o their_o language_n custom_n and_o law_n i_o shall_v therefore_o suppose_v that_o in_o the_o main_a likewise_o they_o agree_v with_o the_o ancient_a german_n as_o they_o be_v describe_v by_o germanorum_n tacitus_n in_o their_o law_n manner_n and_o religion_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v from_o he_o give_v you_o some_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o as_o they_o be_v collect_v by_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o learned_a treatise_n call_v jani_fw-la anglorum_fw-la fancy_n altera_fw-la the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v in_o conciliis_fw-la rex_fw-la vel_fw-la princeps_fw-la prout_fw-la aetas_n cuique_fw-la prout_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la prout_fw-la decus_fw-la bellorum_fw-la prout_fw-la facundia_fw-la est_fw-la audiuntur_fw-la auctoritate_fw-la suadendi_fw-la magis_fw-la quam_fw-la jubendi_fw-la potestate_fw-la si_fw-mi displicuit_fw-la sententia_fw-la fremitu_fw-la aspernantur_fw-la sin_v placuit_fw-la frameas_fw-la concutiunt_fw-la honoratissimum_fw-la assensûs_fw-la genus_fw-la est_fw-la armis_fw-la laudare_fw-la which_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o common_a reader_n i_o will_v take_v upon_o i_o to_o translate_v into_o english_a viz._n in_o their_o council_n the_o king_n or_o some_o principal_a person_n according_a to_o every_o one_o respective_a age_n nobility_n reputation_n in_o arm_n or_o eloquence_n be_v hear_v rather_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o persuade_v than_o the_o power_n of_o command_v if_o their_o opinion_n displease_v they_o they_o show_v their_o dislike_n by_o their_o clamour_n but_o if_o they_o approve_v of_o what_o be_v speak_v they_o strike_v their_o lance_n one_o against_o another_o this_o be_v think_v the_o most_o honourable_a way_n of_o give_v their_o assent_n to_o approve_v by_o arms._n the_o second_o be_v eliguntur_fw-la in_o iisdem_fw-la conciliis_fw-la principes_fw-la qui_fw-la jura_n per_fw-la pagos_fw-la vicosque_fw-la reddunt_fw-la centeni_fw-la singulis_fw-la ex_fw-la plebe_fw-la comites_fw-la consilium_fw-la simul_fw-la &_o auctoritas_fw-la adsunt_fw-la viz._n in_o those_o council_n such_o chief_a man_n be_v elect_v as_o judge_v cause_n in_o town_n and_o village_n a_o hundred_o assessor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o common_a people_n be_v add_v to_o each_o of_o they_o as_o well_o for_o counsel_n as_o authority_n from_o whence_o mr._n selden_n here_o suppose_v our_o hundred_o have_v their_o original_a which_o ancient_o consist_v of_o the_o master_n of_o one_o hundred_o family_n the_o three_o go_v on_o thus_o nihil_fw-la publicae_fw-la vel_fw-la privatae_fw-la rei_fw-la nisi_fw-la armati_fw-la agunt_fw-la sed_fw-la arma_fw-la sumere_fw-la non_fw-la antè_fw-la cviquam_fw-la moris_fw-la quam_fw-la civitas_n suffecturum_fw-la probaverit_fw-la tum_o in_o ipso_fw-la concilio_n vel_fw-la principum_fw-la aliquis_fw-la vel_fw-la pater_fw-la vel_fw-la propinquus_fw-la scuto_fw-la frameâque_fw-la juvenem_fw-la ornant_fw-la haec_fw-la apud_fw-la illos_fw-la toga_fw-la hic_fw-la primus_fw-la juventae_fw-la honos_fw-la ante_fw-la hoc_fw-la domus_fw-la pars_fw-la videntur_fw-la mox_fw-la reipublicae_fw-la viz._n they_o transact_v nothing_o either_o of_o public_a or_o private_a concern_v without_o their_o arm_n but_o it_o be_v not_o a_o custom_n for_o any_o to_o assume_v those_o arm_n before_o the_o commonwealth_n have_v approve_v of_o his_o ability_n then_o in_o this_o very_a council_n either_o one_o of_o the_o principal_a man_n or_o his_o father_n or_o his_o near_a kinsman_n adorn_v the_o youth_n with_o the_o shield_n and_o lance._n this_o serve_v they_o instead_o of_o a_o gown_n and_o be_v the_o first_o honour_n of_o their_o youth_n before_o they_o only_o seem_v as_o part_v of_o the_o family_n but_o now_o they_o become_v a_o member_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o here_o mr._n selden_n discover_v the_o first_o footstep_n of_o knighthood_n the_o four_o be_v insignis_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la aut_fw-la magna_fw-la patrûm_fw-la merita_fw-la principis_fw-la dignationem_fw-la etià m_fw-la adolescentulis_fw-la assignant_fw-la viz._n eminent_a nobility_n or_o the_o signal_n merit_v
for_o near_o 100_o year_n though_o without_o the_o title_n of_o king_n but_o only_o as_o subordinate_a lord_n or_o earl_n under_o the_o king_n of_o kent_n till_o this_o ida_n obtain_v the_o kingdom_n but_o whether_o by_o succession_n or_o election_n william_n of_o malmesbury_n can_v tell_v we_o but_o rather_o incline_v to_o the_o latter_a and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o these_o annal_n mention_v no_o other_o kingdom_n of_o the_o heptarchy_n than_o these_o three_o last_o yet_o it_o appear_v from_o very_o good_a testimony_n in_o the_o ensue_a history_n that_o norfolk_n suffolk_z and_o cambridgshire_n be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o east-angle_n be_v conquer_v by_o they_o under_o several_a petty_a prince_n that_o rule_v there_o long_o before_o vffa_n who_o be_v make_v the_o first_o king_n of_o that_o whole_a country_n the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o mercian_n kingdom_n where_o creoda_n or_o crida_n begin_v his_o reign_n about_o anno_fw-la 585._o above_o 60_o year_n after_o the_o east-angle_n first_o settle_v in_o those_o part_n have_v now_o i_o hope_v sufficient_o prove_v this_o point_n against_o the_o learned_a dr._n howell_n i_o think_v it_o will_v plain_o follow_v that_o all_o those_o king_n abovementioned_a can_v have_v no_o other_o title_n to_o their_o crown_n beside_o election_n who_o from_o captain_n and_o general_n in_o time_n of_o war_n become_v king_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n over_o the_o country_n they_o have_v conquer_v i_o will_v here_o therefore_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o impartial_a reader_n to_o consider_v whether_o what_o dr._n howell_n assert_n be_v at_o all_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a viz._n that_o the_o power_n of_o these_o king_n commence_v by_o the_o sword_n be_v as_o absolute_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n as_o in_o that_o of_o war_n for_o we_o plain_o see_v that_o these_o be_v a_o free_a people_n and_o it_o be_v in_o no_o way_n probable_a that_o they_o shall_v contrary_a to_o the_o genius_n of_o so_o noble_a and_o free_a a_o nation_n submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o absolute_a dominion_n of_o one_o man_n who_o owe_v his_o delegated_a power_n to_o themselves_o beside_o this_o the_o original_a constitution_n of_o all_o these_o several_a kingdom_n speak_v the_o quite_o contrary_a for_o we_o find_v in_o the_o follow_a history_n frequent_a mention_n make_v of_o great_a council_n of_o the_o wites_z i._n e._n the_o chief_a or_o wise_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o council_n be_v establish_v to_o curb_v the_o exorbitant_a power_n of_o their_o king_n since_o by_o these_o they_o be_v elect_v and_o by_o these_o too_o they_o be_v likewise_o often_o depose_v when_o ever_o their_o tyranny_n render_v they_o insupportable_a as_o you_o will_v see_v in_o several_a instance_n when_o you_o peruse_v the_o follow_a book_n in_o this_o volume_n and_o thus_o have_v trace_v as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v able_a the_o original_a of_o the_o first_o english-saxon_a king_n we_o shall_v now_o in_o the_o next_o place_n treat_v of_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n which_o some_o of_o our_o modern_a author_n fancy_n to_o have_v be_v by_o a_o lineal_a succession_n because_o we_o find_v the_o son_n to_o have_v often_o succeed_v the_o father_n in_o most_o of_o these_o kingdom_n for_o several_a descent_n but_o if_o this_o shall_v be_v grant_v yet_o be_v it_o no_o good_a argument_n to_o prove_v a_o lineal_a succession_n by_o blood_n for_o though_o i_o be_o sensible_a that_o the_o saxon_a annal_n as_o well_o as_o all_o other_o historian_n be_v very_o obscure_a in_o this_o point_n not_o declare_v which_o way_n those_o prince_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n whether_o by_o succession_n or_o election_n because_o it_o be_v omit_v in_o the_o old_a saxon_a annal_n out_o of_o which_o they_o write_v and_o which_o we_o find_v very_o short_a in_o that_o particular_a yet_o this_o will_n by_o no_o mean_n warrant_v those_o kingdom_n to_o have_v be_v only_o successive_a as_o some_o man_n fond_o suppose_v see_v we_o may_v observe_v that_o in_o the_o german_a empire_n which_o every_o one_o know_v to_o be_v elective_a the_o son_n have_v succeed_v the_o father_n or_o a_o young_a brother_n the_o elder_a for_o above_o 150_o year_n ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n brother_n to_o charles_n the_o five_o however_o i_o hope_v no_o body_n will_v have_v the_o confidence_n to_o affirm_v that_o the_o empire_n have_v be_v only_o successive_a and_o not_o elective_a all_o this_o while_n the_o same_o i_o may_v say_v concern_v the_o succession_n of_o our_o english-saxon_a king_n in_o which_o though_o we_o find_v the_o son_n often_o succeed_v the_o father_n or_o one_o brother_n another_o yet_o do_v not_o this_o prove_v that_o the_o succession_n go_v by_o right_a of_o inheritance_n as_o it_o do_v at_o this_o day_n i_o may_v say_v the_o like_a as_o to_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o have_v be_v by_o succession_n but_o little_a above_o fourscore_o year_n from_o charles_n the_o nine_o and_o as_o for_o the_o former_a it_o have_v become_v so_o even_o in_o our_o own_o memory_n and_o yet_o for_o many_o succession_n in_o both_o these_o kingdom_n he_o that_o be_v the_o next_o heir_n by_o lineal_a descent_n be_v most_o common_o choose_v king_n after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n uncle_n or_o brother_n but_o before_o this_o election_n he_o can_v claim_v no_o legal_a right_n to_o the_o crown_n by_o the_o law_n of_o these_o kingdom_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o divers_a instance_n and_o i_o think_v we_o may_v affirm_v this_o of_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o saxon_a heptarchy_n where_o though_o the_o mycel-gemots_a common_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o choose_v one_o of_o the_o blood-royal_a and_o the_o next_o heir_n rather_o than_o any_o other_o provide_v he_o be_v equal_o fit_a to_o govern_v especial_o if_o he_o be_v recommend_v or_o design_v for_o successor_n by_o the_o will_n of_o the_o last_o king_n however_o in_o this_o they_o take_v a_o great_a latitude_n as_o will_v evident_o appear_v in_o the_o pursuit_n of_o this_o discourse_n but_o i_o must_v confess_v the_o manner_n how_o the_o saxon_a king_n come_v to_o the_o throne_n be_v but_o dark_o express_v by_o the_o word_n feng_n to_o rice_n in_o saxon_n in_o latin_a regnum_fw-la capessit_fw-la which_o we_o have_v common_o render_v succeed_v in_o or_o to_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o those_o word_n do_v not_o signify_v any_o lineal_a succession_n but_o be_v often_o promiscuous_o use_v when_o the_o next_o successor_n can_v have_v no_o title_n but_o election_n as_o shall_v be_v far_o show_v by_o and_o by_o now_o the_o best_a way_n to_o prove_v this_o i_o think_v will_v be_v brief_o to_o survey_v the_o succession_n of_o each_o kingdom_n and_o the_o several_a breach_n and_o alteration_n that_o be_v make_v therein_o upon_o this_o suppose_a lineal_a succession_n and_o first_o kent_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n of_o which_o we_o indeed_o have_v scarce_o any_o more_o than_o the_o bare_a name_n of_o the_o king_n with_o but_z very_o little_a of_o their_o action_n for_o about_o four_o descent_n till_o ethelbert_n the_o first_o christian_a king_n there_o begin_v to_o reign_v only_o that_o the_o son_n still_o succeed_v the_o father_n so_o likewise_o from_o this_o ethelbert_n to_o earcombert_n his_o grandson_n for_o two_o descent_n more_o we_o find_v the_o like_a seem_a lineal_a succession_n yet_o for_o all_o this_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o there_o may_v not_o have_v be_v either_o elder_a brother_n or_o the_o son_n of_o they_o who_o be_v exclude_v during_o that_o time_n see_v that_o we_o only_o meet_v with_o the_o next_o successor_n mention_v without_o tell_v we_o whether_o there_o be_v not_o such_o heir_n put_v by_o for_o under_o the_o year_n 640._o we_o learn_v from_o our_o annal_n that_o earcombert_n king_n of_o kent_n succeed_v eadbald_a his_o father_n abovemention_v who_o yet_o leave_v a_o elder_a son_n name_v ermenred_n that_o according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o lineal_a descent_n ought_v to_o have_v succeed_v to_o the_o kingdom_n before_o his_o young_a brother_n earcombert_n 11._o but_o whether_o he_o be_v disinherit_v by_o his_o father_n or_o reject_v by_o the_o people_n our_o annal_n mention_v not_o only_o that_o this_o ermenred_n leave_v two_o son_n who_o afterward_o be_v make_v away_o by_o one_o thunor_n servant_n to_o king_n earcombert_n after_o he_o egbert_n his_o son_n succeed_v leave_v a_o son_n call_v eadric_n yet_o he_o do_v not_o succeed_v as_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v do_v according_a to_o our_o modern_a opinion_n by_o hereditary_a right_n but_o lothaire_n his_o uncle_n that_o keep_v the_o kingdom_n twelve_o year_n from_o he_o but_o whether_o he_o come_v in_o by_o the_o testament_n of_o his_o brother_n or_o election_n of_o the_o people_n or_o by_o both_o neither_o bede_n
kingdom_n and_o further_o to_o confirm_v that_o ordinatur_fw-la here_o signify_v the_o same_o with_o eligitur_fw-la see_v the_o law_n abovementioned_a concern_v the_o election_n of_o the_o mercian_n king_n the_o title_n of_o it_o in_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n first_o volume_n of_o council_n 292._o be_v de_fw-fr ordinatione_fw-la regum_fw-la i.e._n of_o the_o election_n of_o king_n and_o that_o by_o this_o word_n ordinatur_fw-la can_v be_v mean_v any_o lineal_a succession_n in_o ethelwerd_n will_v further_o appear_v from_o he_o where_o he_o say_v 1._o post_fw-la obitum_fw-la athulfi_n regis_fw-la ordinati_fw-la sunt_fw-la silij_fw-la ejus_fw-la in_o regnum_fw-la which_o must_v be_v understand_v either_o a_o appointment_n by_o the_o father_n will_n or_o else_o a_o new_a election_n since_o these_o son_n of_o king_n aethelwulf_n can_v never_o be_v thus_o appoint_v or_o ordain_v king_n by_o the_o law_n of_o lineal_a succession_n because_o each_o of_o these_o brother_n except_o the_o elder_a left_a son_n but_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n do_v likewise_o as_o good_a as_o own_o 1._o that_o king_n egbert_n come_v in_o by_o election_n when_o he_o say_v that_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o brytrich_n egbert_n at_o the_o frequent_a solicitation_n of_o his_o countryman_n come_v over_o into_o britain_n móxque_fw-la imperare_fw-la jussus_fw-la patriae_fw-la desideriis_fw-la satisfecit_fw-la be_v immediate_o command_v to_o reign_v do_v thereupon_o satisfy_v the_o desire_n of_o his_o country_n now_o i_o will_v fain_o know_v if_o he_o have_v come_v in_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o lineal_a descent_n why_o he_o shall_v have_v need_v the_o be_v command_v to_o reign_v since_o he_o ought_v rather_o to_o have_v command_v their_o allegiance_n as_o his_o due_a and_o either_o to_o this_o time_n or_o rather_o to_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o this_o king_n be_v reigny_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o ensue_a history_n i_o suppose_v may_v be_v refer_v what_o the_o author_n of_o the_o mirror_n of_o justice_n in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o the_o book_n say_v concern_v the_o first_o election_n of_o a_o king_n to_o reign_v over_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o saxon_a sovereign_a prince_n viz._n that_o forty_o of_o they_o make_v he_o to_o swear_v that_o he_o will_v maintain_v the_o holy_a christian_a faith_n with_o all_o his_o power_n and_o govern_v his_o people_n according_a to_o right_n without_o regard_n to_o any_o person_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v be_v liable_a to_o suffer_v right_o i._n e._n judgement_n as_o well_o as_o other_o of_o his_o people_n this_o passage_n though_o it_o be_v account_v by_o some_o of_o but_o a_o doubtful_a authority_n because_o of_o the_o forty_o prince_n abovemention_v whereas_o we_o never_o read_v of_o above_o seven_o or_o eight_o saxon_a king_n to_o have_v reign_v at_o once_o and_o those_o â—oo_o be_v by_o this_o egbert_n reduce_v to_o three_o beside_o himself_o viz._n the_o east-angle_n mercia_n and_o northumberland_n yet_o if_o by_o the_o prince_n here_o mention_v we_o understand_v not_o sovereign_a prince_n but_o ealdorman_n of_o county_n and_o great_a city_n who_o as_o mr._n selden_n show_v we_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n be_v common_o style_v in_o the_o old_a saxon_a charter_n principes_fw-la and_o by_o this_o author_n in_o his_o french_a original_a render_v prince_n edition_n these_o meeting_n together_o in_o a_o great_a council_n do_v as_o the_o chief_a magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n and_o county_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v alfred_n enjoin_v the_o king_n this_o oath_n which_o be_v take_v at_o the_o general_n council_n mention_v in_o the_o ensue_a history_n under_o anno_fw-la 803_o or_o else_o 828._o this_o passage_n in_o the_o mirror_n of_o justice_n if_o it_o be_v take_v out_o of_o some_o old_a saxon_a monument_n now_o lose_v as_o i_o have_v great_a reason_n to_o believe_v it_o be_v since_o the_o law_n which_o he_o here_o relate_v concern_v king_n alfred_n be_v admit_v by_o the_o learned_a author_n of_o the_o note_n upon_o his_o life_n print_v at_o oxford_n 82._o to_o have_v be_v transcribe_v by_o he_o from_o some_o ancient_a commentary_n of_o that_o king_n which_o law_n he_o there_o a_o little_a after_o recite_v i_o say_v this_o passage_n may_v serve_v as_o a_o great_a proof_n not_o only_o of_o this_o king_n election_n to_o be_v the_o chief_a or_o supreme_a king_n of_o all_o england_n but_o also_o it_o give_v we_o the_o original_a contract_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v it_o which_o he_o then_o enter_v into_o with_o this_o nation_n at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o election_n and_o coronation_n to_o egbert_n succeed_v athelwulf_n his_o son_n who_o though_o i_o grant_v it_o be_v no_o where_o say_v that_o he_o be_v elect_v yet_o if_o his_o father_n be_v so_o as_o it_o be_v most_o evident_a he_o be_v it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v become_v successive_a in_o one_o descent_n especial_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o manner_n of_o all_o his_o five_o son_n come_v to_o the_o kingdom_n either_o in_o his_o life-time_n or_o after_o he_o 636._o for_o as_o to_o athelstane_n his_o elder_a son_n on_o who_o he_o bestow_v almost_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n with_o the_o south_n and_o east-saxons_a i_o have_v prove_v in_o the_o ensue_a history_n from_o 637._o matthew_n westminster_n and_o other_o author_n that_o he_o be_v illegitimate_a and_o so_o can_v have_v no_o legal_a right_n of_o succession_n nor_o do_v it_o seem_v probable_a he_o shall_v be_v set_v over_o those_o kingdom_n by_o his_o father_n without_o any_o previous_a election_n or_o consent_v of_o those_o people_n and_o as_o for_o his_o other_o four_o legitimate_a son_n ethelbald_n the_o elder_a of_o they_o do_v by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o whole_a nation_n which_o amount_v to_o a_o election_n 3._o divide_v the_o kingdom_n with_o his_o father_n he_o himself_o enjoy_v that_o of_o the_o westsaxon_n whilst_o his_o father_n rule_v over_o the_o rest_n and_o by_o the_o virtue_n of_o his_o testament_n confirm_v likewise_o by_o the_o general_n consent_v of_o the_o kingdom_n ethelbald_n remain_v only_a king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n whilst_o ethelbert_n his_o second_o brother_n reign_v in_o kent_n as_o also_o over_o the_o east_n and_o south-saxons_a which_o have_v be_v his_o brother_n aethelstane_n share_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n for_o aught_o we_o can_v find_v but_o after_o king_n ethelbald_n death_n ethelbert_n succeed_v in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o he_o likewise_o die_a ethelred_n his_o brother_n succeed_v he_o after_o who_o death_n also_o alfred_n the_o young_a brother_n come_v to_o the_o throne_n this_o short_a account_n be_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n yet_o there_o require_v a_o great_a deal_n to_o be_v say_v to_o have_v it_o well_o understand_v since_o dr._n brady_n in_o his_o true_a and_o exact_a history_n of_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o crown_n vol._n 1._o of_o his_o introduction_n will_v needs_o derive_v the_o whole_a right_n which_o these_o prince_n have_v to_o the_o kingdom_n from_o the_o entail_v of_o it_o by_o their_o father_n will_n abovemention_v and_o if_o the_o testament_n of_o a_o king_n then_o regnant_n can_v dispose_v of_o the_o crown_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o right_a heir_n by_o lineal_a descent_n i_o desire_v this_o learned_a antiquary_n to_o satisfy_v we_o how_o this_o can_v consist_v with_o his_o suppose_a right_n of_o lineal_a succession_n at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v this_o worthy_a doctor_n as_o well_o as_o the_o author_n of_o the_o great_a point_n of_o succession_n discuss_v here_o deal_v with_o we_o like_o some_o crafty_a witness_n who_o indeed_o speak_v the_o truth_n but_o not_o the_o whole_a truth_n if_o they_o find_v it_o will_v make_v against_o they_o for_o the_o doctor_n in_o the_o first_o place_n conceal_v and_o the_o nameless_a author_n of_o the_o other_o pamphlet_n either_o wilful_o or_o ignorant_o positive_o deny_v that_o king_n alfred_n three_o elder_a brother_n who_o reign_v before_o he_o leave_v any_o issue_n male_a whereas_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o two_o of_o they_o if_o not_o all_o three_o left_a son_n behind_o they_o for_o athelm_v and_o aethelwold_n regis_fw-la to_o who_o king_n alfred_n by_o his_o testament_n bequeath_v divers_a land_n therein_o mention_v under_o the_o title_n of_o his_o brother_n son_n be_v suppose_v by_o the_o learned_a author_n of_o the_o note_n upon_o his_o life_n to_o have_v be_v the_o child_n of_o king_n ethelbald_n his_o elder_a brother_n though_o whether_o they_o be_v so_o or_o no_o i_o will_v not_o be_v so_o confident_a as_o to_o affirm_v but_o that_o they_o be_v either_o the_o son_n of_o ethelbald_n or_o ethelbert_n be_v most_o certain_a and_o consequent_o they_o ought_v to_o have_v reign_v before_o he_o who_o be_v but_o their_o uncle_n as_o for_o king_n ethelred_n he_o have_v
dunstan_n and_o oswald_n with_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o very_o many_o nobleman_n be_v gather_v together_o elect_v edward_n as_o his_o father_n have_v command_v then_o consecrate_a and_o anoint_v he_o king_n this_o show_v it_o so_o plain_a from_o the_o doctor_n be_v own_o translation_n of_o the_o word_n that_o prince_n edward_n notwithstanding_o his_o father_n will_n be_v first_o elect_v and_o then_o anoint_v king_n that_o i_o need_v not_o have_v add_v any_o further_a remark_n to_o it_o have_v he_o but_o faithful_o render_v the_o latin_a text_n as_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v do_v but_o he_o have_v unhappy_o leave_v out_o one_o material_a small_a word_n and_o that_o be_v electum_fw-la that_o so_o the_o unwary_a reader_n may_v not_o observe_v that_o those_o king_n be_v first_o elect_v before_o they_o can_v be_v anoint_v but_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o do_v with_o this_o prince_n nor_o with_o the_o doctor_n for_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o his_o historia_n aâ—rea_n now_o in_o manuscript_n in_o the_o lambeth_n library_n tell_v the_o story_n of_o this_o election_n thus_o edgaro_n rege_fw-la mortuo_fw-la &_o edwardo_n ad_fw-la regnum_fw-la relicto_fw-la dum_fw-la quidam_fw-la principes_fw-la acquiescere_fw-la nollent_fw-la dunstanus_fw-la arrepto_fw-la crucis_fw-la vexillo_fw-la in_o medio_fw-la constitit_fw-la edwardum_fw-la illis_fw-la ostendit_fw-la elegit_fw-la sacravit_fw-la that_o be_v king_n edgar_z be_v dead_a and_o edward_n leave_v heir_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whilst_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a man_n will_v not_o consent_v to_o it_o archbishop_n dunstan_n take_v up_o the_o banner_n of_o the_o cross_n place_v he_o in_o the_o midst_n and_o show_v he_o to_o they_o he_o elect_v and_o then_o consecrate_a he_o so_o that_o i_o will_v leave_v it_o to_o the_o impartial_a reader_n to_o judge_n whether_o these_o word_n eligerunt_fw-la and_o electum_fw-la here_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o recognoverunt_fw-la as_o the_o doctor_n will_v have_v they_o i._n e._n they_o acknowledge_v own_a submit_v unto_o he_o as_o their_o king_n as_o his_o father_n have_v command_v 7._o and_o by_o will_n appoint_v as_o the_o doctor_n have_v be_v please_v to_o paraphrase_n it_o but_o i_o will_v advise_v he_o in_o the_o next_o edition_n of_o this_o treatise_n or_o any_o other_o he_o write_v upon_o this_o subject_a to_o show_v we_o a_o example_n out_o of_o any_o ancient_a roman_a author_n nay_o any_o glossary_a of_o the_o more_o barbarous_a age_n where_o the_o word_n electus_n or_o eligerunt_fw-la signify_v recognition_n for_o as_o to_o all_o his_o instance_n out_o of_o his_o own_o glossary_a at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o introduction_n instead_o of_o precedent_n i_o may_v bold_o say_v they_o be_v only_o mere_a cavil_n against_o the_o right_n and_o manner_n by_o which_o the_o king_n or_o bishop_n he_o there_o mention_n come_v to_o obtain_v their_o throne_n or_o see_v 37._o for_o that_o the_o monk_n who_o write_v of_o they_o ever_o mean_v by_o such_o their_o expression_n that_o they_o be_v true_o elect_v he_o himself_o can_v deny_v which_o also_o prove_v the_o falsehood_n of_o that_o his_o assertion_n wherein_o he_o affirm_v that_o the_o old_a monk_n say_v every_o one_o be_v elect_v that_o have_v not_o a_o hereditary_a title_n 38._o and_o though_o he_o be_v set_v up_o by_o the_o art_n or_o violence_n of_o a_o faction_n or_o obtain_v the_o crown_n by_o force_n and_o arm_n without_o title_n yet_o according_a to_o they_o he_o be_v elect_v when_o as_o the_o people_z only_o receive_v and_o submit_v unto_o they_o when_o they_o can_v not_o help_v it_o and_o it_o may_v be_v because_o there_o be_v much_o shout_v and_o many_o acclamation_n at_o his_o reception_n but_o i_o hope_v the_o precedent_n i_o have_v here_o now_o give_v will_v evince_v the_o contrary_a since_o of_o all_o the_o king_n that_o have_v be_v already_o mention_v to_o have_v be_v elect_v i_o desire_v he_o to_o show_v i_o one_o concern_v who_o the_o word_n election_n can_v mean_v no_o more_o than_o a_o bare_a recognition_n or_o acclamation_n of_o the_o people_n when_o they_o first_o receive_v and_o submit_v to_o they_o whereas_o indeed_o they_o be_v then_o solemn_a and_o deliberate_a act_n of_o choice_n by_o the_o whole_a estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o since_o the_o instance_n that_o the_o doctor_n bring_v for_o this_o his_o opinion_n be_v all_o after_o his_o conquest_n when_o he_o fancy_v the_o nation_n total_o subdue_v and_o their_o liberty_n lose_v i_o shall_v reserve_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o force_n of_o those_o authority_n till_o my_o introduction_n before_o my_o next_o volume_n if_o god_n shall_v grant_v i_o life_n to_o finish_v it_o but_o to_o return_v from_o whence_o some_o perhaps_o may_v think_v this_o too_o long_a a_o digression_n king_n edward_z be_v murder_v by_o the_o instigation_n of_o his_o mother_n ethelred_n his_o brother_n succeed_v he_o and_o though_o the_o doctor_n again_o seem_v to_o put_v some_o stress_n on_o the_o word_n feng_n to_o rice_n as_o if_o he_o have_v come_v in_o by_o lineal_a succession_n yet_o that_o he_o be_v also_o elect_v as_o well_o as_o his_o brother_n i_o desire_v he_o will_v consult_v the_o ancient_a annal_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o thorney_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n 7._o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v write_v in_o saxon_a letter_n and_o either_o some_o time_n before_o or_o else_o not_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n and_o there_o under_o anno_fw-la 978._o he_o will_v find_v these_o word_n eadwardus_fw-la rex_fw-la occiditur_fw-la atheldredus_fw-la eligitur_fw-la that_o king_n edward_n be_v kill_v and_o ethelred_n elect_v 3._o and_o for_o a_o proof_n of_o this_o there_o be_v in_o the_o same_o library_n the_o form_n of_o the_o coronation_n of_o that_o king_n and_o his_o queen_n which_o have_v these_o word_n in_o it_o signior_n seniorem_fw-la per_fw-la manus_fw-la producant_fw-la duo_o episcopi_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la &_o clerus_fw-la hanc_fw-la decantet_fw-la antiphonam_fw-la duobus_fw-la episcopis_fw-la praecinentibus_fw-la firmetur_fw-la manus_fw-la tua_fw-la ut_fw-la supra_fw-la versic_n gloria_fw-la patri_fw-la &c_n &c_n perveniens_fw-la rex_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la prosternat_fw-la se_fw-la coram_fw-la altar_n ut_fw-la hymnizetur_fw-la te_fw-la deum_fw-la laudamn_v te_fw-la dominum_fw-la consitemur_fw-la qvo_fw-la finito_fw-la tenus_fw-la ymnizato_fw-it rex_fw-la erigetur_fw-la de_fw-fr solo_n &_o ab_fw-la episcopis_fw-la et_fw-la a_o plebe_n electus_n haec_fw-la tria_fw-la se_fw-la servaturum_fw-la jura_fw-la promittat_fw-la &_o clara_fw-la voice_fw-la corà m_fw-la deo_fw-la omnÃque_fw-la populo_fw-la dicat_fw-la haec_fw-la tria_fw-la populo_fw-la christiano_n &_o mihi_fw-la subditis_fw-la in_o christi_fw-la promitto_fw-la nomine_fw-la imprimis_fw-la ut_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la dei_fw-la &_o omnis_fw-la populus_fw-la christianus_n veram_fw-la pacem_fw-la nostro_fw-la arbitrio_fw-la in_o omni_fw-la tempore_fw-la servet_fw-la secundo_n ut_fw-la rapacitates_fw-la &_o omnes_fw-la iniquitates_fw-la omnibus_fw-la gradibus_fw-la interdicam_fw-la tertio_fw-la ut_fw-la in_o omnibus_fw-la juditiis_fw-la aequitatem_fw-la &_o misericordiam_fw-la praecipiam_fw-la ut_fw-la mihi_fw-la &_o vobis_fw-la indulgeat_fw-la svam_fw-la misericordiam_fw-la clemens_fw-la &_o misericors_fw-la deus_fw-la qui_fw-la vivit_fw-la etc._n etc._n his_o peractis_fw-la omnes_fw-la dicant_fw-la amen_o and_o for_o a_o far_a confirmation_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o oath_n there_o be_v also_o a_o ancient_a saxon_a copy_n of_o it_o together_o with_o a_o latin_a version_n which_o differ_v but_o little_a from_o that_o now_o cite_v and_o be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o oath_n which_o archbishop_n dunstan_n administer_v to_o this_o king_n at_o kingston_n on_o the_o day_n of_o his_o coronation_n at_o the_o end_n of_o which_o oath_n it_o be_v also_o specify_v that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o king_n observe_v it_o he_o will_v thereby_o obtain_v both_o earthly_a glory_n and_o also_o god_n mercy_n so_o if_o he_o break_v it_o he_o will_v still_o pass_v from_o bad_a to_o worse_o as_o well_o in_o respect_n of_o himself_o as_o people_n unless_o he_o repent_v this_o you_o will_v find_v print_v both_o in_o saxon_n and_o latin_a in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o king_n alfred_n life_n 13._o print_v at_o oxford_n from_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v you_o with_o a_o verbal_a translation_n of_o all_o this_o long_a oath_n only_o observe_v thus_o much_o that_o hereby_o it_o appear_v plain_o that_o king_n ethelred_n have_v be_v before_o elect_v by_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n in_o order_n to_o be_v crown_v king_n which_o be_v further_o confirm_v by_o that_o old_a saxon_a imperfect_a ritual_a of_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o english_a saxon_a king_n and_o queen_n part_n of_o which_o mr._n selden_n have_v give_v we_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 116._o where_o in_o the_o prayer_n upon_o the_o anoint_v we_o find_v these_o word_n respice_fw-la propitius_fw-la ad_fw-la preces_fw-la nostrae_fw-la humilitatis_fw-la &_o super_fw-la hunc_fw-la famulum_fw-la tuum_fw-la illum_fw-la quem_fw-la supplici_fw-la devotione_fw-la in_o regem_fw-la anglorum_fw-la vel_fw-la
same_o author_n observe_v in_o some_o ancient_a charter_n i_o suppose_v whilst_o the_o ealdorman_a exercise_v the_o whole_a power_n of_o the_o county_n as_o well_o civil_a as_o military_a the_o same_o title_n of_o ealdorman_n signify_v the_o latter_a dignity_n of_o which_o he_o give_v we_o this_o instance_n from_o a_o charter_n out_o of_o the_o ancient_a book_n of_o the_o church_n of_o worcester_n where_o earl_n aelfhere_o be_v style_v mercna_n heretogan_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o i_o suppose_v also_o before_o they_o be_v certain_o distinguish_v herâ—tochiis_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o the_o thirty_o five_o auctuary_n of_o that_o king_n law_n where_o after_o the_o office_n of_o the_o ealdorman_n and_o greve_n the_o duty_n of_o heretochs_n be_v thus_o describe_v which_o i_o will_v give_v you_o here_o in_o english_a and_o there_o be_v other_o power_n and_o dignity_n constitute_v through_o all_o the_o province_n and_o county_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o be_v by_o the_o english_a call_v heretochs_n to_o wit_n noble_a wise_a faithful_a and_o stout_a baron_n these_o sit_v our_o army_n in_o battle_n array_n and_o raise_v other_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a for_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o service_n of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o be_v elect_v by_o the_o common-council_n for_o the_o public_a benefit_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o all_o province_n and_o county_n at_o a_o full_a folk-mote_n as_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o same_o also_o be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v and_o in_o every_o county_n there_o be_v always_o one_o heretoch_n thus_o elect_v to_o conduct_v the_o militia_n of_o his_o county_n according_a to_o the_o king_n order_n for_o the_o honour_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o the_o say_a kingdom_n whenever_o there_o be_v occasion_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o before_o as_o well_o as_o sometime_o after_o the_o conquest_n when_o this_o auctuary_n be_v make_v the_o king_n have_v not_o the_o nomination_n either_o of_o the_o heretoch_n or_o sheriff_n which_o be_v then_o the_o two_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o county_n the_o one_o military_a the_o other_o civil_a have_v thus_o dispatch_v the_o military_a i_o proceed_v to_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n viz._n the_o sheriff_n in_o saxon_a scire-gerefa_a sheriff_n or_o more_o contract_o greve_n in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n who_o be_v call_v by_o ethelwerd_n exactor_n regius_n i.e._n the_o king_n receiver_n this_o officer_n 787._o as_o asser_n show_v we_o in_o his_o life_n of_o alfred_n before_o that_o king_n make_v his_o new_a reformation_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v appoint_v by_o the_o ealdorman_a and_o therefore_o call_v vicedominus_a and_o be_v much_o what_o the_o same_o with_o our_o vicecomes_a or_o sheriff_n at_o this_o day_n but_o whether_o he_o have_v the_o title_n of_o sheriff_n before_o as_o well_o as_o after_o that_o alteration_n by_o king_n alfred_n i_o will_v not_o determine_v but_o it_o appear_v by_o both_o these_o latin_a title_n that_o he_o be_v the_o officer_n who_o instead_o of_o the_o ealdorman_a or_o earl_n sit_v as_o judge_v in_o those_o we_o now_o call_v the_o county-court_n and_o sheriff_n turn_v but_o these_o be_v so_o well_o know_v at_o this_o day_n i_o shall_v not_o further_o enlarge_v only_o that_o this_o officer_n be_v also_o to_o answer_v to_o the_o king_n exchequer_n for_o all_o fine_n amerciament_n and_o other_o duty_n arise_v out_o of_o the_o county_n the_o three_o penny_n of_o which_o the_o earl_n have_v grant_v he_o by_o the_o king_n pro_fw-la sustentatione_n dignitatis_fw-la and_o now_o i_o come_v at_o last_o to_o that_o great_a extensive_a dignity_n of_o a_o thane_n thane_n call_v in_o saxon_a thegne_n be_v derive_v from_o the_o old_a word_n theowian_n to_o serve_v because_o they_o that_o have_v this_o honour_n confer_v on_o they_o be_v at_o first_o the_o king_n officer_n or_o servant_n and_o in_o our_o ancient_a latin_a charter_n subscribe_v by_o the_o name_n of_o ministri_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o be_v call_v in_o the_o version_n of_o our_o saxon_a annal_n as_o also_o in_o florence_n of_o worcester_n ministri_fw-la regii_fw-la not_o that_o they_o be_v real_o always_o the_o king_n be_v domestic_a servant_n though_o they_o be_v so_o original_o on_o who_o he_o likewise_o bestow_v several_a land_n in_o lieu_n of_o those_o service_n wage_n in_o money_n be_v not_o then_o in_o use_n which_o land_n descend_v to_o their_o heir_n if_o the_o king_n please_v this_o title_n of_o thane_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o spiritual_a the_o other_o temporal_a the_o former_a be_v call_v in_o saxon_a messe-thegnes_a i.e._n mass-thanes_a priest_n or_o parson_n of_o church_n and_o other_o dignify_a clergyman_n of_o who_o i_o shall_v now_o say_v nothing_o but_o that_o they_o be_v then_o of_o so_o great_a note_n that_o in_o our_o saxon_a law_n they_o be_v range_v before_o the_o werold-thegnes_a i._n e._n temporal_a thanes_z and_o their_o weregilds_n rate_v at_o the_o same_o value_n with_o they_o viz._n two_o thousand_o thrymsa_n and_o though_o the_o word_n denote_v a_o servant_n or_o minister_n in_o general_n and_o so_o divers_a have_v the_o title_n as_o it_o be_v mere_o officiary_a and_o personal_a yet_o as_o mr._n selden_n inform_v we_o 508._o those_o that_o be_v the_o king_n be_v immediate_a tenant_n of_o fair_a possession_n which_o they_o hold_v by_o personal_a service_n as_o of_o his_o person_n or_o as_o we_o say_v by_o grand-serjeanty_a or_o knight_n service_n in_o chief_a be_v i_o conceive_v the_o thanes_z that_o have_v the_o honorary_a dignity_n and_o be_v part_n of_o the_o great_a nobility_n of_o that_o time_n howsoever_o those_o officiary_a dignity_n of_o hold_v and_o highgereve_v have_v then_o precedence_n of_o they_o that_o be_v they_o be_v all_o the_o king_n be_v feudal_n thanes_z and_o the_o land_n hold_v so_o be_v call_v tainland_n or_o 170._o thaneland_n as_o afterward_o the_o land_n hold_v that_o make_v a_o baron_n be_v call_v a_o barony_n as_o also_o they_o be_v call_v to_o this_o day_n this_o title_n continue_v all_o the_o saxon_a time_n until_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n and_o it_o be_v in_o some_o use_n also_o after_o that_o time_n and_o then_o be_v succeed_v by_o that_o of_o baron_n this_o title_n be_v of_o norman_a extraction_n we_o rare_o meet_v with_o it_o before_o the_o conquest_n there_o be_v also_o beside_o these_o chief_z thanes_z other_o who_o be_v call_v middle_a or_o under_z thanes_z be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o less_o sort_n of_o baron_n or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o hold_v of_o other_o great_a lord_n and_o not_o of_o the_o king_n be_v those_o that_o after_o the_o conquest_n be_v call_v vavasor_n inferior_a to_o who_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o three_o sort_v who_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v make_v up_o of_o the_o least_o or_o mean_a degree_n of_o gentry_n or_o freeholder_n which_o be_v then_o all_o one_o none_o but_o the_o gentry_n or_o less_o nobility_n than_o enjoy_v land_n by_o freehold_a tenure_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o law_n of_o king_n cnute_n 52._o whereby_o it_o be_v appoint_v that_o if_o the_o master_n of_o a_o family_n who_o by_o that_o law_n be_v to_o have_v all_o his_o household_n under_o his_o pledge_n be_v accuse_v of_o suffer_v any_o of_o they_o by_o his_o privity_n to_o escape_v be_v guilty_a of_o any_o crime_n he_o be_v then_o to_o wage_v law_n with_o five_o other_z thanes_z i._n e._n in_o latin_a nobilibus_fw-la himself_o make_v the_o six_o now_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o many_o chief_z thanes_z who_o hold_v immediate_o of_o the_o king_n in_o any_o one_o hundred_o or_o tything_n out_o of_o which_o those_o thanes_z or_o gentleman_n that_o be_v to_o make_v this_o purgation_n be_v to_o be_v take_v but_o of_o all_o these_o thanes_z or_o less_o nobility_n i_o shall_v speak_v more_o at_o large_a by_o and_o by_o when_o i_o come_v to_o consider_v the_o member_n that_o compose_v the_o mycel-gemot_a or_o common-council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o which_o these_o make_v up_o the_o great_a and_o principal_a part._n and_o next_o to_o they_o i_o find_v another_o title_n though_o not_o common_o use_v yet_o as_o ancient_a as_o the_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n as_o also_o mention_v in_o several_a other_o king_n law_n sithcundman_n viz._n a_o sithcund_a man_n who_o if_o he_o refuse_v his_o service_n in_o the_o army_n or_o a_o military_a expedition_n he_o forfeit_v his_o land_n this_o name_n mr._n somner_n in_o his_o glossary_n derive_v from_o sith_o or_o gise_v come_v vel_fw-la socius_fw-la a_o ruler_n or_o governor_n and_o cund_o kind_a as_o it_o signify_v the_o condition_n and_o quality_n of_o any_o one_o and_o mon_n man_n that_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o comes_n governor_n judge_n or_o praefect_n he_o be_v esteem_v equal_a to_o a_o thane_n by_o
great_a lord_n or_o senator_n then_o present_o he_o be_v with_o the_o doctor_n a_o trifle_a old_a monk_n very_o little_a curious_a in_o observe_v the_o constituent_a part_n or_o member_n of_o our_o saxon_a great_a council_n have_v thus_o show_v some_o of_o dr._n brady_n erroneous_a and_o inconsiderate_a gloss_n concern_v the_o english-saxon_a nobility_n before_o the_o conquest_n which_o he_o vain_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v the_o same_o as_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n i_o shall_v now_o endeavour_v to_o settle_v some_o true_a notion_n relate_v to_o those_o great_a council_n which_o as_o to_o the_o lay-member_n beside_o the_o ealdorman_n abovementioned_a i_o conceive_v consist_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o thanes_z or_o freeholders_n who_o be_v then_o all_o gentleman_n either_o by_o birth_n or_o estate_n for_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v from_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelstan_n that_o a_o mere_a ceorl_n man_n if_o he_o have_v purchase_v five_o hide_n of_o thane_n land_n do_v thereby_o become_v equal_a in_o all_o respect_n to_o a_o thane_n now_o if_o the_o word_n thane_n before_o the_o conquest_n signify_v the_o same_o with_o the_o word_n baro_n which_o come_v into_o common_a use_n after_o that_o time_n as_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n and_o mr._n selden_n both_o grant_v it_o do_v and_o mr._n camden_n in_o his_o introduction_n to_o his_o first_o edition_n of_o his_o britannia_n in_o 4_o o_o be_v yet_o more_o express_a as_o to_o this_o word_n baro_n as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o this_o remarkable_a passage_n verùm_fw-la baro_n ex_fw-la illis_fw-la nominibus_fw-la videatur_fw-la quae_fw-la tempus_fw-la paulatìm_fw-la meliora_fw-la &_o molliora_fw-la reddidit_fw-la nam_fw-la longò_fw-la post_fw-la tempore_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la sed_fw-la qui_fw-la liberi_fw-la erant_fw-la domini_fw-la &_o thani_fw-la saxonibus_fw-la dicebantur_fw-la barones_n vocari_fw-la coeperunt_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la magni_fw-la honoris_fw-la erant_fw-la paulò_fw-la autem_fw-la posteà _fw-la viz._n some_o time_n after_o the_o conquest_n eo_fw-la honoris_fw-la pervenit_fw-la ut_fw-la nomine_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la omnes_fw-la quodammodo_fw-la regni_fw-la ordines_fw-la continuerentur_fw-la though_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o mr._n camden_n because_o he_o find_v this_o passage_n have_v give_v some_o offence_n to_o the_o high_a nobility_n he_o in_o his_o next_o edition_n in_o folio_n restrain_v it_o by_o add_v the_o word_n superiores_fw-la before_o ordines_fw-la as_o if_o none_o but_o the_o high_a baron_n may_v be_v think_v to_o have_v once_o make_v part_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o likewise_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n under_o the_o title_n of_o barones_n comitatus_fw-la i._n e._n the_o baron_n of_o county_n comitatus_fw-la who_o be_v frequent_o mention_v in_o the_o law_n of_o our_o first_o norman_n king_n have_v this_o remarkable_a passage_n and_o he_o be_v so_o great_a a_o man_n i_o shall_v not_o offer_v to_o abridge_v it_o hoc_fw-la nomine_fw-la scilicet_fw-la barones_n comitatus_fw-la say_v he_o contineri_fw-la videtur_fw-la antiquis_fw-la paginis_fw-la omnis_fw-la baronum_fw-la feodalium_fw-la species_n in_o uno_fw-la quovis_fw-la comitatu_fw-la degentium_fw-la proceres_fw-la nempè_fw-la &_o maneriorum_fw-la domini_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la liberè_fw-la quique_fw-la tenentes_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la fundorum_fw-la proprietarii_fw-la anglicè_fw-la freeholder_n notandum_fw-la autèm_fw-la est_fw-la liberè_fw-la hos_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nec_fw-la tà m_fw-la exile_n olìm_fw-la fuisse_fw-la nec_fw-la tà m_fw-la vulgares_fw-la ut_fw-la hodiè_fw-la deprehenduntur_fw-la nam_fw-la villa_n &_o dominia_fw-la in_fw-la minutas_fw-la haereditates_fw-la nondùm_fw-la distrahebant_fw-la nobiles_fw-la sed_fw-la ut_fw-la vidimus_fw-la in_o hiberniâ_fw-la penès_fw-la se_fw-la retinentes_fw-la agros_fw-la per_fw-la precarios_fw-la excolebant_fw-la &_o adscriptitio_n vid._n ll._n edw._n confess_v cap._n 15._o quod_fw-la per_fw-la hundredum_fw-la colligerentur_fw-la 46_o marcae_fw-la &_o sigillo_fw-la alicujus_fw-la baronum_fw-la comitatus_fw-la sigillarentur_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la thesaurum_fw-la regis_fw-la deportarentur_fw-la in_o domesd._n habiti_fw-la sunâ—_n barones_n comitatus_fw-la magnates_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o curiis_fw-la praesunt_fw-la comitatuum_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la ipsarum_fw-la curiarum_fw-la judices_fw-la quos_fw-la hen._n 1._o ll._n suarum_fw-la cap._n 30._o esse_fw-la liberè_fw-la tenentes_fw-la comitatûs_fw-la demonstrat_fw-la regis_fw-la inquit_fw-la judices_fw-la sunt_fw-la barones_n comitatus_fw-la qui_fw-la liberas_fw-la in_o eye_n terras_fw-la habent_fw-la per_fw-la quos_fw-la debent_fw-la causae_fw-la singulorum_fw-la alterna_fw-la prosecutione_n tractari_fw-la which_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o thus_o in_o english_a under_o this_o title_n of_o barones_n comitatus_fw-la seem_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o our_o ancient_a writer_n all_o sort_n of_o feudal_n baron_n dwell_v in_o any_o one_o county_n viz._n the_o chief_a man_n and_o lord_n of_o manor_n as_o also_o all_o free_a tenant_n that_o be_v proprietor_n of_o land_n in_o english_a freeholders_n and_o it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v consider_v that_o these_o free_a tenant_n be_v not_o ancient_o so_o mean_a and_o pitiful_a as_o they_o be_v account_v at_o this_o day_n for_o gentleman_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o parcele_v out_o their_o township_n and_o lordship_n into_o small_a estate_n but_o as_o we_o see_v in_o ireland_n keep_v they_o themselves_o by_o their_o hire_a servant_n and_o villain_n husband_v their_o own_o land_n in_o the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n cap._n 15._o it_o be_v appoint_v that_o 46_o mark_n shall_v be_v collect_v out_o of_o the_o hundred_o and_o seal_v up_o with_o the_o seal_n of_o one_o of_o the_o baron_n of_o the_o county_n and_o be_v lodge_v in_o the_o king_n treasury_n in_o doomsday_n book_n those_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n be_v call_v baron_n of_o the_o county_n who_o preside_v in_o county-court_n that_o be_v who_o be_v judge_n of_o those_o court_n who_o hen._n 1_o in_o the_o 30_o the_o chapter_n of_o his_o law_n show_v to_o be_v the_o free_a tenant_n of_o the_o county_n the_o king_n judge_n say_v he_o be_v the_o baron_n of_o the_o county_n who_o have_v freehold_a land_n in_o they_o by_o who_o the_o cause_n of_o each_o of_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v try_v and_o adjudge_v in_o their_o respective_a turn_n and_o there_o also_o immediate_o follow_v in_o the_o same_o law_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o another_o clause_n whereby_o villain_n and_o all_o such_o mean_a and_o beggarly_a fellow_n call_v there_o cocsetti_n or_o perdingi_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o law_n for_o they_o neither_o in_o the_o hundred_o nor_o in_o the_o county_n forfeit_v their_o own_o money_n nor_o that_o of_o their_o master_n this_o i_o think_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o all_o such_o base_a and_o indigent_a people_n such_o as_o dr._n brady_n call_v tag_n rag_n and_o bobtaile_n be_v exclude_v from_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o do_v in_o these_o inferior_a court_n and_o if_o so_o then_o much_o more_o to_o be_v sure_o be_v they_o shut_v out_o of_o the_o most_o august_n assembly_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o wittena-gemot_a mycel-synoth_a or_o what_o we_o now_o call_v the_o parliament_n and_o this_o i_o have_v bring_v to_o show_v that_o i_o do_v as_o much_o disow_v the_o thought_n of_o introduce_v any_o degree_n or_o order_n of_o man_n less_o than_o those_o of_o quality_n or_o estate_n into_o the_o great_a council_n of_o those_o time_n as_o the_o doctor_n himself_o do_v but_o in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o complete_a history_n he_o assert_n 70._o that_o not_o only_o the_o king_n thanes_z but_o also_o all_o the_o middle_a and_o lesser_n thanes_z were_z both_z after_z as_o well_o as_o before_o the_o conquest_n military_a man_n who_o hold_v their_o land_n by_o military_a or_o knight_n service_n which_o he_o will_v prove_v from_o the_o heregeat_fw-la or_o heriot_n that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n cnute_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v to_o their_o lord_n by_o their_o heir_n in_o horse_n and_o money_n and_o certain_a arms._n well_o let_v this_o for_o once_o be_v admit_v but_o i_o will_v then_o have_v the_o doctor_n never_o to_o urge_v military_a or_o knight-service_n as_o a_o badge_n of_o the_o norman_a conquest_n any_o more_o and_o in_o the_o next_o treatise_n which_o he_o shall_v please_v to_o publish_v i_o will_v desire_v he_o to_o make_v it_o out_o that_o none_o but_o the_o king_n thanes_z who_o be_v all_o one_o with_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la after_o the_o conquest_n have_v any_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o without_o this_o he_o do_v nothing_o yet_o thus_o much_o i_o must_v say_v for_o he_o that_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n petyt_n 10._o he_o seem_v to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o good-natured_a make_v the_o saxon_a wittena_n gemote_n more_o large_a and_o diffusive_a for_o in_o they_o he_o own_v be_v arch-bishop_n bishop_n masse-thegnes_a or_o dignify_v and_o great_a clergyman_n alderman_n or_o comites_fw-la king_n gereve_n or_o praepositi_fw-la king_n be_v thegnes_fw-la thanes_z or_o minister_n his_o counsellor_n
be_v show_v any_o of_o they_o wherein_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n either_o have_v not_o or_o at_o least_o not_o till_o of_o modern_a time_n their_o particular_a representative_n in_o the_o common_a council_n or_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n in_o those_o kingdom_n second_o why_o in_o england_n alone_o who_o king_n be_v not_o more_o absolute_a than_o in_o other_o neighbour_a kingdom_n and_o which_o be_v frame_v after_o the_o same_o gothic_a constitution_n its_o city_n and_o ancient_a borough_n which_o be_v in_o those_o time_n very_o considerable_a for_o strength_n trade_n and_o wealth_n and_o guard_v by_o so_o many_o law_n make_v in_o the_o saxon_a time_n shall_v not_o be_v think_v considerable_a enough_o to_o have_v any_o delegate_n in_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n till_o so_o long_a after_o the_o conquest_n as_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o which_o if_o we_o may_v believe_v the_o doctor_n be_v also_o intermit_v from_o that_o time_n for_o above_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o year_n till_o the_o 18_o the_o of_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o beside_o which_o i_o will_v also_o propose_v these_o far_a query_n concern_v the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o general_n as_o first_o if_o clerus_fw-la and_o populus_fw-la signify_v in_o our_o ancient_a author_n the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n which_o the_o doctor_n assert_n and_o i_o will_v not_o oppose_v then_o i_o will_v ask_v he_o why_o the_o same_o word_n clerus_fw-la include_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n viz._n dean_n archdeacon_n etc._n etc._n as_o well_o as_o the_o superior_a viz._n archbishop_n and_o bishop_n etc._n etc._n assemble_v in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o synod_n the_o word_n populus_fw-la must_v not_o be_v allow_v the_o same_o latitude_n of_o signification_n and_o extend_v to_o the_o gentry_n or_o less_o nobility_n together_o with_o the_o chief_a citizen_n and_o burgess_n by_o a_o like_a parity_n of_o reason_n unless_o he_o can_v make_v it_o out_o that_o clerus_fw-la must_v be_v understand_v in_o a_o very_a comprehensive_a sense_n and_o populus_fw-la in_o a_o very_a contract_a and_o narrow_a one_o only_o to_o mean_v great_a lord_n and_o nobleman_n of_o the_o high_a rank_n second_o i_o will_v desire_v to_o know_v of_o he_o what_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la and_o populi_n shall_v signify_v when_o put_v after_o and_o distinct_a from_o the_o word_n proceres_fw-la optimates_fw-la senatores_fw-la or_o senatus_n etc._n etc._n when_o these_o word_n occur_v in_o several_a ancient_a charter_n of_o our_o english-saxon_a king_n as_o well_o as_o historian_n that_o make_v any_o mention_n of_o the_o great_a council_n unless_o they_o mean_v the_o people_n or_o commons_o distinct_a from_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v here_o set_v down_o a_o few_o instance_n out_o of_o many_o both_o from_o charter_n law_n and_o historian_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v find_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n ethelred_n contain_v a_o grant_n and_o confirmation_n of_o several_a great_a privilege_n to_o the_o monastery_n of_o wolverhampton_n 2._o which_o conclude_v in_o these_o word_n haec_fw-la decreta_fw-la sunt_fw-la sigerici_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la in_o placito_fw-la corà m_fw-la rege_fw-la ethelredo_fw-la &_o eboracensi_fw-la archiepiscopo_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la regionis_fw-la britanniae_fw-la seu_fw-la senatoribus_fw-la ducibus_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la terrae_fw-la the_o next_o be_v the_o three_o charter_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o westminster_n make_v in_o a_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o last_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n 625._o and_o conclude_v thus_o hanc_fw-la igitùr_fw-la chartam_fw-la meae_fw-la donationis_fw-la &_o libertatis_fw-la in_o die_v dedicationis_fw-la praedictae_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la recitari_fw-la jussi_fw-la corà m_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la optimatibus_fw-la angliae_fw-la omnÃabque_fw-la populo_fw-la audiente_fw-la &_o vidente_fw-la now_o from_o both_o these_o charter_n it_o seem_v evident_a that_o by_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la the_o representative_n of_o city_n and_o borough_n be_v here_o mean_v and_o understand_v who_o be_v present_a at_o the_o seal_n of_o they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o great_a nobility_n viz._n the_o senator_n ealdorman_n and_o earl_n and_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n viz._n the_o thanes_z or_o freeholder_n include_v under_o the_o title_n of_o optimates_fw-la since_o the_o mere_a vulgar_a or_o mob_n can_v never_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o great_a council_n as_o witness_n to_o the_o solemn_a read_n and_o seal_v of_o those_o charter_n my_o three_o instance_n shall_v be_v that_o famous_a law_n concern_v the_o grant_n of_o tithe_n by_o king_n ethelwolf_n anno_fw-la dom._n 855._o which_o be_v cite_v in_o the_o 8._o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o confirm_v by_o king_n william_n the_o first_o under_o the_o title_n de_fw-fr apibus_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr aliis_fw-la minutis_fw-la decimis_fw-la wherein_o it_o be_v thus_o express_v haec_fw-la scilicet_fw-la these_o tithe_n concessa_fw-la sunt_fw-la à _fw-la rege_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la here_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la must_v signify_v a_o distinct_a order_n or_o degree_n of_o man_n from_o that_o of_o the_o barones_n this_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n be_v urge_v by_o mr._n petyt_n in_o his_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v the_o doctor_n pass_v over_o in_o silence_n but_o when_o the_o ingenious_a author_n of_o argumentum_fw-la antinormanicum_a make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o authority_n the_o doctor_n can_v no_o long_o contain_v himself_o 297._o but_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o that_o book_n tell_v he_o after_o a_o insult_a diminutive_a reflection_n upon_o his_o person_n that_o he_o think_v this_o law_n be_v make_v in_o king_n edward_n day_n and_o be_v piping-hot_a when_o the_o conqueror_n come_v in_o but_o he_o say_v it_o will_v prove_v otherwise_o upon_o examination_n of_o it_o and_o also_o doubtful_a whether_o there_o be_v ever_o such_o a_o law_n or_o not_o make_v by_o a_o saxon_a monarch_n or_o king_n ibid._n for_o after_o the_o law_n have_v enumerate_v the_o manner_n of_o tithing_n in_o very_a many_o thing_n both_o great_a and_o small_a require_v a_o exact_a ten_o to_o be_v pay_v for_o most_o of_o they_o it_o say_v that_o he_o which_o detain_v the_o ten_o if_o need_v be_v may_v be_v force_v to_o payment_n by_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o king_n and_o then_o immediate_o follow_v these_o word_n haec_fw-la autèm_fw-la praedicavit_fw-la beatus_fw-la augustinus_n &_o concessa_fw-la sunt_fw-la à _fw-la rege_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la sed_fw-la posteà _fw-la instinctu_fw-la diaboli_fw-la multi_fw-la eam_fw-la viz._n decimam_fw-la detinuerunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n these_o thing_n st._n augustine_n preach_v up_o and_o they_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o king_n baron_n and_o people_n etc._n etc._n the_o rest_n of_o the_o latin_a he_o there_o cite_v being_n not_o to_o the_o point_n in_o dispute_n i_o pass_v over_o yet_o i_o can_v but_o observe_v that_o from_o hence_o the_o doctor_n believe_v he_o have_v get_v a_o notable_a advantage_n over_o he_o for_o he_o thus_o proceed_v hence_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o these_o concession_n of_o tithe_n be_v make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o st._n augustine_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n send_v hither_o from_o rome_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o ethelbert_n king_n of_o kent_n for_o the_o word_n &_o concessa_fw-la sunt_fw-la à _fw-la rege_fw-la baronibus_fw-la et_fw-la populo_fw-la can_v relate_v to_o no_o other_o than_o the_o word_n immediate_o precede_v haec_fw-la enim_fw-la praedicavit_fw-la beatus_fw-la augustinus_n and_o the_o word_n next_o follow_v they_o do_v also_o prove_v the_o same_o sed_fw-la posteà _fw-la instinctu_fw-la diaboli_fw-la multi_fw-la eam_fw-la detinuerunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o be_v after_o they_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o king_n baron_n and_o people_n so_o that_o this_o be_v at_o most_o but_o the_o confirmation_n of_o a_o law_n make_v by_o king_n ethelbert_n and_o how_o and_o by_o what_o word_n the_o legislator_n be_v express_v near_o 500_o year_n after_o the_o law_n make_v and_o how_o they_o be_v render_v in_o latin_a after_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n transient_o and_o without_o design_n to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o they_o can_v be_v of_o much_o value_n to_o prove_v who_o they_o be_v and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n be_v make_v or_o at_o least_o translate_v into_o norman_a latin_a after_o the_o conquest_n appear_v by_o the_o word_n comites_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la servientes_fw-la servitium_n villanus_fw-la catalla_n manutenere_fw-mi all_o norman_a word_n and_o not_o know_v here_o till_o their_o come_n hither_o he_o that_o will_v assert_v any_o thing_n from_o a_o single_a uncouth_a expression_n in_o one_o case_n and_o upon_o one_o occasion_n only_o bring_v but_o a_o slender_a proof_n for_o what_o he_o say_v these_o be_v the_o doctor_n be_v own_o word_n which_o i_o have_v transcribe_v almost_o verbatim_o that_o
person_n alone_o subscribe_v their_o name_n now_o i_o will_v fain_o be_v satisfy_v from_o the_o learned_a doctor_n or_o any_o other_o who_o shall_v next_o undertake_v this_o controversy_n who_o this_o infinita_fw-la fidelium_fw-la multitudo_fw-la be_v that_o be_v here_o say_v to_o have_v approve_v of_o this_o charter_n unless_o they_o be_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o inferior_a nobility_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o nation_n together_o with_o the_o deputy_n of_o city_n and_o borough_n on_o who_o behalf_n the_o dignity_n be_v say_v to_o have_v subscribe_v their_o name_n since_o it_o have_v be_v very_o ridiculuos_fw-la for_o this_o charter_n to_o have_v mention_v the_o assent_n or_o approbation_n of_o the_o mob_n or_o mere_a vulgar_a that_o only_o look_v on_o at_o this_o assembly_n or_o to_o have_v take_v particular_a notice_n that_o these_o have_v not_o subscribe_v their_o name_n but_o only_o the_o person_n of_o great_a dignity_n i_o come_v next_o to_o consider_v in_o who_o the_o legislative_a power_n or_o that_o of_o enact_v and_o repeal_n law_n do_v then_o as_o well_o as_o now_o consist_v dr._n johnston_n in_o his_o excellency_n of_o monarchical_a government_n chap._n 24._o and_o other_o high_a assertor_n of_o the_o royal_a prerogative_n think_v they_o have_v do_v enough_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o power_n of_o enact_v law_n reside_v whole_o in_o the_o english-saxon_a king_n and_o for_o this_o they_o cite_v the_o 552._o title_n or_o preface_n to_o several_a law_n wherein_o the_o king_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o bishop_n and_o wites_z or_o wiseman_n strict_o charge_n and_o command_v such_o and_o such_o law_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o sometime_o he_o do_v it_o in_o his_o own_o person_n without_o mention_v any_o of_o they_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o preface_n to_o the_o law_n of_o king_n cnute_n and_o other_o place_n i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v the_o truth_n of_o any_o of_o the_o authority_n these_o gentleman_n produce_v but_o free_o confess_v that_o the_o king_n as_o head_n of_o the_o body_n politic_a or_o common-weal_n be_v often_o mention_v as_o if_o he_o himself_o make_v such_o and_o such_o a_o law_n as_o we_o say_v at_o this_o day_n the_o statute_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o or_o second_o though_o every_o body_n know_v that_o those_o law_n be_v enact_v with_o the_o consent_n and_o authority_n of_o parliament_n so_o under_o our_o english-saxon_a king_n though_o the_o king_n authority_n give_v sanction_n to_o the_o law_n and_o he_o may_v propter_fw-la excellentiam_fw-la personae_fw-la frequent_o bid_v and_o command_v in_o his_o own_o person_n yet_o it_o be_v still_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n as_o be_v consistent_a with_o the_o settle_a and_o receive_v constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o i_o dare_v maintain_v have_v not_o be_v alter_v in_o this_o point_n since_o that_o time_n some_o few_o authority_n of_o this_o sort_n i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o collect_v out_o of_o the_o same_o book_n these_o very_a gentleman_n have_v make_v use_n of_o to_o which_o i_o will_v also_o add_v some_o ancient_a charter_n of_o indisputable_a credit_n the_o first_o shall_v be_v from_o the_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n which_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o preface_n to_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n council_n 219._o where_o in_o a_o mycel_n synod_n several_a ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a law_n be_v make_v to_o these_o end_n viz._n ad_fw-la concordiam_fw-la publicam_fw-la promovendam_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la &_o assensum_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la principum_fw-la procerum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o omnium_fw-la sapientum_fw-la seniorum_fw-la &_o populorum_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o as_o for_o the_o conclusion_n of_o king_n alfred_n law_n which_o 193._o dr._n johnston_n urge_v for_o the_o king_n be_v sole_a power_n in_o make_v law_n they_o rather_o make_v against_o than_o for_o his_o opinion_n for_o he_o there_o show_v we_o that_o this_o king_n have_v command_v his_o law_n to_o be_v write_v those_o that_o he_o like_v not_o he_o with_o the_o council_n of_o his_o wites_z reject_v and_o those_o he_o like_v he_o bid_v or_o command_v to_o be_v hold_v where_o i_o desire_v the_o reader_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o he_o neither_o reject_v nor_o command_v these_o law_n but_o mid_a minra_n witena_n getheat_n in_o saxon_a that_o be_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o witena_n or_o council_n of_o wiseman_n who_o consent_n and_o approbation_n be_v certain_o necessary_a in_o those_o law_n as_o appear_v by_o these_o very_a word_n at_o their_o conclusion_n which_o the_o doctor_n himself_o have_v thus_o translate_v out_o of_o saxon_a i_o alfred_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n show_v all_o these_o law_n to_o all_o my_o wites_z i._n e._n council_n of_o nobility_n or_o wiseman_n and_o they_o say_v they_o all_o like_v or_o be_v please_v they_o shall_v be_v hold_v and_o that_o the_o saxon_a word_n getheat_n signify_v somewhat_o more_o than_o bare_a counsel_n or_o advice_n you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o title_n to_o king_n athelstan_n law_n 848._o which_o be_v thus_o haec_fw-la sunt_fw-la judicia_fw-la quae_fw-la sapientes_fw-la exoniae_fw-la consilio_fw-la adelstani_fw-la regis_fw-la instituerunt_fw-la &_o iterùm_fw-la apud_fw-la fueresham_n &_o tertiâ_fw-la vice_fw-la apud_fw-la thundresfeldium_fw-la ubi_fw-la hoc_fw-la definitum_fw-la simul_fw-la &_o confirmatum_fw-la est_fw-la here_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o sapientes_fw-la the_o wites_z or_o wiseman_n be_v say_v to_o institute_v or_o make_v these_o judgement_n or_o law_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o king_n and_o not_o he_o by_o they_o three_o i_o will_v present_v you_o with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n ethelred_n law_n 894._o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o same_o author_n and_o there_o we_o meet_v with_o these_o word_n hoc_fw-la est_fw-la concilium_fw-la quod_fw-la ethelredus_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o sapientes_fw-la svi_fw-la condixerunt_fw-la ad_fw-la emendationem_fw-la &_o augmentum_fw-la pacis_fw-la omni_fw-la populo_fw-la apud_fw-la wodestocam_fw-la in_o mercena_n landa_n id_fw-la est_fw-la in_fw-la terra_fw-la mercenorum_n four_o to_o another_o body_n of_o law_n make_v by_o the_o same_o king_n ethelred_n 895._o you_o will_v find_v this_o title_n hae_fw-la sunt_fw-la leges_fw-la quas_fw-la ethelredus_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o sapientes_fw-la svi_fw-la constituerunt_fw-la apud_fw-la venetyngum_fw-la ad_fw-la emendationem_fw-la pacis_fw-la &_o faelicitatis_fw-la incrementum_fw-la by_o these_o two_o last_o title_n prefix_v to_o king_n ethelred_n decree_n the_o reader_n may_v please_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o concilium_fw-la in_o the_o first_o of_o they_o do_v not_o there_o signify_v bare_o advice_n or_o counsel_n though_o if_o it_o do_v only_o do_v that_o it_o will_v make_v but_o little_a to_o these_o gentleman_n purpose_n but_o it_o must_v and_o can_v do_v nothing_o else_o here_o than_o intend_v and_o mean_v the_o law_n and_o statute_n which_o be_v make_v in_o this_o great_a assembly_n not_o by_o king_n ethelred_n alone_o but_o by_o he_o and_o his_o wiseman_n this_o you_o find_v in_o both_o of_o they_o for_o what_o be_v call_v concilium_fw-la in_o the_o former_a the_o latter_a title_n call_v leges_fw-la and_o be_v all_o enact_v by_o the_o joint_n and_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o great_a council_n i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o give_v you_o a_o few_o instance_n from_o ancient_a charter_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o out_o of_o the_o great_a register_n of_o abingdon_n abovecited_a which_o be_v thus_o 31._o ego_fw-la ecberht_n rex_fw-la occidentalium_fw-la saxonum_n cum_fw-la licentia_fw-la &_o consensu_fw-la totius_fw-la gentis_fw-la nostrae_fw-la &_o vnanimitate_fw-la omnium_fw-la optimatum_fw-la etc._n etc._n from_o whence_o i_o shall_v observe_v that_o as_o ancient_a as_o the_o time_n of_o king_n egbert_n the_o whole_a english-saxon_a nation_n as_o well_o as_o the_o chief_a man_n of_o it_o be_v say_v to_o give_v not_o only_o their_o consent_n but_o their_o licence_n to_o this_o charter_n without_o which_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o unanimity_n of_o these_o chief_a man_n will_v have_v signify_v little_a the_o second_o charter_n be_v that_o of_o king_n cnute_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o briadricesworth_n afterward_o call_v st._n edmundsbury_n now_o in_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n remembrancer_n of_o the_o exchequer_n the_o beginning_n of_o which_o run_v thus_o 58._o ego_fw-la cnute_n rex_fw-la totius_fw-la albionis_fw-la insulae_fw-la &_o aliarum_fw-la nationum_fw-la plurimarum_fw-la in_fw-la cathedrâ_fw-la regali_fw-la promotus_fw-la finem_fw-la cum_fw-la concilio_n &_o decreto_fw-la archiepiscoporum_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la abbatum_fw-la comitum_fw-la aliorúmque_fw-la omnium_fw-la fidelium_fw-la elegi_fw-la sanciend_n this_o charter_n be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o make_v by_o a_o prince_n who_o come_v in_o partly_o by_o force_n and_o therefore_o one_o may_v have_v think_v he_o will_v have_v exert_v a_o more_o absolute_a power_n in_o make_v law_n by_o his_o sole_a authority_n and_o yet_o we_o find_v he_o so_o far_o from_o pretend_v to_o do_v that_o that_o he_o grant_v
interest_n education_n or_o course_n of_o life_n and_o i_o can_v but_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o man_n who_o head_n seem_v frame_v for_o such_o a_o set_v of_o notion_n rather_o than_o other_o which_o make_v they_o that_o they_o can_v easy_o digest_v any_o thing_n that_o clash_v with_o they_o but_o i_o do_v not_o pretend_v to_o be_v infallible_a or_o to_o propose_v my_o sense_n as_o a_o rule_n and_o standard_n to_o all_o other_o homo_fw-la sum_fw-la nihil_fw-la humanum_fw-la à _fw-la i_o alienum_fw-la puto_fw-la as_o the_o comic_a poet_n have_v long_o since_o well_o observe_v one_o thing_n indeed_o i_o think_v i_o may_v pretend_v to_o in_o this_o undertake_n and_o that_o be_v integrity_n for_o i_o look_v upon_o it_o a_o much_o vile_a thing_n either_o to_o falsify_v or_o conceal_v part_n of_o a_o authority_n that_o make_v against_o one_o and_o use_v only_o so_o much_o as_o shall_v serve_v a_o present_a turn_v that_o it_o be_v to_o pick_v a_o pocket_n and_o as_o it_o be_v of_o far_o more_o dangerous_a consequence_n to_o the_o public_a if_o not_o find_v out_o i_o must_v say_v it_o be_v likewise_o more_o easy_o to_o be_v discover_v since_o every_o man_n may_v if_o he_o please_v consult_v the_o author_n that_o such_o writer_n make_v use_v of_o and_o so_o detect_v the_o fraud_n but_o for_o those_o who_o think_v they_o may_v differ_v from_o i_o in_o some_o thing_n with_o good_a reason_n and_o authority_n and_o will_v please_v by_o their_o learned_a labour_n to_o give_v the_o world_n any_o better_a information_n and_o account_n of_o these_o matter_n than_o i_o have_v do_v i_o shall_v be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v displease_v at_o they_o that_o i_o shall_v upon_o full_a satisfaction_n ready_o own_v myself_o very_o much_o in_o their_o debt_n for_o make_v the_o world_n and_o i_o so_o much_o the_o wise_a only_o i_o must_v desire_v to_o be_v treat_v as_o one_o who_o if_o i_o chance_v to_o be_v under_o any_o error_n be_o not_o so_o wilful_o nor_o as_o i_o think_v without_o great_a appearance_n of_o reason_n and_o authority_n on_o my_o side_n since_o i_o call_v god_n to_o witness_v that_o neither_o from_o a_o vain_a ambition_n of_o glory_n nor_o prospect_n of_o any_o temporal_a advantage_n nor_o design_n of_o gratify_v any_o party_n or_o faction_n have_v i_o write_v any_o thing_n that_o may_v disgust_v man_n of_o different_a principle_n and_o notion_n and_o i_o thank_v god_n for_o this_o great_a blessing_n to_o we_o that_o we_o live_v in_o a_o time_n when_o we_o may_v not_o only_o think_v or_o speak_v but_o also_o safe_o write_v what_o we_o believe_v to_o be_v the_o truth_n to_o which_o all_o mankind_n do_v owe_v allegiance_n and_o therefore_o i_o hope_v i_o never_o shall_v abuse_v that_o invaluable_a liberty_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o government_n or_o that_o excellent_a constitute_v church_n of_o which_o i_o own_v myself_o a_o member_n be_v full_o satisfy_v that_o the_o main_a end_n of_o all_o our_o write_n ought_v to_o be_v for_o the_o honour_n of_o god_n and_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n the_o table_n to_o the_o preface_n and_o introduction_n a._n have_v on_o the_o case_n how_o ancient_a page_n 126_o adultery_n its_o punishment_n 125_o aetheling_n the_o title_n what_o it_o be_v 72_o st._n alban_n his_o suffering_n most_o probable_o a_o legend_n 24_o 25_o 26_o king_n alfred_n his_o preface_n to_o pope_n gregory_n pastoral_n 11._o his_o testament_n with_o observation_n upon_o it_o 51_o 52_o allodium_fw-la land_n hâ—ld_v in_o allodio_n 118_o 119_o annal_n saxon_n a_o brief_a account_n of_o they_o and_o their_o translation_n 10_o 11_o ancient_a demesne_n tenant_n therein_o 121_o antiquity_n of_o the_o ordeal_o 124._o of_o the_o distinction_n between_o manslaughter_n and_o murder_n 126_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o york_n ancient_o of_o equal_a dignity_n and_o power_n 116_o asser_n menevensis_n a_o account_n of_o he_o and_o his_o write_n 12_o 13_o b._n baro_n its_o ancient_a signification_n 93_o 94._o when_o it_o come_v first_o in_o common_a use_n 102_o barones_n comitatû_n what_o they_o be_v 96_o bede_n the_o first_o english_a historian_n 10_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n often_o bestow_v by_o the_o election_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o saxon-time_n 113_o 114_o bishop_n sometime_o deprive_v by_o the_o same_o council_n 115_o 116_o blasphemy_n vid._n swear_v and_o curse_v bocland_n what_o it_o be_v 118._o the_o same_o with_o land_n in_o allodio_n 119_o dr._n brady_n his_o error_n concern_v the_o english-saxon_a succession_n 50_o 51_o etc._n etc._n britain_n how_o divide_v under_o the_o roman_n pag._n 31_o 32_o bromton_n john_n a_o account_n of_o the_o chronicle_n that_o pass_v under_o his_o name_n 16_o burglary_n how_o punishable_a 126_o burhwitan_n or_o burhwara_n who_o they_o be_v 80_o c._n caradoc_n of_o lancarvon_n his_o welsh_a chronicle_n 15_o ceorl_n or_o ceorl_n man_n i._n e._n countryman_n his_o privilege_n 77_o chancellor_n whence_o derive_v and_o the_o antiquity_n of_o that_o office_n 73_o clip_v and_o coin_v of_o money_n its_o punishment_n 126_o coin_v of_o money_n a_o prerogative_n of_o the_o crown_n 67_o colonus_n its_o signification_n 121_o combat_n single_a or_o duel_n 125_o comes_n littoris_fw-la saxonici_fw-la who_o he_o be_v 33_o commons_o present_a in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 88-101_a to_o have_v be_v also_o present_a there_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o k._n william_n i._n 97._o prove_v also_o to_o have_v a_o right_n by_o prescription_n before_o his_o time_n 98_o compurgator_n who_o 125_o conquest_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o norman_n which_o be_v no_o more_o than_o invasion_n never_o alter_v this_o government_n or_o law_n in_o any_o of_o its_o substantial_a part_n 127_o contract_n or_o compact_a original_a between_o the_o first_o english_a saxon_n king_n and_o their_o subject_n prove_v 69_o 70._o and_o that_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o coronation-oath_n 71_o 72_o coronation_n of_o our_o king_n whence_o derive_v 16_o coronation-oath_n its_o form_n before_o the_o pretend_a conquest_n 58_o cost_v recover_v of_o cost_v and_o damage_n how_o ancient_a pag._n 126_o great_a council_n of_o the_o wites_z for_o what_o end_v they_o be_v establish_v 41_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n its_o original_a 86-88_a the_o person_n of_o who_o it_o consist_v 87-102_a these_o council_n often_o meet_v in_o the_o open_a air_n 104._o it_o be_v power_n in_o make_v law_n 105-08_a county_n their_o division_n more_o ancient_a than_o the_o reign_n of_o k._n alfred_n 84_o the_o county-court_n what_o 84_o court_n of_o justice_n in_o england_n how_o many_o they_o be_v under_o the_o saxon_a king_n 80_o 85_o court-baron_n their_o original_a 82_o craig_n sir_n thomas_n his_o objection_n against_o the_o truth_n and_o antiquity_n of_o our_o english_a historian_n consider_v 18-23_a crown_n of_o england_n not_o bequeathable_a by_o the_o testament_n of_o the_o english-saxon_a king_n 51_o 52_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la its_o signification_n 85_o d._n danegelt_n first_o impose_v by_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o wites_z 120_o the_o decennary_n or_o tything-court_n what_o 81_o defamation_n how_o punishable_a 126_o degree_n of_o man_n that_o constitute_v the_o common-weal_n 72-80_a demesne_n of_o the_o crown_n can_v not_o be_v grant_v away_o even_o to_o pious_a use_v by_o the_o english-saxon_a king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n 68_o deprivation_n of_o english_a saxon_a king_n 68_o of_o bishop_n by_o the_o great_a council_n 115_o 116_o deputy_n of_o city_n and_o great_a town_n how_o ancient_a 95_o disposition_n of_o good_n and_o personal_a estate_n either_o by_o deed_n or_o last_o will_n 121_o doom_n or_o judgment-book_n 127_o durham_n simeon_n who_o he_o be_v 15_o dux_n britanniae_fw-la what_o he_o be_v 33_o e._n eadmerus_n his_o history_n pag._n 14_o ealdorman_n the_o title_n 73_o east-angle_n the_o succession_n of_o their_o king_n 45_o east-saxon_a king_n their_o succession_n 43_o ecclesiastical_a law_n by_o who_o make_v 108-113_a ecclesiastical_a power_n settle_v at_o first_o under_o the_o two_o archbishop_n of_o canâ—erbury_n and_o york_n 116_o eddi_n stephen_n author_n of_o the_o life_n of_o bishop_n wilfred_n with_o a_o brief_a account_n of_o he_o 10_o edward_n the_o confessor_n the_o manner_n of_o his_o election_n 61_o electus_n &_o eligerunt_fw-la their_o true_a signification_n 55_o 56_o encomium_fw-la emmae_fw-la 14_o english-saxons_a vid._n saxon_n eorl_n 74_o ethelwerd_n surname_v quaestor_n a_o account_n of_o he_o and_o his_o work_n 14_o f._n feng_n to_o rice_n the_o meaning_n of_o that_o saxon_a phrase_n 55_o feudal_n land_n what_o 122_o fideles_fw-la who_o they_o be_v in_o the_o saxon_a government_n 107_o fidelium_fw-la multitudo_fw-la in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n ethelwulf_n what_o it_o signify_v 104_o 105_o fine_n and_o mulct_n their_o difference_n set_v down_o in_o a_o
britanniae_fw-la but_o the_o great_a work_n do_v by_o he_o in_o this_o island_n be_v the_o build_n of_o a_o wall_n fourscore_o mile_n in_o length_n across_o the_o island_n adriano_n from_o solway_n frith_n upon_o the_o irish_a sea_n to_o the_o mouth_n of_o tine_n by_o new_a castle_n on_o the_o german_a ocean_n lay_v the_o foundation_n thereof_o with_o huge_a pile_n and_o stake_n drive_v deep_o into_o the_o earth_n and_o fasten_v together_o in_o manner_n of_o a_o strong_a rampire_n or_o mound_n this_o he_o do_v to_o keep_v out_o the_o caledonian_n from_o infest_v the_o roman_a province_n who_o can_v not_o it_o seem_v be_v contain_v within_o those_o far_a fortification_n raise_v by_o agricola_n between_o glota_n and_o bodotria_n now_o the_o frith_n of_o edinburgh_n and_o dun_n britton_n by_o which_o the_o northern_a and_o more_o barbarous_a britain_n have_v more_o room_n to_o inhabit_v and_o quit_v those_o cold_a country_n enclose_v only_o the_o warm_a and_o rich_a part_n of_o the_o island_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o well_o in_o britain_n as_o the_o east_n be_v reduce_v to_o more_o convenient_a compass_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o emperor_n priscus_n licinius_n be_v also_o propraetor_n or_o lieutenant_n in_o this_o island_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o ancient_a inscription_n late_o find_v near_o this_o wall_n which_o mention_n this_o licinius_n to_o have_v be_v not_o only_o propraetor_n of_o britain_n but_o also_o before_o of_o capadocia_n and_o to_o have_v be_v praefect_n over_o the_o four_o legion_n as_o also_o to_o have_v be_v honour_v with_o a_o military_a banner_n by_o hadrian_n in_o his_o jewish_a expedition_n as_o may_v be_v see_v at_o large_a in_o this_o inscription_n in_o mr._n camden_n britannia_n i_o have_v nothing_o to_o add_v in_o this_o reign_n relate_v to_o britain_n more_o than_o that_o geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n make_v king_n marius_n to_o have_v die_v about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 132_o and_o to_o have_v leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o son_n coil_n who_o love_v the_o roman_n and_o be_v honour_v by_o they_o so_o that_o pay_v his_o tribute_n and_o receive_v their_o protection_n he_o fill_v up_o a_o long_a and_o peaceable_a reign_n govern_v britain_n many_o year_n to_o hadrian_n succeed_v antoninus_n pius_n at_o who_o first_o come_v to_o the_o throne_n that_o law_n be_v make_v cxxxviii_o whereby_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n be_v make_v free_a citizen_n of_o rome_n by_o which_o edict_n the_o southern_a britain_n cxxxviii_o within_o hadrians_n wall_n as_o well_o as_o other_o province_n enjoy_v that_o privilege_n but_o the_o brigantes_n ever_o lest_o patient_a of_o foreign_a servitude_n break_v in_o upon_o genoani_fw-la which_o camden_n guess_v aught_o to_o be_v read_v guinethia_n or_o north_n wales_n than_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a province_n be_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o much_o of_o their_o territory_n arcad._n drive_v back_o by_o lollius_n urbicus_n lieutenant_n here_o who_o draw_v another_o wall_n make_v of_o earth_n and_o piles_n beyond_o the_o former_a wall_n of_o adrian_n and_o as_o mr._n camden_n prove_v from_o capitolinus_n extend_v itself_o between_o the_o frith_n of_o dunbritton_n and_o edinburgh_n pio._n keep_v out_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o northern_a britain_n for_o these_o achievement_n this_o emperor_n receive_v the_o sir_n name_n of_o britannâ—cus_n tho'_o the_o war_n be_v manage_v by_o his_o lieutenant_n it_o be_v also_o record_v in_o the_o digest_v that_o seius_n saturninus_n 39_o have_v then_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o roman_a navy_n on_o the_o british_a shore_n marcus_n aurelius_n antoninus_n call_v also_o the_o philosopher_n succeed_v antoninus_n pius_n clxii_o have_v be_v before_o by_o he_o adopt_v and_o declare_v caesar_n in_o who_o time_n britain_n impatient_a of_o foreign_a subjection_n again_o raise_v new_a commotion_n for_o the_o appease_n whereof_o calphurnius_fw-la agricola_n be_v send_v lieutenant_n the_o surname_n of_o agricola_n no_o doubt_n be_v terrible_a to_o the_o britaâ—ns_n who_o can_v not_o but_o remember_v the_o great_a overthrow_n they_o have_v receive_v former_o under_o a_o general_n of_o that_o name_n and_o indeed_o these_o commotion_n last_v not_o long_o after_o his_o arrival_n but_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v end_v with_o fortunate_a success_n for_o which_o it_o be_v likely_a there_o be_v make_v that_o inscription_n ingratititude_n to_o the_o syrian_a goddess_n which_o have_v be_v of_o late_a year_n dig_v up_o out_o of_o the_o earth_n near_a adrian_n now_o call_v the_o pict_n wall_n but_o this_o be_v more_o certain_a that_o the_o glory_n of_o have_v dispatch_v this_o war_n so_o soon_o capitolinus_fw-la be_v by_o fronto_n the_o roman_a orator_n ascribe_v to_o this_o prince_n in_o a_o panegyric_n make_v in_o his_o praise_n where_o he_o tell_v he_o that_o although_o sit_v at_o home_n in_o his_o palace_n at_o rome_n he_o have_v give_v commission_n to_o another_o general_n for_o the_o war_n yet_o like_o the_o pilot_n of_o a_o galley_n sit_v at_o the_o stern_a and_o guide_v the_o helm_n he_o deserve_v the_o honour_n of_o the_o whole_a expedition_n nothing_o else_o be_v record_v of_o britain_n during_o antoninus_n his_o reign_n save_v that_o helvius_n pertinax_n afterward_o emperor_n be_v employ_v in_o these_o war_n be_v call_v hither_o from_o his_o service_n against_o the_o parthian_n and_o here_o for_o some_o time_n afterward_o remain_v lieutenant_n about_o the_o end_n of_o this_o emperor_n reign_n according_a to_o geoffrey_n coil_n the_o tributary_n king_n of_o the_o britain_n die_v leave_v his_o son_n lucius_n for_o his_o successor_n who_o by_o nennius_n be_v call_v lhe_n and_o surnamed_n by_o the_o britain_n lever_n maur_n that_o be_v the_o great_a light_n to_o marcus_n aurelius_n succeed_v commodus_n his_o son_n have_v before_o be_v make_v partner_n of_o the_o empire_n with_o his_o father_n clxxx_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o who_o reign_n king_n lucius_n above_o mention_v be_v by_o bede_n suppose_v to_o have_v send_v to_o eleutherius_fw-la 1._o then_o bishop_n of_o rome_n desire_v that_o by_o his_o mean_n he_o may_v be_v make_v a_o christian_a the_o relation_n you_o may_v find_v more_o at_o large_a in_o archbishop_n iii_o usher_v de_n brit._n eccles._n ant._n from_o the_o old_a book_n of_o landaffe_n which_o relate_v this_o king_n send_v two_o ambassador_n to_o the_o pope_n beseech_v he_o that_o by_o his_o mean_n he_o may_v be_v make_v a_o christian_a and_o he_o do_v not_o long_o after_o obtain_v his_o request_n and_o so_o the_o britain_n till_o the_o time_n of_o dioclesian_n maintain_v the_o christian_a faith_n without_o any_o disturbance_n this_o be_v the_o account_n which_o bede_n have_v give_v we_o though_o there_o be_v other_o but_o more_o modern_a historian_n that_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o give_v a_o much_o different_a and_o large_a relation_n of_o this_o matter_n and_o do_v not_o only_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o tell_v we_o the_o message_n but_o also_o who_o where_o the_o messenger_n that_o carry_v it_o the_o old_a book_n of_o landaffe_n as_o also_o divers_a other_o monkish-writer_n call_v they_o eloanus_n and_o medwinus_n clxxx_o but_o will._n of_o malemsbury_n in_o his_o antiquity_n late_o print_v at_o oxford_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o glastenbury_n call_v they_o faganus_n and_o deravianus_n and_o other_o faganus_n and_o damianus_n yet_o though_o they_o differ_v about_o the_o name_n of_o these_o man_n they_o all_o agree_v that_o these_o be_v sufficient_o instruct_v in_o the_o christian_a faith_n and_o baptise_a be_v send_v back_o to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n here_o who_o at_o their_o return_n convert_v king_n lucius_n and_o his_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o christianity_n but_o as_o for_o the_o story_n itself_o it_o be_v think_v by_o several_a learned_a man_n to_o be_v of_o very_o suspicious_a credit_n for_o tho'_o bede_n place_v lucius_n his_o writing_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 156_o and_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o marcus_n antoninus_n verus_n and_o aurelius_n commodus_n his_o brother_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a from_o the_o best_a account_n in_o chronology_n that_o neither_o antoninus_n then_o succeed_v to_o the_o empire_n nor_o be_v eleutherius_fw-la choose_a pope_n till_o near_o twenty_o year_n after_o that_o time_n and_o beside_o all_o this_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o difference_n among_o our_o historian_n as_o well_o ancient_a as_o modern_a about_o this_o matter_n that_o arch_a bishop_n usher_n have_v give_v we_o above_o twenty_o different_a account_n some_o whereof_o differ_v from_o this_o of_o bede_n as_o also_o from_o each_o other_o some_o twenty_o some_o thirty_o year_n nay_o some_o forty_o and_o other_o near_o fifty_o year_n only_o this_o must_v be_v acknowlege_v that_o they_o all_o agree_v that_o such_o a_o embassy_n be_v send_v by_o lucius_n in_o the_o papacy_n of_o eleutherius_fw-la and_o that_o the_o pope_n return_v such_o a_o answer_n
to_o it_o now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o he_o be_v not_o choose_v pope_n till_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 171_o at_o the_o soon_o or_o according_a to_o eusebius_n chronicle_n till_o 176_o and_o so_o lucius_n conversion_n must_v have_v happen_v in_o the_o time_n of_o marcus_n aurelius_n to_o which_o time_n the_o english_a saxon_a annal_n as_o also_o bede_n himself_o with_o divers_a other_o of_o our_o ancient_a historian_n as_o well_o foreign_a as_o english_a do_v refer_v it_o though_o roger_n of_o wendover_n and_o other_o author_n about_o the_o same_o age_n refer_v it_o to_o anno_fw-la dom._n 184_o which_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o second_o or_o three_o year_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o commodus_n which_o seem_v most_o likely_a if_o it_o be_v ever_o do_v at_o all_o but_o that_o there_o be_v never_o any_o such_o king_n seem_v to_o some_o learned_a man_n very_o probable_a since_o gildas_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o any_o such_o thing_n but_o say_v the_o time_n of_o christ_n being_n first_o preach_v in_o this_o island_n be_v as_o early_o as_o the_o first_o conquest_n of_o it_o by_o the_o roman_n beside_o which_o the_o monk_n who_o have_v since_o new_o dress_v up_o this_o story_n not_o only_o make_v he_o to_o have_v be_v king_n of_o all_o britain_n but_o to_o have_v settle_v christianity_n in_o all_o part_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o instead_o of_o flamen_n and_o arch-flaman_n in_o the_o chief_a city_n as_o london_n york_n etc._n etc._n to_o have_v place_v the_o arch-bishop_n and_o bishop_n in_o their_o room_n which_o be_v impossible_a to_o be_v true_a since_o the_o title_n of_o archbishop_n be_v not_o then_o know_v in_o the_o church_n nor_o can_v lucius_n settle_v christianity_n all_o over_o britain_n which_o be_v then_o either_o under_o the_o power_n of_o the_o roman_n or_o else_o what_o remain_v unconquered_a be_v absolute_o heathen_a and_o barbarous_a at_o the_o time_n of_o this_o suppose_a conversion_n but_o however_o i_o think_v we_o may_v safe_o follow_v antiquit._n archbishop_n usher_n and_o 62._o doctor_n stillingfleet_n in_o allow_v the_o common_a tradition_n of_o king_n lucius_n and_o that_o he_o have_v regal_a authority_n under_o the_o roman_n in_o some_o part_n of_o this_o island_n since_o the_o two_o coin_n see_v by_o the_o say_v arch_a bishop_n the_o one_o of_o gold_n and_o the_o other_o of_o silver_n with_o the_o image_n of_o a_o king_n on_o they_o and_o the_o letter_n luc_n with_o a_o cross_n do_v sufficient_o evidence_n it_o but_o in_o what_o part_n of_o britain_n he_o govern_v whether_o as_o successor_n to_o prasutagus_n among_o the_o iceni_n or_o else_o be_v king_n of_o the_o belgae_n or_o be_v successor_n to_o cogidunus_n over_o the_o regni_n in_o those_o part_n that_o we_o now_o call_v surrey_n and_o sussex_n i_o will_v not_o take_v upon_o i_o to_o determine_v tho'_o i_o rather_o incline_v to_o the_o last_o be_v dr._n stillingfleet_n opinion_n for_o the_o reason_n and_o conjecture_n he_o give_v we_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n clxxx_o but_o as_o for_o the_o letter_n pretend_v to_o have_v be_v write_v by_o pope_n eleutherius_fw-la to_o king_n lucius_n tho'_o they_o be_v insert_v among_o the_o law_n of_o k._n edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o be_v also_o to_o be_v find_v in_o a_o old_a book_n of_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v you_o with_o the_o content_n of_o they_o since_o they_o plain_o discover_v their_o imposture_n to_o any_o man_n at_o all_o verse_v in_o antiquity_n i_o have_v no_o more_o to_o add_v concern_v this_o king_n but_o that_o the_o grison_n make_v he_o to_o have_v be_v their_o apostle_n and_o to_o have_v first_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o their_o country_n and_o show_v his_o tomb_n at_o cloir_n to_o this_o day_n which_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n agree_v with_o our_o british_a as_o well_o as_o english_a historian_n who_o all_o suppose_v that_o he_o die_v in_o his_o own_o country_n without_o any_o child_n about_o but_o to_o return_v again_o to_o the_o civil_a history_n of_o britain_n we_o further_o find_v that_o under_o the_o emperor_n commodus_n britain_n as_o well_o as_o other_o country_n be_v much_o infest_a with_o waâ—s_n and_o sedition_n clxxxvii_o for_o xiphiline_n in_o his_o epitome_n of_o dion_n relate_v that_o the_o british_a war_n be_v the_o great_a of_o all_o other_o because_o the_o britain_n have_v break_v through_o the_o wall_n which_o divide_v their_o territory_n from_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n have_v lay_v waste_v many_o place_n and_o have_v cut_v off_o the_o roman_a general_n together_o with_o his_o army_n whereupon_o commodus_n terrify_v with_o this_o rebellion_n send_v ulpius_n marcellus_n against_o they_o who_o be_v a_o sober_a and_o modest_a man_n and_o live_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o a_o common_a soldier_n he_o be_v also_o stout_a anâ—_n magnanimous_a in_o his_o warlike_a expedition_n but_o tho'_o he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v corrupt_v with_o money_n yet_o be_v not_o at_o all_o complaisant_a in_o his_o conversation_n but_o as_o for_o the_o other_o example_n this_o author_n give_v we_o of_o his_o great_a vigilance_n and_o temperance_n they_o be_v so_o trivial_a that_o they_o do_v not_o merit_v any_o particular_a relation_n and_o i_o can_v have_v wish_v that_o xiphilin_n his_o epitomator_n will_v have_v be_v more_o spare_v in_o his_o character_n and_o large_a upon_o the_o action_n of_o this_o great_a man_n for_o all_o he_o tell_v we_o further_o of_o he_o be_v that_o he_o do_v very_o great_a mischief_n to_o the_o barbarous_a people_n in_o britain_n for_o which_o he_o be_v very_o near_o be_v make_v away_o by_o commodus_n because_o of_o his_o virtue_n yet_o that_o nevertheless_o he_o let_v he_o alone_o britain_n be_v again_o bring_v to_o obedience_n by_o so_o worthy_a a_o commander_n after_o he_o be_v recall_v begin_v to_o fall_v into_o more_o dangerous_a commotion_n for_o aelius_n lampridius_n in_o his_o life_n of_o this_o emperor_n tell_v we_o that_o now_o stubbornness_n begin_v to_o break_v into_o the_o roman_a camp_n and_o the_o military_a discipline_n of_o the_o british_a army_n be_v relax_v the_o soldier_n begin_v to_o refuse_v to_o obey_v commodus_n and_o will_v have_v set_v up_o another_o emperor_n against_o he_o for_o perennis_n who_o be_v than_o in_o high_a power_n with_o his_o prince_n removing_z senators_z set_z man_n only_o of_o the_o equestrial_a order_n to_o command_v the_o british_a army_n which_o be_v make_v know_v by_o their_o lieutenant_n perennis_n be_v declare_v a_o public_a enemy_n by_o the_o soldier_n for_o as_o dion_n far_a relate_v the_o army_n in_o britain_n mutiny_v against_o perennis_n send_v no_o less_o than_o 1500_o of_o their_o own_o number_n into_o italy_n to_o represent_v their_o grievance_n at_o rome_n and_o be_v admit_v to_o the_o emperor_n presence_n they_o tell_v he_o that_o the_o reason_n of_o their_o come_n be_v to_o let_v he_o know_v that_o perennis_n have_v conspire_v against_o he_o and_o endeavour_v to_o make_v his_o son_n emperor_n to_o which_o commodus_n give_v credit_n at_o the_o instigation_n of_o cleander_n immediate_o deliver_v up_o perennis_n tho'_o then_o praefectus_fw-la pretorii_n to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o praetorian_a band_n who_o he_o then_o command_v who_o soon_o dispatch_v he_o but_o commodus_n list_v those_o 1500_o who_o be_v send_v out_o of_o britain_n among_o those_o band_n who_o be_v his_o guard_n perennis_n be_v thus_o dispatch_v commodus_n send_v hâ—â—vius_n pertinax_n afterward_o emperor_n in_o to_o britain_n pertia_fw-la though_o he_o be_v then_o employ_v against_o the_o parthian_n who_o when_o he_o come_v hither_o do_v what_o he_o can_v to_o hinder_v the_o soldier_n from_o sedition_n clxxxvii_o who_o will_v rather_o have_v have_v any_o other_o man_n for_o their_o emperor_n than_o commodus_n and_o especial_o pertinax_n himself_o yet_o he_o then_o undergo_v the_o censure_n of_o a_o envious_a person_n because_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v accuse_v antistius_n burrbus_n and_o aristius_n antonius_n to_o commodus_n of_o affect_v the_o empire_n so_o that_o though_o he_o quell_v some_o sedition_n in_o britain_n yet_o he_o escape_v a_o great_a danger_n be_v almost_o kill_v in_o a_o mutiny_n of_o one_o of_o the_o legion_n and_o leave_v for_o dead_a among_o the_o slay_a which_o fact_n though_o pertinax_n severe_o revenge_v it_o upon_o the_o mutineer_n yet_o afterward_o he_o ask_v leave_v to_o be_v dismiss_v of_o his_o government_n allege_v that_o the_o legion_n be_v displease_v with_o he_o for_o hold_v they_o too_o close_o to_o discipline_n have_v thus_o receive_v a_o successor_n he_o be_v after_o some_o time_n make_v proconsul_n of_o africa_n after_o pertinax_n clodius_n albinus_n a_o man_n of_o great_a birth_n and_o valour_n albino_n be_v make_v lieutenant_n of_o britain_n he_o have_v before_o get_v himself_o a_o great_a reputation_n while_o he_o govern_v gaul_n but_o rout_v
grant_n to_o have_v be_v a_o very_a credulous_a trivial_a writer_n and_o to_o have_v vent_v a_o great_a many_o fable_n three_o that_o tho'_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o h._n huntingdon_n both_o make_v mention_n of_o this_o arthur_n and_o his_o victory_n over_o the_o saxon_n yet_o that_o the_o latter_a take_v all_o he_o have_v write_v concern_v he_o from_o nennius_n as_o the_o former_a do_v either_o from_o he_o or_o else_o from_o some_o monkish_a legend_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o glastenbury_n and_o that_o he_o know_v no_o more_o of_o this_o arthur_n above_o 500_o year_n ago_o when_o he_o write_v his_o history_n than_o we_o do_v at_o this_o day_n last_o that_o the_o pretend_a history_n of_o geoffâ—ry_n of_o monmouth_n have_v make_v such_o incredible_a romance_n concern_v this_o prince_n action_n and_o conquest_n not_o only_o in_o britain_n dxx_o but_o in_o france_n scotland_n ireland_n norway_n and_o other_o country_n as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o shock_v the_o credit_n of_o his_o whole_a history_n it_o be_v a_o likely_a matter_n that_o he_o who_o can_v not_o maintain_v his_o own_o country_n shall_v have_v force_n and_o leisure_n sufficient_a to_o conquer_v the_o kingdom_n of_o so_o many_o foreign_a prince_n to_o each_o of_o which_o objection_n we_o shall_v return_v these_o answer_n that_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o to_o gildas_n his_o not_o mention_v he_o it_o be_v at_o the_o best_a but_o a_o negative_a argument_n since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o he_o do_v not_o design_n any_o exact_a history_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o his_o country_n but_o only_o to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o ruin_n of_o it_o by_o the_o scot_n pict_n and_o saxon_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o he_o ascribe_v to_o god_n vengeance_n upon_o the_o britain_n for_o their_o great_a wickedness_n and_o corruption_n of_o manner_n nor_o do_v he_o mention_v any_o king_n or_o commander_n of_o those_o time_n except_o vortigern_n and_o aurelius_n ambrose_n as_o for_o nennius_n tho'_o what_o be_v object_v against_o he_o be_v true_a yet_o since_o he_o live_v near_o 300_o year_n after_o arthur_n death_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o preface_n to_o his_o history_n it_o be_v high_o probable_a he_o set_v down_o what_o he_o there_o write_v if_o not_o from_o some_o other_o more_o ancient_a writer_n yet_o at_o the_o least_o from_o the_o general_a tradition_n of_o his_o countryman_n at_o that_o time_n who_o can_v never_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v be_v able_a to_o forge_v this_o whole_a story_n of_o k._n arthur_n and_o the_o battle_n he_o fight_v and_o tho'_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o saxon_a annal_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o this_o king_n yet_o if_o these_o be_v also_o write_v from_o tradition_n long_o after_o these_o thing_n be_v do_v be_v not_o put_v into_o the_o form_n we_o now_o have_v they_o till_o long_o after_o the_o saxon_n become_v christian_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o he_o especial_o since_o they_o can_v not_o do_v it_o without_o record_v to_o posterity_n the_o many_o defeat_v he_o give_v they_o but_o notwithstanding_o this_o divers_a of_o our_o best_a and_o most_o ancient_a english_a historian_n as_o radulphus_fw-la de_fw-la diceto_fw-la and_o thomas_n rudburn_n do_v mention_n king_n cerdio_n fight_a divers_a battle_n with_o king_n arthur_n but_o as_o for_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o h._n huntingdon_n tho'_o it_o may_v be_v true_a they_o neither_o of_o they_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o they_o but_o what_o they_o have_v from_o nennius_n or_o the_o legend_n of_o glastenbury_n yet_o be_v not_o the_o ancient_a register_n of_o that_o monastery_n to_o be_v whole_o slight_v as_o false_a since_o king_n arthur_n be_v there_o bury_v but_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n in_o his_o book_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o that_o church_n make_v king_n arthur_n to_o have_v begin_v his_o reign_n over_o the_o britain_n in_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o king_n cerdic_n in_o which_o he_o be_v also_o follow_v by_o ran._n higden_n in_o polychronicon_n and_o joh._n tinmuth_n in_o his_o golden_a history_n and_o tho'_o the_o tomb_n of_o king_n arthur_n be_v not_o find_v in_o the_o time_n of_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n yet_o be_v it_o some_o year_n after_o discover_v about_o the_o end_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o as_o giraldus_n cambrensis_fw-la relate_v at_o large_a both_o in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr institutione_n principis_fw-la and_o in_o his_o speculo_fw-la ecclesiastico_fw-la where_o he_o give_v a_o large_a account_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o find_v his_o coffin_n which_o be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o solid_a oak_n as_o also_o of_o the_o largeness_n of_o his_o bone_n which_o he_o see_v and_o handle_v together_o with_o a_o inscription_n upon_o a_o leaden_a cross_n of_o about_o a_o foot_n long_o fix_v to_o the_o low_a side_n of_o a_o broad_a stone_n lay_v three_o foot_n above_o the_o coffin_n on_o which_o be_v inscribe_v this_o epitaph_n hic_fw-la iaceo_fw-la sepultus_fw-la inclytus_fw-la rex_fw-la arthurus_n in_o insula_n aualonia_n which_o cross_n be_v preserve_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o glastenbury_n till_o leland_n time_n he_o see_v and_o take_v a_o copy_n of_o it_o 65._o and_o be_v the_o very_a inscription_n which_o mr._n camden_n have_v give_v we_o the_o draught_n of_o in_o his_o britannia_n but_o as_o for_o the_o last_o objection_n tho'_o it_o be_v true_a what_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n very_o well_o observe_v that_o the_o britain_n have_v vent_v a_o great_a many_o fable_n of_o he_o yet_o he_o still_o acknowledge_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n more_o worthy_a to_o be_v celebrate_v in_o true_a history_n dxx_o than_o romance_n and_o tho'_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o the_o story_n the_o welsh_a have_v then_o make_v of_o he_o encourage_v geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n to_o write_v those_o incredible_a fable_n of_o his_o conquest_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o all_o that_o be_v write_v of_o he_o must_v be_v lie_n since_o a_o true_a history_n may_v be_v corrupt_v and_o yet_o the_o substance_n of_o it_o remain_v true_a but_o whoever_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o in_o justification_n of_o the_o history_n of_o king_n arthur_n how_o much_o of_o it_o be_v true_a and_o what_o most_o likely_a to_o be_v false_a 332._o may_v if_o they_o please_v consult_v dr._n stillingfleet_n antiquity_n of_o the_o british_a church_n but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o saxon_a annal_n in_o which_o for_o the_o space_n of_o 7_o year_n there_o be_v nothing_o at_o all_o mention_v until_o the_o time_n ann._n when_o cerdic_n and_o cenric_n fight_v against_o the_o britain_n in_o a_o place_n call_v cerdics-leah_n to_o which_o year_n also_o h._n huntingdon_n refer_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o east-saxon_a kingdom_n by_o erchenwin_n the_o son_n of_o offa._n dâ—xxvii_n he_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o only_a prince_n who_o be_v derive_v from_o one_o saxnat_fw-la and_o not_o from_o woden_n tho'_o of_o this_o prince_n they_o tell_v we_o nothing_o except_o his_o name_n and_o pedigree_n relate_v neither_o the_o number_n of_o his_o force_n the_o place_n of_o his_o land_n nor_o so_o much_o as_o the_o least_o encounter_n he_o have_v with_o the_o britain_n in_o the_o same_o obscurity_n we_o may_v have_v also_o pass_v over_o sledda_n his_o son_n have_v he_o not_o marry_v ricicla_n daughter_n of_o emerick_n king_n of_o kent_n and_o sister_n to_o ethelbert_n the_o first_o christian_a king_n so_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v at_o first_o tributary_n to_o that_o of_o kent_n and_o then_o to_o that_o of_o the_o mercian_n never_o come_v to_o be_v very_o considerable_a tho'_o it_o have_v london_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o england_n under_o its_o dominion_n but_o in_o the_o year·_n dxxx_o 530_o cerdic_n and_o cenric_n conquer_v the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o slay_v a_o great_a many_o man_n in_o withgarabyrig_n but_o 4_o year_n after_o cerdic_n king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n die_v and_o cenric_a his_o son_n succeed_v he_o dxxxiv_o and_o rule_v 26_o year_n these_o two_o king_n bestow_v the_o isle_n of_o wight_n on_o stuf_n and_o withgar_a who_o be_v nephew_n to_o cerdic_n this_o according_a to_o h._n huntingdon_n happen_v in_o the_o time_n of_o justinian_n the_o emperor_n dxxxvi_o offa_n king_n of_o kent_n die_v his_o son_n ermeric_n succeed_v he_o ran._n higden_n place_v it_o tho'_o false_o an._n 544._o dxxxviii_o this_o year_n the_o sun_n be_v eclipse_v the_o 14_o of_o the_o calends_o of_o march_n from_o early_a in_o the_o morning_n to_o the_o three_o hour_n i._n e._n till_o nine_o of_o the_o clock_n and_o the_o year_n follow_v dxl._n the_o sun_n be_v again_o eclipse_v the_o 12_o of_o the_o calends_o of_o june_n and_o the_o star_n show_v themselves_o for_o near_o half_a a_o hour_n after_o nine_o in_o the_o morning_n but_o to_o take_v a_o view_n of_o the_o british_a history_n
succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bernicia_n aella_n still_o reign_v in_o deira_n this_o theodoric_n and_o his_o son_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a author_n of_o the_o english-saxon_a genealogy_n at_o the_o end_n of_o nennius_n late_o put_v forth_o by_o dr._n gale_n fight_v with_o vrbgen_n or_o vrien_n king_n of_o cumberland_n and_o his_o son_n with_o various_a success_n who_o besiege_v theodoric_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o medcant_a now_o turn_v island_n until_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o morgant_n a_o prince_n of_o the_o same_o country_n who_o envy_v his_o valour_n vrien_n be_v in_o that_o expedition_n murder_v by_o his_o own_o man_n but_o the_o succession_n of_o these_o king_n of_o northumberland_n be_v very_o obscure_a and_o uncertain_a for_o the_o author_n of_o the_o abovecited_a genealogy_n make_v one_o freodguald_a to_o have_v succeed_v this_o theodoric_n or_o deoric_n as_o he_o call_v he_o but_o whether_o he_o be_v the_o same_o with_o freothwulf_n mention_v by_o florence_n be_v hard_o to_o determine_v and_o after_o this_o freodguald_a who_o reign_v seven_o year_n one_o hussa_n be_v say_v to_o have_v succeed_v who_o reign_v seven_o year_n likewise_o but_o whether_o in_o deira_n or_o bernicia_n he_o do_v not_o say_v in_o which_o he_o be_v also_o follow_v by_o rog._n hoveden_n in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o history_n but_o the_o succession_n of_o these_o king_n have_v no_o certain_a time_n assign_v they_o i_o can_v only_o set_v they_o down_o as_o i_o find_v they_o here_o be_v a_o large_a gap_n leave_v in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n where_o nothing_o occur_v further_a of_o english_a affair_n for_o seven_o year_n to_o supply_v which_o we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o british_a affair_n in_o those_o country_n we_o now_o call_v wales_n where_o to_o show_v you_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o british_a chronology_n dlxxxi_o according_a to_o matthew_n of_o westminster_n malgo_n or_o magoclunus_fw-la who_o the_o welsh_a annal_n call_v mael_n guineth_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o all_o the_o britain_n of_o wales_n have_v be_v long_o before_o king_n of_o north-wales_n dlxxxi_o as_o the_o word_n gwine_v in_o the_o welsh_a tongue_n signify_v and_o humphrey_n lloyd_n in_o his_o fragment_n of_o the_o description_n of_o wales_n from_o a_o ancient_a book_n of_o british_a law_n thus_o give_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o election_n after_o the_o saxon_n have_v obtain_v the_o kingdom_n and_o crown_n of_o london_n upon_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o britain_n all_o the_o people_n of_o wales_n meet_v at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n dee_fw-mi to_o elect_a a_o king_n and_o thither_o come_v the_o man_n of_o gwine_v or_o north-wales_n the_o man_n of_o powis-land_n the_o man_n of_o dehaubarth_n glamorgan_n and_o divers_a other_o country_n who_o all_o elect_a mael_n gwine_v king_n who_o geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n fable_n to_o have_v be_v king_n not_o only_o of_o all_o this_o island_n but_o also_o to_o have_v conquer_v ireland_n iceland_n gothland_n norway_n denmark_n and_o the_o orcades_n a_o story_n so_o ridiculous_a that_o the_o very_o tell_v it_o be_v a_o sufficient_a confutation_n and_o all_o this_o he_o collect_v from_o those_o word_n of_o gildas_n wherein_o he_o call_v he_o the_o island-dragon_n and_o a_o driver_n out_o of_o many_o tyrant_n and_o because_o to_o express_v his_o great_a wickedness_n he_o say_v he_o be_v drink_v with_o the_o wine_n of_o sodom_n geoffry_n will_v needs_o conclude_v he_o to_o have_v be_v guilty_a of_o sodomy_n this_o prince_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v reign_v as_o supreme_a king_n of_o wales_n about_o six_o year_n ceawlin_fw-ge king_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n and_o cutha_n dlxxxiv_o fight_v against_o the_o britain_n at_o a_o place_n call_v frethanleag_n now_o frethern_n in_o gloucestershire_n where_o cutha_n be_v slay_v yet_o ceawlin_fw-ge now_o take_v many_o town_n with_o great_a treasure_n and_o other_o spoil_n and_o so_o return_v home_o as_o h._n huntingdon_n relate_v the_o britain_n have_v at_o first_o the_o better_a but_o ceawlin_fw-ge have_v send_v for_o fresh_a recruit_n overcome_v the_o conqueror_n william_n of_o malmesbury_n mention_n a_o son_n of_o ceawlin_n of_o the_o same_o name_n to_o have_v be_v kill_v before_o his_o face_n but_o either_o the_o copy_n he_o have_v of_o these_o annal_n differ_v from_o those_o we_o have_v leave_v we_o or_o else_o he_o be_v no_o other_o than_o this_o cutha_n here_o mention_v who_o be_v his_o brother_n about_o this_o time_n begin_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o mercian_n dlxxxv_o according_a to_o h._n huntingdon_n and_o matth._n of_o westminster_n who_o first_o king_n be_v crida_n or_o creoda_n this_o though_o the_o last_o erect_v yet_o be_v one_o of_o the_o large_a of_o the_o english_a saxon_a kingdom_n and_o be_v also_o one_o of_o the_o last_o that_o be_v conquer_v by_o the_o westsaxon_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o the_o welsh_a annal_n happen_v a_o great_a slaughter_n of_o the_o britain_n of_o the_o north_n for_o now_o gurgi_n and_o fredur_n two_o british_a prince_n be_v brother_n and_o twin_n the_o son_n of_o oliver_n gosgard_n vawr_n i._n e._n oliver_n with_o the_o great_a train_n a_o prince_n of_o cumberland_n fight_v with_o aedda_n or_o adda_n the_o saxon_a king_n of_o northumberland_n at_o a_o place_n call_v caergrew_n where_o both_o the_o brother_n be_v slay_v many_o of_o their_o man_n treacherous_o desert_v they_o the_o night_n before_o the_o battle_n '_o this_o year_n aella_n king_n of_o deira_n die_v after_o 30_o year_n reign_n dlxxxviii_o and_o athelric_n succeed_v he_o and_o reign_v 5_o year_n over_o all_o northumberland_n have_v as_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n relate_v obtain_v the_o kingdom_n in_o his_o old_a age_n his_o youth_n be_v spend_v in_o a_o very_a narrow_a fortune_n yet_o have_v according_a to_o florence_n of_o worcester_n account_n reign_v two_o year_n over_o bernicia_n in_o aella_n time_n and_o this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o matth._n of_o westminster_n this_o athelric_n for_o so_o i_o suppose_v it_o shall_v be_v and_o not_o ethelfrid_n who_o have_v not_o yet_o begin_v to_o reign_v marry_v acca_n daughter_n to_o aella_n king_n of_o deira_n and_o on_o she_o get_v seven_o son_n who_o name_n he_o there_o give_v we_o dlxxxviii_o also_o this_o year_n in_o the_o welsh_a annal_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o ulster_n constantine_n be_v mention_v to_o be_v convert_v to_o the_o lord_n who_o archbishop_n usher_n understand_v to_o have_v be_v that_o wicked_a constantine_n king_n of_o devonshire_n and_o cornwall_n who_o gildas_n have_v before_o inveigh_v against_o and_o who_o at_o this_o time_n be_v now_o bereave_v of_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v also_o weary_a of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o go_v private_o into_o ireland_n and_o there_o build_v a_o monastery_n take_v upon_o he_o the_o habit_n of_o a_o monk_n as_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o his_o life_n of_o st._n david_n relate_v and_o this_o constantine_n hector_n boethius_n in_o his_o 9_o scotish_n history_n will_v have_v to_o have_v be_v send_v over_o by_o a_o certain_a irish_a bishop_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o scot_n and_o be_v by_o they_o martyr_v to_o have_v be_v some_o age_n after_o canonize_v for_o a_o saint_n but_o this_o sound_n like_o a_o legend_n since_o the_o scot_n have_v be_v long_o before_o convert_v by_o st._n patrick_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n dxci_o this_o year_n there_o be_v a_o great_a and_o bloody_a battle_n fight_v at_o wodensbeorge_n now_o call_v wodensburg_n a_o little_a village_n in_o wiltshire_n between_o the_o britain_n and_o the_o saxon_n though_o it_o be_v not_o here_o say_v who_o be_v the_o general_n on_o either_o side_n only_a h._n huntingdon_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o britain_n have_v draw_v up_o their_o army_n after_o the_o roman_a manner_n and_o the_o saxon_n charge_v they_o bold_o but_o confuse_o there_o follow_v a_o sharp_a battle_n in_o which_o god_n give_v the_o victory_n to_o the_o britain_n for_o the_o saxon_n be_v wont_a to_o have_v the_o better_a in_o all_o their_o war_n be_v now_o grow_v more_o careless_a be_v vanquish_v and_o the_o whole_a army_n almost_o destroy_v which_o as_o w._n of_o malmesbury_n relate_v happen_v through_o the_o english_a join_v with_o the_o britain_n against_o he_o though_o of_o what_o country_n the_o english_a be_v he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o so_o that_o ceawlin_fw-ge be_v drive_v out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o ceolric_n son_n to_o his_o brother_n cuthwalf_o obtain_v it_o reign_v five_o year_n ceawlin_fw-ge being_n thus_o expel_v after_o 31_o year_n reign_n be_v force_v to_o take_v refuge_n in_o some_o other_o kingdom_n but_o whether_o in_o this_o island_n or_o else_o beyond_o sea_n our_o history_n be_v silent_a he_o have_v be_v a_o little_a before_o the_o great_a and_o most_o powerful_a of_o all_o the_o english-saxon_a king_n his_o achievement_n be_v a_o wonder_n to_o the_o english_a and_o
of_o her_o husband_n enjoy_v she_o and_o at_o last_o with_o much_o ado_n obtain_v leave_v of_o this_o king_n to_o quit_v his_o palace_n and_o retire_v into_o a_o nunnery_n which_o pervert_v of_o the_o end_n of_o marriage_n be_v count_v a_o great_a piece_n of_o sanctity_n in_o those_o time_n but_o the_o monastery_n abovementioned_a be_v burn_v and_o destroy_v by_o the_o dane_n anno_fw-la 870_o be_v afterward_o re-edify_v by_o king_n edgar_n as_o shall_v be_v in_o due_a time_n more_o particular_o relate_v also_o egbright_n king_n of_o kent_n decease_v and_o lothair_n his_o brother_n succeed_v he_o this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o bede_n bosa_n bishop_n of_o dunmoc_n be_v deprive_v by_o reason_n of_o his_o infirmity_n two_o bishop_n viz._n acca_n and_o bedwin_n be_v place_v in_o that_o diocese_n one_o of_o who_o have_v his_o see_n at_o dunmoc_n now_o dunwich_n in_o suffolk_n and_o the_o other_o at_o helmham_n in_o norfolk_n dclxxiv_o '_o this_o year_n aescwin_n begin_v to_o reign_v over_o the_o west_n saxon_n here_o also_o follow_v his_o pedigree_n needless_a to_o be_v repeat_v for_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n remark_n no_o more_o of_o he_o than_o that_o he_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o next_o of_o the_o royal_a line_n as_o be_v the_o great_a nephew_n of_o cynegil_n by_o his_o brother_n cuthgil_n the_o same_o year_n as_o bede_n tell_v we_o in_o library_n his_o life_n of_o the_o abbot_n of_o wiremuth_n and_o girwy_n abbot_n benedict_n i_o suppose_v from_o his_o episcopal_a action_n surname_v biscop_n have_v before_o come_v over_o with_o archbishop_n theodorus_n be_v by_o he_o make_v abbot_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o st._n peter_n in_o canterbury_n which_o he_o 2_o year_n after_o resign_v and_o adrian_n that_o great_a scholar_n succeed_v he_o he_o go_v again_o to_o rome_n and_o then_o return_v into_o britain_n bring_v along_o with_o he_o many_o book_n of_o divine_a knowledge_n and_o then_o apply_v himself_o to_o egfrid_n king_n of_o northumberland_n he_o obtain_v of_o he_o as_o much_o land_n as_o serve_v 70_o family_n lie_v near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n wir_fw-ge in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n where_o he_o begin_v a_o monastery_n in_o honour_n of_o st._n peter_n but_o before_o it_o be_v finish_v he_o go_v into_o france_n and_o from_o thence_o bring_v mason_n who_o build_v the_o church_n of_o stone_n after_o the_o roman_a fashion_n and_o the_o work_n be_v near_o finish_v he_o send_v into_o the_o same_o country_n for_o artificer_n who_o understand_v the_o make_n of_o glass_n which_o till_o then_o have_v be_v unknown_a in_o britain_n wherewith_o he_o glaze_v the_o window_n of_o the_o church_n and_o monastery_n he_o have_v there_o build_v and_o thereby_o teach_v the_o english_a nation_n the_o art_n of_o glass-making_a which_o say_v my_o author_n have_v prove_v so_o useful_a in_o make_v of_o lamp_n for_o church_n and_o also_o other_o vessel_n so_o necessary_a for_o divers_a uses_n and_o because_o this_o island_n nor_o yet_o france_n itself_o can_v then_o afford_v all_o the_o ornament_n requisite_a for_o the_o altar_n he_o take_v care_n to_o fetch_v they_o from_o rome_n whither_o he_o go_v for_o that_o purpose_n from_o whence_o again_o return_v he_o bring_v a_o great_a many_o choice_a book_n of_o all_o sort_n together_o with_o divers_a relic_n of_o saint_n and_o curious_a picture_n with_o which_o he_o adorn_v the_o church_n he_o have_v build_v and_o he_o likewise_o receive_v a_o bull_n from_o pope_n agatho_n whereby_o the_o monastery_n also_o by_o the_o consent_n and_o licence_n of_o king_n egfrid_n be_v free_v from_o all_o secular_a servitude_n but_o some_o time_n after_o simeon_n of_o durham_n say_v 8_o year_n king_n egfrid_n be_v very_o well_o satisfy_v with_o what_o benedict_n have_v do_v bestow_v as_o much_o more_o land_n upon_o he_o as_o then_o maintain_v 40_o family_n for_o the_o build_n of_o another_o monastery_n at_o a_o place_n call_v girwy_n now_o tarrow_a near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n tine_n which_o be_v build_v in_o honour_n of_o st._n paul_n when_o also_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o frequent_a absence_n and_o employment_n in_o other_o affair_n he_o appoint_v one_o easterwine_n his_o kinsman_n abbot_n of_o that_o of_o st._n peter_n and_o ceolfrid_n a_o monk_n of_o the_o same_o monastery_n over_o that_o of_o s._n paul_n in_o which_o charge_n they_o continue_v several_a year_n under_o his_o inspection_n till_o at_o last_o after_o the_o decease_n of_o easterwine_n and_o another_o abbot_n call_v sigfrid_n ceolfrid_n abovementioned_a be_v make_v abbot_n of_o both_o monastery_n which_o he_o govern_v many_o year_n until_o he_o resign_v that_o charge_n go_v to_o end_v his_o day_n at_o rome_n but_o die_v by_o the_o way_n in_o france_n these_o transaction_n tho'_o happen_v in_o the_o space_n of_o about_o 40_o year_n i_o have_v here_o put_v together_o that_o you_o may_v have_v at_o once_o the_o history_n of_o these_o two_o ancient_a and_o famous_a monastery_n in_o the_o latter_a of_o which_o bede_n himself_o the_o author_n of_o this_o account_n live_v and_o die_v a_o monk_n as_o shall_v be_v relate_v hereafter_o about_o this_o time_n also_o tho'_o bede_n do_v not_o set_v down_o the_o year_n archbishop_n theodore_n depose_v winfrid_n bishop_n of_o the_o mercian_n for_o some_o canonical_a disobedience_n and_o ordain_v sexwulf_n abbot_n of_o medeshamsted_n in_o his_o room_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o annal_n this_o year_n wulfher_o the_o son_n of_o penda_n and_o aescwin_n son_n of_o genwulf_n dclxxv_o fight_v at_o bedanheafde_a and_o also_o king_n wulfher_o decease_v the_o same_o year_n where_o that_o place_n be_v be_v uncertain_a tho'_o some_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v bedwin_n in_o wiltshire_n lie_v near_o berkshire_n h._n huntingdon_n describe_v this_o battle_n to_o have_v be_v very_o sharp_a but_o that_o the_o mercian_n king_n inherit_v his_o father_n and_o his_o grandfather_n courage_n be_v somewhat_o superior_a yet_o that_o both_o army_n be_v terrible_o shatter_v and_o many_o thousand_o slay_v on_o both_o side_n on_o which_o our_o author_n make_v this_o just_a reflection_n that_o from_o hence_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n to_o observe_v how_o vile_a the_o action_n of_o man_n and_o how_o vain_a those_o war_n be_v which_o prince_n call_v glorious_a undertake_n for_o when_o these_o king_n have_v bring_v so_o great_a a_o destruction_n upon_o their_o own_o nation_n both_o of_o they_o survive_v not_o long_o after_o for_o according_a to_o florence_n chronicle_n king_n wulfher_o decease_v this_o year_n have_v destroy_v the_o worship_n of_o idol_n throughout_o his_o kingdom_n and_o cause_v the_o gospel_n to_o be_v preach_v in_o all_o place_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o ethelred_n his_o brother_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n who_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n describe_v to_o have_v be_v more_o famous_a for_o devotion_n than_o fight_v unless_o when_o he_o show_v his_o courage_n in_o a_o notable_a expedition_n against_o kent_n or_o else_o when_o he_o meet_v and_o repel_v egfrid_n king_n of_o northumberland_n and_o force_v he_o to_o return_v home_o recover_v from_o he_o all_o lindsey_n which_o wulfher_o have_v take_v away_o before_o tho'_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o brother_n edwin_n in_o that_o expedition_n after_o which_o he_o spend_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o life_n in_o peace_n about_o this_o time_n also_o according_a to_o math._n westminster_n for_o bede_n have_v not_o set_v down_o the_o year_n erkenwald_n young_a son_n of_o anna_n king_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n be_v by_o archbishop_n theodore_n ordain_v bishop_n of_o london_n be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a worth_n and_o piety_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o florence_n king_n wulfher_n be_v first_o baptize_v but_o the_o saxon_a annal_n mention_v no_o such_o thing_n and_o therefore_o i_o wonder_v from_o whence_o he_o have_v it_o for_o it_o be_v quite_o contrary_a to_o what_o bede_n relate_v concern_v his_o be_v baptise_a long_o before_o or_o else_o how_o can_v he_o be_v godfather_n to_o edelwalch_n king_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n who_o be_v baptise_a near_o 20_o year_n before_o but_o i_o suppose_v florence_n have_v it_o from_o some_o old_a monkish_a legend_n if_o not_o from_o the_o roman_a martyrology_n itself_o in_o which_o be_v relate_v that_o incredible_a story_n of_o king_n wulfher_n murder_v of_o his_o two_o son_n ulfwald_n and_o rufin_n with_o his_o own_o hand_n because_o they_o have_v be_v instruct_v in_o the_o christian_a faith_n by_o ceadda_n bishop_n of_o litchfield_n and_o mr._n stow_n in_o his_o chronicle_n have_v find_v the_o same_o story_n in_o a_o old_a ledger-book_n of_o that_o church_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o insert_v it_o into_o his_o history_n place_v the_o year_n of_o their_o suffer_v in_o anno_fw-la 668_o when_o all_o our_o historian_n do_v at_o that_o time_n relate_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o christian._n but_o this_o book_n
to_o what_o intent_n have_v be_v so_o late_o there_o before_o we_o know_v not_o any_o more_o than_o what_o the_o king_n do_v there_o unless_o to_o repair_v the_o english_a school_n or_o college_n for_o youth_n that_o have_v be_v late_o burn_v but_o it_o be_v certain_a he_o stay_v abroad_o near_o a_o year_n and_o in_o his_o return_n home_o charles_n surname_v the_o bald_a king_n of_o the_o frank_n give_v he_o his_o daughter_n to_o wife_n who_o be_v call_v leotheta_n in_o french_a judith_n and_o so_o together_o with_o she_o he_o return_v into_o england_n but_o as_o asser_n relate_v there_o be_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n a_o infamous_a conspiracy_n frame_v in_o the_o western_a part_n of_o england_n for_o prince_n aethelbald_n the_o king_n be_v elder_a son_n and_o ealchstan_n bishop_n of_o scirborne_n and_o aeanwulf_n earl_n of_o somerset_n have_v plot_v together_o that_o king_n aethelwulf_n at_o his_o return_n home_o shall_v never_o be_v receive_v into_o his_o kingdom_n most_o man_n lay_v this_o to_o the_o charge_n of_o this_o bishop_n and_o earl_n only_o tho'_o many_o do_v chief_o attribute_v it_o to_o the_o perverseness_n of_o this_o young_a prince_n who_o be_v also_o very_o obstinate_a in_o other_o wickedness_n so_o the_o king_n his_o father_n return_v from_o rome_n dccclv_o prince_n ethelbald_n together_o with_o his_o councillor_n contrive_v this_o great_a villainy_n viz._n to_o expel_v the_o king_n from_o his_o own_o kingdom_n tho'_o god_n will_v not_o permit_v it_o to_o take_v effect_n neither_o do_v all_o the_o nobleman_n of_o england_n consent_n to_o it_o yet_o lest_o so_o great_a a_o mischief_n shall_v happen_v that_o the_o father_n and_o son_n make_v war_n on_o each_o other_o the_o whole_a nation_n shall_v be_v engage_v in_o mutual_a slaughter_n by_o the_o wonderful_a clemency_n of_o the_o king_n and_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o his_o nobility_n the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v before_o unite_v become_v now_o divide_v between_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n the_o eastern_a country_n be_v allot_v to_o the_o former_a and_o the_o western_a to_o the_o latter_a but_o where_o the_o father_n ought_v indeed_o by_o right_a to_o have_v reign_v there_o rule_v this_o rebellious_a and_o undutiful_a son_n for_o the_o western_a part_n of_o the_o england_n be_v always_o account_v before_o the_o eastern_a king_n ethelwulf_n therefore_o come_v back_o from_o româ—_n the_o whole_a nation_n as_o it_o ought_v high_o rejoice_v at_o his_o return_n and_o will_v if_o he_o have_v please_v have_v expel_v his_o wicked_a son_n aethelbald_n with_o all_o his_o adherent_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o the_o king_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n suffer_v it_o use_v great_a clemency_n and_o prudence_n lest_o the_o kingdom_n may_v thereby_o be_v endanger_v all_o this_o disturbance_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v raise_v by_o his_o son_n and_o his_o faction_n because_o of_o his_o marry_v this_o new_a wife_n who_o notwithstanding_o have_v now_o bring_v over_o with_o he_o he_o place_v by_o he_o on_o the_o royal_a throne_n as_o long_o as_o he_o live_v without_o any_o dispute_n or_o opposition_n from_o his_o noble_n tho'_o say_v this_o author_n the_o nation_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n do_v not_o permit_v the_o queen_n to_o sit_v by_o the_o king_n or_o to_o be_v call_v queen_n which_o custom_n our_o ancestor_n relate_v to_o have_v proceed_v from_o a_o certain_a wicked_a queen_n call_v eadburga_n the_o wife_n of_o king_n bryhtric_n who_o story_n asser_n in_o his_o annal_n as_o also_o in_o his_o de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la alfredi_n have_v give_v we_o at_o large_a where_o speak_v of_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o severe_a law_n he_o tell_v we_o it_o proceed_v from_o the_o wicked_a carriage_n of_o that_o queen_n already_o mention_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o former_a book_n who_o abuse_v her_o husband_n affection_n by_o untrue_a accusation_n take_v away_o many_o man_n life_n and_o be_v hate_v by_o the_o english_a after_o that_o king_n decease_n they_o make_v that_o law_n now_o mention_v william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o mat._n westminster_n do_v assure_v we_o that_o king_n ethelwulf_n live_v but_o two_o year_n after_o his_o return_n from_o rome_n during_o which_o time_n he_o think_v not_o only_o of_o the_o world_n to_o come_v but_o also_o what_o shall_v happen_v in_o this_o after_o his_o decease_n and_o therefore_o lest_o his_o son_n shall_v quarrel_v among_o themselves_o after_o his_o death_n he_o command_v his_o testament_n to_o be_v write_v asser_n call_v it_o a_o hereditary_a or_o commendatory_a epistle_n in_o which_o he_o ordain_v his_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v divide_v between_o the_o two_o elder_a son_n as_o also_o his_o own_o proper_a inheritance_n between_o all_o his_o son_n and_o daughter_n and_o near_a kinsman_n but_o for_o his_o money_n he_o order_v it_o to_o be_v divide_v between_o his_o son_n and_o his_o noble_n and_o what_o be_v leave_v to_o be_v employ_v for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o soul_n to_o which_o end_n he_o ordain_v that_o his_o successor_n throughout_o all_o his_o own_o hereditary_a land_n shall_v maintain_v out_o of_o place_n every_o ten_o family_n one_o poor_a person_n either_o native_a or_o stranger_n with_o meat_n drink_v and_o apparel_n always_o provide_v that_o the_o land_n do_v not_o then_o lie_v waste_v but_o be_v cultivate_v by_o man_n and_o cattle_n it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v note_v that_o this_o grant_n be_v whole_o different_a from_o that_o of_o tithe_n tho'_o bromton_n chronicle_n have_v confound_v they_o together_o and_o make_v they_o all_o one_o he_o also_o order_v to_o be_v send_v every_o year_n to_o rome_n 300_o mancuse_n which_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n render_v mark_n tho'_o what_o the_o sum_n be_v be_v uncertain_a but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v equal_o distribute_v between_o the_o church_n of_o st._n peter_n and_o st._n paul_n to_o provide_v light_n on_o easter_n eve_n and_o of_o this_o 300_o mark_n dccclv_o the_o pope_n be_v to_o have_v 100_o to_o himself_o these_o grant_n be_v suppose_v by_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n to_o have_v be_v make_v in_o a_o general_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o after_o this_o time_n we_o find_v no_o more_o of_o they_o for_o many_o year_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a invasion_n of_o the_o dane_n but_o not_o long_o after_o king_n ethelwulf_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o winchester_n have_v reign_v 20_o year_n and_o 5_o month_n for_o the_o saxon_a annal_n which_o allow_v he_o but_o 18_o year_n and_o a_o half_a be_v certain_o mistake_v this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o florence_n of_o worcester_n humbert_n the_o bishop_n anoint_v that_o glorious_a martyr_n edmund_n king_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n be_v then_o but_o 15_o year_n old_a at_o a_o town_n call_v buram_fw-la be_v then_o the_o royal_a seat_n but_o have_v no_o account_n of_o king_n edmund_n pedigree_n or_o of_o the_o place_n of_o his_o birth_n from_o any_o of_o our_o english_a historian_n you_o must_v be_v content_a with_o what_o johannes_n anglicus_n of_o tinmouth_n have_v tell_v we_o or_o in_o his_o legend_n of_o saint_n call_v sanctilogium_fw-la of_o this_o king_n and_o martyr_n viz._n that_o he_o be_v the_o son_n of_o one_o alemond_n a_o nobleman_n of_o the_o blood_n royal_a of_o the_o east_n angle_n who_o have_v flee_v for_o fear_n of_o king_n offa_n into_o old_a saxony_n out_o of_o which_o his_o family_n first_o come_v have_v there_o by_o his_o wife_n call_v cywara_n a_o son_n who_o he_o name_v edmund_n the_o pretend_a miracle_n of_o who_o birth_n i_o purposely_o omit_v this_o prince_n have_v be_v instruct_v in_o all_o christian_n and_o moral_a duty_n live_v in_o germany_n to_o the_o 14_o year_n of_o his_o age_n and_o upon_o his_o return_n into_o england_n be_v so_o acceptable_a to_o the_o east_n angle_n that_o he_o be_v by_o they_o elect_v king_n and_o till_o his_o death_n continue_v in_o the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n without_o any_o opposition_n of_o king_n ethelwulf_n or_o any_o of_o his_o son_n than_o king_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n to_o who_o dominion_n that_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n have_v late_o be_v make_v subject_a and_o hence_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o infer_v that_o it_o be_v by_o king_n ethelwulf_n consent_n that_o edmund_n be_v return_v out_o of_o germany_n take_v possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n be_v thus_o make_v king_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o tender_a age_n not_o esteem_v himself_o capable_a of_o manage_v the_o affair_n of_o the_o nation_n he_o willing_o submit_v they_o and_o himself_o to_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o say_a bishop_n of_o the_o east_n angle_n by_o who_o he_o be_v crown_v and_o by_o who_o council_n and_o direction_n he_o behave_v himself_o as_o become_v a_o prince_n endue_v with_o all_o kingly_a virtue_n so_o that_o during_o his_o reign_n his_o principal_a care_n be_v to_o repair_v
england_n call_v wales_n where_o we_o find_v in_o the_o chronicle_n of_o caradoc_n that_o this_o year_n anarawd_n chief_a king_n of_o wales_n die_v leave_v behind_o he_o two_o son_n edwal_n ugel_n i._n e._n the_o bald_a who_o reign_v after_o he_o and_o elise_n and_o as_o some_o say_v a_o three_o son_n name_v meyric_n this_o edwal_n be_v he_o who_o our_o historian_n style_v idwal_n rex_fw-la omnium_fw-la wallensium_n i._n e._n supreme_a king_n of_o all_o wales_n and_o i_o shall_v here_o likewise_o subjoin_v what_o mr._n vaughan_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o this_o chronicle_n have_v also_o add_v concern_v the_o welsh_a affair_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o prince_n tho'_o happen_v somewhat_o before_o this_o time_n viz._n that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o roderic_n the_o great_a dccccxiv_n the_o northern_a britain_n of_o straetclwyd_n and_o cumberland_n be_v as_o hector_n boetius_fw-la and_o buchanan_n relate_v much_o infest_a and_o weaken_a with_o the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o dane_n saxon_n and_o scot_n which_o make_v many_o of_o they_o that_o be_v all_o that_o will_v not_o submit_v their_o neck_n to_o that_o yoke_n to_o quit_v their_o country_n and_o seek_v out_o more_o quiet_a habitation_n so_o that_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o one_o hobert_n they_o come_v to_o gwyneth_n i_o e._n north_n wales_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o anarawd_n reign_n who_o commiserate_v their_o distress_a condition_n give_v they_o the_o country_n from_o chester_n to_o the_o river_n conwey_n to_o inhabit_v if_o they_o can_v beat_v out_o the_o saxon_n who_o have_v late_o possess_v themselves_o thereof_o these_o britain_n have_v return_v thanks_o to_o prince_n anarawd_n as_o be_v meet_v fall_v upon_o the_o saxon_n and_o necessity_n give_v edge_n to_o their_o valour_n they_o soon_o drive_v they_o out_o thence_o be_v yet_o scarce_o warm_a in_o their_o seat_n and_o edred_n or_o ether_v earl_n of_o mercia_n make_v great_a preparation_n for_o the_o regain_n of_o the_o say_a country_n but_o the_o northern_a britain_n who_o have_v settle_v themselves_o there_o have_v intelligence_n thereof_o for_o the_o better_a secure_n of_o their_o cattle_n and_o good_n remove_v they_o over_o the_o river_n conwey_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n anarawd_n be_v not_o idle_a but_o gather_v together_o all_o the_o strength_n he_o can_v make_v his_o army_n encamp_v near_o the_o town_n of_o conwey_n at_o a_o place_n call_v cymryt_n where_o his_o man_n make_v a_o gallant_a resistance_n against_o the_o assault_n of_o the_o saxon_a force_n at_o length_n after_o a_o bloody_a fight_n obtain_v a_o complete_a victory_n over_o they_o this_o battle_n be_v call_v gwaeth_n cymryt_n conwey_n because_o it_o be_v fight_v in_o the_o township_n of_o cymryt_n hard_o by_o conwey_n but_o anarawd_n call_v it_o dial_n rodri_n because_o he_o have_v there_o revenge_v the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n rodri._n in_o this_o battle_n tudwal_n the_o son_n of_o rodri_n mawr_z receive_v a_o hurt_a in_o the_o knee_n which_o make_v he_o be_v call_v tudwall_n gloff_n or_o the_o lame_a ever_o after_o his_o brethren_n to_o reward_v his_o valour_n and_o service_n give_v he_o the_o land_n of_o unchellogoed_n gwyn_v and_o then_o the_o britain_n pursue_n their_o victory_n chase_v the_o saxon_n quite_o out_o of_o wales_n into_o mercia_n where_o have_v burn_v and_o destroy_v the_o border_n they_o return_v home_o lade_v with_o rich_a spoil_n and_o anarawd_n to_o express_v his_o thankfulness_n to_o god_n for_o this_o great_a victory_n give_v land_n and_o possession_n to_o the_o church_n of_o bangor_n as_o the_o record_n of_o that_o see_v do_v testify_v and_o likewise_o to_o the_o collegiate_n church_n of_o clynnoc_n in_o arvon_n as_o we_o read_v in_o the_o extent_n of_o north_n wales_n after_o this_o the_o northern_a britain_n come_v back_o from_o beyond_o the_o river_n conwey_n and_o possess_v again_o the_o land_n assign_v to_o they_o between_o conwey_n and_o chester_n which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o they_o peaceable_o enjoy_v some_o english_a writer_n as_o mat._n westminster_n etc._n etc._n not_o consider_v that_o the_o britain_n have_v land_n in_o loegria_n and_o albania_n after_o king_n cadwalader_n time_n mistake_v those_o of_o cumberland_n and_o straetclwyd_n for_o the_o britain_n of_o wales_n but_o asser_n meneu._n who_o live_v about_o the_o year_n 875_o say_v that_o halden_n the_o dane_n march_v into_o northumberland_n which_o he_o subdue_v have_v before_o conquer_v the_o pict_n and_o britain_n of_o straetclwyd_n in_o northumberland_n i_o have_v give_v you_o this_o relation_n at_o length_n because_o it_o be_v not_o find_v in_o any_o of_o our_o historian_n and_o it_o â—ets_v we_o see_v that_o the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o wâ—lsh_a have_v be_v very_o spare_v to_o record_v their_o own_o defeat_n but_o to_o return_v again_o to_o our_o history_n about_o this_o time_n dccccxv_n according_a to_o the_o history_n copy_n of_o a_o charter_n of_o king_n edward_n extant_a in_o a_o old_a manuscript_n belong_v to_o clare_n hall_n in_o cambridge_n he_o by_o the_o command_n of_o pope_n john_n and_o archbishop_n plegmund_n and_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o his_o kingdom_n confirm_v to_o the_o doctor_n and_o scholar_n of_o cambridge_n dccccxv_n as_o also_o to_o their_o servant_n all_o privilege_n which_o have_v be_v grant_v by_o himself_o or_o his_o predecessor_n for_o ever_o to_o endure_v by_o a_o perpetual_a right_n this_o charter_n bear_v date_n at_o grantecester_n i_o e._n cambridge_n in_o the_o year_n 915_o and_o be_v direct_v to_o frithestan_n than_o chancellor_n and_o doctor_n but_o if_o sir_n john_n spelman_n think_v he_o have_v reason_n to_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o that_o passage_n we_o have_v cite_v out_o of_o asser_n history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o king_n alfred_n concern_v the_o studium_fw-la or_o school_n at_o oxford_n before_o king_n alfred_n time_n our_o antiquary_n may_v have_v as_o much_o if_o not_o more_o reason_n to_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o charter_n since_o the_o original_a of_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v but_o only_o this_o transcript_n in_o the_o book_n above_o cite_v for_o they_o say_v it_o look_v very_o improbable_a that_o cambridge_n shall_v have_v continue_v a_o university_n during_o all_o the_o time_n of_o the_o danish_a war_n and_o under_o the_o possession_n of_o those_o three_o danish_a king_n the_o last_o of_o who_o enjoin_v it_o till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n as_o appear_v by_o our_o present_a history_n and_o beside_o all_o this_o the_o barbarous_a and_o pedantic_a latin_a at_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o charter_n where_o the_o king_n be_v make_v to_o confirm_v it_o in_o these_o word_n stabili_fw-la jure_fw-la grata_fw-la &_o rata_fw-la decerno_fw-la durare_fw-la quamdiu_fw-la vertigo_n poli_fw-fr circa_fw-la terras_fw-la atque_fw-la aequora_fw-la aethera_fw-la syderum_fw-la justo_fw-la moderamine_fw-la volvet_fw-la which_o seem_v to_o betray_v the_o ignorant_a monk_n pen_n that_o counterfeit_v it_o but_o john_n rouse_v in_o his_o manuscript_n history_n de_fw-fr regibus_fw-la angliae_fw-la cite_v by_o bale_n relate_v from_o a_o ancient_a table_n and_o chronicle_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o hyde_n near_o winchester_n 53._o which_o himself_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o abbot_n have_v peruse_v the_o restoration_n of_o the_o university_n of_o cambridge_n by_o king_n edward_n as_o follows_z therefore_o for_o the_o augmenration_n of_o clerklike_a learning_n as_o his_o father_n have_v do_v to_o oxford_n so_o he_o again_o raise_v up_o cambridge_n to_o her_o first_o glory_n which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n with_o other_o general_a school_n have_v lie_v desolate_a and_o destroy_v as_o also_o like_o a_o most_o love_a nourisher_n of_o scholar_n he_o command_v that_o hall_n for_o student_n chair_n and_o seat_n of_o doctor_n and_o master_n shall_v there_o be_v erect_v and_o build_v at_o his_o own_o proper_a charge_n for_o he_o send_v from_o oxford_n university_n which_o his_o noble_a father_n the_o king_n have_v found_v master_n of_o those_o art_n which_o we_o call_v liberal_a together_o with_o doctor_n in_o divinity_n and_o invite_v they_o there_o formal_o to_o read_v and_o teach_v but_o since_o the_o author_n here_o cite_v be_v but_o of_o modern_a time_n in_o comparison_n to_o this_o famous_a university_n and_o also_o that_o passage_n he_o have_v cite_v out_o of_o the_o annal_n of_o hyde_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o copy_n we_o have_v of_o they_o i_o shall_v give_v the_o reader_n a_o much_o more_o ancient_a testimony_n out_o of_o tho._n rudborn'_v large_a history_n of_o the_o church_n of_o winchester_n 2._o where_o he_o cite_v a_o epistle_n of_o one_o bonagratia_n de_fw-fr villa_n dei_fw-la to_o the_o black_a monk_n of_o england_n wherein_o there_o be_v this_o passage_n which_o i_o shall_v here_o translate_v viz._n that_o whilst_o he_o be_v banish_v from_o his_o country_n into_o
verse_v in_o the_o history_n of_o his_o own_o country_n can_v not_o but_o give_v we_o all_o he_o know_v concern_v it_o though_o intersperse_v with_o so_o many_o notorious_a fable_n of_o his_o own_o which_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v interweave_v the_o better_a to_o connect_v those_o break_a remain_n of_o old_a time_n but_o since_o no_o man_n can_v easy_o at_o this_o distance_n distinguish_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n he_o ought_v to_o be_v deal_v with_o as_o we_o do_v with_o those_o who_o will_v impose_v counterfeit_a coin_n upon_o we_o in_o refuse_v the_o whole_a sum_n where_o the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v so_o plain_o discernible_a to_o be_v false_a here_o by_o the_o way_n i_o must_v ingenuous_o own_v a_o small_a mistake_v i_o have_v commit_v in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o this_o volume_n where_o speak_v somewhat_o in_o defence_n of_o this_o author_n that_o he_o be_v not_o the_o first_o inventor_n of_o the_o story_n of_o brutus_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o nennius_n who_o live_v long_o before_o he_o and_o from_o who_o i_o then_o suppose_v henry_n of_o huntingdon_n to_o have_v borrow_v it_o i_o now_o perceive_v upon_o better_a information_n that_o geoffrey_n and_o h._n huntingdon_n be_v not_o only_a cotemporary_n but_o the_o latter_a in_o that_o part_n of_o his_o english_a history_n still_o in_o manuscript_n viz._n in_o the_o second_o of_o his_o epistle_n dedicate_v to_o one_o gwarin_n a_o british_a or_o welsh_a nobleman_n confess_v that_o in_o his_o journey_n to_o rome_n stay_v some_o time_n by_o the_o way_n at_o the_o abbey_n of_o bec_n he_o there_o find_v a_o large_a book_n of_o this_o geoffrey_n who_o he_o also_o call_v arthur_n who_o have_v copious_o and_o diligent_o write_v the_o british_a history_n though_o in_o the_o common_a print_a copy_n we_o find_v no_o more_o than_o that_o travel_n to_o the_o place_n abovementioned_a he_o have_v there_o meet_v with_o a_o certain_a volume_n in_o which_o be_v divers_a thing_n relate_v to_o the_o british_a history_n not_o before_o know_v but_o yet_o without_o name_v the_o author_n this_o i_o think_v good_a to_o advertise_v the_o reader_n of_o because_o those_o sheet_n be_v wrought_v off_o before_o ever_o i_o be_v sensible_a of_o my_o mistake_n as_o for_o my_o second_o book_n i_o can_v only_o tell_v you_o it_o be_v a_o true_a and_o just_a translation_n of_o the_o british_a history_n from_o all_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a author_n i_o can_v meet_v with_o that_o have_v treat_v of_o it_o from_o who_o also_o i_o have_v give_v you_o a_o description_n of_o the_o manner_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o ancient_a britain_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v this_o have_v be_v already_o attempt_v by_o one_o daniel_n rodgers_n who_o paper_n be_v in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n and_o be_v full_o perform_v by_o mr._n camden_n in_o his_o introduction_n to_o his_o britannia_n and_o likewise_o by_o mr._n speed_v before_o his_o history_n yet_o i_o have_v myself_o compare_v they_o with_o the_o original_n and_o add_v some_o remark_n which_o i_o think_v be_v further_a necessary_a to_o be_v know_v i_o have_v begin_v this_o part_n with_o caesar_n relation_n as_o i_o find_v it_o in_o his_o commentary_n concern_v his_o two_o expedition_n into_o britain_n and_o have_v end_v with_o the_o last_o of_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a historian_n viz._n zosimus_n orosius_n and_o aurelius_n victor_n and_o whereas_o other_o who_o have_v undertake_v this_o province_n have_v use_v the_o liberty_n of_o epitomize_v or_o enlarge_n those_o passage_n they_o have_v cite_v from_o the_o greek_a and_o latin_a author_n i_o have_v think_v fit_a faithful_o to_o translate_v they_o except_o in_o some_o of_o their_o long-winded_a oration_n which_o to_o avoid_v prolixity_n i_o think_v it_o better_a to_o abridge_v as_o not_o believe_v those_o oration_n to_o have_v be_v deliver_v in_o those_o circumstance_n in_o which_o they_o be_v now_o dress_v and_o though_o i_o do_v not_o pretend_v to_o have_v add_v much_o to_o what_o mr._n camden_n and_o mr._n milton_n have_v already_o collect_v from_o those_o writer_n relate_v to_o the_o history_n of_o britain_n yet_o i_o hope_v i_o have_v from_o several_a verse_n of_o the_o poet_n claudian_n as_o also_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o those_o great_a master_n in_o antiquity_n the_o lord_n primate_n usher_n the_o reverend_a dr._n stillingfleet_n now_o lord_n bishop_n of_o worcester_n and_o dr._n lloyd_n now_o lord_n bishop_n of_o coventry_n and_o litchfield_n not_o only_o illustrate_v but_o settle_v divers_a thing_n relate_v to_o that_o part_n of_o our_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a affair_n not_o common_o take_v notice_n of_o before_o in_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o three_o book_n i_o have_v from_o mr._n sheringham_n treatise_n de_n origine_fw-la gentis_fw-la anglorum_fw-la as_o also_o from_o other_o author_n give_v you_o in_o order_n to_o our_o english_a saxon_n history_n a_o more_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o original_a of_o those_o nation_n which_o when_o they_o come_v over_o into_o england_n be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o general_n name_n of_o saxon_n than_o have_v be_v hitherto_o publish_v in_o our_o own_o language_n after_o which_o i_o have_v give_v you_o a_o relation_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o come_n over_o hither_o and_o the_o ground_n and_o occasion_n of_o their_o quarrel_v with_o the_o britain_n from_o gildas_n bede_n and_o nennius_n but_o as_o for_o the_o time_n of_o their_o erect_n themselves_o into_o a_o heptarchy_n since_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v learn_v from_o bede_n who_o be_v whole_o silent_a of_o what_o the_o saxon_n do_v here_o from_o their_o first_o entrance_n to_o the_o propagation_n of_o christianity_n which_o he_o make_v it_o his_o business_n chief_o to_o treat_v of_o i_o have_v take_v it_o from_o the_o saxon_a annal_n as_o well_o as_o other_o late_a author_n that_o have_v mention_v any_o thing_n of_o it_o though_o as_o to_o the_o whole_a period_n of_o time_n contain_v in_o this_o book_n it_o must_v be_v confess_v it_o be_v when_o letter_n be_v not_o in_o use_n among_o they_o and_o therefore_o can_v only_o be_v convey_v down_o by_o tradition_n which_o make_v we_o here_o be_v behold_v to_o the_o annal_n abovemention_v or_o to_o some_o ancient_a memoir_n which_o though_o now_o lose_v be_v certain_o see_v by_o those_o writer_n who_o have_v gather_v from_o they_o indeed_o i_o be_v somewhat_o perplex_v what_o method_n to_o take_v in_o digest_v the_o history_n of_o seven_o concur_v kingdom_n since_o which_o way_n so_o ever_o i_o engage_v i_o find_v it_o attend_v with_o some_o inconvenience_n william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o several_a other_o author_n as_o well_o in_o latin_a as_o english_a i_o know_v think_v it_o best_a to_o give_v we_o this_o history_n digest_v under_o each_o respective_a kingdom_n apart_o but_o then_o there_o be_v this_o exception_n against_o that_o way_n of_o write_v that_o without_o chronological_a table_n or_o frequent_a turn_n backward_o and_o forward_o one_o can_v understand_v the_o synchronism_n of_o the_o several_a king_n reign_v or_o the_o time_n wherein_o they_o live_v so_o as_o to_o compare_v they_o with_o other_o their_o cotemporary_n beside_o which_o there_o be_v also_o a_o necessity_n of_o a_o unnecessary_a repetition_n of_o the_o same_o war_n or_o transaction_n as_o well_o under_o the_o history_n of_o the_o king_n that_o make_v as_o of_o he_o who_o suffer_v that_o invasion_n this_o appear_v in_o speed_n and_o dr._n howel_n it_o be_v true_a mr._n speed_v think_v of_o a_o good_a method_n to_o help_v this_o by_o suppose_v so_o many_o successive_a monarch_n to_o have_v be_v always_o in_o england_n from_o the_o time_n of_o heng_a to_o k._n egbert_n under_o who_o several_a reign_v he_o also_o reduce_v whatsoever_o action_n happen_v in_o the_o rest_n of_o all_o the_o other_o subordinate_a king_n then_o regnant_n this_o i_o confess_v have_v be_v a_o very_a good_a expedient_a to_o avoid_v the_o difficulty_n abovemention_v be_v it_o as_o just_a as_o it_o seem_v specious_a but_o upon_o examination_n it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o though_o bede_n as_o well_o as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n have_v give_v we_o a_o series_n of_o all_o those_o supreme_a king_n who_o some_o of_o the_o modern_a writer_n be_v please_v to_o call_v monarch_n yet_o as_o i_o have_v sufficient_o show_v in_o this_o ensue_a history_n they_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n deserve_v that_o title_n since_o it_o may_v be_v clear_o see_v by_o any_o one_o who_o will_v peruse_v mr._n speed_n that_o there_o be_v sometime_o interval_n of_o ten_o or_o twenty_o year_n before_o such_o a_o victorious_a prince_n can_v make_v all_o the_o rest_n by_o the_o terror_n of_o his_o arm_n submit_v themselves_o to_o he_o which_o yet_o they_o never_o all_o do_v till_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n egbert_n without_o preserve_v entire_a all_o their_o royal_a right_n and_o prerogative_n over_o
no_o less_o than_o three_o writer_n of_o part_n of_o our_o history_n who_o live_v before_o malmesbury_n as_o you_o may_v see_v above_o and_o therefore_o he_o must_v also_o be_v understand_v only_o in_o this_o sense_n that_o till_o himself_o there_o be_v none_o have_v undertake_v a_o entire_a latin_a body_n of_o english_a history_n for_o he_o distinguish_v between_o a_o history_n and_o annal_n do_v not_o reckon_v it_o seem_v these_o saxon_a annal_n as_o such_o though_o he_o often_o mention_n they_o by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o english_a chronicle_n be_v as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o groundwork_a upon_o which_o that_o author_n as_o well_o as_o other_o that_o follow_v he_o build_v their_o history_n and_o these_o annal_n remain_v in_o manuscript_n till_o long_o after_o sir_n thomas_n craig_n death_n give_v he_o perhaps_o occasion_n to_o affirm_v in_o the_o same_o place_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o of_o certainty_n to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o british_a history_n from_o 734._o which_o be_v the_o year_n of_o bede_n death_n to_o the_o year_n 957._o but_o all_o thing_n be_v found_v upon_o the_o rumour_n of_o ancient_a man_n and_o it_o may_v be_v old_a wife_n fable_n which_o be_v collect_v together_o into_o one_o book_n and_o put_v in_o a_o latin_a dress_n make_v up_o as_o it_o be_v the_o shadow_n of_o a_o history_n from_o whence_o holinshed_n do_v nevertheless_o bring_v most_o certain_a argument_n to_o establish_v his_o fictitious_a homage_n this_o point_n concern_v the_o homage_n i_o shall_v not_o take_v upon_o i_o here_o to_o decide_v but_o though_o i_o confess_v there_o be_v no_o express_a mention_n of_o it_o in_o the_o annal_n 921.943_o yet_o i_o must_v needs_o say_v there_o be_v somewhat_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o they_o that_o come_v very_o near_o it_o for_o under_o anno_fw-la 924._o they_o relate_v thus_o of_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a that_o the_o king_n and_o whole_a nation_n of_o the_o scot_n choose_v he_o in_o patrem_fw-la &_o dominum_fw-la in_o the_o latin_a version_n i._n e._n for_o their_o father_n and_o lord_n which_o be_v word_n for_o word_n the_o same_o with_o the_o saxon_a original_a which_o i_o omit_v because_o not_o common_o understand_v or_o read_v in_o that_o character_n but_o because_o he_o suppose_v that_o florence_n of_o worcester_n be_v the_o first_o author_n that_o write_v this_o homage_n and_o fealty_n 47._o therefore_o he_o must_v be_v the_o first_o that_o ever_o mention_v the_o submission_n of_o the_o scotish_n king_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n i_o desire_v those_o of_o sir_n thomas_n his_o opinion_n to_o tell_v i_o though_o the_o formal_a ceremony_n of_o homage_n and_o fealty_n which_o in_o different_a age_n and_o divers_a country_n even_o where_o the_o feudal_n law_n be_v obtain_v be_v very_o different_a be_v not_o bring_v up_o till_o after_o the_o norman_a william_n come_v hither_o yet_o what_o can_v those_o word_n in_o patrem_fw-la &_o dominum_fw-la signify_v but_o such_o a_o acknowledgement_n or_o dependence_n upon_o a_o superior_a lord_n as_o be_v tantamount_n and_o it_o be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o this_o be_v mention_v above_o 20_o year_n before_o the_o same_o annal_n relate_v that_o king_n edmund_n the_o young_a son_n to_o king_n edward_n bestow_v cumberland_n upon_o malcolm_n king_n of_o scot_n viz._n anno_fw-la 945._o on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v serve_v he_o in_o his_o expedition_n by_o sea_n and_o land_n for_o which_o alone_o the_o scotish_n writer_n will_v allow_v this_o homage_n to_o have_v be_v due_a and_o in_o the_o year_n follow_v we_o find_v in_o the_o same_o annal_n that_o k._n eadr_v brother_n to_o edmund_n have_v reduce_v all_o northumberland_n into_o his_o power_n which_o then_o take_v in_o almost_o all_o the_o lowland_n of_o scotland_n as_o far_o as_o edinburgh_n thereupon_o scoti_n etiam_fw-la ei_fw-la juramenta_fw-la praestiterunt_fw-la sese_fw-la velle_fw-la quiâ—quid_fw-la be_v vellet_fw-la i._n e._n the_o scotish_n nation_n by_o which_o i_o suppose_v must_v be_v understand_v the_o king_n as_o well_o as_o the_o people_n take_v a_o oath_n to_o king_n eadr_v to_o perform_v whatsoever_o he_o shall_v please_v to_o command_v they_o but_o that_o florence_n of_o worcester_n understand_v this_o to_o be_v a_o oath_n of_o fealty_n appear_v by_o his_o paraphrase_n of_o these_o word_n in_o the_o annal_n thus_o &_o edredus_fw-la à _fw-la scotis_n ut_fw-la sibi_fw-la fideles_fw-la essent_fw-la juramentum_fw-la accepit_fw-la but_o that_o if_o not_o homage_n yet_o somewhat_o very_a like_o it_o be_v render_v in_o that_o age_n by_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n to_o those_o of_o england_n for_o the_o best_a part_n of_o what_o be_v now_o call_v the_o lowland_n may_v appear_v from_o the_o testimony_n of_o john_n of_o wallingford_n 545._o who_o in_o his_o history_n relate_v that_o keneth_n king_n of_o scot_n receive_v lothian_n from_o king_n edgar_n under_o the_o condition_n of_o do_v homage_n to_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n which_o if_o it_o have_v not_o then_o the_o direct_a ceremony_n of_o homage_n which_o perhaps_o come_v in_o with_o the_o norman_n yet_o that_o it_o be_v somewhat_o very_a near_o it_o 24._o john_n fordun_n the_o ancient_a scotish_n historian_n acknowledge_v in_o these_o word_n that_o king_n edmund_n viz._n of_o england_n give_v the_o province_n of_o cumberland_n to_o malcolm_n king_n of_o scot_n sub_fw-la fidelitate_fw-la juramenti_fw-la and_o it_o be_v afterward_o agree_v between_o the_o say_a king_n edmund_n and_o king_n malcolm_n that_o prince_n indulf_n his_o next_o heir_n and_o all_o the_o future_a heir_n of_o scotland_n successive_o shall_v pay_v to_o king_n edmund_n and_o his_o successor_n for_o the_o same_o homagium_fw-la &_o fidelitatis_fw-la sacramentum_fw-la so_o that_o if_o our_o english_a writer_n have_v be_v mistake_v in_o call_v that_o submission_n which_o the_o king_n and_o prince_n of_o scotland_n then_o pay_v to_o england_n homage_n you_o may_v here_o see_v the_o most_o ancient_a scotish_n historian_n guilty_a of_o the_o same_o error_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n if_o not_o the_o same_o yet_o very_a like_o what_o the_o scotish_n king_n afterward_o take_v when_o they_o do_v homage_n to_o our_o king_n of_o england_n after_o the_o conquest_n have_v say_v thus_o much_o i_o shall_v now_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o reader_n be_v judgement_n when_o he_o have_v go_v through_o our_o annal_n to_o consider_v whether_o this_o author_n censure_n of_o our_o english_a history_n from_o the_o year_n 734._o when_o bede_n end_v his_o to_o the_o year_n 957._o be_v just_a that_o they_o be_v only_a thing_n as_o he_o say_v found_v upon_o the_o rumour_n of_o ancient_a man_n and_o it_o may_v be_v old_a wife_n fable_n and_o so_o be_v collect_v together_o in_o one_o book_n dress_v up_o in_o latin_a make_v up_o as_o it_o be_v the_o shadow_n of_o a_o history_n as_o also_o whether_o what_o florence_n be_v cite_v by_o the_o author_n to_o say_v that_o after_o bede_n death_n the_o english_a history_n cease_v and_o that_o for_o his_o own_o part_n he_o have_v leave_v thing_n to_o posterity_n either_o as_o he_o find_v they_o in_o the_o text_n of_o the_o english_a chronicle_n or_o as_o he_o have_v they_o from_o the_o relation_n of_o man_n worthy_a of_o credit_n 41._o or_o hear_v and_o see_v they_o himself_o deserve_v that_o rash_a censure_n not_o only_o concern_v these_o annal_n now_o publish_v but_o of_o florence_n himself_o viz._n as_o to_o what_o concern_v the_o text_n of_o the_o english_a chronicle_n he_o mention_v they_o that_o he_o may_v deceive_v his_o reader_n with_o the_o great_a facility_n whereas_o florence_n be_v account_v always_o a_o writer_n of_o unquestionable_a diligence_n and_o veracity_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o several_a testimony_n of_o learned_a man_n before_o his_o history_n but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o author_n triumph_n before_o the_o victory_n be_v that_o he_o do_v not_o believe_v any_o such_o thing_n as_o a_o saxon_a chronicle_n can_v be_v find_v for_o say_v he_o immediate_o after_o ibid._n if_o there_o be_v any_o chronicle_n of_o those_o time_n see_v florence_n live_v about_o the_o year_n 1148._o they_o must_v still_o remain_v in_o the_o archive_v which_o hitherto_o no_o english_a author_n do_v ever_o allege_v or_o have_v be_v able_a to_o demonstrate_v for_o that_o chronicle_n as_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o prologue_n do_v only_o set_v down_o the_o number_n of_o year_n and_o so_o he_o proceed_v to_o invalidate_v the_o credit_n of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n as_o if_o he_o have_v have_v no_o voucher_n to_o warrant_v his_o chronicle_n but_o i_o hope_v this_o translation_n i_o here_o present_v you_o with_o will_v satisfy_v all_o ordinary_a reader_n that_o the_o saxon_a annal_n do_v contain_v much_o more_o than_o the_o bare_a number_n of_o year_n and_o the_o edition_n first_o publish_v by_o mr._n wheelock_n in_o saxon_n and_o latin_a from_o two_o copy_n in_o
sir_n robert_n cotton_n and_o bennet_n college_n library_n have_v long_o since_o convince_v all_o learned_a man_n that_o we_o real_o have_v such_o monument_n in_o our_o archive_v which_o have_v be_v also_o far_o confirm_v as_o to_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o from_o two_o other_o manuscript_n copies_n give_v by_o archbishop_n laud_n to_o the_o bodleian_n library_n at_o oxford_n and_o late_o publish_v together_o with_o those_o abovemention_v by_o the_o aforesaid_a mr._n edmund_n gibson_n most_o of_o which_o copy_n belong_v to_o several_a ancient_a monastery_n and_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o many_o more_o of_o they_o be_v lose_v at_o their_o dissolation_n in_o henry_n the_o eighth_n time_n or_o carry_v over_o sea_n for_o we_o find_v lazius_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr migratione_fw-la gentium_fw-la quote_v several_a of_o they_o and_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o our_o annal_n sometime_o follow_v not_o tradition_n only_o but_o also_o old_a write_v history_n and_o perhaps_o latin_a writer_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o action_n of_o athelstane_n and_o eadmund_n an._n 938_o and_o 942._o but_o for_o the_o support_n of_o their_o authority_n i_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o this_o author_n be_v own_o countryman_n john_n fordun_n where_o he_o tell_v we_o in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o scotish_n history_n he_o have_v hear_v it_o be_v very_o well_o order_v in_o england_n that_o every_o monastery_n of_o royal_a foundation_n shall_v have_v its_o particular_a writer_n who_o be_v chronological_o to_o set_v down_o all_o the_o memorable_a thing_n which_o happen_v in_o each_o king_n reign_n either_o in_o their_o own_o or_o neighbour_a kingdom_n and_o that_o at_o the_o next_o great_a council_n after_o the_o death_n of_o every_o respective_a king_n each_o of_o those_o chronographer_n meet_v there_o and_o produce_v whatsoever_o they_o have_v so_o remark_v and_o that_o some_o of_o the_o most_o discreet_a person_n in_o the_o say_a council_n who_o be_v best_a skill_v in_o such_o matter_n be_v choose_v for_o that_o purpose_n shall_v examine_v those_o memorial_n and_o by_o compare_v they_o together_o shall_v extract_v a_o brief_a chronicle_n from_o they_o all_o which_o be_v to_o be_v preserve_v in_o the_o library_n of_o those_o monastery_n as_o authentic_a annal_n to_o be_v rely_v on_o by_o posterity_n that_o so_o the_o remembrance_n of_o those_o public_a affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n may_v not_o be_v lose_v or_o devour_v by_o the_o rust_n of_o time_n which_o passage_n have_v sir_n thomas_n craig_n but_o careful_o consider_v he_o will_v have_v have_v no_o reason_n to_o doubt_v whether_o we_o have_v have_v any_o chronicle_n of_o those_o time_n remain_v in_o our_o archive_v and_o whether_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o our_o historian_n have_v blind_o follow_v florence_n of_o worcester_n into_o a_o error_n 47._o as_o cattle_n do_v their_o leader_n that_o break_v over_o a_o ditch_n but_o if_o our_o saxon_a annal_n be_v not_o a_o good_a foundation_n for_o succeed_a historian_n to_o build_v upon_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v what_o credit_n the_o ancient_a greek_a and_o roman_a author_n can_v claim_v with_o man_n of_o that_o scrupulous_a temper_n since_o they_o have_v nothing_o but_o such_o short_a annal_n or_o chronicle_n preserve_v in_o their_o archive_v beside_o tradition_n and_o the_o common_a fame_n of_o their_o ancestor_n from_o whence_o to_o compose_v the_o particular_a history_n of_o those_o commonwealth_n they_o treat_v of_o such_o as_o be_v the_o libri_fw-la lintei_fw-la preserve_v in_o the_o capitol_n from_o whence_o livy_n draw_v the_o most_o ancient_a memorial_n for_o the_o writing_n his_o roman_a history_n and_o though_o there_o be_v some_o difference_n to_o be_v find_v between_o the_o several_a copy_n of_o these_o annal_n as_o to_o the_o calculation_n of_o year_n and_o some_o particular_a matter_n that_o be_v sometime_o insert_v in_o one_o and_o omit_v in_o another_o yet_o the_o ingenious_a author_n of_o the_o preface_n before_o it_o have_v give_v the_o world_n a_o satisfactory_a answer_n as_o to_o this_o matter_n which_o be_v that_o as_o to_o the_o general_a affair_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o all_o agree_v well_o enough_o though_o indeed_o as_o to_o foreign_a transaction_n or_o some_o few_o passage_n relate_v to_o their_o own_o private_a monastery_n there_o may_v be_v some_o addition_n that_o be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o rest_n as_o may_v be_v observe_v from_o those_o call_v the_o canterbury_n and_o laudean_a copy_n in_o the_o bodleian_n library_n so_o i_o shall_v leave_v it_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n to_o the_o reader_n to_o consider_v whether_o the_o author_n have_v make_v good_a his_o challenge_n viz._n that_o the_o english_a be_v not_o able_a to_o produce_v one_o approve_a writer_n of_o their_o own_o country_n who_o compose_v any_o story_n or_o history_n from_o the_o death_n of_o bede_n to_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o though_o i_o suppose_v he_o mean_v the_o first_o however_o it_o be_v unlucky_o print_v twice_o the_o second_o in_o one_o page_n but_o to_o come_v to_o this_o author_n second_o objection_n against_o our_o english_a historian_n the_o substance_n of_o which_o be_v that_o the_o writer_n as_o well_o before_o as_o after_o the_o conquest_n be_v monk_n who_o be_v dead_a to_o the_o world_n have_v no_o right_n of_o give_v a_o legal_a evidence_n it_o be_v express_o forbid_v by_o the_o canon_n law_n to_o concern_v themselves_o in_o secular_a matter_n and_o also_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o solitary_a life_n they_o ought_v very_o seldom_o to_o be_v entrust_v in_o public_a affair_n see_v they_o be_v no_o competent_a judge_n concern_v they_o for_o it_o be_v not_o very_o probable_a that_o either_o the_o secret_n of_o prince_n or_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o state_n be_v ever_o communicate_v to_o they_o otherwise_o than_o by_o common_a report_n see_v they_o be_v keep_v at_o the_o great_a distance_n from_o all_o manner_n of_o action_n and_o do_v oftentimes_o embrace_v thing_n doubtful_a as_o certain_a and_o fiction_n for_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o that_o therefore_o this_o feign_a homage_n must_v of_o necessity_n fall_v to_o the_o ground_n for_o which_o there_o be_v no_o better_a evidence_n than_o that_o of_o a_o monk_n for_o it_o will_v not_o be_v admit_v as_o a_o good_a conclusion_n that_o because_o a_o monk_n say_v so_o therefore_o it_o be_v true_a this_o argument_n may_v as_o easy_o be_v retort_v upon_o he_o thus_o that_o as_o a_o thing_n be_v not_o true_a because_o a_o monk_n write_v it_o so_o neither_o be_v it_o false_a for_o that_o reason_n alone_o for_o though_o monk_n be_v by_o the_o canon_n law_n forbid_v meddle_v with_o secular_a affair_n and_o may_v not_o perhaps_o be_v admit_v for_o good_a witness_n in_o civil_a cause_n yet_o be_v this_o but_o a_o mere_a cavil_v as_o to_o the_o point_n in_o question_n since_o that_o be_v not_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o canon_n to_o forbid_v they_o the_o writing_n either_o of_o civil_a or_o ecclesiastical_a history_n and_o bede_n himself_o who_o credit_v this_o author_n say_v he_o will_v not_o impair_v be_v a_o monk_n as_o be_v also_o marianus_n scotus_n who_o he_o allow_v and_o will_v have_v to_o be_v take_v for_o his_o own_o countryman_n sigebertus_n hermannus_n contractus_fw-la and_o almost_o all_o the_o famous_a chronographer_n of_o those_o time_n who_o flourish_v in_o our_o neighbour_a nation_n as_o well_o as_o our_o own_o and_o that_o they_o be_v not_o of_o such_o retire_a life_n as_o not_o to_o have_v memorial_n send_v they_o of_o public_a action_n appear_v by_o the_o aforesaid_a citation_n out_o of_o fordun_n concern_v the_o manner_n of_o write_v our_o english_a annal_n in_o the_o monastery_n which_o as_o he_o tell_v we_o be_v supervise_v afterward_o by_o some_o appoint_v of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o some_o of_o the_o monk_n after_o the_o conquest_n be_v in_o great_a reputation_n for_o their_o faithful_a account_n appear_v by_o the_o great_a credit_n give_v to_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n in_o those_o time_n the_o last_o of_o who_o dedicate_v his_o history_n to_o robert_n earl_n of_o gloucester_n natural_a son_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o first_o and_o matthew_n paris_n be_v of_o so_o great_a esteem_n that_o we_o learn_v from_o himself_o that_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o give_v he_o particular_a direction_n for_o insert_v into_o his_o history_n several_a considerable_a passage_n relate_v to_o his_o own_o reign_n so_o far_o be_v the_o prince_n of_o that_o age_n from_o be_v of_o this_o author_n opinion_n that_o monk_n be_v no_o wise_a fit_n to_o write_v history_n nor_o to_o be_v credit_v when_o they_o have_v do_v but_o if_o no_o credit_n must_v be_v give_v to_o the_o memorial_n of_o monk_n i_o desire_v to_o know_v what_o will_v become_v of_o the_o so_o much_o
officer_n call_v ab_fw-la act_v who_o be_v public_a notary_n that_o write_v testament_n contract_n and_o other_o instrument_n which_o be_v sign_v before_o by_o the_o judge_n or_o precedent_n and_o attest_v by_o he_o that_o so_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o party_n they_o may_v remain_v authentic_a then_o other_o clerk_n or_o secretary_n de_fw-fr curâ_fw-la or_o de_fw-fr curâ_fw-la epistolarum_fw-la who_o write_v and_o send_v the_o letter_n and_o dispatch_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o province_n to_o the_o emperor_n or_o to_o each_o other_o beside_o who_o the_o vicarius_fw-la himself_o and_o i_o suppose_v also_o each_o of_o the_o precedent_n have_v his_o adjutorem_fw-la i._n e._n his_o coadjutor_n in_o case_n of_o sickness_n or_o necessary_a absence_n as_o likewise_o subadjuva_v under-assistant_n or_o assistant_n to_o the_o adjutor_n and_o in_o short_a certain_z other_z officer_n call_v singulares_fw-la from_o the_o particular_a civil_a employment_n they_o have_v who_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v prosecutor_n informer_n or_o sergeant_n not_o to_o mention_v other_o of_o more_o inferior_a rank_n as_o apparitor_n summoner_n or_o messenger_n this_o be_v the_o civil_a court_n of_o the_o vicarius_fw-la or_o deputy_n of_o britain_n under_o the_o praefectus_fw-la praetorii_fw-la of_o gaul_n who_o have_v the_o power_n to_o reverse_v his_o judgement_n and_o decree_n the_o ensign_n of_o his_o government_n be_v a_o draught_n of_o those_o five_o part_n of_o britain_n beforementioned_a imperii_fw-la express_v in_o the_o form_n of_o several_a building_n with_o the_o superscription_n of_o their_o name_n place_v on_o the_o triangular_a form_n of_o the_o island_n as_o if_o they_o have_v comprehend_v the_o whole_a island_n the_o book_n of_o their_o instruction_n cover_v with_o green_n and_o the_o commission_n in_o a_o gild_a cover_n with_o several_a letter_n inscribe_v on_o the_o book_n the_o signification_n of_o which_o be_v unnecessary_a to_o be_v here_o insert_v but_o you_o will_v find_v this_o as_o also_o a_o draught_n of_o these_o insignia_fw-la themselves_z in_o the_o abovecited_a pancirollus_n beside_o these_o general_a precedent_n there_o be_v likewise_o court_v in_o all_o the_o great_a city_n municipia_fw-la or_o colony_n of_o each_o province_n which_o have_v their_o several_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n according_a to_o the_o model_n of_o rome_n itself_o who_o hear_v cause_n and_o administer_v justice_n to_o the_o particular_a district_n belong_v to_o they_o much_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o parliament_n in_o france_n do_v at_o this_o day_n have_v thus_o conclude_v their_o civil_a administration_n we_o now_o come_v to_o the_o military_a which_o be_v execute_v by_o three_o chief_a officer_n under_o the_o magister_fw-la militum_fw-la of_o the_o west_n and_o they_o be_v these_o viz._n the_o come_v britanniarum_n comes_fw-la littoris_fw-la saxonici_fw-la and_o the_o dux_n britanniarum_fw-la who_o several_a charge_n and_o the_o tract_n subject_v to_o each_o of_o their_o command_n may_v be_v best_a discern_v by_o the_o name_n of_o those_o town_n where_o their_o under-officer_n and_o force_n be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v their_o headquarters_n the_o first_o of_o these_o viz._n the_o count_n of_o britain_n be_v think_v to_o have_v have_v his_o command_n over_o the_o inward_a or_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o island_n because_o the_o two_o other_o be_v know_v to_o have_v have_v they_o over_o the_o northern_a or_o maritime_a part_n thereof_o but_o the_o notitia_fw-la assign_v not_o any_o force_n to_o the_o former_a nor_o mention_n any_o place_n under_o his_o command_n because_o as_o pancirollus_n write_v the_o whole_a island_n be_v then_o almost_o overrun_v by_o barbarian_n but_o as_o for_o the_o come_v littoris_fw-la saxonici_fw-la so_o call_v in_o the_o declension_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n from_o the_o charge_n or_o care_n he_o have_v to_o suppress_v the_o saxon_a pirate_n who_o often_o land_v on_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o britain_n lie_v over_o against_o germany_n commit_v great_a ravages_n there_o he_o have_v eight_o praepositi_fw-la and_o one_o tribune_n under_o he_o that_o be_v leader_n of_o divers_a cohort_n consist_v of_o gaul_n german_n and_o other_o foreign_a nation_n who_o quarter_v in_o several_a town_n all_o along_o the_o coast_n from_o sussex_n as_o far_o as_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o norfolk_n for_o the_o name_n of_o who_o with_o the_o place_n where_o they_o lay_v i_o shall_v refer_v you_o to_o the_o notitia_fw-la imperii_fw-la occidentalis_fw-la or_o if_o you_o have_v rather_o have_v they_o in_o english_a to_o mr._n selden_n title_n of_o honour_n and_o dr._n howell_n second_o part_n and_o three_o chapter_n of_o his_o general_n history_n the_o like_a i_o may_v also_o say_v of_o the_o force_n under_o the_o dux_n britanniarum_n or_o general_n of_o britain_n who_o army_n have_v it_o then_o be_v real_o in_o be_v be_v sufficient_a to_o have_v suppress_v both_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n for_o they_o consist_v of_o no_o less_o than_o fourteen_o praefect_n or_o praepositi_fw-la of_o horse_n and_o foot_n who_o name_n and_o place_n where_o they_o quarter_v extend_v from_o lincolnshire_n through_o all_o the_o northern_a county_n as_o far_o as_o the_o pictish_a border_n and_o so_o round_o about_o by_o lancashire_n into_o north-wales_n you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o author_n abovemention_v but_o as_o for_o the_o several_a ensign_n of_o these_o three_o chief_a military_a officer_n they_o be_v much_o what_o the_o same_o with_o those_o of_o the_o vicarius_fw-la britanniae_fw-la viz._n the_o figure_n of_o certain_a town_n with_o their_o name_n set_v over_o they_o together_o with_o their_o commission_n contain_v in_o book_n of_o different_a colour_a cover_v with_o the_o emperor_n image_n set_v by_o they_o on_o pillar_n i_o will_v leave_v it_o to_o those_o who_o take_v more_o pleasure_n than_o i_o do_v in_o such_o curiosity_n all_o these_o comites_fw-la and_o deuce_n be_v equal_a in_o power_n and_o only_o subordinate_a to_o the_o vicarius_fw-la britanniae_fw-la the_o force_n under_o their_o command_n be_v not_o only_o disperse_v through_o the_o municipia_fw-la or_o free_a colony_n which_o the_o roman_n plant_v here_o and_o be_v govern_v by_o their_o own_o civil_a magistrate_n in_o imitation_n of_o rome_n their_o mother-city_n but_o be_v also_o garrison_v in_o divers_a town_n castle_n and_o fort_n all_o along_o the_o roman_a limit_n thereby_o to_o discover_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n several_a of_o which_o be_v intend_v only_o at_o first_o for_o their_o military_a camp_n by_o degree_n grow_v up_o into_o city_n and_o be_v know_v at_o this_o day_n by_o the_o name_n of_o chester_n such_o as_o be_v west-chester_n on_o the_o river_n dee_fw-mi portchester_n in_o hampshire_n now_o destroy_v chester_n in_o the_o street_n in_o northumberland_n with_o several_z other_o of_o less_o note_n near_o the_o pict_n wall_n as_o also_o in_o the_o inland_a part_n of_o england_n end_v in_o the_o word_n cester_n as_o leicester_n cirencester_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o owe_v their_o original_a to_o the_o latin_a name_n castra_n have_v now_o dispatch_v the_o british_a and_o roman_a polity_n i_o come_v to_o the_o main_a part_n of_o design_n which_o be_v to_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o the_o civil_a government_n that_o the_o english_a saxon_n establish_v in_o this_o part_n of_o our_o island_n which_o they_o call_v england_n who_o consist_v of_o several_a tribe_n or_o nation_n inhabit_v different_a country_n yet_o all_o speak_v the_o same_o language_n come_v over_o hither_o at_o several_a time_n under_o their_o particular_a leader_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v expel_v the_o britain_n they_o do_v within_o the_o space_n of_o about_o a_o hundred_o year_n heprarchy_n erect_v seven_o distinct_a kingdom_n though_o not_o of_o equal_a extent_n the_o name_n of_o which_o notwithstanding_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o history_n itself_o yet_o have_v not_o give_v you_o the_o particular_a catalogue_n of_o the_o several_a county_n they_o contain_v because_o their_o dominion_n be_v not_o then_o divide_v into_o those_o district_n as_o they_o be_v afterward_o i_o have_v reserve_v to_o this_o place_n kingdom_n the_o first_o kingdom_n be_v that_o of_o kent_n consist_v only_o of_o that_o county_n and_o surrey_n kingdom_n the_o second_o viz._n that_o of_o the_o south-saxons_a contain_v sussex_n and_o surrey_n or_o at_o least_o great_a part_n of_o it_o kingdom_n the_o three_o be_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o westsaxon_n and_o contain_v devonshire_n dorsetshire_n somersetshire_n wiltshire_n hampshire_n and_o berkshire_n but_o as_o for_o that_o country_n call_v cornwall_n i_o shall_v not_o reckon_v it_o here_o because_o it_o be_v for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n and_o not_o bring_v under_o the_o west-saxon_a dominion_n till_o long_o after_o kingdom_n the_o four_o be_v that_o of_o the_o east-saxons_a which_o contain_v essex_n middlesex_n and_o part_n of_o hertfordshire_n kingdom_n the_o five_o be_v that_o
this_o charter_n not_o only_o by_o the_o consent_n but_o by_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n earl_n and_o all_o his_o other_o faithful_a subject_n which_o word_n in_o the_o latin_a fideles_fw-la though_o dr._n brady_n understand_v it_o only_o of_o military_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o it_o be_v there_o to_o be_v take_v in_o a_o much_o large_a sense_n and_o must_v comprehend_v all_o the_o lesser_a thanes_z or_o freeholders_n abovementioned_a as_o also_o the_o deputy_n or_o representative_n of_o city_n and_o town_n of_o which_o fideles_fw-la sir_n henry_n spleman_n understand_v omnes_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o principis_fw-la alicujus_fw-la ditione_n sunt_fw-la vulgò_fw-la subjecti_fw-la he_o sunt_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o historiis_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la fideles_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o also_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v in_o the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n take_v ancient_o in_o the_o court-leet_n as_o the_o same_o author_n show_v we_o 1._o tu_fw-la j._n s._n jurabis_fw-la quod_fw-la ab_fw-la ista_fw-la die_fw-la in_o anteà _fw-la eris_fw-la fidelis_n &_o legalis_fw-la domino_fw-la nostro_fw-la regi_fw-la &_o suis_fw-la haeredibus_fw-la &_o fidelitatem_fw-la &_o legalitatem_fw-la ei_fw-la portabis_fw-la de_fw-la vita_fw-la &_o membro_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr terreno_n honore_fw-la &_o quod_fw-la tu_fw-la eorum_fw-la malum_fw-la aut_fw-la damnum_fw-la nec_fw-la noveris_fw-la nec_fw-la audiveris_fw-la quod_fw-la non_fw-la defend_v id_fw-la est_fw-la prohibes_fw-la pro_fw-la posse_fw-la tuo_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o though_o i_o grant_v this_o word_n fideles_fw-la be_v after_o the_o conquest_n frequent_o use_v for_o a_o military_a tenant_n or_o vassal_n yet_o do_v it_o likewise_o even_o then_o often_o extend_v further_o than_o to_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o as_o i_o be_o able_a to_o prove_v from_o the_o very_a authority_n he_o give_v we_o in_o his_o own_o glossary_a under_o the_o title_n fideles_fw-la be_v it_o now_o worth_a while_n to_o dispute_v that_o point_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n it_o lie_v upon_o he_o to_o make_v out_o that_o the_o fidelium_fw-la multitudo_fw-la mention_v in_o king_n athelwolf_n charter_n abovecit_v and_o the_o omnium_fw-la fidelium_fw-la in_o these_o be_v no_o other_o than_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la which_o when_o ever_o he_o do_v to_o make_v use_n of_o his_o own_o phrase_n erit_fw-la mihi_fw-la magnus_fw-la apollo_n i_o can_v also_o give_v you_o some_o instance_n to_o the_o same_o effect_v out_o of_o the_o saxon_a annal_n under_o the_o year_n 994_o and_o 1002._o in_o both_o which_o it_o be_v say_v express_o tha_z gaeredde_a se_n king_n and_o his_o wit_n a_o that_o be_v it_o be_v decree_v by_o the_o king_n and_o his_o wites_z or_o wiseman_n to_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o dane_n and_o to_o raise_v a_o tax_n for_o that_o end_n so_o that_o to_o conclude_v i_o think_v this_o dispute_n about_o the_o king_n authority_n in_o make_v of_o law_n may_v easy_o be_v reconcile_v to_o that_o which_o the_o two_o house_n of_o parliament_n now_o exercise_n that_o be_v the_o king_n make_v the_o law_n yet_o by_o and_o with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o as_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o year-book_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o b._n and_o if_o such_o their_o assent_n be_v absolute_o necessary_a can_v any_o man_n in_o reason_n deny_v their_o authority_n to_o be_v essential_a in_o the_o make_n of_o these_o law_n and_o therefore_o bracton_n understand_v well_o enough_o what_o he_o write_v when_o he_o tell_v we_o cam_n legis_fw-la vigorem_fw-la habeat_fw-la quicquid_fw-la de_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o consensu_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o reipublicae_fw-la communi_fw-la sponsione_n authoritate_fw-la principis_fw-la praecedente_fw-la jaste_fw-la fuerit_fw-la definitum_fw-la &_o approbatum_fw-la i._n e._n that_o whatsoever_o have_v be_v right_o decree_v and_o approve_v of_o by_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o chief_a man_n and_o the_o general_n agreement_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o prince_n authority_n precede_v carry_v thenceforth_o the_o force_n of_o a_o law_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o in_o this_o great_a man_n time_n the_o king_n give_v his_o consent_n to_o law_n first_o by_o order_v they_o to_o be_v draw_v up_o by_o his_o council_n and_o propose_v to_o the_o parliament_n when_o they_o meet_v and_o that_o it_o be_v in_o their_o power_n either_o to_o accept_v or_o refuse_v they_o as_o we_o see_v it_o be_v in_o charter_n and_o act_n of_o pardon_n at_o this_o day_n when_o they_o be_v pass_v and_o confirm_v by_o both_o house_n and_o for_o this_o see_v the_o preface_n to_o the_o statute_n of_o westminster_n the_o three_o as_o for_o the_o judicial_a power_n of_o this_o witena-gemote_a in_o banish_v great_a and_o notorious_a offender_n against_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n who_o crime_n be_v either_o not_o direct_o treason_n according_a to_o the_o strict_a letter_n of_o the_o law_n or_o else_o their_o person_n be_v too_o great_a for_o any_o other_o less_o court_n of_o judicature_n you_o may_v find_v divers_a example_n in_o our_o annal_n and_o historian_n viz._n under_o the_o year_n 1048_o 1052_o 1055._o but_o i_o do_v not_o find_v any_o great_a lord_n or_o nobleman_n condemn_v to_o death_n or_o attaint_v by_o authority_n of_o this_o council_n till_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n have_v now_o show_v the_o ancient_a authority_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o have_v be_v always_o necessary_a and_o concurrent_a i_o do_v not_o say_v coordinate_a with_o that_o of_o the_o king_n and_o also_o what_o other_o power_n they_o constant_o then_o use_v in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o come_v to_o observe_v the_o near_a conjunction_n and_o union_n of_o both_o church_n and_o state_n in_o their_o mycel-synod_n or_o witenagemotes_a which_o let_v we_o see_v what_o kind_n of_o supremacy_n our_o english-saxon_a king_n then_o exercise_v in_o church_n matter_n as_o also_o who_o they_o be_v that_o at_o that_o time_n make_v ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a law_n and_o i_o shall_v give_v it_o you_o in_o the_o word_n of_o a_o very_a learned_a lawyer_n late_o decease_v etc._n i_o mean_v mr._n joseph_n washington_n since_o i_o own_o i_o be_o not_o able_a to_o mend_v what_o have_v be_v write_v by_o so_o excellent_a a_o pen_n his_o word_n be_v these_o in_o the_o second_o place_n for_o in_o the_o precedent_a page_n he_o have_v give_v some_o instance_n before_o the_o entry_n of_o the_o saxon_n which_o be_v not_o to_o my_o present_a design_n i_o omit_v to_o make_v appear_v in_o some_o measure_n how_o the_o law_n stand_v in_o those_o time_n with_o respect_n to_o the_o king_n supremacy_n i_o will_v exhibit_v say_v he_o a_o very_a few_o instance_n of_o the_o saxon_a time_n during_o the_o heptarchy_n the_o reader_n may_v consult_v many_o more_o at_o his_o leisure_n no_o marvel_n if_o we_o find_v this_o people_n submit_v to_o nothing_o in_o religion_n but_o what_o be_v ordain_v by_o themselves_o de_fw-fr majoribus_fw-la omnes_fw-la 11._o be_v one_o of_o their_o fundamental_a constitution_n before_o they_o come_v hither_o and_o it_o be_v continue_v here_o to_o this_o day_n and_o matter_n of_o religion_n be_v among_o their_o majora_fw-la even_o before_o they_o receive_v christianity_n according_o edwin_n king_n of_o northamberland_n habito_fw-la cum_fw-la sapientibus_fw-la consilio_fw-la renounce_v his_o paganism_n and_o he_o and_o they_o embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n this_o be_v describe_v in_o bede_n and_o huntingdon_n 188._o to_o have_v be_v do_v in_o such_o a_o assembly_n of_o man_n as_o the_o parliament_n of_o those_o day_n be_v general_o mention_v to_o consist_v of_o after_o the_o christian_a religion_n have_v spread_v among_o the_o saxon_n the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n frequent_o hold_v synod_n without_o the_o laity_n for_o church-visitation_n ubicunque_fw-la and_o make_v constitution_n for_o the_o regulation_n of_o the_o clergy_n which_o they_o obey_v and_o submit_v to_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o oath_n of_o canonical_a obedience_n but_o as_o nothing_o transact_v in_o those_o assembly_n of_o the_o clergy_n bind_v the_o people_n so_o can_v no_o instance_n be_v produce_v of_o the_o clergy_n be_v bind_v by_o any_o act_n of_o the_o king_n not_o assent_v to_o in_o the_o provincial_a synod_n of_o those_o time_n these_o synod_n may_v easy_o be_v distinguish_v from_o our_o mycel-synod_n or_o witenagemotes_a not_o only_o by_o the_o matter_n transact_v in_o they_o but_o by_o the_o person_n that_o therein_o preside_v and_o subscribe_v they_o viz._n the_o pope_n legate_n or_o else_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n or_o york_n and_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n etc._n etc._n without_o the_o name_n of_o any_o temporal_a person_n present_v thereat_o when_o they_o be_v mere_a ecclesiastical_a synod_n but_o if_o they_o be_v mix_v as_o well_o for_o temporal_a as_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n both_o the_o king_n and_o archbishop_n be_v say_v to_o preside_v otherwise_o the_o king_n alone_o and_o before_o the_o union_n of_o the_o
derive_v from_o or_o a_o negative_a or_o privative_a and_o dalinea_n which_o signify_v distinction_n or_o difference_n that_o be_v without_o any_o distinction_n or_o difference_n and_o import_v a_o just_a impartial_a judgement_n it_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n by_o fire_n or_o water_n by_o fire_n when_o the_o person_n accuse_v carry_v in_o his_o bare_a hand_n a_o red-hot_a iron_n some_o few_o step_n which_o if_o it_o weigh_v but_o one_o pound_n be_v call_v single_a ordeal_o and_o so_o double_a or_o treble_a according_a to_o the_o pound_n the_o iron_n weigh_v or_o when_o he_o walk_v barefoot_a and_o blindfold_a over_z and_o between_o certain_a red-hot_a ploughshare_n place_v at_o a_o state_v distance_n if_o in_o do_v this_o the_o party_n be_v burn_v he_o be_v pronounce_v guilty_a if_o not_o he_o be_v account_v innocent_a water-ordeal_a be_v either_o when_o they_o cast_v the_o accuse_v into_o water_n and_o if_o they_o do_v swim_v be_v adjudge_v guilty_a if_o they_o sink_v innocent_a or_o else_o their_o hand_n and_o arm_n be_v put_v sometime_o up_o to_o the_o wrist_n fine_a sometime_o up_o to_o the_o elbow_n in_o boiling-hot_a water_n if_o they_o be_v scald_v they_o be_v esteem_v guilty_a if_o not_o innocent_a the_o noble_a and_o freemen_n be_v try_v by_o fire-ordeal_a the_o peasant_n and_o servant_n by_o water_n ordeal_o a_o great_a example_n of_o the_o former_a you_o will_v find_v towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o six_o book_n 79._o concern_v the_o put_n of_o queen_n emma_n mother_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n to_o this_o fire-ordeal_a by_o ploughshare_n upon_o suspicion_n of_o incontinency_n with_o ailwyn_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n but_o indeed_o this_o story_n be_v very_o improbable_a for_o several_a reason_n for_o first_o the_o crime_n she_o stand_v accuse_v of_o can_v be_v no_o more_o than_o simple_a fornication_n which_o be_v then_o as_o well_o as_o now_o within_o the_o cognizance_n of_o the_o church_n and_o for_o which_o no_o high_o punishment_n than_o the_o common_a penance_n be_v inflict_v and_o further_o 1042._o we_o find_v this_o queen_n to_o have_v fall_v into_o the_o king_n displeasure_n in_o the_o first_o or_o second_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o be_v not_o long_o after_o restore_v to_o his_o favour_n we_o do_v not_o read_v she_o be_v ever_o after_o question_v and_o as_o for_o robert_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v one_o of_o her_o chief_a prosecutor_n it_o be_v certain_a he_o be_v not_o consecrate_v to_o that_o see_v till_o about_o seven_o or_o eight_o year_n after_o beside_o all_o which_o bishop_n 90._o godwin_n in_o his_o account_n of_o this_o archbishop_n further_o prove_v from_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n that_o bishop_n ailwin_n be_v dead_a anno_fw-la 1047_o a_o year_n before_o ever_o robert_n be_v make_v archbishop_n and_o therefore_o this_o learned_a author_n do_v whole_o deny_v the_o reality_n of_o this_o story_n but_o to_o return_v again_o to_o our_o ordeal_o the_o first_o mention_n make_v thereof_o as_o we_o meet_v with_o be_v at_o the_o council_n of_o mentz_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o council_n of_o trier_n but_o we_o have_v no_o foot-step_n thereof_o in_o our_o english_a law_n till_o it_o be_v bring_v into_o this_o nation_n by_o the_o council_n of_o berkhamstead_n under_o bertwald_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n anno_fw-la 647_o and_o it_o after_o become_v insert_v into_o those_o of_o king_n athelstan_n 23._o though_o it_o be_v certain_o in_o use_n before_o that_o time_n i_o have_v little_o more_o to_o add_v concern_v this_o way_n of_o trial_n by_o ordeal_o but_o that_o it_o be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o clergy_n who_o never_o permit_v it_o to_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n but_o when_o they_o be_v present_a and_o sometime_o it_o be_v perform_v with_o the_o great_a solemnity_n of_o receive_v the_o holy_a eucharist_n especial_o if_o the_o suspect_a person_n be_v of_o their_o order_n and_o function_n and_o if_o the_o party_n be_v cast_v he_o be_v to_o suffer_v as_o guilty_a this_o way_n of_o trial_n by_o ordeal_o continue_v long_o after_o the_o conquest_n but_o at_o last_o it_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o pope_n decree_n and_o we_o have_v now_o no_o remainder_n of_o it_o leave_v unless_o it_o be_v in_o the_o country_n peoples_n try_v of_o witch_n who_o be_v tie_v with_o their_o thumb_n and_o toe_n together_o and_o so_o fling_v into_o the_o water_n if_o they_o sink_v be_v account_v innocent_a if_o they_o swim_v guilty_a but_o indeed_o if_o this_o ordeal_o either_o by_o fire_n or_o water_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o devil_n one_o will_v wonder_v it_o shall_v ever_o be_v introduce_v especial_o with_o such_o solemn_a prayer_n and_o preparation_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o lambard_n explication_n of_o law-term_n and_o in_o matthew_n parker_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n his_o antiquity_n of_o the_o british_a church_n archiep._n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o it_o be_v assist_v by_o a_o divine_a power_n it_o be_v as_o wonderful_a how_o it_o come_v to_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o pope_n as_o whole_o unlawful_a but_o beside_o these_o way_n of_o trial_n abovemention_v upon_o more_o slight_a suspicion_n our_o english_a saxon_n ancestor_n be_v use_v to_o content_v themselves_o with_o a_o voyer_fw-fr dire_fw-fr or_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o party_n suspect_v and_o the_o concur_v testimony_n of_o other_o man_n the_o first_o attest_v his_o own_o innocency_n the_o other_o attest_v their_o own_o conscience_n for_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o former_a testimony_n and_o therefore_o be_v and_o still_o be_v call_v compurgator_n their_o number_n be_v more_o or_o less_o and_o of_o great_a or_o less_o value_v according_a as_o the_o offence_n or_o the_o party_n suspect_v be_v of_o great_a or_o less_o concernment_n and_o as_o for_o the_o way_n of_o trial_n by_o single_a combat_n or_o duel_n though_o some_o writer_n suppose_v it_o to_o have_v be_v in_o use_n before_o the_o conquest_n yet_o since_o i_o meet_v with_o no_o mention_n of_o it_o either_o in_o our_o historian_n or_o law_n i_o shall_v defer_v discourse_v of_o it_o till_o i_o come_v to_o the_o next_o volume_n have_v now_o dispatch_v this_o head_n concern_v trial_n i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o judgement_n and_o penalty_n that_o be_v inflict_v on_o person_n for_o several_a offence_n and_o first_o i_o shall_v consider_v those_o against_o almighty_a god_n as_o sacrilege_n sacrilege_n which_o you_o will_v find_v upon_o the_o first_o introduce_v of_o christianity_n to_o have_v be_v appoint_v by_o the_o pope_n as_o also_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n egbert_n either_o in_o make_v satisfaction_n of_o nine_o time_n the_o value_n or_o in_o case_n of_o inability_n to_o pay_v that_o sum_n in_o stripe_n for_o not_o then_o nor_o long_o after_o be_v it_o punishable_a with_o death_n 1._o for_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n tell_v we_o that_o theoder_v the_o good_a bishop_n of_o london_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n athelstan_n fall_v short_a of_o one_o thing_n viz._n that_o he_o cause_v certain_a thief_n to_o be_v hang_v who_o have_v rob_v st._n edmund_n church_n in_o suffolk_n and_o be_v there_o hold_v by_o some_o invisible_a power_n insomuch_o that_o they_o can_v not_o go_v away_o with_o what_o they_o have_v steal_v but_o be_v all_o take_v and_o execute_v according_o for_o which_o piece_n of_o severity_n he_o be_v much_o blame_v the_o next_o offence_n be_v work_v upon_o sunday_n sabaoth-breaking_a which_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n be_v punishable_a by_o fine_a if_o the_o criminal_a be_v a_o freeman_n and_o by_o whip_v if_o he_o be_v a_o bond-servant_n but_o as_o for_o blasphemy_n curse_v or_o swear_v either_o they_o be_v crime_n the_o saxon_n be_v not_o guilty_a of_o or_o else_o they_o inflict_v no_o punishment_n on_o those_o who_o be_v culpable_a of_o they_o for_o i_o find_v no_o mention_n of_o they_o in_o the_o saxon_a law_n as_o for_o the_o offence_n against_o both_o god_n and_o man_n i_o will_v first_o begin_v with_o adultery_n and_o fornication_n and_o these_o be_v capital_a among_o the_o saxon_n fornication_n for_o by_o the_o law_n of_o wither_a king_n of_o kent_n if_o a_o military_a man_n shall_v after_o that_o council_n be_v end_v despise_v the_o king_n law_n and_o the_o judicial_a sentence_n of_o the_o bishop_n excommunication_n be_v take_v in_o adultery_n he_o shall_v pay_v to_o his_o lord_n a_o hundred_o shilling_n but_o afterward_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n cnute_n a_o wife_n find_v guilty_a of_o adultery_n shall_v have_v her_o nose_n and_o ear_n cut_v off_o and_o the_o man_n be_v fine_v or_o banish_v and_o by_o those_o of_o king_n alfred_n the_o man_n convict_v of_o adultery_n with_o another_o wife_n shall_v pay_v to_o the_o husband_n so_o abuse_v a_o fine_a suitable_a to_o the_o estate_n and_o quality_n of_o
of_o which_o he_o have_v no_o great_a cause_n to_o boast_v since_o have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o his_o own_o good_a conduct_n assist_v by_o the_o timorousness_n of_o the_o britain_n he_o have_v never_o return_v to_o make_v this_o relation_n but_o this_o much_o be_v to_o be_v acknowledge_v that_o his_o land_n here_o be_v a_o noble_a monument_n of_o his_o skill_n in_o military_a affair_n for_o cicero_n write_v to_o his_o friend_n atticus_n tell_v he_o in_o one_o of_o his_o epistle_n that_o the_o access_n to_o the_o island_n be_v wondrous_o fortify_v with_o strong_a work_n or_o bank_n but_o valerius_n maximus_n as_o also_o plutarch_n in_o his_o life_n of_o caesar_n have_v give_v we_o a_o noble_a example_n of_o the_o roman_a courage_n as_o well_o as_o discipline_n who_o both_o relate_v that_o in_o the_o confuse_a fight_n which_o happen_v at_o caesar_n first_o land_v sceva_n a_o roman_a soldier_n have_v press_v too_o far_o among_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v beset_v round_o after_o incredible_a valour_n show_v single_a against_o a_o multitude_n swim_v back_o safe_a to_o his_o general_n and_o in_o the_o very_a place_n that_o ring_v aloud_o with_o his_o praise_n earnest_o desire_v pardon_n for_o his_o rash_a adventure_n against_o military_a discipline_n which_o modest_a confess_v his_o fault_n after_o no_o bad_a event_n for_o such_o a_o action_n wherein_o valour_n and_o ingenuity_n outweigh_v the_o transgression_n of_o discipline_n easy_o gain_v he_o pardon_v and_o prefer_v he_o to_o be_v a_o centurion_n this_o be_v that_o sceva_n who_o afterward_o give_v good_a occasion_n to_o have_v his_o name_n remember_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o dyrachium_n between_o caesar_n and_o pompey_n who_o side_n he_o have_v then_o take_v thâ—s_o be_v all_o we_o can_v find_v concern_v caesar_n first_o expedition_n into_o britain_n either_o from_o himself_o or_o other_o more_o than_o that_o orosius_n in_o his_o history_n from_o some_o account_n that_o be_v now_o lose_v tell_v we_o that_o most_o of_o caesar_n great_a ship_n which_o be_v to_o bring_v over_o his_o horse_n be_v cast_v away_o in_o that_o violent_a storm_n he_o have_v already_o tell_v we_o of_o the_o winter_n follow_v caesar_n return_v into_o italy_n as_o his_o custom_n be_v for_o some_o year_n before_o but_o upon_o his_o return_n thence_o find_v that_o most_o of_o the_o britain_n have_v neglect_v to_o send_v he_o their_o hostage_n according_a to_o their_o former_a agreement_n he_o resolve_v to_o make_v a_o fresh_a descent_n upon_o they_o and_o in_o order_n to_o this_o in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o commentary_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o upon_o his_o go_v into_o â—taly_a he_o have_v command_v his_o lieutenant_n who_o he_o have_v set_v over_o the_o legion_n that_o they_o shall_v take_v care_n to_o build_v as_o many_o new_a ship_n as_o possible_o they_o can_v that_o winter_n and_o to_o repair_v the_o old_a one_o show_v they_o the_o model_n of_o those_o that_o he_o will_v have_v build_v and_o for_o the_o more_o ready_a take_n in_o of_o man_n and_o horse_n to_o be_v of_o somewhat_o a_o low_a make_v than_o those_o that_o be_v use_v of_o in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n and_o for_o the_o more_o speedy_a lade_n and_o unlade_v they_o to_o be_v also_o somewhat_o broad_a and_o flatter_v bottom_v than_o ordinary_a as_o well_o for_o the_o transport_v of_o the_o horse_n as_o baggage_n but_o to_o be_v all_o make_v to_o be_v row_v with_o oaâ—s_n to_o which_o purpose_n their_o low_a building_n contribute_v much_o but_o all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o the_o rig_v out_o of_o these_o ship_n he_o order_v to_o be_v bring_v out_o of_o spain_n caesar_n upon_o his_o return_n from_o italy_n have_v settle_v all_o thing_n in_o the_o hither_o gallia_n make_v a_o short_a expedition_n into_o illyricum_n and_o have_v settle_v affair_n there_o return_v into_o gaul_n where_o he_o find_v build_v by_o the_o extraordinary_a industry_n of_o his_o soldier_n about_o six_o hundred_o vessel_n of_o that_o kind_n already_o describe_v notwithstanding_o the_o great_a scarcity_n of_o all_o necessary_a material_n together_o with_o twenty_o eight_o galley_n all_o which_o do_v not_o want_n much_o of_o be_v ready_a to_o be_v launch_v within_o a_o few_o day_n so_o have_v much_o commend_v his_o soldier_n and_o overseer_n of_o the_o work_n he_o then_o command_v they_o all_o to_o meet_v at_o the_o port_n call_v ictius_fw-la from_o which_o he_o have_v already_o know_v be_v the_o most_o convenient_a passage_n into_o britain_n be_v about_o thirty_o mile_n from_o the_o continent_n concern_v which_o port_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o say_v somewhat_o by_o the_o bye_n since_o there_o be_v so_o many_o several_a opinion_n whether_o it_o be_v still_o in_o be_v or_o else_o be_v destroy_v by_o the_o sand_n and_o indeed_o there_o be_v such_o a_o great_a difference_n about_o this_o port_n that_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o haven_n or_o creek_n upon_o all_o the_o coast_n of_o flanders_n and_o france_n from_o bruges_n to_o bulogin_n but_o some_o writer_n or_o other_o will_v make_v to_o be_v this_o portus_n ictius_fw-la now_o mention_v by_o caesar_n but_o since_o there_o can_v be_v but_o three_o place_n on_o this_o coast_n viz._n calais_n whitsand_n and_o buloign_v that_o can_v with_o any_o probability_n pretend_v to_o have_v be_v this_o portus_n ictius_fw-la i_o shall_v neglect_v to_o speak_v of_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n except_o these_o three_o as_o for_o the_o first_o of_o these_o though_o it_o be_v the_o near_a cut_n between_o france_n and_o england_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o have_v be_v that_o ancient_a haven_n for_o though_o it_o be_v the_o short_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o the_o most_o convenient_a passage_n in_o caesar_n time_n both_o which_o be_v to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o since_o he_o himself_o in_o his_o former_a book_n call_v it_o the_o short_a but_o in_o this_o the_o most_o convenient_a passage_n and_o therefore_o can_v answer_v the_o distance_n from_o calais_n to_o dover_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o mile_n whereas_o caesar_n describe_v this_o port_n to_o be_v about_o thirty_o mile_n distant_a from_o britain_n nor_o be_v this_o place_n so_o much_o as_o know_v in_o caesar_n time_n be_v never_o use_v as_o a_o port_n till_o of_o latter_a age_n that_o whitsand_n be_v quite_o stop_v up_o by_o the_o sand_n drive_v into_o it_o nor_o be_v calais_n ever_o common_o use_v for_o a_o port_n till_o philip_n earl_n of_o buloign_n build_v and_o wall_v this_o town_n before_o which_o time_n there_o be_v little_a mention_n make_v of_o it_o but_o as_o for_o whitsand_n though_o it_o have_v much_o fair_a pretence_n than_o calais_n as_o have_v be_v the_o ancient_a port_n from_o whence_o man_n usual_o pass_v from_o france_n into_o england_n for_o above_o five_o hundred_o year_n before_o till_o it_o be_v at_o last_o about_o the_o fourteen_o century_n become_v utter_o unserviceable_a for_o the_o reason_n already_o give_v yet_o that_o this_o can_v not_o be_v the_o portus_n ictius_fw-la be_v prove_v by_o the_o learned_a cluverius_n in_o his_o goegraphy_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o ancient_a port_n be_v seldom_o or_o never_o make_v use_n of_o as_o such_o in_o the_o roman_n time_n none_o of_o the_o military_a way_n lead_v at_o all_o to_o it_o and_o therefore_o only_a buloign_n can_v with_o any_o probability_n pretend_v to_o be_v this_o portus_n ictius_fw-la as_o be_v the_o ancient_a gessoriacum_n from_o whence_o the_o roman_n most_o common_o pass_v into_o britain_n and_o best_a agree_v with_o the_o distance_n that_o caesar_n here_o set_v down_o be_v also_o prove_v by_o the_o above_o cite_v cluverius_n and_o by_o our_o learned_a antiquary_n mr._n somner_n to_o have_v be_v the_o true_a portus_n ictius_fw-la by_o many_o unanswerable_a argument_n and_o authority_n and_o as_o for_o the_o only_a objection_n make_v against_o it_o that_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o one_o place_n shall_v have_v so_o many_o several_a name_n it_o signify_v not_o much_o since_o the_o same_o place_n may_v be_v call_v by_o several_a name_n in_o different_a age_n that_o which_o be_v portus_n ictius_fw-la in_o caesar_n time_n be_v afterward_o when_o a_o town_n come_v to_o be_v build_v there_o call_v gessoriacum_n which_o in_o aftertime_n be_v name_v bononia_n and_o now_o buloigne_n but_o whosoever_o desire_v to_o know_v more_o concern_v this_o matter_n may_v consult_v the_o say_a cluverius_n ancient_a germany_n as_o also_o his_o geography_n but_o especial_o that_o ictiâ—_n treatise_n of_o mr._n summoner_n wherein_o he_o prove_v against_o monsieur_n chrisâ—et_o that_o neither_o st_n omers_n nor_o mardick_n can_v be_v the_o portus_n ictus_fw-la mention_v by_o caesar_n which_o treatise_n together_o with_o another_o of_o the_o learned_a mounseur_fw-fr dâ—_n fresne_n upon_o the_o same_o subject_a have_v be_v late_o publish_a in_o latin_a by_o my_o worthy_a friend_n mr._n edmund_n gibson_n of_o queen_n
be_v do_v under_o the_o two_o praetor_n ostorius_n and_o didius_n xii_o for_o the_o space_n of_o many_o year_n he_o have_v for_o their_o better_a remembrance_n put_v all_o together_o it_o plain_o appear_v that_o most_o of_o those_o thing_n he_o there_o treat_v of_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o nero_n reign_n i_o shall_v make_v bold_a to_o place_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o time_n that_o long_a war_n between_o the_o roman_n and_o venutius_n which_o tacitus_n thus_o relate_v after_o caractacus_n be_v go_v venutius_n a_o prince_n of_o the_o jugantes_fw-la be_v the_o most_o remarkable_a for_o military_a skill_n have_v continue_v faithful_a hitherto_o ibid._n be_v defend_v by_o the_o roman_a arm_n as_o long_o as_o he_o keep_v queen_n cartismandua_n for_o his_o wife_n but_o a_o quarrel_n happen_v between_o they_o and_o present_o after_o a_o war_n in_o which_o he_o at_o last_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o roman_n to_o which_o tacitus_n tell_v we_o in_o another_o place_n he_o be_v high_o provoke_v not_o only_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o his_o natural_a fierceness_n but_o by_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o queen_n his_o wife_n who_o be_v proud_a of_o her_o nobility_n have_v increase_v her_o power_n after_o her_o take_n of_o caractacus_n as_o you_o have_v hear_v so_o that_o abound_v in_o wealth_n and_o wallow_v in_o luxury_n she_o despise_v her_o husband_n venutius_n and_o make_v vellocatus_n his_o armour-bearer_n the_o partner_n of_o her_o bed_n and_o kingdom_n so_o that_o upon_o this_o immediate_o the_o whole_a state_n become_v divide_v on_o the_o husband_n side_n be_v the_o inclination_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o the_o adulterer_n the_o queen_n lust_n and_o violence_n from_o whence_o proceed_v a_o civil_a war_n among_o themselves_o lv._o for_o cartismandua_n by_o her_o stratagem_n have_v intercept_v the_o brother_n and_o kinsman_n of_o venutius_n whence_o those_o of_o his_o party_n be_v the_o more_o provoke_v mere_a shame_n egg_v they_o on_o lest_o they_o shall_v be_v subject_a to_o the_o command_n of_o a_o woman_n whereupon_o a_o strong_a party_n of_o the_o choice_a troop_n invade_v her_o kingdom_n which_o be_v foresee_v and_o certain_a cohort_n be_v send_v to_o her_o assistance_n they_o fight_v a_o sharp_a battle_n who_o beginning_n though_o doubtful_a yet_o the_o conclusion_n prove_v prosperous_a tho'_o the_o legion_n which_o cessius_n nascia_fw-la command_v fight_v with_o different_a success_n but_o tacitus_n tell_v we_o in_o another_o place_n that_o venutius_n send_v for_o more_o supply_n i_o suppose_v from_o his_o own_o kingdom_n iii_o as_o also_o by_o a_o general_a defection_n of_o the_o brigantes_n themselves_o bring_v cartismandua_n into_o extreme_a hazard_n so_o that_o she_o be_v force_v to_o seek_v aid_n of_o the_o roman_n who_o cohort_n though_o in_o diverse_a battle_n they_o free_v the_o queen_n from_o danger_n yet_o be_v the_o kingdom_n still_o leave_v to_o venutius_n and_o the_o war_n continue_v on_o the_o roman_n i_o suppose_v tacitus_n mean_v this_o during_o the_o time_n of_o all_o other_o lieutenant_n though_o not_o express_o mention_v by_o he_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o in_o his_o life_n of_o agricola_n that_o veranius_n succeed_v didius_n and_o die_v within_o the_o year_n that_o then_o suetonius_n paulinus_n find_v affair_n prosperous_a for_o the_o first_o two_o year_n yet_o it_o seem_v can_v not_o drive_v venutius_n out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n but_o tho'_o tacitus_n afterward_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o history_n relate_v this_o story_n of_o cartismandua_n as_o if_o it_o have_v fall_v out_o in_o the_o time_n of_o vitellius_n and_o that_o the_o discord_n and_o civil_a war_n which_o then_o happen_v in_o the_o roman_a empire_n have_v encourage_v the_o britain_n to_o take_v arm_n under_o the_o command_n of_o venutius_n yet_o it_o be_v evident_a from_o what_o he_o have_v already_o say_v in_o his_o annal_n that_o this_o war_n with_o venutius_n must_v have_v be_v begin_v in_o nero_n time_n since_o didius_n be_v the_o first_o lieutenant_n in_o britain_n who_o send_v any_o assistance_n to_o cartismandua_n and_o who_o must_v be_v suppose_v to_o have_v be_v dead_a or_o remove_v some_o time_n before_o the_o death_n of_o nero_n or_o else_o there_o will_v be_v no_o room_n leave_v for_o his_o two_o successor_n above_o mention_v the_o latter_a of_o which_o end_v his_o government_n with_o the_o reign_n of_o vitellius_n but_o to_o return_v to_o our_o history_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o veranius_n the_o successor_n of_o a._n didius_n do_v little_a lxiii_o except_o his_o waste_v the_o silures_n by_o many_o small_a incursion_n be_v hinder_v by_o death_n from_o carry_v the_o war_n any_o further_o a_o man_n of_o great_a reputation_n for_o his_o discipline_n but_o as_o appear_v by_o his_o last_o word_n in_o his_o testament_n guilty_a of_o manifest_a vanity_n and_o ambition_n for_o after_o many_o thing_n speak_v in_o flattery_n of_o nero_n he_o say_v that_o he_o will_v have_v subject_v all_o viz._n britain_n to_o he_o if_o he_o may_v have_v live_v but_o two_o year_n long_o after_o he_o paulinus_n suetonius_n govern_v britain_n be_v in_o reputation_n and_o military_a skill_n a_o commander_n equal_a to_o corbulo_n 38._o but_o since_o in_o paulinus_n time_n the_o roman_n receive_v so_o great_a a_o blow_n in_o britain_n let_v we_o take_v tacitus_n account_n of_o it_o this_o general_n desire_v to_o equal_a corbulo_n glory_n in_o recover_v armenia_n by_o tame_v the_o british_a rebel_n lxiii_o endeavour_v to_o conquer_v the_o island_n mona_n now_o call_v anglesey_n strong_a in_o people_n and_o a_o receptacle_n of_o fugitive_n to_o which_o end_n he_o build_v many_o flat_a bottom_v vessel_n for_o that_o shallow_a and_o uncertain_a shore_n his_o foot_n thus_o waste_v over_o his_o horse_n wade_v or_o swim_v where_o thick_a upon_o the_o strand_n stand_v several_a gross_a band_n of_o man_n well_o arm_v many_o woman_n like_o fury_n run_v to_o and_o fro_o in_o dismal_a habit_n with_o their_o hair_n hang_v loose_a about_o their_o shoulder_n hold_v torch_n in_o their_o hand_n the_o druid_n who_o be_v their_o priest_n of_o who_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o another_o place_n with_o hand_n lift_v up_o to_o heaven_n lxiii_o stand_v utter_v direful_a imprecation_n all_o which_o so_o astonish_v the_o soldier_n with_o the_o novelty_n of_o the_o sight_n that_o at_o first_o they_o yield_v themselves_o without_o any_o resistance_n to_o their_o enemy_n blow_n but_o then_o be_v encourage_v by_o the_o exhortation_n of_o their_o general_n and_o encourage_v one_o another_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o fear_v this_o womanish_a fanatic_a rout_n they_o lead_v on_o the_o ensign_n and_o rout_v all_o they_o meet_v overturn_v they_o into_o their_o own_o fire_n after_o this_o a_o garrison_n be_v impose_v upon_o the_o conquer_a and_o the_o grove_n sacred_a to_o their_o cruel_a superstition_n be_v cut_v down_o for_o they_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o piece_n of_o religion_n to_o sacrifice_v captive_n and_o to_o consult_v the_o god_n by_o inspect_v humane_a entrail_n but_o whilst_o suetonius_n be_v thus_o in_o action_n word_n be_v bring_v he_o that_o a_o sudden_a defection_n have_v happen_v in_o his_o province_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o be_v thus_o far_o relate_v by_o our_o author_n 12._o prasutagus_n king_n of_o the_o icenian_o abound_v in_o wealth_n have_v leave_v caesar_n co-heir_n with_o his_o two_o daughter_n thereby_o hope_v to_o have_v secure_v from_o wrong_a both_o his_o kingdom_n and_o his_o family_n which_o fall_v out_o far_o otherwise_o for_o under_o colour_n to_o oversee_v and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v new_a inheritance_n his_o kingdom_n become_v a_o prey_n to_o the_o centurion_n his_o house_n to_o ravenous_a officer_n his_o wife_n boadicia_n be_v violate_v with_o stripe_n and_o his_o daughter_n ravish_v and_o as_o if_o the_o roman_n have_v get_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n as_o a_o legacy_n the_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o icenian_o be_v turn_v out_o of_o their_o ancient_a estate_n and_o those_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n treat_v like_o slave_n by_o which_o indignity_n and_o for_o fear_n of_o great_a evil_n when_o they_o shall_v be_v reduce_v into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o province_n they_o take_v arms._n the_o trinobantes_n be_v also_o move_v to_o rebel_v whilst_o other_o who_o be_v not_o as_o yet_o reduce_v to_o servitude_n conspire_v with_o those_o that_o be_v to_o regain_v their_o former_a liberty_n this_o proceed_v from_o a_o cruel_a hatred_n against_o the_o veterane_n soldier_n who_o be_v plant_v in_o the_o late_a colony_n of_o camalodunum_n drive_v man_n from_o their_o house_n and_o estate_n in_o the_o country_n call_z they_o slave_n and_o captive_n the_o other_o soldier_n also_o encourage_v this_o violence_n of_o the_o veteranes_n as_o well_o through_o a_o likeness_n in_o manner_n as_o through_o a_o hope_n of_o the_o same_o licence_n to_o which_o may_v be_v also_o add_v
that_o gildas_n as_o do_v divers_a other_o late_a author_n suppose_v the_o gospel_n to_o have_v be_v first_o preach_v in_o the_o island_n though_o by_o who_o be_v also_o unknown_a no_o ancient_a church-historian_n make_v any_o mention_n of_o it_o and_o indeed_o there_o be_v much_o difference_n in_o the_o account_n of_o latter_a writer_n about_o it_o some_o attribute_v it_o to_o st._n james_n the_o son_n of_o zebedee_n some_o of_o the_o modern_a greek_a ecclesiastical_a writer_n to_o simon_n zelotes_n or_o st._n peter_n other_o of_o they_o to_o st._n paul_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v ordain_v one_o aristobulus_n afterward_o a_o martyr_n to_o be_v a_o bishop_n in_o britain_n as_o you_o may_v see_v at_o large_a in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o archbishop_n usher_n antiquity_n of_o the_o british_a church_n but_o though_o he_o there_o understand_v those_o passage_n in_o gildas_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o christ_n the_o true_a sun_n be_v afford_v his_o ray_n i._n e._n the_o knowledge_n of_o his_o precept_n to_o this_o island_n then_o shiver_v with_o icy_a cold_a as_o if_o it_o refer_v to_o the_o very_a first_o preach_v of_o the_o gospel_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o tiberius_n yet_o the_o learned_a dr._n stillingfleet_n now_o lord_n bishop_n of_o worcester_n have_v very_o ingenious_o show_v we_o in_o his_o learned_a work_n call_v â—_o origines_fw-la britanicae_fw-la that_o the_o word_n intereà _fw-la in_o the_o mean_a time_n with_o which_o gildas_n begin_v this_o discourse_n be_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o time_n beforementioned_a by_o he_o viz._n that_o fatal_a victory_n over_o boadicia_n and_o the_o britain_n by_o suetonius_n paulinus_n and_o the_o slavery_n they_o afterward_o undergo_v in_o nero_n reign_n so_o that_o the_o doctor_n suppose_v gildas_n to_o speak_v of_o a_o double_a shine_v of_o the_o gospel_n one_o more_o general_a to_o the_o roman_a world_n the_o other_o more_o particular_a to_o this_o island_n the_o former_a he_o say_v be_v in_o the_o end_n of_o tiberius_n reign_n lxix_o the_o latter_a be_v interea_fw-la in_o the_o time_n that_o be_v between_o plautius_n come_v over_o in_o the_o time_n of_o claudius_n and_o the_o abovementioned_a battle_n between_o boadicia_n and_o suetonius_n and_o this_o the_o dr._n think_v to_o be_v most_o probable_o the_o time_n which_o gildas_n have_v there_o pitch_v upon_o for_o the_o first_o preach_v of_o the_o gospel_n in_o this_o island_n since_o therefore_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o difference_n between_o those_o author_n who_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o exact_o to_o assign_v the_o time_n when_o it_o be_v first_o preach_v as_o you_o may_v find_v by_o the_o citation_n give_v we_o by_o the_o say_a archbishop_n it_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n crowd_n this_o history_n with_o those_o uncertain_a relation_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v refer_v you_o to_o the_o say_v learned_a work_n if_o you_o shall_v desire_v any_o further_a satisfaction_n to_o which_o period_n of_o time_n may_v be_v also_o refer_v the_o story_n of_o joseph_n of_o arimathaea_n and_o his_o twelve_o companion_n come_v to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o britain_n which_o tho'_o it_o whole_o depend_v upon_o some_o legend_n and_o tradition_n of_o the_o monk_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o glastenbury_n for_o no_o such_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o gildas_n nennius_n or_o any_o ancient_a british_a author_n yet_o since_o they_o have_v be_v so_o common_o receive_v it_o deserve_v a_o particular_a notice_n tho'_o the_o say_a archbishop_n in_o the_o iii_o book_n but_o now_o cite_v also_o tell_v we_o that_o he_o believe_v those_o story_n to_o be_v not_o ancient_a than_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n as_o smell_v plain_o of_o the_o superstition_n of_o those_o latter_a age_n for_o will._n of_o malmsbury_n in_o his_o treatise_n concern_v the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o church_n of_o glastenbury_n be_v the_o first_o that_o mention_n it_o when_o draw_v its_o history_n from_o the_o apostle_n he_o relate_v that_o st_n philip_n come_v into_o france_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n of_o christ_n and_o be_v willing_a to_o spread_v it_o further_o choose_v twelve_o of_o his_o disciple_n over_o who_o he_o set_v his_o dear_a friend_n joseph_n of_o arimathaea_n and_o send_v they_o to_o preach_v the_o word_n in_o britain_n and_o that_o come_n over_o hither_o in_o the_o sixty-third_a year_n after_o christ_n passion_n he_o faithful_o preach_v the_o gospel_n but_o a_o british_a king_n who_o he_o do_v not_o name_n hear_v thing_n so_o new_a and_o unusual_a utter_o refuse_v to_o hearken_v to_o their_o preach_v nor_o will_v change_v the_o tradition_n of_o his_o forefather_n yet_o because_o they_o come_v from_o far_o and_o show_v great_a simplicity_n of_o life_n he_o grant_v they_o a_o certain_a island_n to_o inhabit_v encompass_v with_o wood_n and_o marsh_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n iniswitriâ—_n where_o by_o a_o vision_n of_o the_o angel_n gabriel_n they_o build_v a_o small_a church_n make_v the_o wall_n with_o wattles_n in_o honour_n of_o god_n and_o the_o virgin_n mary_n where_o these_o twelve_o holy_a man_n spend_v their_o time_n in_o devotion_n to_o god_n and_o the_o bless_a virgin_n by_o fast_v and_o pray_v these_o thing_n he_o say_v he_o have_v receive_v from_o a_o charter_n of_o st._n patrick_n as_o also_o from_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_n but_o that_o charter_n be_v by_o the_o learned_a dr._n stillingfleet_n prove_v to_o be_v a_o mere_a forgery_n of_o the_o monk_n of_o glastenbury_n and_o as_o for_o ancient_a writer_n tho'_o malmsbury_n there_o cite_v freculphus_n as_o a_o author_n who_o relate_v philip_n send_v joseph_n hither_o yet_o the_o archbishop_n there_o show_v we_o that_o this_o author_n who_o malmsbury_n cite_v have_v only_o take_v a_o passage_n from_o isidore_n book_n concern_v the_o father_n of_o both_o testament_n but_o in_o both_o those_o author_n it_o be_v only_o thus_o that_o philip_n preach_v christ_n to_o the_o gaul_n and_o convert_v many_o barbarous_a nation_n lie_v near_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o gospel_n but_o say_v not_o one_o word_n of_o joseph_n come_n hither_o so_o that_o tho'_o cardinal_n baronius_n have_v place_v this_o come_n over_o of_o joseph_n in_o his_o annal_n and_o say_v that_o he_o take_v it_o from_o a_o manuscript_n history_n of_o england_n which_o be_v in_o the_o vatican_n library_n yet_o the_o archbishop_n prove_v in_o another_o place_n that_o history_n to_o have_v be_v write_v in_o modern_a time_n so_o that_o all_o the_o romish_a writer_n on_o this_o subject_n have_v barrow_v their_o legend_n one_o from_o another_o as_o the_o first_o of_o they_o do_v from_o our_o william_n of_o malmsbury_n the_o say_a archbishop_n there_o likewise_o tell_v we_o lxix_o as_o do_v also_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o his_o british_a council_n that_o in_o their_o time_n there_o be_v keep_v at_o well_n in_o the_o house_n of_o sir_n thomas_n hugh_n knight_n a_o brazen_a plate_n which_o be_v former_o fasten_v to_o a_o pillar_n of_o glassenbury_n church_n wherein_o be_v engrave_v this_o story_n with_o divers_a addition_n too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o set_v down_o therefore_o i_o refer_v you_o to_o the_o say_a author_n work_n where_o you_o may_v find_v it_o word_n for_o word_n with_o the_o draught_n of_o it_o as_o it_o be_v take_v from_o the_o original_a where_o you_o may_v also_o see_v that_o he_o there_o conclude_v from_o the_o modernness_n of_o the_o character_n as_o well_o as_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n in_o the_o inscription_n itself_o that_o it_o can_v not_o be_v above_o three_o hundred_o year_n old_a and_o so_o plain_o betray_v the_o forgery_n of_o those_o monk_n who_o set_v it_o up_o and_o contrive_v the_o story_n of_o st._n david_n hand_n be_v pierce_v through_o with_o our_o saviour_n finger_n as_o it_o stand_v relate_v in_o the_o say_a inscription_n but_o whosoever_o be_v not_o satisfy_v with_o this_o that_o be_v here_o set_v down_o but_o desire_n far_a satisfaction_n in_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o this_o story_n of_o joseph_n of_o arimathaea_n may_v if_o they_o please_v consult_v the_o say_v doctor_n be_v abovecited_a treatise_n where_o you_o will_v find_v all_o the_o authority_n that_o have_v be_v further_o make_v use_n of_o for_o this_o story_n learned_o confute_v the_o short_a reign_n of_o galba_n afford_v we_o nothing_o relate_v to_o british_a affair_n lxix_o no_o more_o than_o that_o of_o otho_n only_o that_o during_o this_o last_o emperor_n reign_n ibid._n tacitus_n relate_v that_o whilst_o trebellius_n maximus_n govern_v britain_n he_o â—ell_o into_o the_o hatred_n and_o contempt_n of_o his_o army_n for_o his_o sordid_a covetousness_n and_o that_o this_o aversion_n against_o he_o be_v heighten_v by_o roscius_n caelius_n legate_n of_o the_o twenty_o legion_n a_o old_a enemy_n of_o he_o insomuch_o that_o oftentimes_o by_o flight_n and_o hide_v himself_o he_o escape_v
city_n and_o have_v call_v the_o disperse_a citizen_n together_o go_v about_o the_o repair_n of_o it_o cccclxv_n all_o his_o design_n be_v the_o restore_v the_o church_n and_o kingdom_n from_o thence_o he_o go_v to_o winchester_n and_o to_o salisbury_n do_v there_o as_o he_o have_v do_v at_o other_o place_n but_o in_o the_o passage_n thither_o geoffrey_n launche_n out_o to_o purpose_n in_o his_o history_n of_o stonehenge_n translate_v say_v he_o by_o merlin_n out_o of_o ireland_n to_o make_v a_o monument_n for_o the_o british_a noble_n slay_v there_o by_o hengists_n treachery_n which_o be_v such_o a_o extravagancy_n that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wonder_v any_o shall_v follow_v he_o in_o it_o and_o yet_o mat._n westminster_n transcribe_v the_o main_a of_o it_o and_o wigâ—â—_n walter_z of_o coventry_n set_v it_o down_o for_o authentic_a history_n but_o he_o add_v two_o circumstance_n which_o make_v it_o seem_v probable_a that_o stonehenge_n have_v some_o relation_n to_o ambrose_n viz._n that_o here_o ambrose_n be_v crown_v and_o be_v not_o long_o after_o bury_v polydore_v virgil_n make_v it_o the_o monument_n of_o ambrose_n and_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o the_o life_n of_o dubricius_n call_v it_o mons_fw-la ambrosii_n and_o the_o name_n of_o ambresburg_n a_o town_n near_o it_o do_v much_o confirm_v the_o probability_n of_o its_o be_v found_v by_o ambrose_n rather_o than_o either_o by_o the_o roman_n or_o dane_n as_o some_o of_o our_o late_a antiquary_n and_o architect_n have_v suppose_v but_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v any_o long_o on_o this_o subject_a geoffery_n add_v yet_o further_o concern_v ecclesiastical_a matter_n in_o his_o time_n that_o at_o a_o solemn_a council_n he_o appoint_v two_o metropolitan_n for_o the_o two_o see_v at_o that_o time_n vacant_a viz._n samptson_n one_o of_o eminent_a piety_n for_o york_n and_o dubricius_n for_o caer-leon_n but_o matthew_n westminster_n say_v that_o samptson_n be_v afterward_o drive_v into_o armorica_n and_o there_o be_v make_v archbishop_n of_o dole_n among_o the_o britain_n which_o be_v very_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a be_v confirm_v by_o sigebert_n in_o his_o chronicle_n anno_fw-la dom._n 566._o it_o be_v observe_v by_o h._n of_o huntingdon_n that_o after_o the_o britain_n have_v a_o little_a respite_n from_o their_o enemy_n they_o fall_v into_o civil_a dissension_n among_o themselves_o which_o be_v very_o agreeable_a to_o what_o gildas_n have_v say_v of_o this_o geoffrey_n give_v we_o no_o improbable_a account_n when_o he_o relate_v that_o one_o of_o vortigern_n son_n call_v pascentius_n raise_v a_o rebellion_n in_o the_o north_n against_o ambrose_n among_o the_o britain_n who_o be_v overcome_v by_o he_o and_o put_v to_o flight_n what_o become_v of_o vortigern_n be_v uncertain_a nor_o can_v the_o british_a writer_n themselves_o agree_v â—ither_o about_o the_o time_n or_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o death_n nennius_n have_v two_o several_a story_n about_o it_o the_o one_o certain_o false_a and_o the_o other_o very_o improbable_a the_o first_o be_v that_o st._n german_n follow_v he_o into_o a_o country_n in_o south_n wales_n which_o be_v call_v by_o his_o own_o name_n guorthigernian_n where_o he_o lay_v hide_v with_o his_o woman_n in_o a_o castle_n which_o he_o have_v build_v call_v din_n guortigern_n near_o the_o river_n thebi_n to_o which_o castle_n when_o st._n german_n come_v he_o pray_v and_o fast_v there_o with_o his_o clergy_n three_o whole_a day_n and_o night_n it_o seem_v without_o any_o intermission_n when_o the_o castle_n about_o midnight_n be_v set_v on_o fire_n from_o heaven_n and_o vortigern_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o family_n be_v all_o burn_v and_o this_o nennius_n say_v he_o find_v in_o the_o book_n or_o legend_n of_o st._n german_a yet_o he_o declare_v that_o other_o relate_v how_o that_o vortigern_n become_v hateful_a to_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n none_o will_v keep_v he_o company_n from_o the_o great_a to_o the_o least_o till_o at_o last_o as_o he_o wander_v from_o place_n to_o place_n his_o heart_n be_v break_v i_o suppose_v for_o grief_n but_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n with_o more_o probability_n relate_v that_o vortigern_n be_v again_o depose_v be_v besiege_v and_o burn_v in_o this_o castle_n by_o his_o successor_n aurelius_n ambrose_n who_o set_v it_o on_o fire_n but_o now_o it_o be_v time_n to_o return_v to_o our_o saxon_a chronicle_n cccclxxiii_n where_o after_o eight_o year_n interval_n without_o any_o action_n mention_v we_o now_o find_v hengist_n and_o aesc_n join_v battle_n with_o the_o britain_n and_o take_v many_o spoil_n ann._n and_o the_o welshman_n vanish_v before_o the_o english_a like_o stubble_n before_o the_o fire_n as_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n word_n it_o after_o this_o there_o be_v no_o more_o say_v of_o any_o victory_n gain_v by_o hengist_n but_o now_o after_o four_o year_n interval_n cccclxxvii_n begin_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o south_n saxon_n for_o aella_n with_o his_o three_o son_n cymen_n wlence_v or_o plete_n as_o huntingdon_n call_v he_o and_o cissa_n land_v in_o britain_n at_o a_o place_n call_v cymens_n ora_fw-la which_o signify_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n cymens_n shore_n or_o coast_n there_o they_o slay_v a_o great_a many_o britain_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n fly_v into_o the_o wood_n or_o forrest_n call_v andrede_n league_n suppose_v to_o be_v part_n of_o the_o wild_a of_o kent_n and_o the_o woody_n part_n of_o sussex_n where_o now_o be_v or_o be_v late_o aishdowne_o and_o arundel_n forest_n with_o several_a other_o now_o disforre_v henry_n huntingdon_n give_v a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o action_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o upon_o the_o saxon_n first_o land_v a_o great_a many_o britain_n immediate_o draw_v together_o at_o the_o alarm_n and_o straight_a way_n a_o great_a fight_n be_v begin_v but_o the_o saxon_n be_v tall_a and_o strong_a man_n receive_v they_o courageous_o and_o the_o britain_n come_v on_o very_o rash_o in_o small_a straggle_a party_n be_v kill_v by_o the_o saxon_n who_o be_v draw_v up_o in_o close_a order_n and_o so_o the_o britain_n be_v rout_v upon_o the_o first_o encounter_n whereupon_o these_o saxon_n possess_v themselves_o of_o all_o the_o sea_n coast_n of_o sussex_n enlarge_a their_o territory_n more_o and_o more_o until_o the_o eight_o year_n after_o their_o come_n when_o aella_n fight_v against_o the_o britain_n near_a mearcredes_n burnamstede_n or_o mecredesburne_n but_o where_o it_o lie_v be_v uncertain_a now_o it_o seem_v as_o h._n huntingdon_n relate_v all_o the_o king_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v get_v together_o cccclxxxv_n and_o fight_v with_o aella_n and_o his_o son_n where_o the_o victory_n remain_v doubtful_a for_o both_o army_n return_v home_o very_o much_o weaken_v whereupon_o aella_n send_v unto_o his_o own_o country_n for_o fresh_a supply_n the_o same_o year_n also_o aurelius_n ambrose_n be_v suppose_v by_o the_o welsh_a chronicle_n to_o be_v choose_v king_n have_v be_v before_o only_a general_n of_o the_o britain_n wales_n and_o to_o have_v reign_v nineteen_o year_n nennius_n tell_v we_o that_o he_o be_v king_n of_o all_o britain_n bestow_v buelt_fw-mi and_o another_o country_n in_o south_n wales_n upon_o pascent_fw-la son_n to_o vortigern_n about_o three_o year_n after_o this_o hengist_n king_n of_o kent_n die_v for_o this_o year_n as_o the_o saxon_a annal_n relate_v aesc_n who_o be_v also_o call_v oisc_n and_o by_o our_o historian_n call_v osric_n his_o son_n begin_v his_o reign_n which_o continue_v twenty_o four_o year_n but_o of_o hengist_n his_o father_n will._n of_o malmesbury_n very_o well_o observe_v that_o he_o obtain_v a_o crown_n by_o craft_n as_o much_o as_o valour_n but_o aesc_n his_o son_n who_o succeed_v he_o maintain_v his_o kingdom_n by_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o father_n rather_o than_o his_o own_o merit_n and_o do_v not_o much_o increase_v his_o dominion_n this_o happen_v in_o the_o time_n of_o zeno_n the_o emperor_n nor_o can_v i_o here_o omit_v what_o geoffery_n of_o monmouth_n and_o from_o he_o matheâ—_n of_o westminster_n false_o relate_v concern_v the_o death_n of_o hengist_n that_o fight_v against_o aurelius_n ambrose_n he_o be_v take_v prisoner_n near_o coninsburgh_n in_o yorkshire_n and_o not_o long_o afterward_o behead_v by_o eldol_n a_o feign_a duke_n of_o gloucester_n which_o since_o it_o be_v not_o find_v in_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n nor_o in_o any_o other_o authentic_a historian_n deserve_v little_a credit_n ccccxc_n aella_n and_o cissa_n have_v now_o receive_v fresh_a recruit_n out_o of_o germany_n wherein_o they_o much_o confide_v do_v this_o year_n besiege_v andredesceaster_n suppose_v to_o be_v that_o we_o now_o call_v newenden_n in_o kent_n and_o take_v it_o by_o force_n put_v all_o the_o britain_n to_o the_o sword_n but_o h_n huntingdon_n be_v very_o particular_a in_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o siege_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o britain_n raise_v a_o great_a
till_o then_o a_o terror_n to_o the_o welsh_a or_o british_a about_o this_o time_n geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n make_v careticus_fw-la above_o mention_v to_o have_v succeed_v malgo_n who_o perhaps_o be_v the_o same_o with_o mael_n gwine_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o britain_n who_o he_o describe_v to_o have_v be_v a_o lover_n of_o civil_a war_n and_o to_o be_v hateful_a to_o god_n and_o all_o the_o britain_n so_o that_o the_o saxon_n see_v his_o weakness_n invite_v gormund_n a_o african_a king_n out_o of_o ireland_n to_o invade_v england_n with_o six_o thousand_o african_n who_o join_v with_o the_o saxon_n invade_v the_o territory_n of_o careticus_fw-la and_o beat_v he_o in_o many_o battle_n at_o last_o besiege_v he_o in_o the_o city_n of_o cirencester_n which_o be_v take_v and_o burn_v he_o again_o join_v battle_n with_o careticus_fw-la and_o force_v he_o to_o fly_v beyond_o severne_n into_o wales_n and_o than_o gormund_n destroy_v all_o the_o neighbour_a city_n never_o leave_v till_o he_o have_v destroy_v the_o whole_a island_n from_o sea_n to_o sea_n and_o so_o for_o a_o time_n obtain_v the_o supreme_a dominion_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o of_o these_o king_n gareticus_n and_o garmund_n since_o not_o only_o the_o most_o authentic_a welsh_a chronicle_n but_o the_o saxon_a annal_n be_v whole_o silent_a i_o suppose_v they_o to_o have_v be_v only_a romance_n and_o invent_v by_o geoffrey_n to_o fill_v up_o this_o gap_n in_o his_o british_a history_n not_o that_o i_o will_v deny_v that_o one_o gormund_n a_o danish_a king_n may_v reign_v in_o ireland_n about_o this_o time_n but_o that_o he_o ever_o reign_v in_o england_n be_v utter_o false_a no_o other_o historian_n but_o himself_o and_o those_o that_o borrow_v from_o he_o make_v any_o mention_n of_o it_o this_o year_n gregory_n be_v make_v bishop_n of_o rome_n dxcii_o ceawlin_fw-ge late_a king_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n die_v in_o banishment_n and_o the_o same_o year_n die_v cwichelm_fw-ge his_o brother_n dxciii_o together_o with_o cryda_fw-mi king_n of_o the_o mercian_n to_o who_o succeed_v his_o son_n wipha_n or_o wippa_n and_o ethelfred_n begin_v also_o to_o reign_v over_o both_o the_o northumbrian_n kingdom_n be_v the_o son_n of_o ethelric_n the_o son_n of_o ida._n anno._n this_o prince_n do_v not_o only_o defend_v his_o own_o territory_n but_o also_o invade_v and_o seize_v those_o of_o other_o but_o the_o three_o year_n after_o be_v very_o remarkable_a for_o now_o pope_n gregory_n send_v augustine_n into_o britain_n with_o many_o monk_n to_o preach_v the_o word_n to_o the_o english_a nation_n dxcvi_o as_o for_o the_o british_a affair_n we_o have_v but_o little_o more_o to_o remark_n ever_o since_o the_o death_n of_o maelgwin_n gwine_v for_o the_o space_n of_o 24_o year_n only_o we_o find_v in_o the_o book_n of_o landaffe_n that_o about_o this_o time_n tudric_n king_n of_o glamorgan_n who_o be_v still_o victorious_a be_v say_v to_o have_v exchange_v his_o crown_n for_o a_o hermitage_n till_o go_v in_o aid_n of_o his_o son_n mouric_n who_o the_o saxon_n have_v reduce_v to_o great_a extremity_n take_v up_o arm_n again_o he_o defend_v he_o against_o they_o at_o tinterne_n by_o the_o river_n wye_n but_o he_o himself_o receive_v a_o mortal_a wound_n but_o about_o the_o end_n of_o this_o century_n as_o geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n relate_v when_o the_o britain_n can_v not_o agree_v for_o 24_o year_n who_o shall_v be_v their_o governor_n at_o last_o they_o choose_v cadwan_n prince_n of_o north_n wales_n to_o be_v king_n of_o all_o the_o britain_n but_o the_o year_n of_o this_o election_n be_v not_o set_v down_o by_o geoffry_n nor_o be_v this_o prince_n mention_v by_o any_o other_o british_a author_n or_o chronicle_n before_o he_o write_v but_o i_o shall_v defer_v speak_v far_a of_o this_o prince_n till_o i_o come_v to_o the_o next_o book_n ceolwulf_n begin_v to_o reign_v over_o the_o westsaxon_n dxcvii_o who_o make_v continual_a war_n all_o his_o time_n fight_v sometime_o against_o the_o other_o english-saxons_a sometime_o against_o the_o britain_n or_o else_o against_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n but_o what_o be_v more_o remarkable_a this_o year_n augustine_n the_o monk_n with_o his_o companion_n arrive_v in_o britain_n but_o before_o i_o conclude_v this_o period_n i_o can_v omit_v take_v some_o further_a notice_n of_o the_o civil_a as_o well_o as_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n in_o that_o part_n of_o britain_n now_o call_v wales_n where_o the_o remainder_n of_o christianity_n in_o this_o side_n of_o our_o island_n be_v now_o whole_o confine_v bangor_n in_o the_o north_n and_o caer-leon_n upon_o vsk_n in_o south-wales_n be_v the_o chief_a place_n for_o learning_n as_o well_o as_o religion_n the_o last_o of_o these_o be_v also_o the_o see_v of_o a_o archbishop_n where_o be_v likewise_o a_o college_n of_o philosopher_n 13._o of_o which_o as_o alex._n elsebiensis_n relate_v dubritius_fw-la archbishop_n of_o that_o city_n be_v the_o founder_n who_o resign_v his_o bishopric_n become_v a_o anchoret_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o bardsey_n to_o who_o succeed_v david_n afterward_o saint_v who_o flourish_v about_o the_o year_n 509_o and_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v uncle_n by_o the_o mother_n side_n to_o king_n arthur_n he_o remove_v the_o episcopal_n see_v from_o caer-leon_n to_o menevia_n now_o call_v st._n david_n in_o pembrockshire_n nor_o can_v i_o pass_v by_o several_a learned_a and_o holy_a man_n among_o the_o britain_n of_o this_o age_n as_o first_o daniel_n the_o most_o pious_a bishop_n of_o bangor_n cadocus_n abbot_n of_o lancarvan_n in_o glamorganshire_n who_o life_n be_v write_v by_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o the_o same_o age_n also_o flourish_v iltutus_n a_o pious_a and_o learned_a man_n of_o that_o country_n to_o who_o we_o may_v also_o add_v samson_n his_o scholar_n consecrate_a bishop_n by_o dubritius_fw-la successor_n to_o st._n david_n this_o samson_n be_v afterward_o archbishop_n of_o dole_n in_o britain_n have_v upon_o his_o leave_v britain_n carry_v away_o the_o pall_n along_o with_o he_o as_o have_v be_v already_o mention_v not_o to_o omit_v pattern_n and_o petroc_n the_o former_a a_o preacher_n at_o llan_n pattern_n in_o cardiganshire_n and_o the_o other_o in_o cornwall_n beside_o congal_n abbot_n of_o bangor_n and_o kentigern_n the_o famous_a bishop_n of_o ellwye_n in_o north-wales_n as_o also_o asaph_n his_o scholar_n and_o successor_n in_o the_o same_o see_v now_o from_o he_o call_v st._n asaph_n to_o who_o i_o may_v also_o add_v taliessen_v the_o famous_a british_a poet_n who_o verse_n be_v preserve_v to_o this_o day_n all_o these_o flourish_v from_o the_o begin_n till_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o six_o century_n which_o now_o as_o much_o abound_v in_o learned_a and_o pious_a man_n as_o the_o former_a age_n be_v want_v of_o they_o thus_o omit_v fable_n we_o have_v give_v you_o a_o view_n of_o whatever_o we_o find_v can_v be_v rely_v on_o for_o truth_n transact_v in_o britain_n since_o the_o roman_n first_o conquer_v and_o then_o forsake_v it_o wherein_o we_o may_v observe_v the_o many_o misery_n and_o desolation_n bring_v by_o divine_a providence_n on_o a_o wicked_a and_o perverse_a nation_n drive_v when_o nothing_o else_o will_v reform_v they_o out_o of_o a_o rich_a country_n into_o a_o mountainous_a and_o barren_a corner_n by_o stranger_n and_o heathen_n so_o much_o more_o intolerable_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o heaven_n be_v the_o dishonour_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o religion_n by_o unchristian_a work_n than_o downright_a infidelity_n yet_o be_o i_o not_o of_o bede_n opinion_n that_o the_o britain_n omission_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o english-saxons_a though_o they_o inhabit_v the_o same_o island_n be_v any_o of_o their_o cry_a sin_n since_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o they_o can_v either_o preach_v or_o the_o saxon_n will_v ever_o receive_v the_o gospel_n from_o those_o who_o be_v their_o utter_a enemy_n and_o have_v take_v their_o country_n from_o they_o by_o violence_n yet_o god_n be_v not_o want_v to_o this_o nation_n but_o appoint_v other_o preacher_n to_o convert_v it_o to_o the_o christian_a faith_n which_o how_o it_o be_v bring_v about_o shall_v be_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o ensue_a book_n the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n lest_o the_o name_n of_o the_o english-saxon_a king_n which_o have_v be_v in_o tâ—â—_n former_a book_n set_v down_o promiscuous_o according_a to_o the_o year_n in_o which_o they_o begin_v to_o reign_v shall_v render_v their_o succession_n perplex_v and_o hard_o to_o be_v remember_v i_o have_v from_o the_o saxon_a annal_n florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o mat._n westminster_n place_v the_o several_a kingdom_n of_o the_o saâ—â—n_a heptarchy_n together_o with_o their_o king_n in_o a_o chronological_a order_n as_o far_o as_o the_o end_n of_o this_o period_n viz._n anno_fw-la dom._n 597._o note_v the_o year_n in_o
4_o year_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 796_o kenwulf_n one_o of_o the_o blood-royal_a though_o far_o remote_a 24_o year_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 795_o osbald_n 27_o day_n and_o then_o depose_v  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 795_o eardulf_n 10_o year_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 794_o cuthred_n as_o his_o tributary_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr edmund_n surname_v the_o martyr_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr the_o general_a history_n of_o britain_n now_o call_v england_n as_o well_o ecclesiastical_a as_o civil_a book_n v._o from_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n egbert_n to_o that_o of_o king_n edgar_z be_v the_o space_n of_o one_o hundred_o fifty_o six_o year_n and_o a_o half_a the_o english_a saxon_n have_v after_o their_o conquest_n of_o so_o great_a 〈◊〉_d part_n of_o britain_n and_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o native_n into_o wales_n and_o cornwall_n erect_v seven_n and_o if_o we_o reckon_v deira_n and_o bernicia_n as_o distinct_a eight_o different_a kingdom_n in_o this_o part_n of_o our_o island_n that_o natural_o follow_v which_o always_o attend_v a_o warlike_a people_n canton_v out_o into_o many_o small_a independent_a principality_n viz._n constant_a dispute_n about_o the_o border_n of_o their_o respective_a territory_n or_o else_o a_o strife_n for_o the_o mastery_n who_o shall_v be_v chief_a and_o domineer_v most_o over_o the_o rest_n from_o whence_o beside_o divers_a other_o accidental_a occasion_n of_o quarrel_n spring_v civil_a war_n incident_a to_o neighbour_a nation_n no_o way_n divide_v but_o by_o river_n or_o other_o less_o certain_a boundary_n which_o never_o cease_v until_o what_o have_v be_v begin_v by_o king_n egbert_n predecessor_n be_v finish_v by_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n who_o at_o length_n unite_v all_o those_o kingdom_n into_o one_o to_o the_o last_a quiet_a and_o happiness_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n which_o to_o set_v forth_o shall_v be_v the_o subject_n of_o this_o present_a period_n for_o though_o there_o have_v be_v before_o egbert_n many_o chief_a or_o principal_a king_n several_a of_o who_o bede_n as_o also_o the_o saxon_a annal_n have_v mention_v who_o by_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o their_o arm_n succeed_v each_o other_o in_o that_o title_n yet_o do_v it_o never_o so_o proper_o belong_v to_o any_o one_o as_o to_o king_n egbert_n with_o who_o reign_n we_o shall_v begin_v this_o book_n since_o he_o be_v not_o satisfy_v as_o other_o have_v be_v before_o he_o with_o the_o bare_a acknowledgement_n and_o submission_n of_o the_o other_o remain_v king_n but_o have_v subdue_v most_o of_o they_o he_o lay_v their_o kingdom_n to_o his_o own_o leave_v only_o those_o of_o the_o mercian_n northumbrian_n and_o east-angles_a to_o be_v hold_v by_o their_o respective_a prince_n as_o tributary_n to_o his_o crown_n in_o which_o state_n they_o continue_v till_o the_o invasion_n and_o conquest_n of_o the_o dane_n whole_o swallow_v up_o all_o those_o principality_n and_o that_o after_o their_o expulsion_n by_o king_n alfred_n and_o his_o son_n edward_n the_o elder_a these_o kingdom_n become_v again_o unite_v to_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o dominion_n under_o the_o general_n name_n of_o england_n but_o since_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o dane_n also_o happen_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o period_n it_o be_v fit_a we_o say_v something_o of_o it_o both_z as_o to_o its_o cause_n and_o instrument_n by_o which_o it_o be_v perform_v in_o the_o do_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v make_v use_n of_o h._n huntington_n word_n in_o the_o prologue_n to_o his_o five_o book_n wherein_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o dane_n be_v much_o the_o fierce_a and_o most_o cruel_a that_o ever_o be_v feel_v in_o this_o island_n for_o the_o roman_n althô_o they_o subdue_v britain_n to_o their_o empire_n yet_o use_v their_o victory_n with_o moderation_n and_o make_v those_o they_o conquer_v partaker_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n and_o civility_n and_o as_o for_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n which_o follow_v the_o decay_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n in_o britain_n though_o it_o fall_v severe_o upon_o the_o northern_a part_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o of_o any_o long_a continuance_n or_o of_o any_o general_a extent_n be_v soon_o stop_v by_o the_o more_o predominant_a power_n and_o valour_n of_o the_o english-saxons_a who_o as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v conquer_a this_o kingdom_n by_o degree_n though_o they_o drive_v out_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n who_o refuse_v to_o submit_v to_o they_o yet_o we_o do_v not_o find_v but_o that_o they_o spare_v the_o life_n of_o all_o those_o that_o become_v their_o vassal_n and_o have_v conquer_a the_o country_n they_o not_o only_o repair_v the_o ancient_a town_n and_o city_n but_o likewise_o build_v many_o new_a one_o and_o govern_v the_o kingdom_n by_o their_o own_o law_n and_o constitution_n last_o the_o norman_n who_o succeed_v the_o dane_n in_o subdue_a this_o nation_n yet_o grant_v not_o only_a life_n and_o liberty_n to_o the_o vanquish_a but_o also_o permit_v they_o the_o use_n of_o their_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n whereas_o the_o dane_n waste_v and_o spoil_v this_o whole_a island_n for_o a_o long_a time_n together_o by_o frequent_a incursion_n exempt_n no_o place_n sacred_a or_o profane_a from_o spoil_n or_o ruin_n so_o that_o spare_v neither_o age_n nor_o sex_n they_o seem_v for_o a_o long_a time_n not_o so_o much_o to_o design_v the_o conquest_n as_o destruction_n of_o tâ—e_v english_a nation_n till_o at_o last_o king_n knute_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o englaâ—d_n after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n edmund_n surnamed_n irâ—nside_n by_o restore_v iâ—â—_n ancient_a law_n and_o liberty_n make_v some_o amends_o for_o the_o continual_a spoil_n and_o depredation_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o predecessor_n if_o therefore_o you_o do_v but_o consider_v the_o frequent_a invasion_n of_o that_o barbarous_a people_n how_o they_o often_o land_v in_o several_a place_n at_o once_o thereby_o not_o only_o divide_v the_o force_n of_o the_o english-saxons_a but_o also_o so_o distract_n their_o commander_n that_o they_o can_v not_o tell_v which_o way_n to_o march_v against_o they_o you_o may_v hence_o observe_v that_o next_o to_o the_o providence_n and_o mercy_n of_o god_n nothing_o but_o the_o extraordinary_a valour_n and_o conduct_n of_o those_o king_n who_o great_a and_o noble_a action_n we_o shall_v here_o relate_v can_v have_v preserve_v this_o nation_n from_o be_v total_o subdue_v long_o before_o nor_o can_v they_o ever_o bring_v it_o under_o their_o power_n till_o they_o meet_v with_o a_o prince_n who_o fall_v very_o short_a of_o his_o ancestor_n as_o well_o in_o prudence_n and_o valour_n as_o in_o the_o chief_a thing_n of_o all_o the_o love_n of_o his_o subject_n but_o as_o for_o the_o cause_n dcccii_o which_o provoke_v the_o wrath_n of_o god_n to_o bring_v this_o dreadful_a judgement_n upon_o the_o english_a nation_n the_o same_o author_n give_v we_o this_o probable_a account_n viz._n that_o in_o the_o primitive_a church_n of_o england_n religion_n shine_v with_o so_o great_a a_o lustre_n that_o divers_a king_n and_o queen_n together_o with_o many_o of_o the_o great_a man_n and_o bishop_n undertake_v monastic_a vow_n as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n all_o virtue_n and_o piety_n so_o far_o decline_v that_o the_o english_a saxon_n suffer_v no_o nation_n to_o exceed_v they_o in_o deceit_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o wickedness_n which_o chief_o appear_v in_o the_o precedent_n as_o well_o as_o follow_a history_n of_o the_o northumbrian_n king_n in_o which_o you_o will_v find_v that_o all_o order_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n be_v guilty_a of_o so_o great_a treachery_n and_o rebellion_n that_o nothing_o be_v a_o great_a disgrace_n than_o piety_n and_o innocence_n which_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o just_a occasion_n to_o be_v make_v away_o wherefore_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o god_n think_v fit_a to_o send_v upon_o they_o whole_a swarm_n of_o cruel_a nation_n which_o destroy_v all_o before_o they_o to_o wit_n the_o dane_n or_o norwegian_n together_o with_o the_o swede_n and_o vandal_n these_o from_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n egbert_n to_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o first_o be_v above_o two_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o year_n never_o give_v this_o island_n any_o long_a respite_n from_o their_o invasion_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v it_o be_v not_o the_o nation_n of_o the_o dane_n alone_o proper_o so_o call_v who_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o destruction_n but_o a_o mixture_n of_o divers_a of_o these_o northern_a nation_n who_o join_v together_o propose_v at_o first_o to_o themselves_o no_o other_o design_n but_o
archbishop_n for_o in_o the_o next_o year_n it_o be_v thus_o correct_v viz._n dcccxxx_o this_o year_n ceolnoth_n be_v elect_v and_o consecrate_a archbishop_n and_o feologild_n the_o abbot_n decease_v '_o and_o the_o year_n follow_v ceolnoth_n the_o archbp_a receive_v his_o pall_n from_o rome_n dcccxxxi_o this_o year_n certain_a heathen_n or_o pagan_n waste_v sceapige_v now_o the_o isle_n of_o sheppey_n in_o kent_n dcccxxxii_o but_o since_o this_o be_v the_o first_o time_n that_o these_o heathen_n be_v mention_v in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n it_o be_v fit_a we_o shall_v tell_v you_o a_o little_a more_o exact_o who_o they_o be_v and_o from_o whence_o they_o come_v for_o they_o be_v indeed_o no_o other_o than_o that_o nation_n which_o be_v before_o in_o our_o saxon_a annal_n call_v northmanna_n and_o sometime_o deanscan_n i_o e._n danes_n the_o etymology_n of_o which_o name_n since_o i_o find_v writer_n be_v so_o divide_v about_o i_o will_v not_o take_v upon_o i_o to_o determine_v not_o that_o all_o these_o people_n come_v out_o of_o that_o country_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n call_v denmark_n for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o so_o narrow_a a_o region_n tho'_o you_o shall_v likewise_o include_v whatsoever_o that_o kingdom_n do_v then_o or_o do_v now_o enjoy_v upon_o the_o continent_n of_o swedeland_n and_o jutland_n can_v ever_o send_v out_o such_o vast_a shoales_n of_o people_n as_o for_o near_o two_o thousand_o year_n before_o the_o norman_a conquest_n overran_a and_o destroy_v france_n the_o low_a country_n and_o also_o this_o island_n but_o you_o may_v from_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v observe_v that_o h._n huntingdon_n in_o the_o prologue_n to_o his_o book_n above_o cite_v do_v beside_o the_o dane_n dcccxxxii_o add_v also_o the_o norwegian_n together_o with_o the_o goth_n swede_n and_o vandal_n to_o have_v be_v those_o nation_n which_o for_o so_o many_o year_n waste_v england_n and_o that_o he_o do_v not_o deliver_v this_o without_o book_n but_o have_v sufficient_a authority_n for_o what_o he_o write_v i_o shall_v further_o make_v out_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o those_o writer_n who_o live_v in_o that_o very_a age_n when_o these_o nation_n first_o infest_a those_o part_n of_o europe_n for_o eginhart_n who_o be_v son-in-law_n and_o chancellor_n to_o charles_n the_o great_a thus_o write_v in_o his_o history_n of_o that_o prince_n which_o i_o shall_v here_o faithful_o translate_v in_o like_a manner_n the_o dane_n and_o sweones_n with_o those_o who_o we_o call_v norman_n do_v possess_v the_o northern_a shore_n of_o scandinavia_n together_o with_o all_o the_o island_n adjoin_v to_o it_o while_o the_o sclavi_n with_o divers_a other_o nation_n inhabit_v the_o southern_a coast_n but_o the_o norwegans_fw-la or_o rather_o northern_a man_n for_o so_o they_o be_v call_v by_o the_o swede_n because_o they_o lie_v more_o northerly_a than_o the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o nation_n and_o indeed_o all_o those_o that_o inhabit_v scanzia_n be_v by_o those_o people_n of_o europe_n that_o lie_v more_o remote_a with_o very_o good_a reason_n call_v in_o the_o german_a tongue_n i.e._n northland_n men._n next_o to_o eginhart_n adam_n of_o bremen_n who_o live_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n after_o do_v not_o only_o insert_v these_o very_a word_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a author_n but_o also_o add_v this_o further_a that_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n with_o the_o other_o nation_n beyond_o the_o river_n danabius_fw-la be_v by_o the_o french_a historian_n all_o call_v norman_n so_o likewise_o albertus_n abbot_n of_o stade_n who_o write_v about_o the_o year_n 1250_o say_v likewise_o that_o the_o dane_n and_o other_o nation_n who_o live_v beyond_o denmark_n be_v all_o call_v norman_n from_o which_o authority_n the_o learned_a grotius_n in_o his_o prolegomena_n to_o his_o gothic_a history_n lay_v it_o down_o as_o a_o undeniable_a truth_n that_o whatever_o we_o find_v among_o any_o writer_n of_o that_o age_n concern_v the_o norman_n do_v right_o belong_v to_o the_o swede_n who_o be_v then_o one_o of_o the_o great_a and_o most_o powerful_a of_o those_o northern_a nation_n that_o be_v all_o then_o call_v by_o one_o general_a name_n of_o norman_n but_o as_o for_o their_o religion_n i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o of_o it_o since_o i_o have_v already_o tell_v you_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o three_o book_n that_o all_o those_o nation_n have_v the_o same_o common_a deity_n viz._n woden_n and_o thor_n etc._n etc._n who_o name_n i_o have_v there_o already_o set_v down_o to_o which_o last_o deity_n as_o ubbo_n emmius_n relate_v they_o before_o any_o great_a exepedition_n sacrifice_v a_o captive_n by_o knock_v out_o his_o brain_n and_o smear_v their_o face_n in_o his_o blood_n immediate_o march_v against_o their_o enemy_n but_o that_o they_o be_v extreme_o give_v to_o witchcraft_n and_o enchantment_n all_o their_o own_o author_n relate_v which_o will_v be_v too_o tedious_a here_o to_o repeat_v since_o you_o will_v mere_a with_o some_o instance_n of_o it_o in_o the_o follow_a history_n but_o to_o return_v again_o to_o our_o annal_n dcccxxxiii_o this_o year_n be_v very_o remarkable_a for_o king_n egbert_n encounter_v thirty_o five_o ship_n of_o danish_a pirate_n at_o carrum_fw-la now_o call_v charmouth_n in_o dorsetshire_n where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a slaughter_n but_o the_o dane_n keep_v the_o field_n whereby_o we_o may_v guess_v that_o they_o have_v the_o advantage_n yet_o it_o seem_v before_o this_o time_n even_o in_o this_o very_a year_n the_o dane_n have_v be_v vanquish_v and_o put_v to_o flight_n at_o dunmouth_n now_o call_v tinmouth_n from_o whence_o have_v now_o spoil_v the_o isle_n of_o sheppey_n they_o sail_v to_o charmouth_n abovementioned_a this_o show_v we_o as_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n well_o observe_v the_o instability_n of_o all_o worldly_a grandeur_n for_o now_o king_n egbert_n be_v arrive_v at_o the_o height_n of_o empire_n meet_v with_o this_o unlooked_a for_o enemy_n who_o harrass_v he_o and_o his_o posterity_n for_o divers_a generation_n and_o tho'_o in_o this_o sea_n fight_n last_o mention_v he_o have_v the_o better_a for_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o day_n yet_o towards_o night_n he_o lose_v the_o victory_n tho'_o by_o the_o help_n of_o it_o he_o retreat_v and_o so_o save_v the_o disgrace_n of_o a_o entire_a defeat_n this_o be_v the_o only_a time_n that_o fortune_n cease_v to_o favour_v king_n egbert_n undertake_n this_o year_n also_o according_a to_o our_o annal_n herefrith_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n and_o wigen_n or_o sighelm_n bishop_n of_o scirborne_n and_o also_o two_o ealdorman_n dudda_n and_o osmund_n decease_v the_o same_o year_n be_v hold_v that_o general_n council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n at_o london_n at_o the_o feast_n of_o st._n augustin_n the_o english_a apostle_n dcccxxxiii_o egbert_n king_n of_o west_n saxony_n and_o withlaf_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n with_o both_o the_o arch-bishop_n and_o all_o the_o other_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o england_n be_v present_a at_o which_o beside_o a_o consultation_n how_o to_o restrain_v the_o invasion_n of_o the_o dane_n the_o privilege_n vol._n and_o concession_n of_o the_o say_a king_n withlaf_n to_o the_o monastery_n of_o croyland_n be_v also_o confirm_v by_o the_o say_a council_n and_o be_v subscribe_v to_o by_o king_n withlaf_n and_o both_o the_o arch-bishop_n and_o most_o of_o 〈◊〉_d bishop_n of_o england_n the_o next_o year_n a_o great_a fleet_n of_o dane_n land_v among_o the_o western_a welsh_a i._n e._n cornishmen_n dcccxxxv_o who_o be_v join_v with_o they_o in_o a_o league_n against_o king_n egbert_n offer_v he_o battle_n which_o he_o accept_v of_o straight_o way_n march_v against_o they_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n and_o at_o hengestdune_n now_o hengston_n in_o cornwall_n put_v both_o the_o britain_n and_o dane_n to_o flight_n and_o as_o mat._n westminster_n add_v free_v his_o kingdom_n at_o this_o time_n from_o the_o invasion_n of_o those_o barbarous_a enemy_n king_n egbryht_v depart_v this_o life_n have_v reign_v thirty_o seven_o year_n and_o seven_o month_n but_o the_o annal_n must_v needs_o be_v mistake_v dcccxxxvi_o either_o in_o the_o time_n of_o his_o reign_n or_o else_o in_o the_o year_n of_o his_o death_n for_o if_o he_o begin_v to_o reign_v anno_fw-la dom._n 800_o and_o reign_v thirty_o seven_o year_n and_o a_o half_a it_o be_v evident_a he_o must_v have_v die_v anno_fw-la dom._n 838_o the_o print_a copy_n of_o will._n of_o malmesbury_n place_n his_o death_n anno_fw-la dom._n 837_o and_o another_o read_n in_o the_o margin_n in_o 838_o but_o florence_n of_o worcester_n place_v it_o according_a to_o the_o annal_n in_o 836._o this_o king_n as_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v govern_v his_o subject_n with_o great_a clemency_n and_o be_v as_o terrible_a to_o his_o enemy_n and_o for_o nine_o year_n reign_v supreme_a king_n over_o all_o britain_n before_o his_o death_n he_o be_v
little_a a_o time_n that_o he_o can_v not_o be_v solemn_o elect_v and_o crown_v king_n according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o succession_n in_o those_o time_n i_o have_v nothing_o more_o to_o add_v to_o this_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a dccccxxu._n but_o only_o the_o law_n he_o make_v which_o since_o it_o be_v not_o specify_v in_o what_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n nor_o in_o what_o common-council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o be_v enact_v i_o think_v best_a to_o refer_v to_o this_o place_n in_o the_o preface_n to_o his_o law_n he_o strict_o charge_n and_o command_v his_o officer_n that_o as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lie_v they_o do_v justice_n according_a as_o it_o stand_v in_o the_o judicial_a book_n suppose_v to_o be_v some_o book_n of_o precedent_n or_o judgement_n and_o without_o all_o fear_n bold_o dispense_v common_a right_o to_o all_o man_n and_o that_o they_o set_v and_o appoint_v certain_a day_n for_o determination_n of_o the_o several_a cause_n depend_v before_o they_o the_o first_o law_n be_v concern_v traffic_n and_o in_o way_n of_o confirmation_n of_o the_o four_o article_n of_o the_o league_n make_v betwixt_o his_o father_n and_o the_o danish_a king_n guthrun_n ordain_v that_o if_o a_o man_n will_v sell_v any_o thing_n he_o shall_v have_v one_o to_o vouch_v and_o make_v good_a the_o sale_n and_o that_o no_o man_n buy_v any_o thing_n without_o the_o town_n unless_o he_o have_v the_o portreeve_n for_o witness_n or_o some_o other_o man_n worthy_a of_o credit_n otherwise_o he_o shall_v undergo_v the_o penalty_n of_o contumacy_n against_o the_o king_n this_o vouch_v or_o warranty_n shall_v also_o proceed_v from_o one_o to_o another_o till_o it_o end_v with_o he_o who_o first_o sell_v it_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o law_n contain_v in_o what_o case_n the_o buyer_n and_o likewise_o the_o demandant_n shall_v find_v sufficient_a testimomony_n or_o oath_n of_o the_o true_a buy_n of_o the_o good_n so_o buy_v be_v long_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o law_n itself_o the_o second_o of_o king_n edward_n law_n ordain_v that_o whosoever_o deny_v another_o man_n his_o right_a either_o in_o bocland_n or_o folcland_n demand_v it_o before_o the_o king_n sheriff_n when_o as_o he_o have_v no_o right_a in_o either_o shall_v pay_v to_o the_o king_n for_o the_o first_o offence_n thirty_o shilling_n and_o as_o much_o more_o for_o the_o second_o and_o if_o he_o offend_v the_o three_o time_n then_o to_o pay_v a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o his_o contumacy_n against_o the_o king_n the_o three_o adjudge_n that_o for_o one_o who_o have_v forswear_v himself_o or_o bear_v false_a witness_n no_o credit_n shall_v be_v give_v to_o he_o for_o the_o time_n to_o come_v but_o that_o he_o be_v put_v to_o ordeal_o in_o all_o case_n where_o his_o oath_n be_v require_v the_o four_o declare_v that_o king_n edward_n lie_v at_o exeter_n and_o consult_v with_o his_o wise_a man_n by_o what_o mean_v he_o may_v best_o provide_v for_o the_o public_a peace_n and_o tranquillity_n it_o than_o seem_v to_o they_o that_o what_o he_o have_v command_v be_v too_o remiss_o execute_v therefore_o he_o now_o require_v all_o that_o will_v amend_v and_o reform_v these_o thing_n and_o will_v with_o he_o enjoy_v common_a society_n that_o they_o will_v prosecute_v with_o their_o utmost_a hatred_n the_o same_o person_n as_o he_o do_v both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n and_o that_o they_o will_v take_v care_n not_o to_o do_v wrong_a or_o injury_n to_o any_o man_n he_o that_o do_v contrary_a let_v he_o as_o be_v former_o ordain_v pay_v thirty_o shilling_n to_o the_o king_n and_o if_o he_o offend_v the_o second_o time_n as_o much_o more_o if_o the_o three_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n the_o five_o command_n that_o that_o reeve_n or_o judge_n who_o do_v not_o justice_n according_a to_o the_o testimony_n of_o such_o as_o be_v summon_v pay_v a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o his_o contumacy_n against_o the_o king_n the_o six_o will_n that_o if_o a_o servant_n be_v accuse_v of_o theft_n he_o that_o recommend_v he_o to_o his_o master_n or_o other_o of_o his_o friend_n if_o he_o have_v any_o be_v surety_n for_o he_o that_o he_o discharge_v himself_o of_o what_o be_v depose_v against_o he_o and_o if_o he_o have_v none_o to_o interpose_v on_o his_o behalf_n those_o that_o be_v concern_v may_v seize_v his_o good_n but_o if_o he_o have_v neither_o good_n nor_o friend_n let_v he_o be_v take_v into_o custody_n dccccxxu._n the_o eight_o law_n enjoin_v that_o no_o man_n know_o and_o voluntary_o have_v peace_n with_o or_o harbour_v one_o that_o be_v condemn_v for_o any_o crime_n he_o that_o act_v contrary_a and_o thereby_o break_v his_o oath_n and_o the_o faith_n give_v by_o he_o and_o all_o the_o people_n let_v he_o undergo_v the_o mulct_n prescribe_v in_o the_o judiciary_n book_n which_o if_o he_o refuse_v to_o pay_v he_o be_v to_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o king_n favour_n and_o all_o other_o man_n friendship_n and_o far_o forfeit_v all_o his_o estate_n and_o if_o any_o afterward_o relieve_v he_o let_v he_o also_o incur_v the_o penalty_n express_v in_o the_o say_a book_n and_o far_o whosoever_o shall_v relieve_v a_o fugitive_n either_o in_o this_o country_n or_o in_o the_o eastern_a or_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i._n e._n in_o east-england_n and_o northumberland_n let_v he_o be_v punish_v as_o by_o the_o article_n of_o peace_n be_v ordain_v the_o nine_o provide_v that_o if_o one_o deprive_v of_o his_o liberty_n for_o steal_v steal_v again_o so_o that_o all_o his_o kindred_n forsake_v he_o and_o none_o will_v engage_v for_o he_o he_o be_v to_o be_v set_v to_o servile_a and_o hard_a labour_n as_o opportunity_n shall_v offer_v and_o his_o kindred_n shall_v lose_v the_o valuation_n of_o his_o head_n the_o ten_o law_n forbid_v any_o man_n to_o receive_v another_o man_n servant_n without_o his_o leave_n and_o that_o he_o have_v full_o satisfy_v his_o master_n he_o that_o do_v otherwise_o shall_v be_v punish_v as_o contumacious_a against_o the_o king_n the_o eleven_o and_o last_o command_v that_o about_o every_o four_o week_n every_o sheriff_n or_o judge_n hold_v the_o gemot_n or_o assembly_n and_o administer_v justice_n to_o every_o man_n and_o determine_v all_o cause_n at_o the_o day_n appoint_v if_o he_o do_v otherwise_o he_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v as_o be_v before_o say_v from_o all_o which_o law_n we_o may_v observe_v first_o that_o the_o law_n concern_v redeem_n of_o all_o crime_n by_o pecuniary_a fine_n be_v not_o yet_o abolish_v nor_o in_o some_o age_n after_o but_o the_o strict_a law_n for_o vouch_v of_o good_n sell_v as_o also_o against_o fugitive_n and_o runaway_n servant_n be_v but_o necessary_a in_o such_o licentious_a and_o turbulent_a time_n when_o it_o be_v so_o very_o easy_a for_o offender_n to_o pass_v out_o of_o the_o english_a territory_n into_o those_o of_o the_o dane_n you_o may_v also_o here_o observe_v the_o antiquity_n and_o power_n of_o the_o county-court_n which_o be_v then_o hold_v as_o now_o every_o month_n but_o have_v much_o more_o power_n ancient_o than_o at_o this_o day_n as_o for_o the_o law_n that_o follow_v and_o which_o be_v entitle_v in_o mr._n lambard_n copy_n the_o ecclesiastical_a law_n of_o edward_n the_o elder_a king_n of_o england_n and_o gutherne_a king_n of_o the_o dane_n in_o east-england_n which_o be_v first_o make_v by_o the_o king_n alfred_n and_o gutherne_a and_o be_v now_o say_v to_o be_v again_o confirm_v by_o king_n edward_n son_n to_o alfred_n and_o the_o same_o king_n gutherne_a there_o must_v certain_o be_v a_o error_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o danish_a king_n here_o mention_v since_o it_o appear_v by_o our_o annal_n that_o gutherne_a die_v ten_o year_n before_o king_n alfred_n therefore_o since_o we_o do_v not_o find_v any_o other_o danish_a king_n of_o this_o name_n we_o may_v rather_o suppose_v that_o these_o law_n be_v make_v by_o king_n edward_n and_o eoric_n the_o danish_a king_n who_o succeed_v gutherne_a in_o that_o kingdom_n but_o be_v it_o as_o it_o will_v i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v the_o reader_n with_o their_o recital_n since_o they_o relate_v chief_o to_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n and_o be_v in_o most_o point_n but_o a_o repetition_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o have_v be_v before_o agree_v upon_o by_o king_n alfred_n and_o king_n gutherne_a some_o year_n before_o king_n edward_n die_v after_o four_o and_o twenty_o year_n reign_n be_v bury_v in_o the_o monastery_n at_o winchester_n which_o his_o father_n have_v found_v leave_v by_o his_o testament_n athelstan_n his_o elder_a son_n to_o succeed_v he_o who_o as_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o most_o other_o writer_n relate_v be_v not_o bear_v of_o the_o queen_n but_o of_o
edgar_n be_v certain_o a_o very_a great_a and_o heroic_a prince_n yet_o questionless_a that_o charter_n which_o make_v he_o to_o have_v subdue_v the_o great_a part_n of_o ireland_n with_o the_o city_n of_o dublin_n and_o to_o be_v lord_n of_o all_o the_o isle_n as_o far_o as_o norway_n be_v fictitious_a and_o nothing_o but_o a_o piece_n of_o monkish_a forgery_n no_o author_n of_o that_o age_n make_v mention_n of_o any_o such_o thing_n and_o instead_o of_o a_o great_a warrior_n he_o be_v usual_o style_v edgar_n the_o peaceable_a for_o he_o never_o make_v any_o foreign_a war_n that_o we_o can_v learn_v however_o such_o be_v his_o mighty_a fame_n that_o if_o he_o do_v not_o go_v himself_o to_o foreigner_n they_o come_v to_o he_o out_o of_o saxony_n flanders_n denmark_n and_o other_o place_n though_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n observe_v their_o come_n over_o do_v much_o detriment_n to_o the_o native_n who_o from_o the_o saxon_n learned_a rudeness_n from_o the_o fleming_n effeminacy_n and_o from_o the_o dane_n drunkenness_n the_o english_a be_v before_o free_a from_o those_o gross_a vice_n and_o content_v themselves_o to_o defend_v their_o own_o with_o a_o natural_a simplicity_n and_o not_o give_v to_o admire_v the_o custom_n and_o fashion_n of_o other_o nation_n hereupon_o the_o monk_n tell_v we_o he_o be_v deserve_o blame_v in_o story_n for_o his_o too_o great_a indulgence_n to_o stranger_n this_o noble_a prince_n die_v when_o he_o have_v reign_v about_o sixteen_o year_n in_o the_o very_a flower_n of_o his_o age_n be_v scarce_o two_o and_o thirty_o year_n old_a and_o with_o he_o fall_v all_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n scarce_o any_o thing_n henceforth_o be_v to_o be_v hear_v of_o among_o they_o but_o misery_n and_o disorder_n he_o have_v by_o egelfleda_n surname_v the_o fair_a the_o daughter_n of_o earl_n ordmer_n it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o his_o wife_n or_o concubine_n a_o son_n name_v edward_n who_o succeed_v he_o by_o wilfrida_n the_o nun_n he_o have_v a_o daughter_n name_v editha_n who_o be_v also_o a_o nun_n as_o have_v be_v already_o relate_v and_o by_o elfreda_n the_o daughter_n of_o duke_n ordgar_n a_o son_n call_v edmund_n who_o die_v five_o year_n before_o his_o father_n and_o another_o call_v ethelrede_v who_o reign_v after_o he_o but_o be_v whole_o unlike_o he_o in_o prudence_n and_o courage_n i_o have_v nothing_o else_o to_o add_v that_o be_v considerable_a under_o this_o year_n but_o the_o death_n of_o the_o noble_a turketule_n abbot_n of_o croyland_n who_o from_o chancellor_n to_o king_n edred_n be_v at_o his_o own_o desire_n by_o he_o make_v abbot_n he_o repair_v and_o much_o enrich_v that_o abbey_n after_o its_o be_v ruin_v by_o the_o dane_n and_o be_v the_o first_o that_o by_o add_v to_o the_o two_o great_a bell_n of_o that_o monastery_n six_o more_o make_v the_o first_o tuneable_a ring_n of_o bell_n in_o england_n as_o engulf_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o account_n he_o give_v of_o his_o life_n inform_v we_o but_o before_o i_o dismiss_v this_o king_n reign_n it_o be_v fit_a i_o give_v you_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o chief_a law_n he_o make_v which_o since_o neither_o the_o time_n nor_o place_n of_o their_o enact_v be_v any_o where_o mention_v i_o refer_v to_o this_o place_n the_o preface_n of_o these_o law_n be_v thus_o this_o be_v the_o decree_n or_o law_n which_o king_n edgar_n make_v with_o the_o counsel_n or_o consent_n of_o his_o wites_z or_o wiseman_n for_o the_o honour_n of_o god_n the_o confirmation_n of_o his_o royal_a dignity_n and_o for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o people_n the_o law_n themselves_o begin_v with_o some_o ecclesiastical_a canon_n dcccclxxu._n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v concern_v the_o immunity_n of_o the_o church_n and_o about_o pay_v tithe_n out_o of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o thanes_z as_o well_o as_o of_o those_o of_o ceorles_n or_o countryman_n the_o second_o be_v concern_v payment_n of_o tithe_n and_o first_o fruit_n as_o well_o where_o a_o thane_n have_v a_o church_n with_o a_o buryingplace_n as_o also_o where_o he_o have_v not_o the_o three_o appoint_v the_o time_n the_o tithe_n shall_v be_v pay_v at_o and_o what_o remedy_n be_v to_o be_v have_v in_o case_n they_o be_v not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o be_v due_a the_o four_o ordain_v at_o what_o time_n of_o the_o year_n peter-pence_n shall_v be_v pay_v and_o the_o penalty_n that_o shall_v be_v incur_v by_o those_o that_o shall_v neglect_v to_o pay_v they_o in_o according_o the_o last_o ordain_v every_o sunday_n to_o be_v keep_v holy_a and_o to_o begin_v at_o three_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n on_o saturday_n and_o to_o end_v at_o break_v of_o day_n on_o monday_n upon_o the_o penalty_n appoint_v by_o the_o judiciary_n book_n from_o which_o last_o law_n you_o may_v observe_v how_o early_o keep_v the_o sunday_n like_o the_o jewish_a sabbath_n begin_v in_o england_n then_o follow_v the_o secular_a or_o temporal_a law_n the_o first_o of_o which_o enjoin_v that_o every_o man_n poor_a or_o rich_a enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o law_n and_o have_v equal_a justice_n do_v he_o and_o for_o punishment_n he_o will_v have_v they_o so_o moderate_v that_o be_v accommodate_v to_o the_o divine_a clemency_n they_o may_v be_v the_o more_o tolerable_a unto_o man_n the_o second_o forbid_v appeal_n to_o the_o king_n in_o suit_n liberty_n except_o justice_n can_v otherwise_o be_v obtain_v and_o if_o a_o man_n be_v oppress_v he_o may_v betake_v himself_o to_o the_o king_n for_o relief_n and_o in_o case_n a_o pecuniary_a mulct_n be_v inflict_v for_o a_o fault_n it_o must_v not_o exceed_v the_o value_n of_o the_o man_n head_n the_o three_o impose_v a_o mulct_n of_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o shilling_n to_o the_o king_n upon_o a_o judge_n that_o pass_v a_o unjust_a sentence_n against_o any_o man_n except_o such_o judge_n will_v take_v his_o oath_n that_o he_o do_v it_o not_o out_o of_o any_o malice_n but_o only_o from_o unskilfulness_n and_o mistake_v in_o judgement_n and_o in_o such_o case_n he_o be_v to_o be_v remove_v from_o his_o place_n except_o he_o can_v obtain_v favour_n of_o the_o king_n long_o to_o retain_v it_o and_o then_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n be_v to_o send_v the_o mulct_n impose_v upon_o he_o to_o the_o king_n treasure_n the_o four_o command_n that_o whosoever_o malicious_o shall_v defame_v another_o man_n whereby_o he_o receive_v any_o damage_n either_o in_o his_o body_n or_o estate_n so_o that_o the_o defame_v party_n can_v clear_v himself_o of_o those_o report_n and_o prove_v they_o false_a than_o the_o defamer_n tongue_n shall_v either_o be_v cut_v out_o or_o he_o shall_v redeem_v it_o with_o the_o value_n of_o his_o head_n the_o five_o be_v to_o the_o same_o effect_n as_o in_o another_o law_n we_o have_v former_o cite_v command_v every_o one_o to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o gemote_a or_o assembly_n of_o the_o hundred_o and_o further_o ordain_v that_o the_o burghmote_n or_o assembly_n of_o the_o great_a town_n or_o city_n be_v hold_v thrice_o a_o year_n and_o the_o shiregemote_n or_o general_a meeting_n of_o the_o whole_a county_n twice_o whereat_o be_v to_o be_v present_a the_o bishop_n and_o the_o ealdorman_a the_o one_o to_o teach_v the_o people_n god_n law_n and_o the_o other_o man_n from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v the_o antiquity_n of_o our_o charge_n at_o our_o assize_n and_o session_n which_o no_o doubt_n do_v succeed_v those_o discourse_n which_o the_o ealdorman_a and_o bishop_n then_o make_v to_o the_o people_n upon_o the_o subject_n abovementioned_a dcccclxxu._n the_o six_o require_v that_o every_o man_n find_v surety_n for_o his_o good_a behaviour_n and_o in_o case_n any_o one_o commit_v a_o crime_n and_o fly_v for_o it_o the_o surety_n shall_v undergo_v what_o shall_v be_v lay_v upon_o he_o if_o he_o steal_v any_o thing_n and_o be_v take_v within_o a_o twelvemonth_n he_o shall_v be_v bring_v to_o justice_n and_o then_o the_o surety_n shall_v receive_v back_o what_o they_o have_v pay_v on_o his_o account_n hence_o we_o may_v also_o take_v notice_n not_o only_o of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o frank-pledge_n which_o have_v be_v long_o before_o institute_v by_o king_n alfred_n but_o also_o the_o continuation_n of_o this_o law_n by_o king_n edgar_n from_o whence_o it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v no_o norman_a invention_n introduce_v to_o keep_v under_o the_o english_a commonalty_n as_o some_o man_n have_v without_o any_o just_a cause_n imagine_v the_o seven_o ordain_v that_o when_o any_o one_o of_o evil_a report_n be_v again_o accuse_v of_o a_o crime_n and_o absent_v himself_o from_o the_o gemote_n or_o public_a meeting_n some_o of_o the_o court_n shall_v go_v where_o he_o dwell_v and_o take_v surety_n for_o his_o appearance_n if_o they_o may_v be_v have_v but_o