the_o king_n at_o his_o parliament_n of_o his_o special_a grace_n and_o for_o affection_n which_o he_o bear_v to_o his_o prelate_n earl_n and_o baron_n and_o other_o have_v grant_v that_o they_o that_o have_v liberty_n by_o prescription_n shall_v enjoy_v they_o in_o the_o stat._n de_fw-fr finibus_fw-la levatis_fw-la the_o king_n word_n be_v we_o intend_v to_o provide_v remedy_n in_o our_o parliament_n have_v ordain_v etc._n etc._n 28._o edw._n 1._o c._n 5._o the_o king_n will_n that_o the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o bench_n shall_v follow_v he_o so_o that_o he_o may_v have_v at_o all_o time_n some_o near_o unto_o he_o thaâ—…_n be_v learn_v in_o the_o law_n and_o in_o chap._n 24._o the_o word_n be_v our_o lord_n the_o king_n after_o full_a conference_n and_o debate_n have_v with_o his_o earl_n baron_n noble_n and_o other_o great_a man_n by_o their_o whole_a consent_n have_v ordain_v etc._n etc._n the_o stat._n de_fw-la tallagio_n if_o any_o such_o statute_n there_o be_v speak_v in_o the_o king_n person_n no_o officer_n of_o we_o no_o tallage_n shall_v be_v take_v by_o we_o we_o will_v and_o grant_n 1._o edw._n 2._o begin_v thus_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n willeth_n and_o command_v the_o stat._n of_o 9_o the_o same_o king_n sai_z our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o prelate_n earl_n and_o other_o great_a state_n have_v ordain_v 10._o edw._n 2._o it_o be_v provide_v by_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n and_o his_o justice_n the_o stat._n of_o carlisle_n say_v we_o have_v send_v our_o command_n in_o write_v firm_o to_o be_v observe_v 1._o edw._n 3._o begin_v thus_o king_n edw._n 3._o at_o his_o parliament_n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o commonalty_n by_o their_o petition_n before_o he_o and_o his_o council_n in_o parliament_n have_v grant_v etc._n etc._n and_o in_o the_o 5_o chap._n the_o king_n will_v that_o no_o man_n be_v charge_v to_o arm_v himself_o otherwise_o than_o he_o be_v wont_a 5._o edw._n 3._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n at_o the_o request_n of_o his_o people_n have_v establish_v these_o thing_n which_o he_o will_v to_o be_v keep_v 9_o of_o the_o same_o king_n there_o be_v this_o title_n our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o assent_n etc._n etc._n and_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o council_n be_v there_o have_v ordain_v etc._n etc._n in_o his_o 10_o year_n it_o be_v say_v because_o our_o lord_n king_n edw._n 3._o have_v receive_v by_o the_o complaint_n of_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n also_o at_o the_o show_v of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n and_o his_o commons_o by_o their_o petition_n put_v in_o his_o parliament_n etc._n etc._n have_v ordain_v by_o the_o assent_n etc._n etc._n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o say_a knight_n and_o commons_o etc._n etc._n the_o same_o year_n in_o another_o parliament_n you_o may_v find_v these_o be_v the_o article_n accord_v by_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n with_o the_o assent_n etc._n etc._n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n and_o the_o commons_o by_o their_o petition_n â—…ut_o in_o the_o say_a parliament_n in_o the_o year-book_n 22_o edw._n 3._o 3._o pl._n 25._o it_o be_v say_v the_o king_n make_v the_o law_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o peer_n and_o commons_o and_o not_o the_o peer_n and_o commons_o the_o stat._n of_o 1._o ric._n 2._o have_v this_o beginning_n richâ—…d_v the_o 2._o by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o prelate_n duke_n earl_n and_o baron_n and_o at_o the_o instance_n and_o special_a request_n of_o â—…_n commons_o ordain_v there_o be_v a_o statute_n make_v 5_o ric._n 2._o c._n 5._o against_o lollard_n in_o the_o next_o year_n the_o commons_o petition_v he_o suppliant_a les_fw-fr commons_o que_fw-fr come_v un_fw-fr estatute_n fuit_fw-la fait_fw-fr etc._n etc._n the_o commons_o beseech_v that_o whereas_o a_o statute_n be_v make_v in_o the_o last_o parliament_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v never_o assent_v to_o nor_o grant_v by_o the_o commons_o but_o that_o which_o be_v do_v therein_o be_v do_v without_o their_o assent_n in_o this_o petition_n the_o commons_o acknowledge_v it_o a_o statute_n and_o so_o call_v it_o though_o they_o assent_v not_o to_o it_o 17_o ric._n 2._o nu_fw-la 44._o the_o commons_o desire_v some_o pursue_v to_o make_v a_o law_n which_o they_o conceive_v hurtful_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o his_o majesty_n will_v not_o pass_v it_o as_o for_o the_o parliament_n in_o hen._n 4._o hen._n 5._o hen._n 6._o edw._n 4._o and_o ric._n 3._o reign_n the_o most_o of_o they_o do_v agree_v in_o this_o one_o title_n our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o advice_n and_o assent_n of_o his_o lord_n and_o at_o the_o special_a instance_n and_o request_n of_o the_o commons_o have_v ordain_v the_o precedent_n in_o this_o point_n be_v so_o numerous_a that_o it_o be_v endless_a to_o cite_v they_o the_o statute_n in_o hen._n 7._o day_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n agree_v both_o in_o the_o title_n and_o body_n of_o the_o act_n in_o these_o word_n our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o the_o commons_o iâ—…_n parliament_n assemble_v and_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o same_o have_v ordain_v unto_o this_o king_n time_n we_o find_v the_o commons_o very_o often_o petition_v but_o not_o petition_v unto_o the_o first_o petition_n make_v to_o the_o commons_o that_o i_o meet_v with_o among_o the_o statute_n be_v but_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o king_n hen_n 7._o reign_n which_o be_v so_o well_o approve_v that_o the_o petition_n itself_o be_v turn_v into_o â—…_n statute_n it_o begin_v thus_o to_o the_o right_a worshipfuâ—…_n commons_o in_o this_o present_a parliament_n assemble_v show_v to_o your_o discreet_a wisdom_n the_o warden_n of_o the_o fellowship_n of_o the_o craft_n of_o upholster_n within_o london_n etc._n etc._n this_o petition_n though_o it_o be_v direct_v to_o the_o commons_o in_o the_o title_n yet_o the_o prayer_n of_o the_o petition_n be_v turn_v to_o the_o king_n and_o not_o to_o the_o commons_o for_o it_o conclude_v therefore_o it_o may_v please_v the_o king_n highness_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o his_o commons_o in_o parliament_n etc._n etc._n next_o for_o the_o statute_n of_o hen._n 8._o they_o do_v most_o part_n agree_v both_o in_o their_o title_n and_o the_o body_n of_o the_o act_n with_o those_o of_o his_o father_n king_n hen._n 7._o last_o in_o the_o statute_n of_o edw._n 6._o qu._n marry_o q._n elizabeth_n k._n james_n and_o of_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n that_o now_o be_v there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v in_o their_o title_n of_o any_o assent_n of_o lord_n and_o commons_o or_o of_o any_o ordain_v by_o the_o king_n but_o only_o in_o general_a term_n it_o be_v say_v act_v make_v in_o parliament_n or_o thus_o at_o the_o parliament_n be_v enact_v yet_o in_o the_o body_n of_o many_o of_o these_o act_n of_o these_o last_o prince_n there_o be_v sometime_o mention_v make_v of_o consent_n of_o lord_n and_o commons_o in_o these_o or_o the_o like_a word_n it_o be_v enact_v by_o the_o king_n with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o except_o only_o in_o the_o statute_n of_o our_o lord_n king_n charles_n wherein_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n that_o i_o can_v find_v of_o any_o consent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o or_o ordain_v by_o the_o king_n but_o the_o word_n be_v be_v it_o enact_v by_o authority_n of_o parliament_n or_o else_o be_v it_o enact_v by_o the_o king_n the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o commons_o as_o if_o they_o be_v all_o fellow-commissioner_n thus_o it_o appear_v that_o even_o till_o the_o time_n of_o k._n ed._n 6._o who_o live_v but_o in_o our_o father_n day_n it_o be_v punctual_o express_v in_o every_o king_n law_n that_o the_o statute_n &_o ordinance_n be_v make_v by_o the_o king_n and_o withal_o we_o may_v see_v by_o what_o degree_n the_o style_n and_o title_n oâ—…_n act_n of_o parliament_n have_v be_v vary_v and_o to_o who_o disadvantage_n the_o high_a we_o look_v the_o more_o absolute_a we_o find_v the_o power_n of_o king_n in_o ordaininâ—…_n law_n nor_o do_v we_o meet_v with_o at_o first_o so_o much_o as_o thâ—…_n assent_v or_o advice_n of_o the_o lord_n mention_v nay_o 〈◊〉_d we_o cast_v our_o eye_n upon_o many_o statute_n of_o those_o that_o bâ—…_n of_o most_o antiquity_n they_o will_v appear_v as_o if_o they_o weâ—…_n no_o law_n at_o all_o but_o as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v make_v only_o to_o teach_v we_o that_o the_o punishment_n of_o many_o offencâ—…_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o mere_a pleasure_n of_o king_n the_o punitive_a part_n of_o the_o law_n which_o give_v all_o the_o vigoâ—…_n and_o bind_v power_n to_o the_o law_n we_o find_v commit_v by_o the_o
the_o subject_n say_v he_o soon_o after_o this_o parliament_n be_v establish_v begin_v to_o stand_v upon_o term_n with_o their_o king_n and_o draw_v from_o he_o by_o strong_a hand_n and_o their_o sword_n their_o great_a charter_n it_o be_v after_o â—…he_a establishment_n of_o the_o parliament_n by_o colour_n of_o it_o that_o â—…hey_n have_v so_o great_a dare_v if_o any_o desire_n to_o know_v the_o â—…ause_n why_o hen._n 1_o call_v the_o people_n to_o parliament_n â—…t_o be_v upon_o no_o very_a good_a occasion_n if_o we_o believe_v sir_n walter_n raleigh_n the_o grand_a charter_n say_v he_o be_v not_o original_o grant_v regal_o and_o free_o for_o king_n hen._n 1._o do_v but_o usurp_v the_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o the_o â—…etter_a to_o assure_v himself_o against_o robert_n his_o elder_a brother_n â—…e_v flatter_v the_o people_n with_o those_o charter_n yea_o king_n john_n â—…hat_o confirm_v they_o have_v the_o like_a respect_n for_o arthur_n dâ—…_n britain_n be_v the_o undoubted_a heir_n of_o the_o crown_n upon_o who_o john_n usurp_v so_o these_o charter_n have_v their_o original_a â—…rom_n king_n de_fw-fr facto_fw-la but_o not_o the_o jure_fw-la and_o then_o afterward_o his_o conclusion_n be_v that_o the_o great_a charter_n have_v â—…rst_v a_o obscure_a birth_n by_o usurpation_n and_o be_v foster_v and_o â—…ewed_v to_o the_o world_n by_o rebellion_n in_o brief_a the_o king_n calâ—…ed_v the_o people_n to_o parliament_n and_o grant_v they_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la that_o they_o may_v confirm_v to_o he_o the_o crown_n the_o three_o point_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n first_o that_o â—…he_a commons_o be_v not_o call_v unto_o parliament_n until_o hen._n 3._o day_n this_o appear_v by_o divers_a of_o the_o precâ—…dents_n former_o cite_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o baron_n weâ—…_n the_o common_a council_n for_o though_o hen._n 1._o call_v aâ—…_n the_o people_n of_o the_o land_n to_o his_o coronation_n and_o agaiâ—…_n in_o the_o 15._o or_o 18._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n yet_o always_o hâ—…_n do_v not_o so_o neither_o many_o of_o those_o king_n that_o diâ—…_n succeed_v he_o as_o appear_z before_z second_o for_o call_v the_o commons_o by_o writ_n find_v it_o acknowledge_v in_o a_o book_n entitle_v the_o privilege_n and_o practice_n of_o parliament_n in_o these_o word_n lâ—…_n ancient_a time_n after_o the_o king_n have_v summon_v his_o parliament_n innumerable_a multitude_n of_o people_n do_v maâ—…_n their_o access_n thereunto_o pretend_v that_o privilege_n â—…_n right_o to_o belong_v to_o they_o but_o king_n hen._n 3._o haviâ—…_n experience_n of_o the_o mischief_n and_o inconvenience_n by_o occasion_n of_o such_o popular_a confusion_n do_v take_v order_n that_o noâ—…_n may_v come_v to_o his_o parliament_n but_o those_o who_o be_v specâ—…ally_o summon_v to_o this_o purpose_n it_o be_v observe_v bâ—…_n master_n selden_n that_o the_o first_o writ_n we_o find_v accompaniâ—…_n with_o other_o circumstance_n of_o a_o summons_n to_o parliamenâ—…_n as_o well_o for_o the_o commons_o as_o lord_n be_v in_o the_o 49_o â—…_n hen._n 3._o in_o the_o like_a manner_n master_n cambden_n speak_v of_o the_o dignity_n of_o baron_n have_v these_o word_n king_n hen._n 3._o out_o of_o a_o great_a multitude_n which_o wâ—…_n seditious_a and_o turbulent_a call_v the_o very_o best_a by_o write_v â—…_n summon_v to_o parliament_n for_o he_o after_o many_o trouble_v aâ—…_n vexation_n between_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o simon_n â—…_n monefort_n with_o other_o baron_n and_o after_o appease_v dâ—…decree_n and_o ordain_v that_o all_o those_o earl_n and_o baron_n uâ—…to_o who_o the_o king_n himself_o vouchsafe_v to_o direct_v hâ—…_n writ_n of_o summons_n shall_v come_v to_o his_o parliament_n anâ—…_n no_o other_o but_o that_o which_o he_o begin_v a_o little_a before_o hâ—…_n death_n edward_n 1._o and_o his_o successor_n constant_o oâ—…served_v and_o continue_v the_o say_v prudent_a king_n edwarâ—…_n summon_v always_o those_o of_o ancient_a family_n that_o be_v most_o wise_a to_o his_o parliament_n and_o omit_v their_o son_n after_o their_o death_n if_o they_o be_v not_o answerable_a to_o their_o parent_n in_o understanding_n also_o master_n cambden_n cambden_n in_o another_o place_n say_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o edw._n 1._o select_a man_n for_o wisdom_n and_o worth_n among_o the_o gentry_n be_v call_v to_o parliament_n and_o their_o posterity_n omit_v if_o they_o be_v defective_a therein_o as_o the_o power_n of_o send_v writ_n of_o summons_n for_o election_n be_v first_o exercise_v by_o hen._n 3._o so_o succeed_v king_n do_v regulate_v the_o election_n upon_o such_o writ_n as_o do_v appear_v by_o several_a statute_n which_o all_o speak_v in_o the_o name_n and_o power_n of_o the_o king_n themselves_o for_o such_o be_v the_o language_n of_o our_o forefather_n in_o 5_o ric._n 2._o c._n 4._o these_o be_v the_o word_n the_o king_n willeth_n and_o command_v all_o person_n which_o shall_v have_v summons_n to_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o every_o person_n that_o do_v absent_v himself_o except_o he_o may_v reasonable_o and_o honest_o excuse_v he_o to_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n shall_v be_v amerce_v and_o otherwise_o punish_v 7_o hen._n 4._o c._n 15._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n at_o the_o grievous_a complaint_n of_o his_o commons_o of_o the_o undue_a election_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o county_n sometime_o make_v of_o affection_n of_o sheriff_n and_o otherwise_o against_o the_o form_n of_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o great_a slander_n of_o the_o county_n etc._n etc._n our_o lord_n the_o king_n will_v therein_o to_o provide_v remedy_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o have_v ordain_v that_o election_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o the_o full_a county-court_n and_o that_o all_o that_o be_v there_o present_a as_o well_o suitor_n as_o other_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o election_n free_o notwithstanding_o any_o request_n or_o command_v to_o the_o contrary_a 11_o hen._n 4._o c._n 1._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n ordain_v that_o a_o sheriff_n that_o make_v a_o undue_a return_n etc._n etc._n shall_v incur_v the_o penalty_n of_o 100_o l._n to_o be_v pay_v to_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n 1_o h._n 5._o c._n 1._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o advice_n and_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o the_o special_a instance_n and_o request_n of_o the_o commons_o ordain_v that_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n be_v not_o choose_v unless_o they_o be_v resiant_a within_o the_o shire_n the_o day_n of_o the_o date_n of_o the_o writ_n and_o that_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v resiant_a dwell_v and_o free_a in_o the_o the_o same_o city_n and_o burrough_n and_o no_o other_o in_o any_o wise_a 6_o hen._n 6._o c._n 4._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n willing_a to_o provide_v remedy_n for_o knight_n choose_v for_o parliament_n and_o sheriff_n have_v ordain_v that_o they_o shall_v have_v their_o answer_n and_o traverse_v to_o inquest_n of_o office_n find_v against_o they_o 8_o hen._n 6._o c._n 7._o whereas_o election_n of_o knight_n have_v be_v make_v by_o great_a outrages_a and_o excessive_a number_n of_o people_n of_o which_o most_o part_n be_v of_o people_n of_o no_o value_n whereof_o every_o of_o they_o pretend_v a_o voice_n equivalent_a to_o worthy_a knight_n and_o esquire_n whereby_o manslaughter_n riot_n and_o division_n among_o gentleman_n shall_v likely_o be_v our_o lord_n the_o king_n have_v ordain_v that_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v choose_v by_o people_n dwell_v in_o the_o county_n every_o of_o they_o have_v land_n or_o tenement_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 2_o l._n the_o year_n at_o the_o least_o and_o that_o he_o that_o shall_v be_v choose_v shall_v be_v dwell_v and_o resiant_a within_o the_o county_n 10._o h._n 6._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n ordain_v that_o knightâ—…_n be_v choose_v by_o people_n dwell_v and_o have_v 2_o l._n by_o the_o year_n within_o the_o same_o county_n 11_o h._n 6._o c._n 11._o the_o king_n willing_a to_o provide_v for_o the_o ease_n of_o they_o that_o come_v to_o the_o parliament_n and_o counsel_n of_o the_o king_n by_o his_o commandment_n have_v ordain_v that_o if_o any_o assault_n or_o fray_n be_v make_v on_o they_o that_o comâ—…_n to_o parliament_n or_o other_o council_n of_o the_o king_n the_o parâ—…_n which_o make_v any_o such_o affray_n or_o assault_n shall_v pay_v doublâ—…_n damage_n and_o make_v fine_a and_o ransom_n at_o the_o king_n wilâ—…_n 23._o h._n 6._o c._n 15._o the_o king_n consider_v the_o statute_n of_o 1_o h._n 5._o c._n 1._o &_o 8._o hen._n 6._o c._n 7._o and_o the_o default_n of_o sheriff_n in_o return_v knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n ordain_v 1._o that_o the_o say_a statute_n shall_v be_v due_o keep_v 2._o that_o the_o sheriff_n shall_v deliver_v precept_n to_o major_n and_o bailiff_n to_o choose_v citizen_n and_o burgess_n 3._o the_o penalty_n of_o 100_o l._n for_o a_o sheriff_n make_v a_o untrue_a return_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o
poor_a only_o for_o so_o the_o opposition_n â—…eth_v but_o then_o aristotle_n see_v his_o democraty_n wouâ—…_n prove_v to_o be_v no_o transgression_n but_o a_o perfect_a polity_n 〈◊〉_d his_o oligarchy_n will_v not_o be_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o a_o few_o and_o those_o the_o best_a man_n for_o they_o can_v be_v the_o best_a man_n that_o seek_v only_o their_o private_a profit_n in_o this_o chapter_n the_o mind_n of_o aristotle_n about_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o government_n be_v clearly_a deliver_v as_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o his_o book_n of_o politic_n it_o be_v the_o more_o necessary_a to_o make_v a_o curious_a observation_n of_o these_o his_o doctrine_n in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o acknowledge_v the_o government_n of_o one_o man_n or_o of_o a_o monarchy_n and_o that_o be_v a_o perfect_a form_n of_o government_n concern_v monarchy_n aristotle_n teach_v we_o the_o beginning_n of_o it_o for_o say_v he_o the_o 〈◊〉_d first_o society_n make_v of_o many_o house_n be_v a_o colony_n which_o seem_v most_o natural_o to_o be_v a_o colony_n of_o family_n or_o foster-bretheren_n of_o child_n and_o child_n child_n and_o therefore_o at_o the_o begin_n city_n be_v and_o now_o nation_n under_o the_o government_n of_o king_n the_o elder_a in_o every_o house_n be_v king_n and_o so_o for_o kindred_n sake_n it_o be_v in_o colony_n thus_o he_o deduce_v the_o original_a of_o government_n from_o the_o power_n of_o the_o fatherhood_n not_o from_o the_o election_n of_o the_o people_n this_o it_o seem_v he_o learn_v of_o his_o master_n plato_n who_o in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o law_n affirm_v that_o the_o true_a and_o first_o reason_n of_o authority_n be_v that_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n and_o simple_o those_o that_o beget_v and_o engender_v do_v command_n and_o rule_v over_o all_o their_o child_n aristotle_n also_o tell_v we_o from_o homer_n 〈◊〉_d that_o every_o man_n give_v law_n to_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o politic_n cap._n 2._o he_o give_v to_o monarchy_n the_o title_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d first_o and_o divine_a sort_n of_o government_n define_v tyranny_n to_o be_v a_o transgression_n from_o the_o first_o and_o divine_a again_o aristotle_n in_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o his_o ethic_n in_o the_o 12_o chapter_n say_v that_o of_o 〈◊〉_d the_o right_a kind_n of_o government_n a_o monarchy_n be_v the_o best_a and_o a_o popular_a estate_n the_o worst_a last_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o politic_n and_o the_o sixteen_o chapter_n concern_v monarchy_n he_o say_v that_o 〈◊〉_d a_o perfect_a kingdom_n be_v that_o wherein_o the_o king_n rule_v all_o thing_n according_a to_o his_o own_o will_n for_o he_o that_o be_v call_v a_o king_n according_a to_o the_o law_n make_v no_o kind_n of_o government_n second_o he_o say_v there_o be_v a_o government_n of_o a_o few_o man_n but_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o how_o many_o those_o few_o man_n may_v or_o must_v be_v only_o he_o say_v they_o must_v be_v more_o than_o one_o man_n but_o how_o many_o that_o he_o leave_v uncertain_a this_o perfect_a government_n of_o a_o few_o any_o man_n will_v think_v aristotle_n shall_v have_v call_v a_o oligarchy_n for_o that_o this_o word_n proper_o signify_v so_o much_o but_o in_o stead_n of_o the_o government_n of_o a_o few_o aristotle_n give_v it_o a_o quite_o other_o name_n and_o term_n it_o a_o aristocraty_n which_o signify_v the_o power_n of_o the_o best_a the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v call_v a_o aristocraty_n say_v aristotle_n be_v for_o that_o there_o the_o best_a man_n govern_v or_o because_o that_o be_v not_o always_o true_a for_o that_o it_o be_v for_o the_o best_a of_o the_o govern_v by_o this_o latter_a reason_n any_o government_n and_o most_o especial_o a_o monarchy_n may_v be_v call_v a_o aristocraty_n because_o the_o end_n of_o monarchy_n be_v for_o the_o best_a of_o the_o govern_v as_o well_o as_o the_o end_n of_o a_o aristocraty_n so_o that_o of_o these_o two_o reason_n for_o call_v the_o government_n of_o a_o few_o a_o aristocratie_n the_o first_o be_v seldom_o true_a and_o the_o latter_a be_v never_o sufficient_a to_o frame_v a_o distinction_n this_o aristotle_n himself_o confess_v in_o his_o next_o chapter_n say_v 8._o that_o the_o cause_n aforesaid_a do_v not_o make_v a_o difference_n and_o that_o it_o be_v poverty_n and_o riches_n and_o not_o few_o and_o many_o that_o make_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o oligarchy_n and_o democraty_n there_o must_v be_v a_o oligarchy_n where_o rich_a man_n rule_v whether_o they_o be_v few_o or_o many_o and_o wheresoever_o the_o poor_a have_v the_o sovereignty_n there_o must_v be_v a_o democraty_n now_o if_o aristotle_n will_v allow_v riches_n and_o poverty_n to_o make_v a_o difference_n between_o a_o oligarchy_n and_o a_o democratâ—…_n these_o two_o must_v likewise_o make_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o aristocraty_n and_o a_o polity_n for_o the_o only_a difference_n aristotle_n make_v between_o they_o be_v in_o their_o end_n and_o not_o in_o their_o matter_n for_o the_o same_o few_o man_n may_v make_v a_o aristocraty_n if_o their_o end_n be_v the_o common_a good_a and_o they_o may_v be_v a_o oligarchy_n if_o they_o aim_v only_o at_o their_o private_a benefit_n thus_o be_v aristotle_n distract_v and_o perplex_v how_o to_o distinguish_v his_o aristocratie_n whether_o by_o the_o smallness_n of_o their_o number_n or_o by_o the_o greatness_n of_o their_o estate_n nay_o if_o we_o look_v into_o aristotle_n rhetoric_n 8._o we_o shall_v find_v a_o new_a conceit_n not_o only_o about_o aristocratie_n but_o also_o about_o the_o sort_n of_o government_n for_o whereas_o he_o have_v teach_v we_o in_o his_o politic_n that_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o right_n or_o perfect_a government_n and_o as_o many_o sort_n of_o wrong_n which_o he_o call_v transgression_n or_o corruption_n he_o come_v in_o his_o rhetoric_n and_o teach_v we_o that_o there_o be_v four_o sort_n of_o government_n 1_o 〈◊〉_d a_o democraty_n when_o magistracy_n be_v distribute_v by_o lot_n 2._o in_o a_o oligarchy_n by_o their_o wealth_n 3._o in_o a_o aristocratie_n by_o their_o instruction_n in_o the_o law_n it_o be_v necessary_a for_o these_o to_o appear_v the_o best_a from_o whence_o they_o have_v their_o name_n 4._o 〈◊〉_d a_o monarchy_n according_a to_o the_o name_n wherein_o one_o iâ—…_n lord_n over_o all_o here_o we_o see_v aristocratie_n be_v not_o distinguish_v by_o smallness_n of_o number_n nor_o by_o riches_n but_o by_o skill_n in_o the_o law_n for_o he_o say_v those_o that_o be_v instruct_v in_o the_o law_n govern_v in_o a_o aristocratie_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o point_n 〈◊〉_d dream_v of_o in_o his_o politic_n by_o which_o it_o seem_v aristotle_n himself_o do_v not_o know_v well_o what_o he_o will_v haâ—…_n to_o be_v a_o aristocratie_n and_o as_o he_o can_v teach_v we_o true_o what_o a_o aristocratie_n be_v so_o he_o be_v to_o seek_v to_o tell_v we_o where_o any_o aristocratie_n ever_o be_v even_o himself_o seem_v to_o doubt_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o form_n of_o government_n where_o he_o say_v in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o politic_n cap._n 5._o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v impossible_a for_o any_o mechanical_a man_n to_o be_v a_o citizen_n in_o a_o aristocratie_n if_o there_o be_v any_o such_o government_n as_o they_o call_v aristocratical_a he_o if_o make_v he_o seem_v to_o doubt_v of_o it_o yet_o i_o find_v he_o affirm_v that_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o carthage_n be_v aristocratical_a he_o do_v not_o say_v it_o be_v a_o aristocratie_n for_o he_o confess_v it_o have_v many_o of_o the_o transgression_n which_o other_o commonwealth_n have_v and_o do_v incline_v either_o to_o a_o democraty_n or_o a_o oligarchy_n 11._o the_o government_n of_o carthage_n do_v transgress_v from_o a_o aristocratie_n to_o a_o oligarchy_n and_o he_o conclude_v that_o if_o by_o misfortune_n there_o shall_v happen_v any_o discord_n among_o the_o carthaginian_n themselves_o there_o will_v be_v no_o medicine_n by_o law_n find_v out_o to_o give_v it_o rest_v wherein_o methinks_v aristotle_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o prophet_n for_o the_o discord_n between_o the_o citizen_n of_o carthage_n be_v the_o main_a cause_n that_o hannibal_n lose_v not_o only_a italy_n but_o carthage_n itself_o by_o these_o few_o collection_n we_o may_v find_v how_o uncertain_a aristotle_n be_v in_o determine_v what_o a_o aristocratie_n be_v or_o where_o or_o when_o any_o such_o government_n be_v it_o may_v just_o be_v doubt_v whether_o there_o ever_o be_v or_o can_v be_v any_o such_o government_n let_v we_o pass_v from_o his_o aristocraty_n to_o his_o three_o sort_n of_o perfect_a or_o right_a government_n for_o which_o he_o find_v no_o particular_a name_n but_o only_o the_o common_a name_n of_o all_o government_n politia_n it_o seem_v the_o greek_n be_v wonderful_o to_o seek_v that_o they_o of_o
many_o several_a form_n of_o corrupt_a government_n yet_o he_o insist_o upon_o no_o one_o form_n of_o all_o those_o that_o he_o can_v define_v or_o describe_v in_o such_o sort_n that_o he_o be_v able_a to_o say_v that_o any_o one_o city_n in_o all_o greece_n be_v govern_v just_o according_a to_o such_o a_o form_n his_o diligence_n be_v only_o to_o make_v as_o many_o form_n as_o the_o giddy_a or_o inconstant_a humour_n of_o a_o city_n can_v happen_v upon_o he_o free_o give_v the_o people_n liberty_n to_o invent_v as_o many_o kind_n of_o government_n as_o they_o please_v provide_v he_o may_v have_v liberty_n to_o find_v fault_n with_o every_o one_o of_o they_o it_o prove_v a_o easy_a work_n for_o he_o to_o find_v fault_n with_o every_o form_n then_o to_o tell_v how_o to_o amend_v any_o one_o of_o they_o he_o find_v so_o many_o imperfection_n in_o all_o sort_n of_o commonweal_n that_o he_o can_v not_o hold_v from_o reprove_v they_o before_o ever_o he_o tell_v we_o what_o a_o commonweal_n be_v or_o how_o many_o sort_n there_o be_v and_o to_o this_o purpose_n he_o spend_v his_o whole_a second_o book_n in_o set_v out_o and_o correct_v the_o chief_a commonweal_n of_o greece_n and_o among_o other_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o cretan_a and_o carthaginian_a commonweal_n which_o three_z he_o esteem_v to_o be_v much_o alike_o and_o better_a than_o any_o other_o yet_o he_o spare_v not_o to_o lay_v open_a their_o imperfection_n and_o do_v the_o like_a to_o the_o athenian_a wherein_o he_o break_v the_o rule_n of_o method_n by_o deliver_v the_o fault_n of_o commonweal_n before_o he_o teach_v we_o what_o a_o commonweal_n be_v for_o in_o his_o first_o book_n he_o speak_v only_o of_o the_o part_n of_o which_o a_o city_n or_o a_o commonweal_n be_v make_v but_o tell_v â—…s_v not_o what_o a_o city_n or_o commonweal_n be_v until_o he_o â—…ome_v to_o his_o three_o book_n and_o there_o in_o handle_v the_o sort_n of_o government_n he_o observe_v no_o method_n at_o all_o but_o in_o a_o disorderly_a way_n fly_v backward_o and_o forward_o from_o one_o sort_n to_o another_o and_o howsoever_o there_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o he_o many_o rule_n of_o policy_n touch_v government_n in_o general_n yet_o without_o doubt_n where_o he_o come_v to_o discourse_v of_o particular_a form_n he_o be_v full_a of_o contradiction_n or_o confusion_n or_o both_o it_o be_v true_a he_o be_v brief_a and_o difficult_a the_o best_a right_n a_o man_n caâ—…_n do_v he_o be_v to_o confess_v he_o understand_v he_o not_o yeâ—…_n a_o diligent_a reader_n may_v ready_o discern_v so_o many_o irregularity_n and_o breach_n in_o aristotle_n book_n of_o politic_n as_o tend_v to_o such_o distraction_n or_o confusion_n thâ—…_n none_o of_o our_o new_a politician_n can_v make_v advantage_n of_o his_o principle_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o a_o original_a power_n by_o nature_n in_o the_o people_n which_o be_v the_o only_a theme_n now_o in_o fashion_n for_o aristotle_n discourse_n be_v of_o such_o commonweal_n as_o be_v found_v by_o particular_a person_n as_o the_o chaleedonian_a by_o phaleas_n the_o milesian_n by_o hippodamas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a by_o lyeuâ—…gus_n the_o cretan_a by_o minos_n the_o athenian_a by_o solon_n and_o the_o like_a but_o the_o natural_a right_n of_o the_o people_n to_o find_v or_o elect_v their_o kind_a of_o government_n be_v not_o once_o dispute_v by_o he_o it_o seem_v the_o underive_v majesty_n of_o the_o people_n be_v such_o a_o metaphysical_a piece_n oâ—…_n speculation_n as_o our_o grand_a philosopher_n be_v not_o acquaint_v with_o he_o speak_v very_o contemptuous_o 〈◊〉_d the_o multitude_n in_o several_a place_n he_o affirm_v that_o the_o people_n be_v base_a or_o wicked_a judge_n in_o their_o own_o case_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 9_o that_o many_o of_o they_o differ_v nothing_o from_o beast_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o again_o 〈◊〉_d 11._o say_v the_o common_a people_n or_o freemen_n 〈◊〉_d such_o as_o be_v neither_o rich_a nor_o in_o reputation_n for_o vertuâ—…_n and_o it_o be_v not_o safe_a to_o commit_v to_o they_o great_a governmentâ—…_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o injustice_n and_o unskilfulness_n they_o will_v do_v much_o injustice_n and_o commit_v many_o error_n and_o it_o be_v pleasant_a to_o the_o multitude_n to_o live_v disorderly_o than_o sober_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d if_o aristotle_n have_v believe_v a_o public_a interest_n to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o people_n to_o the_o enable_v they_o to_o be_v their_o own_o carver_n in_o point_n of_o government_n he_o will_v never_o have_v entangle_v himself_o with_o such_o intricate_a and_o ambiguous_a form_n of_o commonweal_n as_o himself_o can_v tell_v how_o to_o explain_v nor_o any_o of_o his_o commentator_n how_o to_o understand_v or_o make_v use_v of_o this_o one_o benefit_n i_o have_v find_v by_o read_v aristotle_n that_o his_o book_n of_o politic_n serve_v for_o a_o admirable_a commentary_n upon_o that_o text_n of_o scripture_n which_o say_v in_o those_o day_n there_o be_v no_o king_n in_o israel_n every_o man_n do_v that_o which_o be_v right_a in_o his_o own_o eye_n for_o he_o grant_v a_o liberty_n in_o every_o city_n for_o any_o man_n or_o multitude_n of_o man_n either_o by_o cunning_a or_o force_v to_o set_v up_o what_o government_n they_o please_v and_o he_o will_v allow_v some_o name_n or_o other_o of_o a_o commonweal_n which_o in_o effect_n be_v to_o allow_v every_o man_n to_o do_v what_o he_o list_v if_o he_o be_v able_a hence_o it_o be_v that_o by_o the_o confession_n of_o aristotle_n the_o first_o commonweal_n in_o greece_n after_o king_n be_v give_v over_o be_v make_v of_o those_o that_o wage_v war_n those_o several_a kind_n of_o commonweal_n be_v all_o sum_v up_o into_o the_o government_n of_o a_o army_n for_o a_o it_o be_v say_v 9_o aristotle_n in_o their_o power_n who_o manage_v arm_n to_o continue_v or_o not_o continue_v the_o form_n of_o government_n whereby_o the_o estate_n be_v govern_v which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o stratocratie_n or_o military_a government_n we_o can_v much_o blame_v aristotle_n for_o the_o incertainty_n and_o contrariety_n in_o he_o about_o the_o sort_n of_o government_n if_o we_o consider_v he_o as_o a_o heathen_a for_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a for_o the_o wit_n of_o man_n to_o search_v out_o the_o first_o ground_n or_o principle_n of_o government_n which_o necessary_o depend_v upon_o the_o original_n of_o property_n except_o he_o know_v that_o at_o the_o creation_n one_o man_n alone_o be_v make_v to_o who_o the_o dominion_n of_o all_o thing_n be_v give_v and_o from_o who_o all_o man_n derive_v their_o title_n this_o point_n can_v be_v learn_v only_o from_o the_o scripture_n as_o for_o the_o imaginary_a contract_n of_o people_n it_o be_v a_o fancy_n not_o improbable_a only_o but_o impossible_a except_o a_o multitude_n of_o man_n at_o first_o have_v spring_v out_o 8._o and_o be_v engender_v of_o the_o earth_n which_o aristotle_n know_v not_o whether_o he_o may_v believe_v or_o no_o if_o justice_n which_o be_v to_o give_v every_o man_n his_o due_a be_v the_o end_n of_o government_n there_o must_v necessary_o be_v a_o rule_n to_o know_v how_o any_o man_n at_o first_o come_v to_o have_v a_o right_n to_o any_o thing_n to_o have_v it_o true_o call_v his_o this_o be_v a_o point_n aristotle_n dispute_v not_o nor_o so_o much_o as_o ever_o dream_v of_o a_o original_a contract_n among_o people_n he_o look_v no_o far_o in_o every_o city_n than_o to_o a_o scamble_a among_o the_o citizen_n whereby_o every_o one_o snatch_v what_o he_o can_v get_v so_o that_o a_o violent_a possession_n be_v the_o first_o and_o best_a title_n that_o he_o know_v the_o main_a distinction_n of_o aristotle_n touch_v perfect_a or_o right_a form_n of_o government_n from_o those_o that_o be_v imperfect_a or_o corrupt_a consist_v sole_o in_o this_o point_n that_o where_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o govern_v be_v respect_v there_o be_v a_o right_a government_n but_o where_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o governor_n be_v regard_v there_o be_v a_o corruption_n or_o transgression_n of_o government_n by_o this_o it_o be_v suppose_v by_o aristotle_n that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o government_n only_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o governor_n this_o supposition_n to_o be_v false_a may_v be_v prove_v from_o aristotle_n himself_o i_o will_v instance_n about_o the_o point_n of_o tyranny_n tyranny_n say_v aristotle_n 7._o be_v a_o despotical_a or_o masterly_a monarchy_n now_o he_o confess_v that_o 10._o in_o truth_n the_o masterly_a government_n be_v profitable_a both_o to_o the_o servant_n by_o nature_n and_o the_o master_n by_o nature_n and_o he_o yield_v a_o solid_a reason_n for_o it_o say_v 6._o it_o be_v not_o possible_a if_o the_o servant_n be_v destroy_v that_o the_o mastership_n
to_o keep_v god_n law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o the_o country_n we_o find_v that_o the_o ruler_n of_o israel_n take_v a_o oath_n at_o the_o coronation_n of_o jehoash_n but_o we_o find_v no_o oath_n take_v by_o that_o king_n no_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o god_n law_n much_o less_o to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o country_n xii_o a_o tyrant_n be_v he_o who_o regard_v neither_o law_n nor_o the_o common_a good_a reign_v only_o for_o himself_o and_o his_o faction_n p._n 19_o in_o his_o defence_n he_o express_v himself_o thus_o he_o be_v a_o tyrant_n who_o look_v after_o only_o his_o own_o and_o not_o his_o people_n profit_n eth._n l._n 10._o p._n 189._o 1._o if_o it_o be_v tyranny_n not_o to_o regard_v the_o law_n than_o all_o court_n of_o equity_n and_o pardon_n for_o any_o offence_n must_v be_v take_v away_o there_o be_v far_o more_o suit_n for_o relief_n against_o the_o law_n than_o there_o be_v for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o law_n there_o can_v be_v no_o such_o tyranny_n in_o the_o world_n as_o the_o law_n if_o there_o be_v no_o equity_n to_o abate_v the_o rigour_n of_o it_o summum_fw-la ius_n be_v summa_fw-la injuria_fw-la if_o the_o penalty_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o all_o law_n shall_v still_o be_v exact_v by_o all_o king_n it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o the_o great_a tyranny_n will_v be_v for_o a_o king_n to_o govern_v according_a to_o law_n the_o fine_n penalty_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o all_o law_n be_v due_a to_o the_o supreme_a power_n only_o and_o be_v they_o due_o pay_v they_o will_v far_o exceed_v the_o tax_n in_o all_o place_n it_o be_v the_o chief_a happiness_n of_o a_o kingdom_n and_o their_o chief_a liberty_n not_o to_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o law_n only_o 2._o not_o to_o regard_v the_o common_a good_a but_o to_o reign_v only_o for_o himself_o be_v the_o supposition_n of_o a_o impossibility_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o aristotle_n who_o teach_v we_o that_o the_o despotical_a power_n can_v be_v preserve_v except_o the_o servant_n or_o he_o in_o subjection_n be_v also_o preserve_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o strong_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v in_o nature_n impossible_a to_o have_v a_o form_n of_o government_n that_o can_v be_v for_o the_o destruction_n of_o a_o people_n as_o tyranny_n be_v suppose_v if_o we_o will_v allow_v people_n to_o be_v govern_v we_o must_v grant_v they_o must_v in_o the_o first_o place_n be_v preserve_v or_o else_o they_o can_v be_v govern_v king_n have_v be_v and_o may_v be_v vicious_a man_n and_o the_o government_n of_o one_o not_o so_o good_a as_o the_o government_n of_o another_o yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o form_n of_o government_n be_v or_o can_v be_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n ill_o because_o the_o governor_n be_v so_o it_o be_v anarchy_n or_o want_v of_o government_n that_o can_v total_o destroy_v a_o nation_n we_o can_v find_v any_o such_o government_n as_o tyranny_n mention_v or_o name_v in_o scripture_n or_o any_o word_n in_o the_o hebrew_n tongue_n to_o express_v it_o after_o such_o time_n as_o the_o city_n of_o greece_n practise_v to_o shake_v off_o monarchy_n then_o and_o not_o till_o then_o which_o be_v after_o homer_n time_n the_o name_n of_o tyrant_n be_v take_v up_o for_o a_o word_n of_o disgrace_n for_o such_o man_n as_o by_o craft_n or_o force_n wrest_v the_o power_n of_o a_o city_n from_o a_o multitude_n to_o one_o man_n only_o and_o not_o for_o the_o exercise_v but_o for_o the_o ill-obtaining_a of_o the_o government_n but_o now_o every_o man_n that_o be_v but_o think_v to_o govern_v ill_a or_o to_o be_v a_o ill_a man_n be_v present_o term_v a_o tyrant_n and_o so_o judge_v by_o his_o subject_n few_o remember_v the_o prohibition_n exod._n 22._o 28._o thou_o shall_v not_o revile_v the_o god_n nor_o curse_v the_o ruler_n of_o thy_o people_n and_o few_o understand_v the_o reason_n of_o it_o though_o we_o may_v not_o one_o judge_n another_o yet_o we_o may_v speak_v evil_a or_o revile_v one_o another_o in_o that_o which_o have_v be_v lawful_o judge_v and_o upon_o a_o trial_n wherein_o they_o have_v be_v hear_v and_o condemn_v this_o be_v not_o to_o judge_v but_o only_o to_o relate_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o ruler_n to_o speak_v evil_a or_o to_o revile_v a_o supreme_a judge_n can_v be_v without_o judge_v he_o who_o have_v no_o superior_a on_o earth_n to_o judge_v he_o and_o in_o that_o regard_n must_v always_o be_v presume_v innocent_a though_o never_o so_o ill_a if_o he_o can_v lawful_o be_v hear_v i._o m._n that_o will_v have_v it_o tyranny_n in_o a_o king_n not_o to_o regard_v the_o law_n do_v himself_o give_v as_o little_a regard_n to_o they_o as_o any_o man_n where_o he_o reckon_v that_o contest_v for_o privilege_n custom_n form_n and_o that_o old_a entanglement_n of_o iniquity_n their_o gibberish_n law_n be_v the_o badge_n of_o ancient_a slavery_n tenure_n pag._n 3._o a_o dispute_a precedent_n form_n and_o circumstance_n pag._n 5._o i._o m._n be_v also_o of_o opinion_n that_o if_o at_o any_o time_n our_o forefather_n out_o of_o baseness_n have_v lose_v any_o thing_n of_o their_o right_n that_o ought_v not_o hurt_v we_o they_o may_v if_o they_o will_v promise_v slavery_n for_o themselves_o for_o we_o certain_o they_o can_v not_o who_o have_v always_o the_o same_o right_n to_o free_v ourselves_o that_o they_o have_v to_o give_v themselves_o to_o any_o man_n in_o slavery_n this_o doctrine_n well_o practise_v lay_v all_o open_a to_o constant_a anarchy_n last_o if_o any_o desire_n to_o know_v what_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n be_v which_o i._n m._n plead_v for_o he_o resolve_v we_o say_v that_o he_o that_o take_v away_o from_o the_o people_n the_o right_n of_o choose_v what_o form_n of_o government_n they_o please_v take_v away_o true_o that_o in_o which_o all_o liberty_n do_v almost_o consist_v it_o be_v well_o say_v by_o i._n m._n that_o all_o liberty_n do_v almost_o consist_v in_o choose_v their_o form_n of_o government_n for_o there_o be_v another_o liberty_n exercise_v by_o the_o people_n which_o he_o mention_n not_o which_o be_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n choose_v their_o religion_n every_o man_n may_v be_v of_o any_o religion_n or_o of_o no_o religion_n greece_n and_o rome_n have_v be_v as_o famous_a for_o polytheisme_n or_o multitude_n of_o god_n as_o of_o governor_n and_o imagine_v aristocratie_n and_o democraty_n in_o heaven_n as_o on_o earth_n observation_n upon_o h._n grotius_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_n &_o pacis_fw-la in_o most_o question_n of_o weight_n and_o difficulty_n concern_v the_o right_n of_o war_n or_o peace_n or_o supreme_a power_n grotius_n have_v recourse_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n or_o of_o nation_n or_o to_o the_o primitive_a will_n of_o those_o man_n who_o first_o join_v in_o society_n it_o be_v necessary_a therefore_o a_o little_a to_o lay_v open_a the_o variety_n or_o contrariety_n in_o the_o civil_a and_o canon_n law_n and_o in_o grotius_n himself_o about_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n not_o with_o a_o purpose_n to_o raise_v any_o contention_n about_o word_n or_o phrase_n but_o with_o a_o desire_n to_o reconcile_v or_o expound_v the_o sense_n of_o different_a term_n civilian_n canonist_n politician_n and_o divine_n be_v not_o a_o little_a perplex_a in_o distinguish_v between_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n about_o ius_n naturae_fw-la and_o ius_n gentium_fw-la there_o be_v much_o dispute_n by_o such_o as_o handle_v the_o original_a of_o government_n and_o of_o property_n and_o community_n the_o civil_a law_n in_o one_o text_n allow_v a_o threefold_a division_n of_o law_n into_o ius_n naturae_fw-la ius_n gentium_fw-la and_o ius_n civil_a but_o in_o another_o text_n of_o the_o same_o law_n we_o find_v only_o a_o twofold_a division_n into_o ius_n civil_a and_o ius_n gentium_fw-la this_o latter_a division_n the_o law_n take_v from_o gaius_n the_o former_a from_o ulpian_n who_o will_v have_v ius_n naturale_fw-la to_o be_v that_o which_o nature_n have_v teach_v all_o creature_n quod_fw-la natura_fw-la omne_fw-la animalia_fw-la docuit_fw-la but_o for_o this_o he_o be_v confute_v by_o grotius_n salmasius_n and_o other_o who_o restrain_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n only_o to_o man_n use_v reason_n which_o make_v it_o all_o one_o with_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n to_o which_o the_o canon_n law_n consent_v and_o say_v that_o ius_n naturale_fw-la est_fw-la common_a omnium_fw-la nationum_fw-la that_o which_o natural_a reason_n appoint_v all_o man_n to_o use_v be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n say_v theophilus_n in_o the_o text_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o the_o instit._n cap._n 1._o ius_n naturae_fw-la be_v confound_v with_o ius_n gentium_fw-la as_o the_o civilian_n sometime_o confound_v and_o sometime_o separate_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n
per_fw-la humanam_fw-la rationem_fw-la aliqua_fw-la magis_fw-la in_o particulari_fw-la determinarentur_fw-la circa_fw-la ea_fw-la quae_fw-la per_fw-la solam_fw-la rationem_fw-la naturalem_fw-la definiri_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la ludo._n molin_n de_fw-fr iust._n thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v to_o show_v the_o distraction_n in_o and_o between_o the_o civil_a and_o common_a law_n about_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v how_o grotius_n distinguish_v these_o law_n to_o maintain_v the_o community_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v natural_a grotius_n have_v frame_v new_a division_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n first_o in_o his_o preface_n to_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_n &_o pacis_fw-la he_o produce_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o such_o doubtful_a obscure_a and_o reserve_a term_n as_o if_o he_o be_v diffident_a of_o his_o undertake_n next_o in_o his_o first_o book_n and_o first_o chapter_n he_o give_v we_o another_o distribution_n which_o differ_v from_o his_o doctrine_n in_o his_o preface_n in_o his_o preface_n his_o principle_n be_v that_o the_o appetite_n of_o society_n that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o community_n be_v a_o action_n proper_a to_o man_n here_o he_o present_o correct_v himself_o with_o a_o exception_n that_o some_o other_o creature_n be_v find_v to_o desire_v society_n and_o withal_o he_o answer_v the_o objection_n thus_o that_o this_o desire_n of_o society_n in_o brute_n beast_n come_v from_o some_o external_a principle_n what_o he_o mean_v by_o principium_fw-la intelligens_fw-la extrinsecum_fw-la i_o understand_v not_o nor_o do_v he_o explain_v nor_o be_v it_o material_a nor_o be_v the_o argument_n he_o use_v to_o any_o purpose_n for_o admitting_z all_z he_o say_v to_o be_v true_a yet_o his_o principle_n fail_v for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o from_o what_o principle_n this_o desire_n of_o society_n proceed_v in_o beast_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v such_o a_o desire_n or_o no._n beside_o here_o he_o take_v the_o appetite_n of_o society_n and_o community_n to_o be_v all_o one_o whereas_o many_o live_v in_o society_n which_o live_v not_o in_o community_n next_o he_o teach_v that_o the_o keep_n of_o society_n custodia_fw-la societatis_fw-la which_o in_o a_o rude_a manner_n say_v he_o we_o have_v now_o express_v be_v the_o fountain_n of_o that_o law_n which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v i_o conceive_v by_o the_o law_n proper_o so_o call_v he_o intend_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n though_o he_o express_v not_o so_o much_o and_o to_o this_o appetite_n of_o sociable_a community_n he_o refer_v alieni_fw-la abstinentia_fw-la but_o herein_o it_o may_v be_v he_o forget_v himself_o for_o where_o there_o be_v community_n there_o be_v neither_o meum_fw-la nor_o tuum_fw-la nor_o yet_o alienum_fw-la and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o alienum_fw-la there_o can_v be_v no_o alieni_fw-la abstinentia_fw-la to_o the_o same_o purpose_n he_o say_v that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n man_n must_v stand_v to_o bargain_n juris_fw-la naturae_fw-la sit_fw-la stare_v pactis_fw-la but_o if_o all_o thing_n be_v common_a by_o nature_n how_o can_v there_o be_v any_o bargain_n again_o grotius_n tell_v we_o that_o from_o this_o signification_n of_o the_o law_n there_o have_v flow_v another_o large_a which_o consist_v say_v he_o in_o discern_v what_o delight_v we_o or_o hurt_v we_o and_o in_o judge_v how_o thing_n shall_v be_v wise_o distribute_v to_o each_o one_o this_o latter_a he_o call_v the_o loose_a law_n of_o nature_n the_o former_a ius_n sociale_a the_o law_n of_o nature_n strict_o or_o proper_o take_v and_o these_o two_o law_n of_o nature_n shall_v have_v place_n say_v he_o though_o man_n shall_v deny_v there_o be_v â—…_n god_n but_o to_o they_o that_o believe_v there_o be_v a_o god_n there_o iâ—…_n another_o original_a of_o law_n beside_o the_o natural_a come_v from_o the_o free_a will_n of_o god_n to_o the_o which_o our_o own_o understanding_n tell_v we_o we_o must_v be_v subject_a thus_o have_v i_o gather_v the_o substance_n of_o what_o be_v most_o material_a concern_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o his_o preface_n if_o we_o turn_v to_o the_o book_n itself_o we_o have_v a_o division_n of_o the_o law_n into_o ius_n naturale_fw-la voluntarium_fw-la divinum_fw-la humanum_fw-la civil_a latiùs_fw-la paten_n seu_fw-la jus_o gentium_fw-la arctiùs_fw-la paten_n seu_fw-la paternum_n seu_fw-la herile_n in_o the_o definition_n of_o ius_n naturale_fw-la he_o omit_v those_o subtlety_n of_o ius_n naturae_fw-la propriè_fw-la dictum_fw-la and_o quod_fw-la laxius_fw-la ita_fw-la dicitur_fw-la which_o we_o find_v in_o his_o preface_n and_o give_v such_o a_o plain_a definition_n as_o may_v fit_o agree_v to_o the_o moral_a law_n by_o this_o it_o seem_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o the_o moral_a law_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o whereas_o he_o affirm_v that_o the_o action_n about_o which_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v conversant_a be_v lawful_a or_o unlawful_a of_o themselves_o and_o therefore_o be_v necessary_o command_v or_o forbid_v by_o god_n by_o which_o mark_n this_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v not_o only_o differ_v from_o humane_a law_n but_o from_o the_o divine_a voluntary_a law_n which_o do_v not_o command_n or_o forbid_v those_o thing_n which_o of_o themselves_o and_o by_o their_o own_o nature_n be_v lawful_a or_o unlawful_a but_o make_v they_o unlawful_a by_o forbid_v they_o and_o due_a by_o command_v they_o in_o this_o he_o seem_v to_o make_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o differ_v from_o god_n voluntary_a law_n whereas_o in_o god_n necessary_a and_o voluntary_a be_v all_o one_o salmasius_n de_fw-fr usuris_fw-la in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n condemn_v this_o opinion_n of_o grotius_n though_o he_o name_v he_o not_o yet_o he_o mean_v he_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o observe_v his_o say_n that_o some_o thing_n be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n not_o propriè_fw-la but_o reductiuè_fw-la and_o 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nature_n which_o god_n make_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o next_o to_o make_v that_o a_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o god_n make_v not_o for_o now_o that_o dominion_n be_v bring_v in_o he_o maintain_v it_o be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o take_v that_o which_o be_v in_o another_o man_n dominion_n beside_o i_o find_v no_o coherence_n in_o these_o word_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v right_a for_o every_o â—…an_n to_o take_v his_o own_o by_o force_n before_o law_n make_v since_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n no_o man_n have_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o own_o and_o until_o law_n be_v make_v there_o be_v no_o propriety_n according_a to_o his_o doctrine_n ius_n humanum_fw-la voluntarium_fw-la latius_fw-la paten_n he_o make_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o say_v â—…e_a by_o the_o will_n of_o all_o or_o many_o nation_n have_v receive_v a_o power_n
by_o a_o humane_a law_n as_o grotius_n teach_v than_o the_o moral_a law_n depend_v upon_o the_o will_n of_o man_n there_o can_v be_v no_o law_n against_o adultery_n or_o theft_n if_o woman_n and_o all_o thing_n be_v common_a mr._n selden_n say_v that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n or_o of_o god_n nec_fw-la vetuit_fw-la nec_fw-la jubebat_fw-la sed_fw-la permisit_fw-la utrumque_fw-la tam_fw-la nempe_fw-la rerum_fw-la communionem_fw-la quam_fw-la privatum_fw-la dominium_fw-la and_o yet_o for_o propriety_n which_o he_o term_v primaeva_fw-la rerum_fw-la dominia_fw-la he_o teach_v that_o adam_n receive_v it_o from_o god_n à _fw-la numine_fw-la acceperat_fw-la and_o for_o community_n he_o say_v we_o meet_v with_o evident_a footstep_n of_o the_o community_n of_o thing_n in_o that_o donation_n of_o god_n by_o which_o noah_n and_o his_o three_o son_n be_v make_v domini_fw-la pro_fw-la indiviso_fw-la rerum_fw-la omnium_fw-la thus_o he_o make_v the_o private_a dominion_n of_o adam_n as_o well_o as_o 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or_o by_o descent_n from_o their_o parent_n but_o have_v a_o equal_a and_o common_a interest_n with_o they_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n in_o such_o case_n that_o the_o act_n of_o the_o father_n shall_v bind_v the_o son_n i_o find_v no_o cause_n why_o mr._n selden_n shall_v call_v community_n a_o pristine_a right_n since_o he_o make_v it_o but_o to_o begin_v in_o noah_n and_o to_o end_v in_o noah_n child_n or_o grandchild_n at_o the_o most_o for_o he_o confess_v the_o earth_n à _fw-la noachidis_fw-la seculis_fw-la aliquot_fw-la post_fw-la diluvium_fw-la esse_fw-la divisam_fw-la that_o ancient_a tradition_n which_o by_o mr._n selden'_v acknowledgement_n have_v obtain_v reputation_n every_o where_o seem_v most_o reasonable_a in_o that_o it_o tell_v we_o that_o noah_n himself_o as_o lord_n of_o all_o be_v author_n of_o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o world_n and_o of_o private_a dominion_n and_o that_o by_o the_o appointment_n of_o a_o oracle_n from_o god_n he_o do_v confirm_v this_o distribution_n by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n which_o at_o his_o death_n he_o leave_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o elder_a son_n sem_fw-mi and_o also_o warn_v all_o his_o son_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v invade_v any_o of_o their_o brother_n dominion_n or_o injure_v one_o another_o because_o from_o thence_o discord_n and_o civil_a war_n will_v necessary_o follow_v many_o conclusion_n in_o grotius_n his_o book_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_n &_o pacis_fw-la be_v build_v upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o these_o two_o principle_n 1._o the_o first_o be_v that_o communis_fw-la rerum_fw-la usus_fw-la naturalis_fw-la fuit_fw-la 2._o the_o second_o be_v that_o dominium_fw-la quale_fw-la nune_n in_o usu_fw-la est_fw-la voluntas_fw-la humana_fw-la introduxit_fw-la upon_o these_o two_o proposition_n of_o natural_a community_n and_o voluntary_a propriety_n depend_v divers_a dangerous_a and_o seditious_a conclusion_n which_o be_v disperse_v in_o several_a place_n in_o the_o four_o 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with_o the_o great_a disturbance_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o destruction_n of_o many_o innocent_n here_o we_o have_v his_o resolution_n that_o in_o great_a and_o certain_a danger_n man_n may_v resist_v their_o governor_n if_o it_o may_v be_v without_o disturbance_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n if_o you_o will_v know_v who_o shall_v be_v judge_n of_o the_o greatness_n and_o certainty_n of_o the_o danger_n or_o how_o we_o may_v know_v it_o grotius_n have_v not_o one_o word_n of_o it_o so_o that_o for_o aught_o appear_v to_o the_o contrary_a his_o mind_n may_v be_v that_o every_o private_a man_n may_v be_v judge_n of_o the_o danger_n for_o other_o judge_n he_o appoint_v none_o it_o have_v be_v a_o foul_a fault_n in_o so_o desperate_a a_o piece_n of_o service_n as_o the_o resist_n of_o superior_n to_o have_v conceal_v the_o lawful_a mean_n by_o which_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o the_o greatness_n or_o certainty_n of_o public_a danger_n before_o we_o lift_v up_o our_o hand_n against_o authority_n consider_v how_o prone_a most_o of_o we_o be_v to_o censure_v and_o mistake_v those_o thing_n for_o great_a and_o certain_a danger_n which_o in_o truth_n many_o time_n be_v no_o danger_n at_o all_o or_o at_o the_o most_o but_o very_o small_a one_o and_o so_o flatter_v ourselves_o that_o by_o resist_v our_o superior_n we_o may_v do_v our_o country_n laudable_a service_n without_o disturbance_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n since_o the_o effect_n of_o sedition_n can_v be_v certain_o judge_v of_o but_o by_o the_o event_n only_o grotius_n proceed_v to_o answer_v a_o objection_n against_o this_o doctrine_n of_o resist_v superior_n if_o say_v he_o any_o man_n shall_v say_v that_o this_o rigid_a doctrine_n of_o die_a rather_o than_o resist_v any_o injury_n of_o superior_n be_v no_o humane_a but_o a_o divine_a law_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o man_n at_o first_o not_o by_o any_o precept_n of_o god_n but_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n lead_v by_o experience_n of_o the_o infirmity_n of_o separate_a family_n against_o violence_n do_v meet_v together_o in_o civil_a society_n from_o whence_o civil_a power_n take_v beginning_n which_o therefore_o st._n peter_n call_v a_o humane_a ordinance_n although_o elsewhere_o it_o be_v call_v a_o divine_a ordinance_n because_o god_n approve_v the_o wholesome_a institution_n of_o man_n god_n in_o approve_v a_o humane_a law_n be_v to_o be_v think_v to_o approve_v it_o as_o humane_a and_o in_o a_o humane_a manner_n and_o again_o in_o another_o place_n he_o go_v further_a and_o teach_v we_o that_o if_o the_o question_n happen_v to_o be_v concern_v the_o primitive_a will_n of_o the_o people_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o for_o the_o people_n that_o now_o be_v and_o which_o be_v account_v the_o same_o with_o they_o that_o be_v long_o ago_o to_o express_v their_o mean_v in_o this_o matter_n which_o be_v to_o be_v follow_v unless_o it_o cetain_o appear_v that_o the_o people_n long_o ago_o will_v otherwise_o lib._n 2._o c._n 2._o for_o full_a explication_n of_o his_o judgement_n about_o resist_a superior_n he_o conclude_v thus_o the_o great_a the_o thing_n be_v which_o be_v to_o be_v preserve_v the_o great_a be_v the_o equity_n which_o reach_v forth_o a_o exception_n against_o the_o word_n of_o the_o law_n yet_o i_o dare_v not_o say_v grotius_n without_o difference_n condemn_v either_o simple_a man_n or_o a_o lesser_a part_n of_o the_o people_n who_o in_o the_o last_o refuge_n of_o necessity_n do_v so_o use_v this_o equity_n as_o that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n they_o do_v not_o forsake_v the_o respect_n of_o the_o common_a good_n another_o doctrine_n of_o grotius_n be_v that_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v exercise_v by_o king_n do_v not_o cease_v to_o be_v the_o empire_n of_o the_o people_n that_o king_n who_o in_o a_o lawful_a order_n succeed_v those_o who_o be_v elect_v have_v the_o supreme_a power_n by_o a_o usufructuary_n right_o only_o and_o no_o propriety_n furthermore_o he_o teach_v that_o
be_v void_a be_v make_v by_o any_o owner_n whatsoever_o against_o the_o â—…ules_n of_o parsimony_n in_o both_o these_o time_n the_o right_a of_o rule_v and_o compel_v be_v as_o grotius_n acknowledge_v comprehend_v so_o far_o forth_o as_o child_n be_v to_o be_v compel_v to_o their_o duty_n or_o amend_v although_o the_o power_n of_o a_o parent_n dâ—…th_v so_o follow_v the_o person_n of_o a_o father_n that_o it_o can_v be_v pull_v away_o and_o transfer_v upon_o another_o yet_o the_o father_n may_v natural_o pawn_v or_o also_o sell_v his_o son_n if_o there_o be_v need_n in_o the_o three_o time_n he_o say_v the_o son_n be_v in_o all_o thing_n free_a and_o of_o his_o own_o authority_n always_o that_o duâ—…_n remain_v of_o piety_n and_o observance_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o be_v perpetual_a in_o this_o triple_a distinction_n though_o grotius_n allow_v child_n in_o some_o case_n during_o the_o second_o and_o in_o all_o case_n during_o the_o three_o time_n to_o be_v free_a and_o of_o their_o own_o power_n by_o a_o moral_a faculty_n yet_o in_o that_o he_o confess_v in_o all_o case_n child_n be_v bind_v to_o study_v always_o to_o please_v their_o parent_n out_o of_o piety_n and_o duty_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o as_o he_o say_v be_v perpetual_a i_o can_v conceive_v how_o in_o any_o case_n child_n can_v natural_o have_v any_o power_n or_o moral_a faculty_n of_o do_v what_o they_o please_v without_o their_o parent_n leave_v since_o they_o be_v always_o bind_v to_o study_v to_o please_v their_o parent_n and_o though_o by_o the_o law_n of_o some_o nation_n child_n when_o they_o attain_v to_o year_n of_o discretion_n have_v power_n and_o liberty_n in_o many_o action_n yet_o this_o liberty_n be_v grant_v they_o by_o positive_a and_o humane_a law_n only_o which_o be_v make_v by_o the_o supreme_a fatherly_a power_n of_o prince_n who_o regulate_v limit_v or_o assume_v the_o authority_n of_o inferior_a father_n for_o the_o public_a benefit_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n so_o that_o 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obedience_n to_o his_o command_n he_o do_v but_o flout_v his_o poor_a monarch_n for_o why_o be_v they_o call_v his_o subject_n and_o his_o commons_o he_o without_o any_o compliment_n be_v their_o subject_n for_o they_o as_o officer_n may_v govern_v and_o command_v according_a to_o law_n but_o he_o may_v not_o for_o he_o must_v judge_v by_o his_o judge_n in_o court_n of_o justice_n only_o that_o be_v he_o may_v not_o judge_v or_o govern_v at_o all_o 2._o as_o for_o the_o second_o particular_a the_o sole_a or_o chief_a power_n in_o capacitate_v person_n for_o the_o supreme_a power_n and_o 3._o as_o to_o this_o three_o particular_a the_o power_n of_o convocate_a such_o person_n they_o be_v both_o so_o far_o from_o make_v a_o monarch_n that_o they_o be_v the_o only_a way_n to_o make_v he_o none_o by_o choose_v and_o call_v other_o to_o share_v in_o the_o supreme_a power_n 4._o last_o concern_v his_o authority_n be_v the_o last_o and_o great_a in_o the_o establish_n every_o act_n it_o 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conscience_n be_v convince_v they_o be_v bind_v to_o give_v their_o assistance_n the_o wit_n of_o man_n can_v say_v more_o for_o anarchy_n thus_o have_v i_o pick_v out_o the_o flower_n out_o of_o his_o doctrine_n about_o limit_a monarchy_n and_o present_v they_o with_o some_o brief_a annotation_n it_o be_v a_o tedious_a work_n to_o collect_v all_o the_o learned_a contradiction_n and_o ambiguous_a expression_n that_o occur_v in_o every_o page_n of_o his_o platonic_a monarchy_n the_o book_n have_v so_o much_o of_o fancy_n that_o it_o be_v a_o better_a piece_n of_o poetry_n than_o policy_n because_o many_o may_v think_v that_o the_o main_a doctrine_n of_o limit_a and_o mix_v monarchy_n may_v in_o itself_o be_v most_o authentical_a and_o ground_v upon_o strong_a and_o evident_a reason_n although_o our_o author_n perhaps_o have_v fail_v in_o some_o of_o his_o expression_n and_o be_v liable_a to_o exception_n therefore_o i_o will_v be_v bold_a to_o inquire_v whether_o aristotle_n can_v 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and_o not_o paternal_a these_o sort_n of_o king_n because_o they_o be_v tyrannical_a be_v masterly_a but_o because_o they_o be_v over_o such_o as_o voluntary_o elect_v they_o they_o be_v regal_a the_o heroic_a be_v those_o say_v aristotle_n which_o flourish_v in_o the_o heroical_a time_n to_o who_o the_o people_n do_v willing_o obey_v and_o they_o be_v paternal_a and_o lawful_a because_o these_o king_n do_v deserve_v well_o of_o the_o multitude_n either_o by_o teach_v they_o art_n or_o by_o warring_n for_o they_o or_o by_o gather_v they_o together_o when_o they_o be_v disperse_v or_o by_o divide_v land_n among_o they_o these_o king_n have_v supreme_a power_n in_o war_n in_o sacrifice_n in_o judicature_n these_o four_o sort_n of_o monarchy_n have_v aristotle_n thus_o distinguish_v and_o after_o sum_n they_o up_o together_o and_o conclude_v his_o chapter_n as_o if_o he_o have_v
sovereignty_n or_o power_n absolute_a except_o such_o condition_n annex_v to_o the_o sovereignty_n be_v direct_o comprehend_v within_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n albeit_o by_o the_o sufferance_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n controversy_n between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o people_n be_v sometime_o determine_v by_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n and_o sometime_o by_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o england_n yet_o all_o the_o estate_n remain_v in_o full_a subjection_n to_o the_o king_n who_o be_v no_o way_n bind_v to_o follow_v their_o advice_n neither_o to_o consent_v to_o their_o request_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o law_n privilege_n and_o grant_n of_o prince_n have_v no_o force_n but_o during_o their_o life_n if_o they_o be_v not_o ratify_v by_o the_o express_a consent_n or_o by_o sufferance_n of_o the_o prince_n follow_v especial_o privilege_n much_o less_o shall_v a_o prince_n be_v bind_v unto_o the_o law_n he_o make_v himself_o for_o a_o man_n may_v well_o receive_v a_o law_n from_o another_o man_n but_o impossible_a it_o be_v in_o nature_n for_o to_o give_v a_o law_n unto_o himself_o no_o more_o than_o it_o be_v to_o command_v a_o man_n self_n in_o a_o matter_n depend_v of_o his_o own_o will_n the_o law_n say_v nulla_fw-la obligatio_fw-la consistere_fw-la potest_fw-la quae_fw-la à _fw-la voluntate_fw-la promittentis_fw-la statum_fw-la capit_fw-la the_o sovereign_a prince_n may_v derogate_v unto_o the_o law_n that_o he_o have_v promise_v and_o swear_v to_o keep_v if_o the_o equity_n thereof_o be_v cease_v and_o that_o of_o himself_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o subject_n the_o majesty_n of_o a_o true_a sovereign_a prince_n be_v to_o be_v know_v when_o the_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o people_n assemble_v in_o all_o humility_n present_v their_o request_n and_o supplication_n to_o their_o prince_n without_o have_v power_n in_o any_o thing_n to_o command_v determine_v or_o give_v voice_n but_o that_o that_o which_o it_o please_v the_o king_n to_o like_v or_o dislike_v to_o command_v or_o bid_v be_v hold_v for_o law_n wherein_o they_o which_o have_v write_v of_o the_o duty_n of_o magistrate_n have_v deceive_v themselves_o in_o maintain_v that_o the_o power_n of_o the_o people_n be_v great_a than_o the_o prince_n a_o thing_n which_o cause_v oft_o true_a subject_n to_o revolt_v from_o their_o obedience_n to_o their_o prince_n and_o minister_v matter_n of_o great_a trouble_n in_o commonwealth_n of_o which_o their_o opinion_n there_o be_v neither_o reason_n nor_o ground_n for_o if_o the_o king_n be_v subject_a unto_o the_o assembly_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o people_n he_o shall_v neither_o be_v king_n nor_o sovereign_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n neither_o realm_n nor_o monarchy_n but_o a_o mere_a aristocracy_n so_o we_o see_v the_o principal_a point_n of_o sovereign_a majesty_n and_o absolute_a power_n to_o consist_v principal_o in_o give_v law_n unto_o the_o subject_n in_o general_a without_o their_o consent_n bodin_n de_fw-fr rep._n l._n 1._o c._n 8._o to_o confound_v the_o state_n of_o monarchy_n with_o the_o popular_a or_o aristocratical_a estate_n be_v a_o thing_n impossible_a and_o in_o effect_n incompatible_a and_o such_o as_o can_v be_v imagine_v for_o sovereignty_n be_v of_o itself_o indivisible_a how_o can_v it_o at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n be_v divide_v betwixt_o one_o prince_n the_o nobility_n and_o the_o people_n in_o common_a the_o first_o mark_n of_o sovereign_a majesty_n be_v to_o be_v of_o power_n to_o give_v law_n and_o to_o command_v over_o they_o unto_o the_o subject_n and_o who_o shall_v those_o subject_n be_v that_o shall_v yield_v their_o obedience_n to_o the_o law_n if_o they_o shall_v have_v also_o power_n to_o make_v the_o law_n who_o shall_v he_o be_v that_o can_v give_v the_o law_n be_v himself_o constrain_v to_o receive_v it_o of_o they_o unto_o who_o himself_o give_v it_o so_o that_o of_o necessity_n we_o must_v conclude_v that_o as_o no_o one_o in_o particular_a have_v the_o power_n to_o make_v the_o law_n in_o such_o a_o state_n that_o then_o the_o state_n must_v needs_o be_v a_o state_n popular_fw-la never_a any_o commonwealth_n have_v be_v make_v of_o a_o aristocracy_n and_o popular_a estate_n much_o less_o of_o the_o three_o estate_n of_o a_o common-weal_n such_o state_n wherein_o the_o right_n of_o sovereignty_n be_v divide_v be_v not_o right_o to_o be_v call_v common-weal_n but_o rather_o the_o corruption_n of_o commonweal_n as_o herodotus_n have_v most_o brief_o but_o true_o write_v common-weal_n which_o change_v their_o state_n the_o sovereign_n right_a and_o power_n of_o they_o be_v divide_v find_v no_o rest_n from_o civil_a war_n and_o broil_n till_o they_o again_o recover_v some_o one_o of_o the_o three_o form_n and_o the_o sovereignty_n be_v whole_o in_o one_o of_o the_o state_n or_o other_o where_o the_o right_n of_o the_o sovereignty_n be_v divide_v betwixt_o the_o prince_n and_o his_o subject_n in_o that_o confusion_n of_o state_n there_o be_v still_o endless_a stir_n and_o quarrel_n for_o the_o superiority_n until_o that_o some_o one_o some_o few_o or_o all_o together_o have_v get_v the_o sovereignty_n id._n lib._n 2._o c._n 1._o this_o judgement_n of_o bodin_n touch_v limit_v and_o mix_v monarchy_n be_v not_o according_a to_o the_o mind_n of_o our_o author_n nor_o yet_o of_o the_o observator_fw-la who_o use_v the_o strength_n of_o his_o wit_n to_o overthrow_v absolute_a and_o arbitrary_a government_n in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o main_a body_n of_o his_o discourse_n le_fw-fr we_o fall_v such_o truth_n from_o his_o pen_n as_o give_v a_o deadly_a wound_n to_o the_o cause_n he_o plead_v for_o if_o they_o be_v indifferent_o weigh_v and_o consider_v i_o will_v not_o pick_v a_o line_n or_o two_o here_o and_o there_o to_o wrest_v against_o he_o but_o will_v present_v a_o whole_a page_n of_o his_o book_n or_o more_o together_o that_o so_o we_o may_v have_v a_o entire_a prospect_n upon_o the_o observator_n mind_n without_o society_n say_v the_o observator_fw-la man_n can_v not_o live_v without_o law_n man_n can_v not_o be_v sociable_a and_o without_o authority_n somewhere_o to_o judge_v according_a to_o law_n law_n be_v vain_a it_o be_v soon_o therefore_o provide_v that_o law_n according_a to_o the_o dictate_v of_o reason_n shall_v be_v ratify_v by_o common_a consent_n when_o it_o afterward_o appear_v that_o man_n be_v yet_o subject_a to_o unnatural_a destruction_n by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o entrust_v magistrate_n a_o mischief_n almost_o as_o fatal_a as_o to_o be_v without_o all_o magistracy_n how_o to_o provide_v a_o wholesome_a remedy_n therefore_o be_v not_o so_o easy_a to_o be_v invent_v it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o invent_v law_n for_o the_o limit_v of_o supreme_a governor_n but_o to_o invent_v how_o those_o law_n shall_v be_v execute_v or_o by_o who_o interpret_v be_v almost_o impossible_a nam_fw-la quis_fw-la custodiet_fw-la ipsos_fw-la custodes_fw-la to_o place_v a_o superior_a above_o a_o supreme_a be_v hold_v unnatural_a yet_o what_o a_o lifeless_a thing_n will_v law_n be_v without_o any_o judge_n to_o determine_v and_o force_v it_o if_o it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o limit_n shall_v be_v prefix_v to_o prince_n and_o judge_n to_o decree_v according_a to_o those_o limit_n yet_o another_o inconvenience_n will_v present_o affront_v we_o for_o we_o can_v restrain_v prince_n too_o far_o but_o we_o shall_v disable_v they_o from_o some_o good_a long_o it_o be_v ere_o the_o world_n can_v extricate_v itself_o out_o of_o all_o these_o extremity_n or_o find_v out_o a_o orderly_a mean_n whereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o unbounded_a prerogative_n on_o this_o hand_n and_o to_o excessive_a liberty_n on_o the_o other_o and_o scarce_o have_v long_a experience_n yet_o full_o satisfy_v the_o mind_n of_o all_o man_n in_o it_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o the_o world_n when_o man_n be_v not_o so_o artificial_a and_o obdurate_a in_o cruelty_n and_o oppression_n as_o now_o and_o policy_n most_o rude_a most_o nation_n do_v choose_v rather_o to_o subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o mere_a discretion_n of_o their_o lord_n than_o rely_v upon_o any_o limit_n and_o so_o be_v rule_v by_o arbitrary_a edict_n than_o write_v statute_n but_o since_o tyranny_n be_v more_o exquisite_a and_o policy_n more_o perfect_a especial_o where_o learning_n and_o religion_n flourish_v few_o nation_n will_v endure_v the_o thraldom_n which_o usual_o accompany_v unbounded_a and_o unconditionate_n royalty_n yet_o long_o it_o be_v ere_o the_o bound_n and_o condition_n of_o supreme_a lord_n be_v so_o wise_o determine_v or_o quiet_o conserve_v as_o now_o they_o be_v for_o at_o first_o when_o as_o ephori_fw-la tribuni_fw-la curatores_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v erect_v to_o poise_v against_o the_o scale_n of_o sovereignty_n much_o blood_n be_v shed_v about_o they_o and_o state_n be_v put_v into_o new_a broil_n by_o they_o and_o some_o place_n
a_o little_a enquiry_n will_v be_v make_v into_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o government_n of_o these_o kingdom_n for_o these_o northern_a people_n as_o bodin_n observe_v breath_n after_o liberty_n first_o for_o poland_n boterus_n say_v that_o the_o government_n of_o it_o be_v elective_a altogether_o and_o represent_v rather_o a_o aristocracy_n than_o a_o kingdom_n the_o nobility_n who_o have_v great_a authority_n in_o the_o diet_n choose_v the_o king_n and_o limit_v his_o authority_n make_v his_o sovereignty_n but_o a_o slavish_a royalty_n these_o diminution_n of_o regality_n begin_v first_o by_o default_n of_o king_n lewis_n and_o jagello_n who_o to_o gain_v the_o succession_n in_o the_o kingdom_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n one_o for_o his_o daughter_n and_o the_o other_o for_o his_o son_n depart_v with_o many_o of_o his_o royalty_n and_o prerogative_n to_o buy_v the_o voice_n of_o the_o nobility_n the_o french_a author_n of_o the_o book_n call_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o world_n do_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o prince_n authority_n be_v more_o free_a not_o be_v subject_n to_o any_o law_n and_o have_v absolute_a power_n not_o only_o of_o their_o estate_n but_o also_o of_o life_n and_o death_n since_o christian_a religion_n be_v receive_v it_o begin_v to_o be_v moderate_v first_o by_o holy_a admonition_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n and_o then_o by_o service_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o war_n religious_a prince_n give_v many_o honour_n and_o many_o liberty_n to_o the_o clergy_n and_o nobility_n and_o quit_v much_o of_o their_o right_n the_o which_o their_o successor_n have_v continue_v the_o superior_a dignity_n be_v reduce_v to_o two_o degree_n that_o be_v the_o palatinate_n and_o the_o chastelleine_a for_o that_o king_n in_o former_a time_n do_v by_o little_a and_o little_o call_v these_o man_n to_o public_a consultation_n notwithstanding_o that_o they_o have_v absolute_a power_n to_o do_v all_o thing_n of_o themselves_o to_o command_v dispose_n recompense_n 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be_v sovereign_a judge_n of_o his_o nobility_n in_o criminal_a cause_n the_o power_n of_o the_o nobility_n daily_o increase_v for_o that_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o king_n election_n they_o neither_o have_v law_n rule_n nor_o form_n to_o do_v it_o neither_o by_o write_v nor_o tradition_n as_o the_o king_n govern_v his_o subject_n which_o be_v immediate_o he_o with_o absolute_a authority_n so_o the_o nobility_n dispose_v immediate_o of_o their_o vassal_n over_o who_o every_o one_o have_v more_o than_o a_o regal_a power_n so_o as_o they_o entreat_v they_o like_o slave_n there_o be_v certain_a man_n in_o poland_n who_o be_v call_v earthly_a messenger_n or_o nuntio_n they_o be_v as_o it_o be_v agent_n of_o jurisdiction_n or_o circle_n of_o the_o nobility_n these_o have_v a_o certain_a authority_n and_o as_o boterus_n say_v in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o diet_n these_o man_n assemble_v in_o a_o place_n near_o to_o the_o senate-house_n where_o they_o choose_v two_o marshal_n by_o who_o but_o 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possible_a for_o the_o observator_fw-la to_o find_v among_o they_o that_o the_o whole_a community_n in_o its_o underive_v majesty_n do_v ever_o convene_v to_o do_v justice_n nor_o any_o election_n or_o representation_n of_o the_o community_n or_o that_o the_o people_n assume_v its_o own_o power_n to_o do_v itself_o right_a the_o earthly_a messenger_n though_o they_o may_v be_v think_v to_o represent_v the_o commons_o and_o of_o late_o take_v much_o upon_o they_o yet_o they_o be_v elect_v and_o choose_v by_o the_o nobility_n as_o their_o agent_n and_o officer_n the_o community_n be_v either_o vassal_n to_o the_o king_n or_o to_o the_o nobility_n and_o enjoy_v as_o little_a freedom_n or_o liberty_n as_o any_o nation_n but_o it_o may_v be_v say_v perhaps_o that_o though_o the_o community_n do_v not_o limit_v the_o king_n yet_o the_o nobility_n do_v and_o so_o he_o be_v a_o limit_a monarchy_n the_o answer_n be_v that_o in_o truth_n though_o the_o nobility_n at_o the_o choose_n of_o their_o 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realm_n to_o any_o other_o family_n but_o once_o when_o depose_v ladislaus_n for_o his_o idleness_n who_o yet_o afterward_o they_o restore_v they_o elect_v wencelaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n but_o if_o the_o nobility_n do_v agree_v to_o hold_v their_o king_n to_o his_o condition_n which_o be_v not_o to_o conclude_v any_o thing_n but_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o council_n of_o noble_n nor_o to_o choose_v any_o wife_n without_o their_o leaf_n than_o it_o must_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o common-weal_n not_o a_o royalty_n and_o the_o king_n but_o only_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o as_o queen_n christina_n complain_v that_o her_o husband_n be_v but_o the_o shadow_n of_o a_o sovereign_n next_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v how_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n come_v to_o this_o great_a power_n it_o be_v not_o by_o any_o original_a contract_n or_o popular_a convention_n for_o it_o be_v say_v they_o have_v neither_o law_n rule_n nor_o form_n write_v or_o unwritten_a for_o the_o election_n of_o their_o king_n they_o may_v thank_v the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n for_o by_o their_o holy_a admonition_n and_o advice_n good_a and_o religious_a prince_n to_o show_v their_o piety_n be_v first_o bring_v to_o give_v much_o of_o their_o right_n and_o privilege_n to_o their_o subject_n devout_a king_n be_v mere_o cheat_v of_o some_o of_o their_o royalty_n what_o power_n soever_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n claim_v or_o exercise_v over_o and_o above_o the_o bare_a naked_a act_n of_o councel_n they_o be_v first_o behold_v to_o the_o popish_a clergy_n for_o it_o it_o be_v they_o first_o bring_v parliament_n into_o request_n and_o power_n i_o can_v find_v in_o any_o kingdom_n but_o only_o where_o popery_n have_v be_v that_o parliament_n have_v be_v of_o reputation_n and_o in_o the_o great_a time_n of_o superstition_n they_o be_v first_o mention_v as_o for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n