have_v hereunto_o cause_v our_o seal_n to_o be_v put_v give_v at_o paris_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n and_o in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1556_o and_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n sign_v by_o the_o king_n then_o in_o council_n and_o seal_v with_o green_a wax_n with_o red_a and_o green_a silk_n lace_n chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o law_n of_o several_a country_n whereby_o the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n of_o merchant_n be_v determine_v the_o four_o and_o last_o mean_a to_o end_v the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o other_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o imperial_a law_n or_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n where_o the_o merchant_n court_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n be_v not_o establish_v whereof_o the_o merchant_n ought_v not_o to_o beignorant_a so_o that_o in_o the_o description_n of_o they_o it_o be_v convenient_a to_o make_v some_o declaration_n for_o the_o merchant_n 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dane_n and_o norman_n law_n commendation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n now_o whereas_o the_o law-merchant_n require_v brevity_n and_o expedition_n all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v confess_v that_o have_v see_v many_o devise_n edict_n and_o ordinance_n how_o to_o abridge_v process_n and_o to_o find_v how_o long_a suit_n in_o law_n may_v be_v make_v short_a they_o never_o perceive_v find_v nor_o read_v as_o yet_o so_o just_a and_o so_o well_o devise_v a_o mean_a find_v out_o as_o this_o by_o any_o man_n in_o europe_n albeit_o that_o the_o shortness_n thereof_o be_v such_o that_o if_o a_o man_n have_v many_o peremptory_a exception_n common-law_n peremptorinesse_n of_o the_o common-law_n which_o can_v make_v the_o state_n or_o issue_n of_o his_o cause_n he_o shall_v be_v compel_v to_o choose_v one_o exception_n whereupon_o to_o found_v his_o issue_n which_o choose_v if_o he_o fail_v by_o the_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o man_n he_o lose_v his_o action_n and_o cause_n and_o the_o rest_n can_v 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continuance_n above_o two_o thousand_o and_o eight_o hundred_o year_n for_o king_n alfred_n cause_v the_o law_n of_o marcia_n to_o be_v translate_v out_o of_o the_o britain_n into_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n and_o after_o that_o we_o find_v that_o king_n lucius_n and_o king_n alfred_n cause_v the_o continuance_n thereof_o the_o say_v common_a law_n be_v proper_o to_o be_v take_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o ancient_a maxim_n of_o the_o say_a law_n of_o the_o statute_n law_n &_o book_n case_n which_o be_v yearly_a observation_n upon_o manner_n and_o may_v be_v call_v responsa_fw-la prudentum_fw-la comprehend_v therein_o the_o municipal_a law_n etc._n municipal_a law_n as_o gavelkind_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v proper_a to_o all_o kingdom_n and_o government_n as_o a_o exception_n to_o the_o fundamental_a law_n thereof_o wherein_o many_o singular_a argument_n draw_v from_o divinity_n and_o humanity_n be_v effectual_a though_o there_o be_v no_o book_n for_o it_o for_o the_o
salt_n francis_n the_o first_o make_v the_o same_o perpetual_a as_o the_o domaine_v of_o the_o crown_n and_o all_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o buy_v it_o at_o the_o magazine_n upon_o pain_n of_o punishment_n this_o impost_n be_v let_v to_o farm_n for_o two_o million_o of_o crown_n or_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a the_o right_a of_o the_o sea_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o he_o may_v lay_v imposition_n thirty_o league_n from_o the_o land_n into_o the_o sea_n if_o no_o other_o sovereign_a prince_n be_v not_o within_o that_o precinct_n there_o be_v eight_o court_n of_o parliament_n in_o france_n and_o eight_o chamber_n of_o account_n at_o paris_n erect_v 1302_o by_o philip_n le_fw-fr bell._n at_o paris_n parlement_n court_n of_o parlement_n at_o tholouze_n also_o and_o confirm_v by_o charles_n the_o 7._o in_o britain_n at_o grenoble_n 1453_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o at_o dion_n account_n court_n of_o account_n at_o bourdeaux_n 1462_o by_o lewis_n the_o 11._o 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answer_v replication_n and_o rejoinder_n and_o sometime_o duplication_n and_o at_o last_o conclusion_n with_o the_o examination_n of_o witness_n in_o serious_a manner_n the_o whole_a proceed_n be_v deliver_v to_o certain_a doctor_n or_o learned_a man_n which_o be_v as_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n or_o belong_v to_o certain_a university_n to_o be_v abreviate_v which_o be_v call_v ad_fw-la rotulandum_fw-la who_o do_v cut_v off_o all_o superfluous_a thing_n which_o upon_o the_o matter_n be_v confess_v on_o both_o side_n process_n to_o abreviate_v long_a process_n or_o be_v not_o material_a to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o bring_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o party_n to_o certain_a point_n or_o head_n whereupon_o the_o say_a party_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o advocate_n or_o learned_a counsel_n do_v dispute_n and_o debate_v the_o say_a difference_n to_o bring_v they_o as_o it_o be_v ripe_a and_o perfect_v before_o the_o judge_n for_o if_o the_o defendant_n will_v take_v covert_o any_o exception_n against_o the_o judge_n of_o that_o jurisdiction_n he_o may_v have_v the_o whole_a process_n make_v up_o in_o the_o name_n of_o a.b._n and_o c.d._n as_o it_o be_v complainant_a and_o defendant_n without_o name_v either_o of_o the_o party_n and_o the_o same_o to_o be_v send_v under_o the_o town_n seal_v unto_o doctor_n or_o other_o learned_a man_n of_o university_n elect_v thereunto_o in_o other_o jurisdiction_n which_o do_v give_v their_o sentence_n or_o judgement_n thereupon_o and_o return_v the_o same_o back_n again_o under_o seal_n before_o the_o judge_n where_o the_o cause_n be_v depend_v who_o call_v both_o party_n before_o he_o demand_v of_o they_o whether_o he_o shall_v open_v the_o process_n and_o whether_o they_o will_v stand_v to_o the_o judgement_n therein_o contain_v and_o if_o the_o complainant_n descend_v thereunto_o then_o be_v the_o defendant_n thereby_o conclude_v see_v he_o have_v his_o choice_n and_o do_v in_o a_o manner_n appeal_v from_o the_o judge_n whereupon_o execution_n be_v present_o have_v and_o matter_n be_v end_v with_o expedition_n by_o the_o premise_n we_o may_v observe_v how_o other_o law_n be_v variable_a and_o subject_a to_o alteration_n and_o that_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v constant_a and_o permanent_a in_o her_o custom_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o to_o be_v infringe_v but_o serious_o to_o be_v maintain_v by_o all_o the_o four_o precedent_a mean_n or_o some_o select_a course_n of_o execution_n to_o be_v devise_v concur_v with_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a furtherance_n whereof_o and_o more_o exact_a explanation_n by_o contrary_n i_o have_v for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o this_o work_n add_v hereunto_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n which_o will_v illustrate_v the_o most_o material_a consideration_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n chap._n xviii_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n have_v heretofore_o publish_v a_o treatise_n entitle_v england_n view_n in_o the_o unmask_n of_o two_o paradox_n which_o have_v be_v present_v unto_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o as_o a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n and_o considerable_a in_o the_o government_n of_o commonweal_n and_o find_v that_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o they_o with_o a_o three_o paradox_n observe_v by_o i_o do_v proper_o allude_v to_o the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n or_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n i_o do_v resolve_v to_o handle_v the_o substance_n of_o they_o for_o a_o corrollarie_n of_o the_o same_o be_v paradox_n what_o it_o be_v the_o rather_o because_o paradox_n be_v thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n and_o will_v also_o make_v all_o the_o premise_n more_o manifest_a and_o apparent_a by_o their_o conclusion_n the_o say_v two_o paradox_n present_v by_o monsieur_n malestroit_n one_o of_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o finance_n or_o treasury_n in_o france_n be_v as_o follow_v say_v 1_o that_o to_o complain_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o france_n be_v without_o cause_n commodity_n commodity_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o grow_v dear_a these_o three_o hundred_o year_n 2_o that_o there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n and_o money_n and_o or_o any_o other_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n albeit_o one_o do_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n he_o do_v receive_v the_o same_o the_o three_o paradox_n which_o i_o have_v add_v hereunto_o be_v 3_o that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n suppose_v in_o exchange_n for_o money_n exchange_n exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o course_n and_o property_n of_o real_a and_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la mounseur_fw-fr malestroit_n say_v that_o since_o the_o ancient_a permutation_n have_v be_v change_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o that_o the_o first_o riches_n of_o man_n which_o consist_v of_o cattle_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n whereby_o all_o thing_n have_v receive_v their_o estimation_n dearth_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n it_o follow_v that_o those_o metal_n be_v the_o right_a judge_n of_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o can_v say_v that_o any_o thing_n be_v dear_a than_o it_o be_v three_o hundred_o year_n ago_o unless_o that_o for_o the_o buy_v thereof_o we_o must_v now_o give_v more_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o but_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o do_v not_o give_v now_o more_o gold_n or_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o therefore_o say_v he_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a in_o france_n since_o that_o time_n to_o prove_v this_o he_o do_v allege_v that_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o
a_o dog_n use_v to_o bite_v or_o gnaw_v upon_o a_o bone_n so_o that_o he_o that_o bit_v not_o do_v not_o commit_v usury_n for_o usury_n be_v none_o other_o thing_n than_o a_o bite_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o very_a etymology_n and_o proper_a nature_n of_o the_o word_n otherwise_o it_o can_v be_v call_v neshech_n as_o the_o hebrician_n say_v according_a to_o the_o definition_n then_o of_o bite_a usury_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v in_o this_o discourse_n after_o that_o we_o have_v brief_o declare_v the_o law_n and_o prohibition_n against_o usury_n wherein_o we_o must_v begin_v with_o the_o holy_a scripture_n observe_v these_o place_n god_n say_v in_o the_o 22_o of_o exodus_fw-la scripture_n holy_a scripture_n if_o thou_o lend_v money_n to_o any_o of_o my_o people_n that_o be_v poor_a by_o thou_o thou_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o usurer_n unto_o he_o neither_o shall_v thou_o oppress_v he_o with_o usury_n in_o another_o place_n 25._o levit._fw-la 25._o if_o thy_o brother_n be_v wax_v poor_a and_o fall_v into_o decay_n with_o thou_o receive_v he_o as_o a_o stranger_n or_o a_o soiourner_n 23._o deut._n 23._o and_o let_v he_o live_v by_o thou_o and_o thou_o shall_v take_v no_o usury_n of_o he_o nor_o yet_o advantage_n but_o shall_v fear_v thy_o god_n that_o thy_o brother_n may_v live_v with_o thou_o 6._o psal._n 15â—_n ezech._n 18._o matt._n 5._o luke_n 6._o thou_o shall_v not_o lend_v he_o thy_o money_n upon_o usury_n or_o lend_v he_o of_o thy_o food_n to_o have_v a_o advantage_n by_o it_o add_v unto_o this_o the_o place_n note_v in_o the_o margin_n and_o so_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o holy_a ancient_a father_n saint_n hierome_n say_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o usury_n fraud_n and_o violent_a rob_v father_n ancient_a father_n saint_n augustine_n say_v a_o usurer_n be_v he_o say_v to_o be_v who_o do_v demand_v more_o in_o money_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n else_o than_o he_o have_v deliver_v according_a to_o which_o the_o say_a saint_n hierome_n also_o say_v that_o some_o do_v think_v usury_n to_o be_v only_o in_o money_n but_o let_v they_o well_o understand_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o overplus_n in_o any_o thing_n above_o that_o which_o be_v lend_v mortis_fw-la amb._n de_fw-fr beno_fw-la mortis_fw-la saint_n ambrose_n likewise_o say_v if_o any_o man_n take_v usury_n he_o do_v commit_v extortion_n rapine_n and_o pillage_n and_o shall_v not_o live_v the_o life_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v he_o shall_v die_v therefore_o to_o omit_v many_o other_o of_o the_o say_v ancient_a father_n saint_n bernard_n say_v that_o the_o vsuror_n be_v a_o thief_n in_o law_n because_o the_o civil_a law_n tell_v he_o before_o hand_n what_o it_o be_v that_o he_o must_v rob_v from_o other_o as_o who_o shall_v say_v such_o law_n as_o permit_v vsuror_n be_v lawful_a theevery_n law_n canon_n law_n hereupon_o the_o canonist_n have_v make_v vsuror_n to_o be_v defame_v person_n and_o if_o any_o man_n make_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n any_o good_n unto_o they_o the_o testament_n may_v be_v break_v neither_o be_v they_o to_o communicate_v with_o christian_n or_o to_o enter_v into_o their_o congregation_n to_o offer_v any_o oblation_n and_o when_o they_o be_v dead_a they_o shall_v not_o be_v bury_v in_o christian_a burial_n and_o if_o they_o be_v the_o doer_n thereof_o be_v excommunicate_v decretal_n decretal_n decretal_n and_o clementines_n make_v by_o diverse_a pope_n be_v direct_o against_o usury_n alexander_n the_o pope_n do_v straight_o forbid_v all_o usury_n not_o only_o unto_o the_o clergy_n but_o also_o unto_o the_o laiety_n in_o the_o book_n sextus_n decretalium_fw-la gregory_n the_o ten_o bishop_n of_o rome_n of_o that_o name_n say_v we_o be_v desirous_a to_o stop_v the_o gulf_n or_o whirlpool_n of_o usury_n commit_v which_o do_v devour_v soul_n and_o utter_o waste_v wealth_n do_v command_n upon_o the_o threaten_n of_o god_n curse_n that_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o latter_a concile_v set_v forth_o against_o vsuror_n be_v without_o any_o violation_n at_o all_o full_o &_o whole_o observe_v and_o thereupon_o a_o prohibition_n be_v make_v that_o no_o corporation_n college_n or_o university_n shall_v let_v any_o house_n or_o dwell_v place_n to_o any_o strange_a vsuror_n law_n civil_a law_n baldus_n the_o civilian_n speak_v bitter_o against_o vsuror_n in_o his_o book_n of_o counsel_n say_v that_o usury_n be_v a_o gainful_a piracie_n contrary_a to_o nature_n upon_o the_o loan_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o consist_v upon_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n bartolus_n say_v that_o all_o usury_n be_v utter_o forbid_v and_o offensive_a to_o god_n and_o man_n so_o do_v panormitane_n and_o diverse_a other_o learn_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n aristotle_n aristotle_n aristotle_n in_o his_o politics_n say_v that_o such_o money_n as_o bring_v forth_o money_n through_o usury_n be_v a_o ugly_a beast_n that_o bring_v forth_o monster_n from_o time_n to_o time_n such_o as_o be_v not_o in_o nature_n the_o roman_n be_v in_o their_o most_o flourish_a estate_n make_v a_o law_n by_o their_o twelve_o table_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v put_v forth_o money_n upon_o usury_n but_o after_o one_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v faenus_fw-la unciarium_fw-la whereas_o before_o that_o time_n rich_a man_n may_v take_v at_o their_o pleasure_n afterward_o it_o be_v ordain_v at_o the_o entreat_v of_o the_o tribune_n to_o take_v a_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a and_o that_o be_v thirty_o shilling_n in_o one_o hundred_o pound_n after_o that_o it_o come_v to_o four_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v triens_fw-la and_o last_o of_o all_o to_o six_o in_o the_o hundred_o call_v semissis_fw-la and_o yet_o all_o these_o alteration_n and_o diversity_n of_o suffer_v in_o usury_n notwithstanding_o law_n genitius_n law_n one_o genitius_n a_o tribune_n publish_v a_o law_n that_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v lawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o be_v a_o usurer_n at_o any_o hand_n or_o by_o any_o manner_n of_o mean_n and_o so_o by_o all_o devise_n that_o may_v be_v it_o be_v utter_o forbid_v by_o diverse_a edict_n and_o proclamation_n which_o be_v often_o repress_v do_v yet_o notwithstanding_o break_v out_o by_o wonderful_a strange_a mean_n wherefore_o tiberius_n caesar_n to_o remedy_v this_o evil_a and_o that_o no_o usury_n shall_v be_v use_v he_o cause_v a_o marvelous_a mass_n of_o money_n to_o be_v lay_v in_o bank_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o two_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n be_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n english_a or_o sterling_a and_o take_v order_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v credit_n for_o three_o year_n without_o pay_v any_o usury_n at_o all_o tacitus_n cornelius_n tacitus_n put_v in_o surety_n for_o the_o double_a value_n of_o that_o he_o borrow_v and_o cornelius_n tacitus_n a_o renown_a writer_n say_v the_o canker_n of_o usury_n be_v a_o old_a venomous_a sore_n and_o the_o chief_a head_n and_o cause_n of_o rebellion_n and_o variance_n in_o country_n and_o commonweal_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v altogether_o banish_v in_o the_o old_a time_n when_o least_o corruption_n of_o life_n appear_v among_o man_n lucullus_z so_o hate_v the_o excessive_a deal_n of_o the_o usurer_n that_o whereas_o all_o asia_n be_v overwhelm_v with_o usury_n he_o clear_v the_o same_o utter_o from_o all_o usurer_n and_o so_o do_v cato_n in_o cicilia_n anthoninus_n pius_n alexander_n severus_n claudius_n vespasian_n leo_n emperor_n emperor_n and_o diverse_a other_o emperor_n do_v restrain_v the_o covetousness_n of_o usurer_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o of_o late_a year_n at_o a_o assembly_n at_o augusta_n in_o germany_n do_v conclude_v with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n that_o no_o manner_n of_o contract_n that_o have_v any_o fellowship_n with_o usury_n shall_v be_v allow_v but_o rather_o that_o all_o usury_n shall_v be_v avoid_v for_o ever_o and_o be_v never_o more_o use_v and_o if_o any_o be_v find_v to_o have_v make_v any_o such_o contract_n the_o same_o man_n to_o forfeit_v to_o the_o magistrate_n or_o ordinary_a judge_n the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o principal_a sum_n plato_n the_o philosopher_n warn_v among_o other_o thing_n orator_n philosopher_n and_o orator_n in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o law_n that_o no_o body_n whatsoever_o he_o be_v that_o will_v bear_v the_o face_n of_o a_o honest_a man_n do_v let_v out_o his_o money_n for_o usury_n or_o gain_n the_o like_a say_v cicero_n and_o many_o other_o learned_a philosopher_n and_o orator_n as_o we_o have_v note_v of_o aristotle_n so_o do_v diverse_a lawmaker_n banish_v usury_n lawgivers_n lawgivers_n and_o utter_o suppress_v the_o same_o as_o lycurgus_n in_o sparta_n among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n amasis_n in_o egypt_n solon_n in_o athens_n sergius_n galba_n in_o africa_n be_v governor_n under_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n and_o diverse_a other_o so_o that_o usury_n
in_o hungary_n the_o say_a rycke_n doller_n be_v seven_o shilling_n seven_o penny_n now_o enhance_v to_o eight_o shilling_n colloigne_n colloigne_n at_o colloigne_n and_o cleves_n a_o gelder_n be_v 24_o whitpennie_n of_o twelve_o morkens_n and_o every_o whitpennie_n be_v two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o four_o mark_v for_o the_o gelder_n hamborough_n hamborough_n at_o hamborough_n the_o doller_n coin_a at_o thirty_o and_o one_o shilling_n lup_n and_o for_o many_o year_n currant_n for_o thirty_o and_o three_o be_v enhance_v now_o to_o fifty_o and_o four_o shilling_n of_o three_o whitpennie_n and_o every_o shilling_n be_v twelve_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n every_o penny_n pomerania_n pomerania_n in_o pomerania_n the_o say_a doller_n be_v thirty_o and_o two_o shilling_n of_o two_o snuden_n one_o mark_n snudens_n be_v eight_o shilling_n lup_n and_o the_o two_o mark_n snud_n be_v one_o mark_v lup_n dansicke_a dansicke_a at_o dansicke_a the_o doller_n thirty_o and_o five_o gross_a of_o three_o shilling_n and_o in_o other_o place_n as_o you_o may_v find_v upon_o the_o money_n denominate_v hereafter_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o exchange_n for_o merchant_n further_a direction_n chap._n xx._n of_o merchant_n account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o keep_v account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n be_v first_o devise_v in_o italy_n upon_o very_o good_a consideration_n there_o be_v great_a affinity_n between_o faith_n trust_v and_o confidence_n in_o divinity_n trust_v and_o confidence_n be_v two_o handmaid_n unto_o faith_n even_o as_o faith_n be_v the_o hand_n whereby_o we_o apprehend_v god_n mercy_n to_o repose_v our_o trust_n in_o he_o and_o to_o be_v confident_a thereof_o but_o in_o humane_a action_n the_o word_n trust_v be_v more_o proper_a which_o impli_v a_o credit_n or_o belief_n which_o we_o give_v or_o repose_v upon_o other_o or_o other_o do_v attribute_n and_o give_v unto_o us._n hence_o proceed_v the_o italian_a speech_n star_n dal_n credere_fw-la ground_v upon_o that_o maxim_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la bone_fw-la donec_fw-la contrarium_fw-la probetur_fw-la whereupon_o a_o man_n negotiate_v in_o this_o world_n must_v trust_v and_o be_v trust_v he_o that_o be_v trust_v with_o any_o good_n money_n or_o other_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v therefore_o call_v a_o debtor_n or_o debtor_n unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v trust_v he_o therewith_o and_o he_o call_v that_o party_n his_o creditor_n because_o he_o give_v he_o credit_n for_o the_o same_o whereby_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n concur_v between_o party_n and_o party_n suppose_v now_o that_o a_o young_a man_n be_v of_o age_n to_o manage_v his_o own_o be_v desirous_a to_o deal_v in_o the_o world_n in_o traffic_n and_o trade_n by_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o to_o let_v out_o his_o money_n at_o use_n or_o by_o exchange_n for_o other_o country_n unto_o which_o three_o action_n we_o still_o observe_v our_o method_n as_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n as_o often_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o thereupon_o he_o endevour_v to_o keep_v a_o true_a account_n of_o all_o his_o proceed_n and_o negotiation_n by_o way_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o have_v still_o a_o creditor_n unto_o a_o debtor_n and_o a_o debtor_n unto_o a_o creditor_n which_o must_v reciprocal_o answer_v each_o other_o now_o consider_v of_o his_o mean_n for_o the_o effect_n hereof_o he_o find_v that_o he_o have_v one_o hundred_o clothes_n two_o hundred_o kersey_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n or_o friend_n and_o moreover_o some_o thousand_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o debt_n owe_v by_o several_a person_n payable_a at_o some_o time_n to_o come_v beside_o some_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a in_o land_n or_o lease_n out_o of_o all_o these_o he_o make_v a_o stock_n or_o capital_a which_o he_o do_v enter_v into_o a_o bookâ—_n call_v a_o journal_n book_n a_o journal_n book_n because_o it_o contain_v his_o daily_a action_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o from_o this_o book_n they_o be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o into_o another_o big_a book_n call_v a_o liedger_n book_n a_o leidger_n book_n because_o the_o same_o remain_v as_o lie_v according_o in_o a_o place_n for_o that_o purpose_n the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v this_o book_n el_n libro_fw-la grande_fw-fr and_o the_o journal_n he_o call_v manual_a be_v of_o a_o far_o lesser_a volume_n common_o but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o other_o be_v manuable_a and_o unto_o this_o they_o keep_v a_o borrador_n or_o memorial_n wherein_o all_o thing_n be_v first_o enter_v book_n a_o memorial_n book_n and_o may_v upon_o occasion_n be_v blot_v alter_v or_o by_o error_n be_v miscast_v or_o not_o well_o enter_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n and_o leidger_n book_n there_o may_v not_o be_v any_o alteration_n of_o cypher_n blot_v nor_o place_n leave_v in_o blank_a in_o the_o journal_n but_o one_o parcel_n without_o intermission_n must_v follow_v another_o otherwise_o the_o book_n be_v of_o no_o credit_n in_o law_n or_o before_o any_o magistrate_n whereas_o otherwise_o much_o credit_n be_v give_v to_o book_n well_o and_o orderly_o keep_v for_o the_o decide_n and_o determination_n of_o many_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n and_o their_o factor_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v to_o write_v thereof_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n to_o the_o end_n that_o such_o judge_n and_o other_o that_o be_v unacquainted_a with_o the_o manner_n of_o it_o may_v be_v enlighten_v in_o their_o proceed_n which_o in_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v come_v before_o they_o to_o be_v determine_v the_o manner_n how_o he_o do_v enter_v they_o in_o the_o journal_n be_v as_o follow_v wherein_o observe_v that_o every_o debtor_n must_v have_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a every_o creditor_n his_o debtor_n and_o always_o the_o left_a side_n of_o your_o leidger_n book_n be_v open_a be_v the_o debtor_n side_n and_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o say_a book_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n be_v the_o creditor_n side_n journal_n how_o parcel_n be_v find_v in_o the_o leidger_n and_o journal_n wherein_o you_o enter_v every_o account_n by_o itself_o from_o the_o parcel_n of_o your_o journal_n which_o parcel_n in_o the_o say_v leidger_n book_n be_v find_v in_o the_o journal_n by_o the_o date_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n the_o leave_n or_o folio_n of_o the_o leidger_n be_v note_v over_o a_o line_n in_o the_o margin_n for_o the_o debtor_n and_o under_o the_o say_a line_n for_o the_o creditor_n and_o so_o in_o the_o leidger_n book_n every_o parcel_n have_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n a_o direction_n to_o the_o folio_n or_o carta_n as_o the_o italian_n call_v it_o whereby_o the_o debtor_n show_v his_o creditor_n and_o the_o creditor_n make_v relation_n to_o his_o debtor_n which_o word_n be_v not_o use_v but_o understand_v by_o such_o a_o one_o owe_v and_o such_o a_o one_o be_v due_a to_o have_v not_o only_o of_o person_n but_o of_o thing_n themselves_o as_o the_o great_a merchant_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v many_o commodity_n for_o themselves_o or_o for_o other_o they_o will_v arm_v a_o account_n which_o be_v the_o spanish_a phrase_n armar_n una_fw-la cuenta_fw-la but_o in_o plain_a english_a they_o will_v keep_v or_o frame_v a_o account_n for_o themselves_o magazine_n magazine_n and_o make_v their_o warehouse_n or_o magazine_n debtor_n because_o the_o warehouse_n be_v trust_v with_o the_o ware_n or_o commodity_n other_o will_v make_v the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o their_o own_o capital_a or_o stock_n creditor_n stock_n capital_a or_o stock_n in_o like_a manner_n because_o their_o money_n be_v lay_v up_o or_o lock_v in_o a_o chest_n which_o they_o call_v cash_n they_o will_v therefore_o imagine_v this_o cash_n to_o be_v a_o person_n who_o they_o have_v trust_v chest._n caâ—â—_n or_o chest._n and_o make_v the_o say_v cash_n a_o debtor_n for_o the_o money_n they_o put_v into_o it_o and_o when_o they_o pay_v out_o that_o money_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o they_o will_v make_v cash_n creditor_n and_o that_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v pay_v shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o if_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o same_o by_o your_o order_n to_o another_o party_n he_o shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o so_o the_o other_o be_v discharge_v and_o become_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o you_o come_v to_o receive_v the_o money_n again_o and_o then_o cash_n be_v debtor_n again_o for_o you_o must_v still_o have_v a_o care_n to_o find_v a_o debtor_n to_o have_v his_o creditor_n summer_n a_o â—â—rrie_a jest_n of_o will._n summer_n and_o
that_o every_o creditor_n may_v have_v his_o debtor_n it_o seem_v that_o william_n summer_n be_v a_o jester_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o have_v some_o insight_n in_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n for_o when_o the_o king_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v deliver_v a_o good_a sum_n of_o money_n unto_o a_o gentleman_n a_o follower_n of_o he_o summer_n answer_v that_o for_o do_v so_o he_o have_v note_v in_o his_o book_n that_o the_o king_n be_v a_o fool_n give_v his_o reason_n for_o it_o because_o the_o gentleman_n will_v never_o return_v back_o again_o and_o that_o the_o king_n be_v cozen_v but_o the_o king_n ask_v of_o summer_n what_o he_o will_v do_v in_o case_n the_o gentleman_n do_v return_v with_o the_o money_n whereupon_o summer_n answer_v then_o i_o will_v put_v he_o in_o my_o book_n for_o a_o fool_n and_o put_v you_o out_o sic_fw-la nugae_fw-la seria_fw-la ducunt_fw-la to_o return_v to_o our_o young_a merchant_n by_o this_o time_n he_o have_v take_v a_o inventory_n of_o his_o estate_n and_o cause_v his_o clothes_n and_o kersey_n to_o be_v value_v and_o find_v that_o the_o hundred_o clothes_n be_v worth_a some_o 1200_o will_v one_o with_o another_o and_o his_o two_o hundred_o kersey_n of_o devonshire_n 400_o will_v hereupon_o enter_v the_o year_n month_n and_o day_n in_o the_o journal_n he_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n as_o aforesaid_a magazine_n or_o warehouse_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n 1600_o will_v for_o one_o hundred_v white_a clothes_n of_o the_o mark_n follow_v creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v debtor_n and_o creditor_n amount_v to_o 1200_o will_v and_o for_o two_o hundred_o devonshire_n kersey_n at_o 40_o will_v the_o pack_n of_o twenty_o piece_n which_o of_o my_o own_o estate_n i_o find_v in_o this_o my_o warehouse_n parcel_n of_o my_o patrimony_n amount_v together_o in_o ware_n 1600_o will_v and_o this_o sum_n be_v draw_v out_o in_o the_o margin_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n in_o the_o say_a journal_n cash_n owe_v unto_o capital_a or_o stock_n you_o need_v not_o to_o say_v of_o i_o a.b._n the_o sum_n of_o 1000_o will_v for_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n which_o i_o find_v this_o day_n in_o cash_n proceed_v of_o etc._n etc._n and_o this_o sum_n be_v likewise_o draw_v out_o etc._n etc._n b._n m._n mercer_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 300_o will_v which_o he_o owe_v by_o bill_n unto_o my_o father_n decease_v payable_a in_o two_o payment_n namely_o etc._n etc._n sum_n 300_o will_v n.w._n merchant_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v for_o so_o much_o owe_v by_o he_o unto_o my_o father_n decease_v which_o be_v payable_a the_o 25_o of_o march_n next_o by_o bond_n etc._n etc._n the_o manor_n of_o latham_n in_o lancashire_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 1500_o will_v landâ—_n landâ—_n which_o be_v leave_v my_o father_n by_o descent_n from_o etc._n etc._n contain_v etc._n etc._n of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 66_o will_v now_o in_o the_o tenure_n occupation_n or_o possession_n of_o etc._n etc._n 1500_o will_v the_o lease_n of_o the_o house_n call_v the_o golden_a lion_n situate_a in_o cheapside_n in_o london_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v leasâ—â—_n leasâ—â—_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v pay_v unto_o the_o company_n of_o mercer_n for_o a_o lease_n of_o the_o say_a house_n for_o 21_o year_n with_o a_o reservation_n of_o a_o rent_n of_o 20_o will_v yearly_a to_o be_v pay_v every_o six_o month_n now_o in_o the_o occupation_n of_o a.b._n goldsmith_n pay_v i_o sixty_o pound_n yearly_a rent_n for_o the_o same_o i_o say_v cost_v i_o two_o hundred_o pound_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n owe_v unto_o capital_a 200_o will_v stuff_n household_n stuff_n for_o so_o much_o i_o have_v buy_v and_o find_v to_o be_v in_o moveable_n of_o plate_n apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n since_o my_o father_n decease_n wherewith_o i_o find_v all_o my_o estate_n to_o be_v worth_a 5000_o will_v the_o particular_n of_o which_o plate_n and_o moveable_n be_v by_o inventory_n to_o be_v see_v in_o my_o book_n of_o remembrance_n or_o memorial_n so_o for_o this_o parcel_n i_o draw_v out_o 200_o will_v here_o you_o see_v that_o this_o young_a merchant_n have_v a_o estate_n of_o 5000_o will_v to_o begin_v the_o world_n withal_o consist_v of_o the_o aforesaid_a seven_o parcel_n leidger_n transfer_v of_o parcel_n to_o the_o leidger_n these_o seven_o parcel_n now_o be_v put_v over_o into_o the_o liedger_n which_o some_o call_v post_v over_o in_o so_o many_o several_a account_n of_o seven_o debtor_n and_o there_o be_v but_o one_o to_o be_v make_v creditor_n for_o all_o these_o which_o be_v capital_a or_o stock_n which_o do_v answer_n by_o correspondence_n all_o the_o seven_o debtor_n in_o their_o proper_a account_n amount_v all_o to_o the_o sum_n of_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o debtor_n side_n and_o so_o be_v here_o 5000_o will_v on_o the_o creditor_n side_n which_o do_v balance_v the_o other_o account_n balance_v of_o account_n be_v so_o term_v of_o a_o pair_n of_o balance_n wherein_o equal_a weight_n be_v lay_v on_o every_o side_n the_o balance_n will_v be_v just_a and_o even_o and_o in_o like_a manner_n must_v all_o account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n &_o creditor_n be_v even_o balance_v whatsoever_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n be_v which_o fall_v out_o by_o calculation_n upon_o the_o account_n but_o the_o main_a balance_n of_o the_o whole_a book_n may_v not_o differ_v one_o penny_n and_o fraction_n of_o half_a penny_n and_o farthing_n be_v not_o use_v in_o journal_n parcel_n but_o account_v in_o the_o summary_n at_o the_o first_o this_o merchant_n now_o employ_v his_o money_n and_o buy_v some_o other_o commodity_n to_o be_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n namely_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o perpetuanoes_n which_o cost_v he_o ready_a money_n fifty_o shilling_n the_o piece_n more_o twenty_o father_n of_o lead_n at_o ten_o pound_n the_o father_n fifty_o piece_n of_o bay_n of_o diverse_a sort_n cost_v he_o two_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n and_o twenty_o redding_n mingle_v colour_n clothes_n amount_v in_o all_o to_o 870_o will_v journal_n enter_v of_o parcel_n in_o the_o journal_n which_o he_o pay_v in_o ready_a money_n and_o all_o these_o commodity_n he_o do_v enter_v into_o his_o journal_n in_o one_o parcel_n make_v the_o say_a magazine_n debtor_n for_o all_o and_o his_o cash_n creditor_n because_o the_o say_a cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o the_o money_n of_o one_o thousand_o pound_n â—hem_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o money_n pay_v for_o â—hem_n as_o you_o see_v before_o and_o now_o be_v make_v eight_o hundred_o and_o seventie_o pound_n creditor_n there_o be_v but_o one_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o pound_n more_o remain_v in_o cash_n the_o rest_n be_v in_o commodity_n discharge_v for_o money_n receive_v and_o a_o debtor_n partly_o discharge_v by_o this_o time_n b.m._n the_o mercer_n who_o owe_v three_o hundred_o pound_n pay_v a_o hundred_o pound_n of_o it_o now_o cash_n be_v make_v debtor_n for_o that_o one_o hundred_o pound_n and_o b.m._n be_v make_v creditor_n for_o the_o same_o so_o he_o owe_v now_o but_o two_o hundred_o pound_n and_o there_o be_v now_o in_o cash_n two_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o pound_n wealth_n substantial_a wealth_n the_o three_o existant_fw-la parcel_n by_o themselves_o for_o the_o land_n lease_n and_o the_o plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n remain_v still_o in_o the_o book_n untouched_a the_o merchant_n begin_v to_o ship_v his_o commodity_n and_o send_v his_o hundred_o white_a clothes_n for_o hamborough_n to_o a_o factor_n or_o his_o servant_n and_o pay_v the_o king_n custom_n and_o all_o charge_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o now_o he_o frame_v a_o account_n of_o those_o clothes_n intitul_a the_o same_o voyage_n to_o hamborough_n hamborough_n account_n for_o voyage_n for_o hamborough_n or_o clothes_n send_v to_o hamborough_n do_v owe_v unto_o the_o magazine_n one_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o pound_n for_o one_o hundred_v white_a clothes_n send_v for_o my_o account_n to_o such_o a_o man_n in_o such_o ship_n etc._n etc._n charge_n money_o pay_v for_o custom_n and_o charge_n then_o he_o do_v charge_v this_o account_n of_o clothes_n with_o the_o custom_n and_o charge_n he_o pay_v clothes_n send_v to_o hamborough_n do_v owe_v unto_o cash_n sixty_o pound_n for_o custom_n and_o charge_n pay_v for_o the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o memorial_n book_n appear_v for_o seville_a in_o spain_n he_o send_v the_o hundred_o piece_n of_o perpetuanoes_n which_o he_o buy_v spain_n voyage_n for_o spain_n and_o fifty_o piece_n of_o bay_n and_o twenty_o father_n of_o lead_n which_o do_v cost_v he_o 670_o will_v and_o the_o charge_n custom_n and_o imposition_n be_v fifty_o pound_n in_o toto_fw-la for_o lixborne_v in_o portugal_n he_o send_v two_o hundred_o piece_n of_o devonshire_n kersey_n portugal_n voyage_n for_o portugal_n and_o twenty_o redding_n
dignity_n and_o to_o be_v cherish_v for_o by_o they_o country_n be_v discover_v familiarity_n between_o nation_n be_v procure_v and_o politic_a experience_n be_v attain_v whereupon_o i_o have_v be_v move_v by_o long_a observation_n to_o put_v the_o worthiness_n of_o the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n in_o plain_a and_o compendious_a writing_n by_o undoubted_a principle_n familiar_a example_n and_o demonstrative_a reason_n without_o affectation_n of_o curious_a word_n more_o than_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o theme_n in_o some_o place_n do_v require_v i_o have_v entitle_v the_o book_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la and_o not_o ius_n mercatorum_fw-la because_o it_o be_v a_o customary_a law_n approve_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o all_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o a_o law_n establish_v by_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o any_o prince_n either_o in_o the_o first_o foundation_n or_o by_o continuance_n of_o time_n and_o beginning_n with_o time_n number_n weight_n and_o measure_n i_o do_v descend_v to_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n according_o by_o compare_v they_o to_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o first_o as_o the_o body_n uphold_v the_o world_n by_o commutation_n and_o barter_n of_o commodity_n until_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o be_v coin_a the_o second_o as_o the_o soul_n in_o the_o body_n do_v infuse_v life_n to_o traffic_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n the_o three_o as_o the_o spirit_n and_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v seat_v every_o where_n corroborate_v the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n direct_v and_o control_v by_o just_a proportion_n the_o price_n and_o value_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n for_o even_o as_o merchant_n be_v the_o instrumental_a cause_n of_o trade_n even_o so_o be_v the_o exchange_n for_o money_n the_o efficient_a cause_n with_o we_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o become_v predominant_a or_o overrule_a the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o aforesaid_a this_o be_v manifest_v by_o three_o paradox_n allude_v to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o commerce_n which_o for_o a_o corrollarie_n i_o have_v add_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o this_o book_n with_o such_o other_o worthy_a observation_n as_o in_o the_o first_o chapter_n be_v declare_v and_o even_o as_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o world_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n so_o be_v the_o body_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la make_v and_o frame_v of_o the_o merchant_n custom_n and_o the_o sea-lawe_n which_o be_v involue_v together_o as_o the_o sea_n and_o earth_n in_o the_o description_n whereof_o i_o have_v use_v to_o make_v repetition_n of_o the_o material_a point_n according_a as_o occasion_n do_v minister_v unto_o i_o for_o to_o make_v application_n thereof_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o the_o judicious_a reader_n which_o be_v the_o main_a scope_n that_o all_o writer_n be_v to_o regard_n and_o care_n for_o the_o mean_n whereby_o the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n happen_v between_o merchant_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n be_v end_v be_v also_o declare_v which_o most_o of_o all_o require_v brevity_n and_o expedition_n and_o have_v need_n of_o a_o peremptory_a proceed_n as_o be_v invent_v for_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n the_o due_a commendation_n whereof_o be_v add_v hereunto_o show_v also_o how_o of_o the_o same_o there_o may_v be_v make_v a_o art_n or_o science_n and_o what_o observation_n of_o other_o law_n be_v concur_v with_o we_o both_o in_o the_o strictness_n of_o law_n and_o the_o lenity_n of_o equity_n most_o consonant_a with_o the_o law-merchant_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o be_v of_o so_o great_a consequence_n that_o without_o it_o all_o temporal_a law_n be_v not_o complete_a but_o imperfect_a the_o scope_n of_o all_o therefore_o be_v that_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n may_v take_v place_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n which_o velut_fw-la ariadnae_n caecaregens_fw-la filo_fw-la vestigia_fw-la non_fw-la modo_fw-la nos_fw-la errare_fw-la non_fw-la sinit_fw-la feed_v etiam_fw-la efficit_fw-la ut_fw-la aberrantes_fw-la in_o rectam_fw-la viam_fw-la deducamur_fw-la as_o have_v be_v mention_v in_o our_o last_o treatise_n of_o the_o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n late_o publish_v conclude_v gentle_a reader_n upon_o all_o the_o premise_n handle_v as_o i_o hope_v substantial_o i_o commend_v and_o submit_v the_o same_o to_o the_o love_a entertainment_n of_o the_o profound_a and_o discern_a judgement_n of_o the_o discreet_a wise_a and_o experience_v wish_v that_o like_a matter_n set_v down_o by_o the_o pen_n of_o apollo_n they_o may_v sound_v sweet_o in_o your_o apprehension_n and_o give_v to_o your_o conceit_n most_o harmonious_a music_n pleasure_n and_o delight_n london_n the_o 25_o of_o november_n 1622._o thou_o to_o use_v always_o ready_a gerard_n malynes_n a_o table_n of_o the_o content_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n concern_v commodity_n compare_v to_o the_o body_n of_o traffic_n chapter_n pag._n 1_o a_o induction_n to_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o law-merchant_n and_o the_o antiquity_n thereof_o 1_o 2_o a_o observation_n concern_v time_n 8_o 3_o of_o number_n and_o the_o mystery_n thereof_o 17_o 4_o of_o weight_n and_o measure_n use_v in_o all_o place_n of_o the_o world_n with_o other_o observation_n 19_o 5_o of_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n 58_o 6_o a_o geometrical_a description_n of_o the_o world_n especial_o of_o europe_n measure_v by_o million_o of_o acre_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o map_n 66_o 7_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n whereby_o commerce_n be_v maintain_v 70_o 8_o of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n of_o commodity_n 83_o 9_o of_o ordinary_a buy_n and_o selling_n of_o commodity_n 91_o 10_o of_o suretyship_n and_o merchant_n promise_n 93_o 11_o of_o the_o revolution_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n 95_o 12_o of_o the_o transfer_v and_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n obligatorie_n between_o merchant_n and_o other_o 98_o 13_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n obligatorie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o in_o england_n 101_o 14_o of_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o blank_n sign_v 104_o 15_o of_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o procuration_n and_o transport_v and_o conveyance_n 106_o 16_o of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o 111_o 17_o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o sea_n law_n 119_o 18_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v in_o seafaring_a cause_n 121_o 19_o of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o contract_n 122_o 20_o of_o bank_n and_o banker_n 131_o 21_o of_o the_o freight_a of_o ship_n charterparty_n and_o bill_n of_o lade_n 134_o 22_o of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n his_o power_n and_o duty_n of_o the_o master_n to_o the_o merchant_n 142_o 23_o of_o the_o duty_n and_o privilege_n of_o marinors_n 144_o 24_o of_o the_o office_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o same_o 146_o 25_o of_o policy_n of_o assurance_n and_o the_o substance_n of_o they_o and_o of_o contribution_n 150_o 26_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o contribution_n or_o aueridge_n 157_o 27_o of_o the_o particular_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o assurance_n 159_o 28_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v for_o assurance_n in_o case_n of_o loss_n 161_o 29_o of_o shipwreck_n and_o thing_n find_v upon_o the_o sea_n 167_o 30_o of_o partner_n and_o ship_n voyage_n 169_o 31_o of_o money_n take_v upon_o bottomarie_a by_o the_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n call_v foenus_fw-la nauticum_fw-la 171_o 32_o of_o ship_n and_o navigation_n 173_o 33_o a_o abridgement_n of_o the_o imperial_a sea_n law_n of_o the_o haunce_n town_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1614_o 175_o 34_o of_o navigation_n and_o community_n of_o the_o sea_n 182_o 35_o of_o the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o the_o sea_n 185_o 36_o of_o custom_n subsidy_n and_o imposition_n pay_v upon_o commodity_n 193_o 37_o of_o merchant_n wager_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n 197_o 38_o of_o merchant_n mark_n set_v upon_o commodity_n 199_o 39_o of_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n by_o broker_n and_o by_o the_o candle_n 201_o 40_o of_o buy_v of_o commodity_n by_o condition_n term_v capiticus_n and_o sell_v thing_n upon_o casualty_n 203_o 41_o of_o divide_v of_o commodity_n by_o lot_n 205_o 42_o of_o assotiation_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n 210_o 43_o of_o merchant_n oppignoration_n 218_o 44_o of_o the_o proceed_n use_v against_o bankrupt_n 221_o 45_o of_o manufacture_n 229_o 46_o of_o
sillimanus_fw-la accursius_fw-la franciscus_n aretinus_n grisogonus_fw-la lotharius_n julianus_n and_o diverse_a other_o doctor_n and_o learned_a of_o the_o civil_a law_n have_v make_v many_o long_a discourse_n and_o volume_n of_o book_n of_o the_o questionable_a matter_n fall_v out_o among_o merchant_n for_o and_o concern_v merchandise_n law-merchant_n book_n case_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n which_o be_v yearly_a observation_n or_o book_n case_n and_o precedent_n by_o the_o read_n whereof_o merchant_n be_v like_o rather_o to_o metamorphize_v their_o procession_n and_o become_v lawyer_n than_o true_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o particular_a knowledge_n of_o the_o say_a custom_n or_o law-merchant_n for_o they_o have_v arm_v question_n and_o disputation_n full_a of_o quillet_n and_o distinction_n overcurious_a and_o precise_a and_o many_o of_o they_o to_o small_a purpose_n full_a of_o apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la be_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la what_o they_o be_v which_o themselves_o have_v note_v to_o be_v subtlety_n say_v apicis_fw-la iuris_fw-la sâ—nt_fw-la quae_fw-la subtilitatem_fw-la quandam_fw-la respiciunt_fw-la magis_fw-la quam_fw-la facti_fw-la veritaetem_fw-la they_o do_v more_o regard_n certain_a subtlety_n than_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o fact_n or_o matter_n as_o for_o example_n to_o define_v quid_fw-la sâ—â—_n mercator_fw-la what_o a_o merchant_n be_v quidue_fw-la mercatura_fw-la what_o merchandise_v be_v whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o do_v once_o buy_v and_o sell_v wherher_n merchandise_v and_o negotiate_v be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o whether_o a_o usurer_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o sell_v by_o retail_v shall_v be_v call_v merchandise_v whether_o a_o clergy_n man_n or_o a_o gentleman_n deal_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v shall_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n in_o any_o controversy_n wherein_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v like_o a_o usurer_n whether_o a_o man_n buy_v commodity_n in_o groâ—â—e_n and_o work_v the_o same_o out_o again_o into_o other_o thing_n to_o be_v vent_v by_o a_o ordinary_a course_n of_o traffic_n be_v a_o merchant_n artificer_n or_o tradesman_n whether_o a_o seller_n of_o horse_n may_v be_v call_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o shopkeeper_n trade_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o at_o home_n be_v a_o merchant_n whether_o a_o merchant_n shall_v be_v call_v to_o be_v a_o merchant_n of_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n that_o deal_v for_o diverse_a sort_n of_o merchandise_n or_o ware_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n that_o deal_v not_o for_o himself_o but_o other_o negotiate_v for_o he_o or_o whether_o a_o young_a man_n dwell_v with_o a_o merchant_n may_v be_v a_o merchant_n and_o other_o the_o like_a question_n which_o i_o hold_v to_o be_v unnecessary_a to_o trouble_v merchant_n brain_n withal_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v note_v merchant_n definition_n of_o a_o merchant_n for_o he_o that_o continual_o deal_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o by_o way_n of_o permutation_n of_o ware_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o in_o foreign_a part_n be_v a_o merchant_n next_o in_o order_n maiâ—ris_n conditis_fw-la numeri_fw-la pâ—tioris_fw-la 〈◊〉_d maiâ—ris_n the_o condition_n and_o property_n which_o a_o merchant_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v namely_o to_o be_v without_o fraud_n and_o deceit_n in_o his_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n and_o to_o keep_v faith_n with_o all_o man_n hereupon_o question_n be_v make_v whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v traffic_v with_o turk_n heathen_n barbarian_n and_o infidel_n and_o perform_v promise_n with_o they_o whether_o a_o merchant_n may_v sell_v his_o commodity_n as_o dear_a as_o he_o can_v without_o respect_n of_o person_n whether_o he_o may_v use_v lie_v as_o be_v officious_a in_o the_o sell_n of_o commodity_n emptor_n caveat_n emptor_n whether_o he_o may_v be_v crafty_a without_o deceit_n whether_o learning_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o merchant_n whether_o he_o may_v deal_v in_o prohibit_v commodity_n at_o his_o peril_n whether_o a_o merchant_n buy_v commodity_n and_o sell_v they_o better_a cheap_a than_o they_o cost_v he_o shall_v be_v hold_v in_o suspicion_n to_o be_v near_o decay_v and_o the_o like_a of_o he_o that_o take_v up_o much_o money_n at_o interest_n merchant_n the_o continuance_n of_o a_o merchant_n the_o say_a civilians_n have_v also_o determine_v how_o long_o a_o merchant_n be_v to_o be_v so_o call_v which_o be_v either_o when_o he_o break_v or_o give_v over_o to_o deal_v in_o merchandise_n or_o when_o he_o be_v prohibit_v to_o deal_v for_o offence_n commit_v and_o hereunto_o they_o add_v a_o declaration_n of_o such_o as_o may_v trade_v and_o by_o the_o contrary_a thereof_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v who_o may_v not_o trade_n merchant_n person_n exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n viz._n clergy_n man_n nobleman_n gentleman_n soldier_n counsellor_n at_o the_o law_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a public_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n frantic_a person_n and_o mad_a man_n youth_n under_o year_n orphan_n lunatics_n and_o fool_n all_o these_o be_v exempt_v to_o be_v merchant_n but_o son_n and_o servant_n may_v deal_v in_o merchandise_n with_o their_o father_n and_o master_n trade_n what_o merchandise_n be_v fit_a for_o trade_n last_o they_o have_v observe_v that_o merchandise_n be_v proper_o to_o be_v make_v of_o all_o movable_a thing_n except_v holy_a thing_n and_o prohibit_v ware_n or_o munition_n to_o be_v carry_v unto_o infidel_n or_o enemy_n all_o which_o determination_n can_v give_v but_o little_a satisfaction_n to_o instruct_v merchant_n fold_n merchandise_n two_o fold_n plato_n say_v that_o merchandise_n be_v two_o fold_n namely_o ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la of_o thing_n for_o the_o back_n and_o for_o the_o belly_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o body_n of_o man_n and_o of_o thing_n concern_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n as_o learn_v of_o music_n and_o other_o art_n buy_v for_o money_n and_o sell_v again_o to_o other_o for_o money_n and_o this_o distinction_n be_v in_o regard_n of_o man_n but_o far_o from_o that_o matter_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n which_o be_v comprehend_v under_o commutative_a justice_n whereof_o cicero_n speak_v let_v we_o therefore_o set_v down_o what_o a_o complete_a merchant_n ought_v to_o know_v concern_v the_o course_n of_o merchandise_v and_o withal_o declare_v the_o method_n observe_v in_o this_o book_n of_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n book_n the_o method_n of_o this_o book_n 1._o a_o merchant_n ought_v first_o to_o know_v the_o science_n of_o arithmetic_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o day_n and_o time_n in_o all_o his_o negotiation_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o year_n in_o all_o country_n and_o to_o calculate_v all_o thing_n orderly_o 2._o the_o several_a weight_n and_o measure_n of_o all_o country_n concern_v all_o commodity_n and_o the_o correspondence_n of_o they_o that_o there_o may_v be_v to_o he_o in_o effect_n but_o unum_fw-la pondus_fw-la &_o una_fw-la mensura_fw-la that_o be_v one_o weight_n and_o one_o measure_n 3._o the_o science_n of_o geometry_n and_o some_o inspection_n of_o cosmography_n and_o the_o mathematics_n thereby_o to_o know_v the_o situation_n of_o country_n with_o their_o distance_n and_o spaciousness_n and_o the_o distinct_a dominion_n of_o prince_n by_o land_n and_o by_o sea_n with_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o duty_n for_o fish_v and_o otherwise_o 4._o to_o know_v the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n under_o which_o all_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v perform_v in_o all_o country_n or_o by_o some_o of_o they_o because_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o commerce_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n receive_v and_o pay_v of_o money_n and_o deliver_v and_o take_v of_o money_n by_o exchange_n with_o their_o adjunct_n and_o accident_n in_o the_o say_a course_n of_o traffic_n 5._o to_o know_v also_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o principal_a commodity_n of_o all_o country_n either_o superficial_o for_o colour_n and_o beauty_n or_o substantial_o for_o quality_n and_o use_n as_o also_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n with_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o exchange_n make_v by_o bill_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n invent_v to_o make_v exchange_n between_o country_n and_o country_n 6._o the_o custom_n use_v in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n for_o money_n or_o bill_n obligatorie_n or_o by_o way_n of_o commutation_n or_o barter_n 7._o the_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o interest_n or_o upon_o botomary_a or_o upon_o life_n annuity_n or_o pension_n in_o nature_n of_o rent_n etc._n etc._n 8._o the_o freight_a and_o set_v forth_o of_o ship_n make_v of_o charter-party_n bill_n of_o lade_n invoice_n and_o covenant_n and_o contract_n as_o also_o the_o sea_n law_n to_o decide_v all_o question_n and_o controversy_n which_o fall_v out_o between_o merchant_n and_o
mariner_n and_o owner_n of_o ship_n 9_o the_o custom_n subsidy_n imposition_n tribute_n and_o toll_v pay_v upon_o all_o the_o commodity_n import_v and_o export_v within_o the_o dominion_n of_o all_o prince_n 10._o the_o manner_n of_o make_v of_o assurance_n upon_o good_n ship_n the_o person_n of_o man_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n adventure_v by_o sea_n or_o by_o land_n and_o the_o custom_n observe_v therein_o between_o nation_n and_o nation_n 11._o the_o keep_n of_o merchant_n account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n and_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n whereby_o the_o say_v book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v 12._o the_o authority_n and_o proceed_n of_o merchant_n court_n or_o prior_n and_o consul_n to_o decide_v their_o difference_n according_a to_o equity_n in_o place_n where_o they_o be_v keep_v or_o any_o other_o law_n imperial_a or_o common_a to_o some_o country_n whereby_o merchant_n controversy_n be_v determine_v with_o the_o course_n of_o attachment_n and_o sequestration_n or_o execution_n and_o final_a determination_n by_o arbitrator_n or_o judicial_a decree_n in_o any_o chancery_n or_o court_n of_o equity_n all_o these_o make_v the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n have_v never_o be_v write_v by_o any_o civilian_n or_o philosopher_n merchant_n the_o customary_a law_n of_o merchant_n nor_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v of_o any_o author_n as_o be_v convenient_a for_o merchant_n whereupon_o i_o have_v with_o god_n assistance_n resolve_v to_o handle_v the_o same_o compendious_o and_o substantial_o in_o this_o book_n upon_o fifty_o year_n observation_n knowledge_n and_o experience_n and_o albeit_o that_o the_o sea_n law_n be_v comprehend_v therein_o whereby_o the_o proceed_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v promiscuous_o handle_v nevertheless_o the_o method_n be_v follow_v as_o near_o as_o the_o matter_n can_v afford_v according_a to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n or_o the_o three_o simple_n of_o commodity_n money_n and_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o may_v appear_v and_o this_o law_n of_o merchant_n hitherto_o observe_v in_o all_o country_n aught_o in_o regard_n of_o commerce_n to_o be_v esteem_v and_o hold_v in_o reputation_n as_o the_o law_n of_o twelve_o table_n be_v among_o the_o roman_n for_o herein_o you_o shall_v find_v every_o thing_n build_v upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o reason_n and_o justice_n and_o know_v the_o foresay_a twelve_o point_n you_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o please_v your_o own_o mind_n and_o give_v satisfaction_n of_o your_o sufficiency_n to_o other_o for_o the_o say_n be_v true_a melius_fw-la est_fw-la civitatem_fw-la ab_fw-la optima_fw-la lege_fw-la quam_fw-la ab_fw-la optimo_fw-la viro_fw-la gubernari_fw-la it_o be_v better_a to_o govern_v a_o city_n by_o a_o good_a law_n than_o by_o a_o good_a man_n and_o it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o man_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o reason_n than_o by_o his_o own_o reason_n to_o seek_v to_o rule_v other_o final_o to_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o learned_a and_o judicious_a i_o have_v abstract_v the_o observation_n of_o the_o learned_a in_o the_o civil_a law_n upon_o all_o the_o precedent_a point_n and_o add_v they_o unto_o the_o follow_a chapter_n distinct_o from_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n use_v the_o ordinary_a name_n of_o civilians_n in_o general_a without_o name_v any_o particular_a author_n to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n and_o uncertainty_n in_o the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n according_a to_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n chap._n ii_o a_o observation_n concern_v time_n all_o man_n of_o judgement_n and_o understanding_n do_v know_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o necessary_a for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o history_n and_o diverse_a estate_n of_o the_o world_n than_o the_o observation_n of_o time_n without_o which_o great_a obscurity_n and_o error_n will_v be_v find_v in_o the_o action_n of_o man_n aswell_o in_o matter_n of_o religion_n as_o in_o civil_a government_n where_o merchant_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n have_v the_o manage_n and_o dispose_n of_o the_o wealth_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n so_o that_o it_o behove_v they_o to_o observe_v the_o year_n month_n week_n time_n merchant_n be_v to_o observe_v time_n and_o day_n and_o sometime_o the_o hour_n of_o their_o negotiation_n with_o the_o course_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o the_o ebb_a and_o flow_v of_o water_n the_o variation_n of_o wind_n and_o alteration_n of_o weather_n for_o storm_n at_o the_o sea_n and_o unseasonable_a time_n on_o land_n whereby_o the_o harvest_n do_v fail_v and_o commodity_n become_v to_o be_v plentiful_a or_o scarce_o and_o the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a with_o many_o other_o consideration_n incident_a in_o the_o course_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n and_o in_o receive_v and_o pay_v of_o money_n to_o make_v a_o definition_n of_o time_n will_v in_o one_o respect_n be_v very_o difficult_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o time_n be_v inseparable_o conjoin_v with_o eternity_n but_o if_o we_o observe_v the_o attribute_n of_o time_n and_o do_v distinguish_v thing_n orderly_o we_o shall_v easy_o perceive_v what_o time_n be_v and_o make_v use_v thereof_o time_n the_o attribute_n of_o time_n time_n be_v the_o consumer_n of_o all_o thing_n tempus_fw-la edax_fw-la rerum_fw-la time_n be_v the_o discoverer_n of_o all_o thing_n veritas_fw-la filia_fw-la temporis_fw-la time_n be_v uncertain_a and_o want_v bound_n tempora_fw-la mutantur_fw-la etc._n etc._n time_n minute_n past_a no_o treasure_n can_v restore_v irrevocabile_fw-la tempus_fw-la time_n do_v pierce_v the_o hard_a flint_n gutta_n cavat_fw-la lapidem_fw-la non_fw-la vi_fw-la sed_fw-la sepe_fw-la cadendo_fw-la time_n have_v a_o salve_n for_o all_o extremity_n and_o yet_o beget_v usury_n time_n office_n be_v to_o end_v the_o hate_n of_o foe_n time_n glory_n be_v to_o calm_v contend_v king_n time_n be_v a_o tutor_n both_o to_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o do_v discover_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o mind_n time_n offer_v still_o each_o hour_n to_o do_v amiss_o time_n breed_v grief_n and_o heal_v when_o art_n do_v fail_v by_o time_n and_o wisdom_n passion_n be_v suppress_v in_o time_n small_a wedge_n cleave_v the_o hard_a oak_n time_n be_v the_o anchor_n both_o of_o truth_n and_o right_n time_n have_v set_v down_o the_o compass_n of_o his_o course_n time_n motion_n do_v equal_a the_o reel_a sun_n time_n measure_v our_o action_n time_n be_v the_o best_a governor_n of_o all_o our_o counsel_n time_n on_o the_o weary_a wretch_n bestow_v rest_n both_o life_n and_o love_n in_o time_n must_v have_v a_o end_n many_o more_o attribute_n may_v be_v bestow_v upon_o time_n but_o we_o shall_v find_v upon_o due_a consideration_n that_o time_n be_v but_o a_o distinction_n and_o measure_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o between_o all_o thing_n concern_v the_o revolution_n of_o time_n let_v we_o 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many_o thousand_o pound_n in_o that_o place_n or_o thereabouts_o that_o he_o will_v either_o procure_v he_o the_o same_o or_o pass_v his_o promise_n bill_n or_o bond_n for_o it_o and_o he_o will_v provide_v he_o the_o money_n or_o pay_v he_o by_o exchange_n or_o give_v he_o such_o satisfaction_n as_o he_o shall_v require_v the_o party_n to_o who_o this_o letter_n be_v direct_v will_n according_o do_v his_o endeavour_n and_o perform_v the_o request_n of_o the_o other_o and_o keep_v the_o letter_n for_o his_o assurance_n or_o security_n and_o what_o he_o do_v thereupon_o undertake_v be_v make_v apparent_a by_o such_o write_n or_o evidence_n as_o he_o take_v of_o the_o say_a bearer_n of_o the_o letter_n that_o thereupon_o he_o may_v be_v well_o deal_v withal_o according_o but_o if_o it_o shall_v fall_v out_o that_o for_o some_o know_a cause_n to_o this_o party_n he_o do_v not_o accomplish_v his_o request_n contain_v in_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n then_o the_o bearer_n of_o the_o same_o keep_v the_o say_a letter_n and_o return_v they_o unto_o the_o giver_n without_o any_o other_o proceed_v credit_n protest_v for_o the_o non-performance_n of_o letter_n of_o credit_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o case_n where_o this_o party_n be_v a_o debtor_n to_o he_o that_o give_v the_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o then_o he_o must_v take_v witness_n of_o it_o and_o with_o a_o scrivener_n or_o notary_n make_v a_o protest_v against_o he_o protest_v to_o recover_v of_o he_o by_o all_o lawful_a and_o convenient_a mean_n all_o the_o damage_n charge_n and_o interest_n which_o he_o or_o any_o other_o shall_v sustain_v thereby_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o nonperformance_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n and_o that_o in_o time_n and_o place_n as_o occasion_n shall_v serve_v which_o protest_v be_v a_o sufficient_a means_n among_o merchant_n and_o before_o any_o judge_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n to_o recover_v the_o same_o upon_o proof_n at_o all_o time_n according_o but_o if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o these_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v direct_v do_v make_v a_o reasonable_a answer_n for_o his_o excuse_n and_o require_v the_o scrivener_n to_o put_v down_o the_o same_o in_o the_o act_n or_o instrument_n of_o the_o say_v protest_v then_o be_v the_o cause_n consider_v withal_o and_o the_o loss_n and_o damage_n may_v fall_v upon_o another_o for_o if_o the_o giver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n be_v a_o debtor_n to_o the_o other_o that_o do_v receive_v they_o to_o be_v pay_v by_o they_o either_o by_o commodity_n to_o be_v buy_v or_o money_n to_o be_v take_v up_o as_o aforesaid_a then_o the_o say_v protest_v may_v serve_v the_o receiver_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n to_o recover_v his_o damage_n of_o he_o that_o give_v he_o the_o same_o wherein_o the_o magistrate_n will_v have_v a_o great_a consideration_n as_o a_o matter_n whereby_o the_o commerce_n be_v interrupt_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o man_n must_v be_v advise_v on_o the_o other_o side_n not_o to_o be_v too_o rash_a to_o affirm_v the_o goodness_n or_o sufficiency_n of_o another_o man_n estate_n credit_n or_o reputation_n whereby_o a_o three_o man_n become_v a_o loser_n loss_n be_v the_o great_a hinderer_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n the_o civilians_n therefore_o have_v a_o title_n in_o their_o law_n which_o be_v strict_o observe_v as_o you_o shall_v understand_v hereafter_o the_o sign_v of_o blank_n be_v also_o a_o custom_n among_o merchant_n whereby_o they_o strengthen_v the_o credit_n of_o their_o factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o like_a occasion_n which_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a confidence_n merchant_n great_a confidence_n among_o merchant_n consider_v the_o easy_a transfer_v of_o bâ—lles_n already_o speak_v of_o for_o a_o merchant_n set_v his_o name_n to_o a_o blank_a paper_n his_o factor_n or_o servant_n have_v a_o ability_n to_o wrong_v his_o master_n many_o way_n therefore_o such_o as_o be_v provident_a do_v restrain_v that_o power_n by_o certain_a covenant_n or_o declaration_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o be_v know_v unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v make_v use_n of_o the_o say_a blank_n may_v become_v scrupelous_a thereupon_o to_o be_v well_o deal_v withal_o howsoever_o we_o see_v what_o honest_a and_o plain_a deal_n be_v use_v among_o merchant_n and_o what_o adventure_n they_o bear_v to_o compass_v their_o business_n a_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n will_v send_v his_o servant_n at_o amsterdam_n to_o buy_v he_o 500_o last_v of_o corn_n upon_o advice_n he_o have_v that_o corn_n be_v spoil_v or_o the_o harvest_n fail_v in_o spain_n portugal_n and_o other_o place_n and_o because_o he_o be_v uncertain_a what_o his_o servant_n can_v effect_v doubt_v that_o other_o man_n may_v have_v the_o like_a advice_n and_o prevent_v he_o he_o deliver_v blank_a paper_n by_o he_o subscribe_v with_o order_n to_o his_o say_a servant_n that_o he_o shall_v upon_o such_o a_o occasion_n write_v his_o letter_n upon_o the_o say_a paper_n to_o such_o a_o man_n his_o factor_n at_o dansicke_a in_o the_o east_n country_n to_o buy_v for_o he_o the_o quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o he_o can_v buy_v at_o amsterdam_n and_o shall_v date_n the_o letter_n as_o if_o himself_o have_v write_v the_o same_o the_o factor_n of_o dansicke_a do_v present_o perform_v the_o commission_n give_v he_o and_o so_o the_o business_n be_v accomplish_v complished_a but_o in_o this_o the_o confidence_n may_v be_v as_o great_a as_o in_o the_o make_n of_o bill_n obligatory_a and_o yet_o the_o adventure_n far_o inferior_a thereunto_o for_o upon_o these_o blank_n there_o be_v a_o addition_n to_o the_o name_n or_o a_o precedence_n in_o word_n namely_o your_o love_a friend_n a._n b._n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v impertinent_a and_o not_o to_o be_v use_v in_o bill_n
public_a servant_n a_o wager_n upon_o a_o son_n or_o a_o daughter_n to_o be_v bear_v be_v good_a in_o law_n and_o if_o it_o be_v a_o hermaphrodite_n of_o both_o sex_n than_o judgement_n be_v give_v according_a as_o the_o natural_a inclination_n shall_v be_v find_v to_o be_v more_o masculine_a or_o feminine_a wager_n ambiguity_n or_o equivocation_n in_o wager_n and_o in_o all_o wager_n wherein_o ambiguity_n or_o equivocation_n do_v happen_v there_o must_v be_v a_o natural_a moderation_n in_o the_o construction_n of_o they_o for_o a_o evil_a custom_n lose_v her_o name_n and_o become_v usurpation_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v if_o any_o man_n by_o the_o inducement_n or_o fraud_n of_o a_o three_o person_n lie_v a_o wager_n that_o such_o a_o woman_n shall_v be_v deliver_v of_o a_o son_n when_o she_o be_v already_o deliver_v the_o wager_n be_v not_o to_o be_v allow_v and_o if_o the_o midwife_n be_v partaker_n herein_o they_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v and_o incur_fw-la crimen_fw-la stellionatus_fw-la if_o one_o lay_v a_o wager_n to_o run_v with_o another_o and_o afterward_o do_v refuse_v to_o run_v he_o may_v be_v compel_v thereunto_o or_o the_o stake_n be_v lose_v for_o he_o commit_v no_o deceit_n which_o prevent_v a_o fraud_n the_o captation_n or_o advantage_n take_v upon_o word_n ought_v therefore_o to_o be_v exclude_v and_o wager_n be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o plain_a term_n and_o to_o be_v construe_v according_o fallere_fw-la fallentem_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la fraus_fw-la wager_n between_o merchant_n be_v many_o time_n more_o do_v for_o sport_n and_o recreation_n than_o for_o gain_v for_o over_o great_a wager_n be_v against_o good_a manner_n and_o may_v concern_v a_o merchant_n much_o in_o reputation_n and_o credit_n more_o than_o the_o play_n for_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n which_o many_o time_n merchant_n do_v use_v with_o the_o observation_n of_o a_o convenient_a time_n and_o as_o the_o proverb_n be_v with_o good_a fortune_n otherwise_o the_o end_n of_o it_o be_v dangerous_a for_o as_o nature_n produce_v all_o thing_n in_o due_a time_n so_o be_v moderation_n require_v in_o all_o action_n chap._n xxxviii_o of_o merchant_n mark_v set_v upon_o commodity_n the_o mark_v of_o merchant_n commodity_n either_o pack_v up_o in_o bundle_n truss_n case_n coffer_n or_o pack_n be_v of_o great_a importance_n for_o not_o only_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n but_o also_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o property_n of_o the_o good_n and_o merchandise_n be_v adjudge_v to_o he_o by_o who_o mark_n they_o be_v mark_v or_o seal_v it_o be_v dangerous_a therefore_o to_o use_v another_o man_n mark_n as_o many_o time_n merchant_n do_v in_o time_n of_o war_n when_o they_o lend_v their_o name_n and_o mark_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o their_o good_n between_o two_o or_o more_o contend_v prince_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n every_o merchant_n be_v to_o set_v down_o his_o mark_n upon_o his_o book_n of_o account_n wherewith_o his_o commodity_n be_v mark_v account_n merchant_n mark_n to_o be_v set_v upon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o a_o company_n or_o society_n of_o merchant_n do_v agree_v upon_o a_o mark_n the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v set_v upon_o the_o book_n of_o that_o society_n and_o if_o that_o company_n do_v dissolve_v the_o say_a mark_n may_v remain_v with_o the_o most_o ancient_a of_o that_o partnership_n by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n whereof_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o admiralty_n take_v notice_n in_o their_o judicature_n and_o especial_o the_o merchant_n court_n of_o consulate_a and_o if_o the_o mark_n of_o one_o of_o the_o partenership_n be_v use_v for_o all_o the_o same_o upon_o dissolution_n of_o that_o partenership_n be_v to_o return_v to_o the_o say_a party_n and_o no_o man_n be_v to_o use_v another_o merchant_n mark_n without_o especial_a leave_n have_v and_o obtain_v of_o the_o party_n who_o mark_n it_o be_v for_o even_o as_o merchant_n do_v sail_v between_o the_o two_o dangerous_a rock_n of_o scylla_n and_o charybdis_n in_o their_o course_n of_o traffic_n when_o prince_n be_v at_o variance_n so_o be_v the_o danger_n to_o use_v another_o merchant_n mark_n without_o leave_n because_o the_o party_n owner_n of_o the_o say_a mark_n be_v to_o defend_v the_o say_v good_n if_o they_o be_v take_v or_o to_o countenance_v the_o pursuer_n of_o the_o suit_n in_o law_n for_o they_o etc._n danger_n to_o use_v another_o man_n mark_n etc._n etc._n as_o far_o as_o they_o in_o reason_n may_v require_v otherwise_o the_o say_a good_n may_v be_v lose_v as_o soon_o as_o take_v for_o as_o ship_n be_v know_v by_o their_o flag_n and_o so_o take_v to_o be_v at_o the_o sea_n so_o be_v merchant_n good_n mark_v with_o another_o man_n mark_n to_o be_v that_o man_n good_n although_o it_o be_v not_o and_o will_v be_v so_o adjudge_v in_o the_o court_n of_o any_o admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n experience_n have_v prove_v the_o same_o by_o two_o notable_a example_n worthy_a the_o observation_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o or_o thereabouts_o robert_n lord_n dudley_n earl_n of_o leicester_n be_v a_o adventurer_n for_o barbary_n where_o he_o send_v some_o commodity_n by_o way_n of_o commerce_n unto_o a_o certain_a factor_n that_o do_v deal_v for_o diverse_a other_o merchant_n there_o to_o be_v sell_v for_o his_o account_n and_o to_o make_v return_n unto_o he_o of_o the_o provenue_n thereof_o in_o sugar_n and_o other_o commodity_n the_o factor_n have_v sell_v some_o of_o the_o say_a good_n consider_v the_o number_n of_o man_n of_o war_n which_o be_v then_o at_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o say_a earl_n think_v good_a that_o all_o the_o chest_n of_o sugar_n and_o other_o commodity_n which_o he_o send_v home_o to_o all_o his_o master_n in_o a_o certain_a ship_n staff_n the_o bear_n and_o ragged_a staff_n shall_v be_v mark_v with_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n mark_n albeit_o the_o least_o part_n do_v appertain_v unto_o he_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o most_o part_n of_o his_o good_n be_v yet_o unsold_a in_o barbary_n the_o ship_n arrive_v within_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n no_o soon_o be_v the_o letter_n deliver_v but_o the_o earl_n lay_v claim_v to_o all_o the_o say_v good_n pretend_v the_o same_o to_o be_v his_o because_o of_o his_o mark_n hereupon_o the_o civilians_n be_v of_o his_o side_n for_o the_o point_n of_o law_n and_o the_o merchant_n be_v compel_v to_o make_v their_o best_a composition_n with_o he_o as_o they_o can_v agree_v and_o the_o earl_n lose_v nothing_o thereby_o howsoever_o they_o speed_v in_o the_o year_n 1597_o one_o john_n the_o bassadonna_n the_o son_n of_o one_o of_o the_o magnifico_n of_o venice_n then_o resident_a in_o london_n have_v a_o certain_a ship_n which_o be_v freight_v for_o lixborne_n and_o so_o to_o go_v for_o venice_n according_a as_o the_o master_n thereof_o be_v bind_v by_o a_o charterpartie_n of_o fraightment_n and_o in_o both_o place_n to_o take_v in_o all_o such_o commodity_n and_o merchandise_n as_o the_o merchant_n shall_v lade_v or_o cause_v the_o say_a ship_n to_o be_v lade_v withal_o and_o to_o be_v discharge_v at_o venice_n with_o the_o usual_a condition_n of_o sea-lawe_n flag_n the_o venetian_a flag_n this_o ship_n bear_v the_o venetian_a flag_n of_o the_o lion_n of_o s._n mark_v be_v well_o receive_v and_o welcome_a at_o lixborn_n and_o every_o man_n be_v willing_a to_o lade_v therein_o his_o good_n for_o venice_n nevertheless_o some_o portugall_n consider_v the_o dangerous_a time_n of_o war_n do_v borrow_v the_o name_n of_o italian_n and_o their_o mark_n also_o and_o cause_v their_o good_n to_o be_v lade_v as_o appertain_v to_o the_o say_a italian_n and_o make_v the_o bill_n of_o lade_n and_o their_o letter_n according_o other_o portugal_n be_v not_o so_o provident_a but_o do_v lade_v their_o good_n in_o their_o own_o name_n whereupon_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v sure_a of_o the_o one_o and_o suspicious_a of_o the_o other_o resolve_v to_o come_v with_o all_o the_o say_v good_n first_o for_o england_n to_o take_v advice_n whether_o this_o be_v a_o lawful_a prize_n or_o not_o and_o be_v arrive_v at_o plymouth_n send_v up_o to_o know_v the_o lord_n of_o the_o council_n their_o pleasure_n so_o the_o matter_n come_v in_o question_n with_o the_o say_a bassadonna_n and_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n and_o diverse_a civilians_n where_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o flag_n be_v much_o respect_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o seignory_n of_o venice_n as_o matter_n of_o state_n and_o the_o principal_a good_n lade_v and_o mark_v in_o the_o name_n of_o italian_n be_v adjudge_v clear_a by_o the_o law_n but_o the_o other_o good_n lade_v and_o mark_v with_o their_o own_o mark_n be_v take_v for_o good_a prize_n so_o
for_o merchant_n credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o that_o merchant_n which_o in_o the_o storm_n of_o adversity_n show_v to_o be_v a_o good_a pilot_n deserve_v great_a commendation_n of_o the_o care_n and_o endeavour_n which_o he_o use_v to_o prevent_v the_o shipwreck_n of_o his_o reputation_n and_o credit_n especial_o with_o a_o good_a conscience_n which_o will_v be_v unto_o he_o a_o continual_a feast_n although_o the_o sea_n be_v turbulent_a for_o he_o be_v arm_v with_o patience_n and_o not_o destitute_a of_o comfort_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a those_o that_o like_a coward_n become_v careless_a of_o their_o credit_n or_o be_v of_o a_o evil_a disposition_n seek_v to_o defraud_v their_o creditor_n and_o to_o enrich_v themselves_o by_o their_o break_n pay_v little_a or_o nothing_o they_o do_v not_o only_o deserve_v a_o name_n of_o defamation_n but_o aught_o to_o be_v meet_v withal_o by_o some_o severe_a punishment_n by_o the_o law_n bankrupt_n severepunishment_n of_o bankrupt_n it_o be_v not_o long_o since_o namely_o in_o the_o year_n 1602_o that_o there_o be_v a_o merchant_n at_o rouen_n in_o france_n who_o together_o with_o his_o son_n and_o a_o broker_n have_v confederated_a to_o buy_v great_a store_n of_o merchandise_n upon_o their_o credit_n of_o purpose_n to_o break_v and_o to_o enrich_v themselves_o which_o be_v know_v make_v they_o to_o be_v apprehend_v and_o the_o court_n of_o edict_n do_v proceed_v criminal_o against_o they_o as_o thief_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n whereof_o they_o be_v also_o convict_v and_o all_o three_o of_o they_o hang_v in_o the_o market_n place_n observe_v that_o the_o reprehensive_a proverb_n that_o veniam_fw-la coruos_fw-la vexat_fw-la censura_fw-la columbas_fw-la be_v to_o be_v remember_v to_o punish_v the_o small_a theft_n or_o little_a thief_n and_o to_o suffer_v the_o great_a thief_n to_o escape_v which_o be_v unreasonable_a bankrupt_n the_o statute_n against_o bankrupt_n the_o statute_n of_o bankrupt_n make_v and_o provide_v by_o our_o law_n against_o merchant_n and_o citizen_n only_o be_v do_v to_o a_o very_a good_a intent_n if_o it_o be_v execute_v according_o with_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o person_n and_o their_o behaviour_n but_o some_o can_v prevent_v the_o mean_n of_o sue_v forth_o the_o same_o and_o so_o break_v the_o strength_n of_o it_o as_o easy_o as_o a_o spider_n web_n while_o plain_o deal_v man_n be_v lay_v hold_v of_o that_o have_v a_o honest_a intention_n to_o pay_v every_o man_n according_a to_o their_o ability_n present_a or_o future_a as_o god_n shall_v enable_v they_o for_o ultra_fw-la posse_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la esse_fw-la but_o these_o well_o mean_v man_n be_v oftentimes_o hinder_v to_o perform_v their_o honest_a intention_n by_o the_o hard_a and_o obstinate_a deal_n of_o some_o of_o their_o creditor_n to_o the_o utter_a overthrow_n of_o they_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o the_o general_a loss_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o creditor_n these_o man_n therefore_o be_v to_o be_v overrule_v by_o the_o lord_n chaunceller_n who_o may_v compel_v they_o to_o be_v conformable_a with_o the_o other_o creditor_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o other_o country_n and_o there_o have_v be_v in_o time_n past_a during_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n prisoner_n commission_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o prisoner_n a_o commission_n grant_v under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o distress_a prisoner_n in_o the_o prison_n of_o the_o fleet_n and_o the_o king_n bench_n which_o commission_n if_o it_o be_v renew_v for_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o one_o and_o find_v out_o of_o the_o other_o will_v work_v much_o charity_n and_o contentment_n to_o the_o subject_n howbeit_o to_o prevent_v these_o extreme_n be_v more_o commendable_a for_o many_o merchant_n and_o shopkeeper_n do_v flourish_v and_o become_v rich_a again_o if_o their_o creditor_n be_v favourable_a unto_o they_o and_o do_v pay_v every_o man_n to_o the_o full_a therefore_o be_v the_o letter_n of_o licenses_n devise_v among_o merchant_n debtor_n letter_n of_o licence_n give_v to_o debtor_n which_o be_v as_o a_o passport_n for_o the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o the_o debtor_n give_v by_o the_o creditor_n by_o way_n of_o covenant_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o for_o and_o during_o such_o a_o time_n or_o term_n of_o year_n trouble_v or_o molest_v the_o person_n and_o good_n of_o the_o say_a debtor_n nor_o cause_n to_o be_v molest_v arrest_v or_o trouble_v upon_o pain_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o say_a debt_n to_o be_v plead_v in_o bar_n against_o they_o for_o ever_o as_o a_o full_a payment_n of_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a encouragement_n and_o to_o retain_v man_n in_o their_o duty_n the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n concur_v with_o the_o course_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n herein_o credit_n restauration_n of_o credit_n do_v make_v a_o restauration_n of_o credit_n to_o those_o that_o pay_v their_o debt_n to_o the_o full_a notwithstanding_o their_o loss_n which_o they_o have_v sustain_v and_o they_o may_v have_v a_o publication_n make_v of_o it_o by_o way_n of_o intimation_n to_o all_o man_n upon_o the_o exchange_n or_o other_o public_a place_n for_o a_o perpetual_a remembrance_n to_o posterity_n of_o their_o honest_a religious_a and_o commendable_a endeavour_n and_o behaviour_n to_o the_o honour_n and_o credit_n of_o their_o house_n kindred_n or_o good_a descent_n which_o be_v more_o especial_o regard_v in_o spain_n spain_n a_o gentleman_n privilege_n in_o spain_n where_o a_o merchant_n or_o citizen_n be_v decay_v in_o his_o estate_n and_o have_v pay_v according_a to_o his_o ability_n yea_o although_o he_o do_v not_o pay_v at_o all_o shall_v be_v free_v from_o all_o arrest_n and_o trouble_v touch_v his_o person_n if_o he_o make_v proof_n that_o he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n by_o birth_n which_o extend_v so_o far_o that_o all_o merchant_n stranger_n may_v have_v and_o enjoy_v the_o like_a privilege_n upon_o certificate_n make_v by_o any_o that_o be_v ambassador_n and_o agent_n for_o their_o country_n who_o common_o will_v do_v it_o upon_o the_o verification_n of_o it_o by_o the_o herald_n or_o otherwise_o which_o cause_v man_n not_o to_o degenerate_v in_o virtuous_a action_n although_o adverse_a fortune_n play_v her_o tragedy_n which_o they_o overcome_v with_o constancy_n and_o magnanimity_n the_o say_a statute_n against_o bankerupt_v be_v make_v upon_o very_o great_a consideration_n which_o lie_v not_o against_o a_o gentleman_n so_o that_o to_o call_v a_o decay_a gentleman_n a_o bankrupt_a although_o he_o have_v have_v deal_v in_o the_o world_n bear_v no_o action_n at_o the_o common_a law_n unless_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n or_o shopkeeper_n etc._n etc._n bankerupt_v commissioner_n for_o the_o statute_n of_o bankerupt_v the_o commissioner_n appoint_v by_o the_o lord_n chanceller_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n to_o execute_v this_o commission_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o bankrupt_a must_v be_v councillor_n at_o the_o law_n join_v with_o some_o citizen_n or_o merchant_n which_o be_v to_o seize_v of_o the_o party_n which_o by_o the_o say_a commission_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v a_o bankrupt_a all_o good_n debt_n chattel_n and_o moveable_n into_o their_o hand_n and_o to_o appoint_v one_o or_o two_o of_o the_o creditor_n to_o be_v treasurer_n of_o the_o same_o which_o be_v afterward_o to_o be_v distribute_v by_o the_o say_a commissioner_n unto_o all_o such_o as_o they_o shall_v find_v and_o admit_v to_o be_v right_a creditor_n to_o the_o party_n and_o with_o his_o privity_n and_o consent_n upon_o such_o specialty_n book_n or_o account_n as_o they_o shall_v produce_v and_o be_v make_v apparent_a unto_o they_o which_o must_v be_v do_v within_o four_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o say_a commission_n statute_n the_o content_n of_o the_o say_a statute_n for_o if_o it_o be_v after_o the_o four_o month_n expire_v they_o may_v exclude_v any_o creditor_n if_o they_o see_v cause_n so_o that_o the_o say_a distribution_n shall_v be_v do_v to_o those_o only_o which_o have_v be_v admit_v within_o the_o say_a time_n according_a to_o their_o several_a principal_a sum_n due_a unto_o they_o without_o any_o interest_n for_o the_o forbearance_n since_o the_o speciality_n be_v due_a or_o any_o forfeiture_n howbeit_o charge_n in_o law_n expend_v for_o the_o debt_n shall_v be_v by_o they_o allow_v according_a to_o their_o discretion_n so_o likewise_o be_v it_o in_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o commissioner_n to_o admit_v any_o creditor_n to_o come_v in_o where_o the_o party_n be_v surety_n for_o another_o if_o that_o party_n be_v likewise_o decay_v for_o it_o be_v usual_a for_o interest_n money_n that_o two_o or_o three_o be_v bind_v together_o and_o the_o collateral_a bond_n which_o they_o give_v each_o to_o other_o to_o save_v harmless_a be_v to_o be_v consider_v both_o by_o the_o say_a commissioner_n and_o the_o creditor_n it_o be_v
also_o provide_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v be_v find_v to_o have_v voluntary_o yield_v to_o any_o arrest_n or_o his_o body_n to_o prison_n and_o so_o remain_v in_o prison_n for_o and_o during_o the_o time_n of_o six_o month_n think_v by_o that_o imprisonment_n to_o free_v his_o good_n and_o to_o deceive_v his_o creditor_n against_o he_o may_v the_o say_a commission_n be_v sue_v forth_o and_o execute_v according_o for_o he_o be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o a_o bankrupt_a according_a to_o the_o say_a statute_n and_o if_o the_o party_n be_v at_o liberty_n against_o who_o the_o say_a statute_n of_o bankrupt_a be_v take_v out_o the_o say_a commissioner_n may_v if_o they_o see_v cause_n commit_v he_o to_o prison_n and_o give_v he_o some_o allowance_n for_o his_o maintenance_n and_o of_o all_o their_o proceed_n there_o be_v a_o register_n appoint_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n to_o record_v the_o same_o until_o the_o lord_n chanceller_n do_v dissolve_v the_o say_a commission_n by_o a_o supersedeas_fw-la decoctor_n definition_n of_o the_o word_n decoctor_n the_o civilians_n be_v copious_a in_o the_o description_n of_o this_o argument_n and_o have_v attribute_v unto_o this_o kind_n of_o people_n the_o name_n of_o decoctor_n which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o word_n decoquâ—_n as_o it_o be_v to_o consume_v the_o substance_n of_o thing_n by_o decrease_n and_o evaporation_n of_o boil_v over_o the_o fire_n otherwise_o call_v disturber_n or_o consumer_n of_o other_o man_n good_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v observe_v great_a distinction_n between_o these_o person_n as_o in_o the_o treatise_n de_fw-fr decoctoribus_fw-la make_v by_o benuenuto_n straccha_n appear_v and_o the_o definition_n of_o bankerupt_v be_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n distinguish_v first_o when_o a_o man_n become_v insoluent_a by_o lose_v his_o good_n and_o other_o man_n by_o fortune_n mischance_n and_o casualty_n which_o man_n be_v not_o take_v to_o be_v infamous_a by_o the_o law_n endeavour_v to_o make_v satisfaction_n as_o he_o can_v second_o when_o a_o man_n by_o waste_v spoil_v and_o vicious_o give_v consume_v his_o own_o and_o other_o man_n good_n and_o he_o by_o the_o law_n be_v infamous_a three_o when_o a_o man_n be_v decay_v partly_o by_o waste_v and_o spoil_v of_o his_o own_o and_o other_o man_n good_n and_o partly_o by_o misfortune_n and_o accident_n and_o this_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v infamous_a if_o he_o be_v vicious_a hereunto_o i_o may_v add_v the_o four_o and_o most_o vile_a person_n who_o enrich_v himself_o with_o other_o man_n good_n break_v without_o just_a cause_n and_o only_o of_o purpose_n to_o deceive_v man_n according_a to_o the_o aforesaid_a example_n of_o rouen_n albeit_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n that_o the_o say_v civilians_n have_v leave_v they_o out_o of_o the_o number_n to_o be_v criminal_o punish_v as_o thief_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n by_o the_o magistrate_n or_o prince_n authority_n as_o the_o banker_n of_o florence_n be_v who_o break_v for_o many_o million_o of_o ducat_n make_v a_o sudden_a and_o deceitful_a composition_n with_o his_o creditor_n for_o the_o one_o half_a and_o do_v pay_v they_o in_o ready_a money_n which_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o great_a duke_n he_o cause_v his_o process_n to_o be_v make_v instant_o and_o thereupon_o he_o be_v execute_v also_o according_o which_o be_v good_a justice_n and_o be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o magistrate_n and_o not_o by_o the_o creditor_n bankrupt_n punishment_n of_o bankrupt_n as_o of_o late_a year_n one_o of_o genoa_n in_o italy_n do_v unto_o a_o debtor_n of_o he_o who_o he_o know_v go_v about_o to_o deceive_v he_o for_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n whereupon_o he_o cause_v a_o chair_n to_o be_v make_v and_o call_v the_o party_n to_o his_o house_n and_o entreat_v he_o to_o sit_v therein_o which_o be_v make_v with_o certain_a engine_n do_v sudden_o so_o gripe_v and_o clasp_v in_o his_o say_a debtor_n that_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v he_o or_o it_o may_v have_v cost_v he_o his_o life_n true_a it_o be_v that_o in_o russia_n a_o man_n have_v leave_v to_o beat_v or_o to_o have_v his_o debtor_n beat_v upon_o the_o hinder_a part_n of_o the_o leg_n if_o he_o can_v pay_v and_o therewith_o be_v he_o discharge_v which_o be_v not_o so_o cruel_a as_o to_o keep_v he_o always_o in_o prison_n and_o make_v he_o to_o endure_v a_o linger_a death_n wherein_o the_o undo_n of_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v make_v partaker_n unjust_o concern_v fraudulent_a dealer_n the_o law_n be_v that_o by_o make_v session_n they_o shall_v not_o be_v relieve_v and_o may_v be_v apprehend_v in_o the_o church_n whereas_o a_o freeman_n can_v be_v arrest_v or_o take_v in_o the_o church_n but_o may_v be_v unto_o he_o a_o place_n of_o refuge_n if_o he_o be_v find_v a_o fraudulent_a man_n by_o his_o book_n of_o account_n than_o any_o bargain_n or_o sale_n make_v two_o or_o three_o day_n before_o his_o break_n by_o good_n sell_v good_a cheap_a may_v be_v recall_v and_o avoid_v and_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o he_o pay_v one_o man_n after_o his_o break_n the_o same_o may_v be_v take_v to_o be_v do_v in_o fraud_n of_o all_o the_o other_o creditor_n and_o may_v be_v recall_v for_o the_o generality_n so_o good_n buy_v by_o he_o before_o break_v if_o they_o be_v find_v in_o esse_fw-la may_v be_v claim_v by_o the_o seller_n to_o his_o particular_a use_n and_o payment_n again_o all_o conjecture_n of_o fraud_n may_v be_v augment_v and_o aggravate_v against_o the_o fraudulent_a man_n according_a to_o the_o say_n semel_fw-la inventum_fw-la decies_fw-la factum_fw-la if_o any_o man_n do_v break_v in_o partnership_n the_o partnership_n be_v ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la dissolve_v by_o law_n but_o the_o credit_n of_o the_o other_o remain_v pay_v the_o debt_n of_o the_o partnership_n also_o any_o commission_n give_v by_o he_o for_o the_o partnership_n be_v void_a instant_o howbeit_o if_o a_o factor_n by_o ignorance_n of_o his_o break_n have_v cause_v his_o commission_n to_o be_v follow_v that_o which_o be_v do_v do_v bind_v the_o master_n and_o shall_v excuse_v the_o factor_n debtor_n suspicious_a debtor_n a_o debtor_n suspect_v by_o other_o may_v be_v touch_v before_o money_n be_v due_a and_o the_o creditor_n may_v attach_v some_o of_o his_o good_n or_o pawn_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o write_v of_o latitat_fw-la out_o of_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n may_v be_v serve_v upon_o they_o to_o find_v surety_n for_o their_o appearance_n at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o writ_n before_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o say_a court_n but_o the_o law_n in_o diverse_a country_n do_v very_o much_o differ_v in_o the_o proceed_n and_o execution_n of_o these_o fraudulent_a man_n suretyship_n a_o question_n for_o suretyship_n here_o arise_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o surety_n can_v pretend_v to_o be_v discharge_v if_o the_o creditor_n have_v make_v or_o agree_v with_o the_o principal_a for_o a_o long_a time_n of_o payment_n and_o the_o principal_a break_v the_o answer_n be_v that_o if_o he_o know_v of_o the_o new_a agreement_n of_o the_o say_a party_n for_o a_o long_a time_n he_o be_v liable_a thereunto_o otherwise_o be_v bind_v as_o a_o surety_n for_o a_o time_n limit_v he_o ought_v to_o be_v clear_v at_o that_o time_n or_o to_o make_v suit_n or_o demand_v to_o have_v his_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o principal_a as_o also_o of_o the_o surety_n which_o be_v neglect_v do_v in_o equity_n discharge_v the_o say_a surety_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o if_o the_o surety_n do_v break_v at_o or_o before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o payment_n the_o creditor_n may_v demand_v another_o surety_n in_o that_o man_n place_n which_o be_v break_v wherein_o the_o law_n be_v very_o indifferent_a and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o diverse_a lord_n chancellor_n of_o england_n for_o money_n take_v up_o at_o interest_n upon_o bond_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o when_o the_o say_v money_n be_v continue_v or_o prolong_v at_o interest_n the_o bond_n shall_v be_v renew_v and_o the_o counter-bond_n also_o and_o not_o to_o leave_v the_o old_a bond_n for_o many_o year_n to_o be_v uncancel_v for_o it_o do_v oftentimes_o happen_v upon_o occasion_n of_o absence_n of_o some_o of_o the_o party_n that_o a_o new_a bond_n be_v sometime_o seal_v and_o the_o old_a not_o take_v in_o which_o breed_v contention_n for_o the_o new_a bond_n be_v make_v the_o old_a be_v void_a and_o yet_o may_v be_v uncancel_v and_o also_o put_v in_o suit_n by_o some_o executor_n or_o administrator_n ignorant_a of_o the_o other_o new_a bond_n take_v for_o the_o same_o and_o pay_v long_o before_o albeit_o herein_o it_o seem_v there_o be_v more_o reason_n not_o to_o make_v new_a bond_n howsoever_o diligent_a
be_v but_o one_o and_o so_o be_v conjunction_n and_o putrefaction_n likewise_o cibation_n and_o fermentation_n then_o follow_v congelation_n and_o at_o last_o multiplication_n and_o projection_n which_o be_v also_o but_o one_o for_o i_o own_o part_n see_v that_o no_o man_n can_v be_v perfect_a in_o any_o one_o science_n i_o hold_v it_o not_o amiss_o for_o a_o man_n to_o have_v knowledge_n in_o most_o or_o in_o all_o thing_n for_o by_o this_o study_n of_o alchemy_n man_n may_v attain_v to_o many_o good_a experiment_n of_o distillation_n chemical_a firework_n and_o other_o excellent_a observation_n in_o nature_n which_o be_v far_o from_o merchant_n profession_n i_o hope_v shall_v not_o give_v offence_n to_o the_o reader_n of_o this_o book_n see_v it_o be_v but_o in_o one_o chapter_n accidental_o handle_v neither_o will_v i_o crave_v pardon_n of_o the_o muse_n as_o it_o be_v insinuate_v to_o the_o world_n to_o have_v a_o far_o great_a knowledge_n in_o these_o trial_n or_o conclusion_n but_o to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o some_o that_o it_o may_v be_v with_o a_o gape_a mouth_n expect_v to_o understand_v somewhat_o of_o the_o stuff_n put_v into_o these_o glass_n i_o may_v say_v as_o i_o be_v inform_v that_o in_o some_o be_v the_o calcine_v over_o of_o silâ—er_n and_o gold_n in_o some_o other_o mercury_n calcine_v and_o sulphur_n in_o some_o other_o arsenike_n for_o the_o air_n sulphur_n for_o the_o fire_n mercury_n for_o water_n and_o sea-coal_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v put_v altogether_o as_o the_o four_o element_n in_o some_o other_o glass_n be_v vitriol_n and_o orpiment_n and_o what_o more_o i_o do_v not_o now_o remember_v conclude_v that_o where_o nature_n give_v ability_n art_n give_v facility_n i_o have_v read_v all_o the_o book_n of_o paracelsus_n that_o i_o can_v find_v hitherto_o and_o in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr transmutatione_n rerum_fw-la i_o do_v find_v to_o this_o purpose_n the_o observation_n follow_v concur_v with_o my_o friend_n opinion_n concern_v ripleys_n 12_o division_n comprise_v into_o six_o and_o the_o seven_o be_v the_o matter_n itself_o and_o the_o labour_n or_o work_n rest_v wherewith_o i_o do_v end_n this_o chapter_n and_o proceed_v to_o the_o sure_a ground_n of_o the_o mine_n of_o metal_n omne_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o friâ—ore_fw-la soluitur_fw-la continet_fw-la aerum_fw-la spiritum_fw-la salis_fw-la quem_fw-la in_o sublimatione_fw-la vel_fw-la distillatione_fw-la acquirit_fw-la &_o assumit_v omne_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o frigore_fw-la vel_fw-la aere_fw-la soluitur_fw-la iterum_fw-la calore_fw-la ignis_fw-la coagulatur_fw-la in_o puluerem_fw-la vel_fw-la lapidem_fw-la solutio_fw-la verò_fw-la caloris_fw-la soluit_fw-la omne_fw-la pingua_fw-la &_o omne_fw-la sulphurea_fw-la et_fw-la quicquid_fw-la calor_fw-la ignis_fw-la soluit_fw-la hoc_fw-la coagulat_fw-la frigus_fw-la in_o massâ—m_fw-la &_o quicquid_fw-la calor_fw-la coagulat_fw-la hoc_fw-la soluit_fw-la rursus_fw-la aeer_fw-la &_o frigor_fw-la gradus_fw-la ad_fw-la transmutationem_fw-la sunt_fw-la septem_fw-la calcinatio_fw-la sublimatio_fw-la solutio_fw-la putrifactio_fw-la distillatio_fw-la coagulatio_fw-la &_o tintura_n subgradus_fw-la calcinationis_fw-la compraehenduntur_fw-la reverberatio_fw-la &_o cementatio_fw-la sub_fw-la sublimatione_fw-la exaltio_n elevatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n sub_fw-la solutione_n dissolutio_fw-la &_o resolutio_fw-la sub_fw-la putrifactione_fw-la digestio_fw-la &_o circulatio_fw-la qui_fw-la transmutat_fw-la colores_fw-la separat_fw-la purum_fw-la ab_fw-la impuro_fw-la purum_fw-la superius_fw-la impurum_fw-la inferius_fw-la sub_fw-la distillatione_fw-la ascensio_n lavatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n coagulatio_fw-la est_fw-la duplex_fw-la una_fw-la aeris_fw-la altera_fw-la ignis_fw-la tintura_n tingit_fw-la totum_fw-la corpus_fw-la &_o est_fw-la fermentum_fw-la massae_fw-la farinaceoe_v &_o panis_fw-la secundum_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la calidius_fw-la liquescunt_fw-la eo_fw-la celerius_fw-la tintura_fw-la transcurrit_fw-la sicut_fw-la fermentum_fw-la penetrate_v &_o totam_fw-la massam_fw-la acetositate_fw-la inficit_fw-la etc._n etc._n sequitur_fw-la mortificatio_fw-la &_o fixatio_n sulphuris_fw-la &_o in_o libro_fw-la de_fw-fr resuscitatione_n rerum_fw-la reductio_fw-la metallorum_fw-la in_o mercurium_fw-la vivum_fw-la chap._n ii_o of_o mine_n royal_a the_o mine_n call_v royal_a be_v only_o of_o gold_n silver_n and_o copper_n of_o which_o three_o metal_n prince_n make_v choice_n to_o make_v their_o money_n of_o simple_a or_o mix_v as_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o declare_v but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o silver_n be_v find_v in_o the_o lead_n mine_n and_o that_o the_o silver_n mine_n have_v their_o oar_n mix_v with_o hard_a lead_n also_o it_o happen_v many_o time_n that_o there_o be_v great_a question_n about_o these_o mine_n when_o prince_n will_v claim_v their_o interest_n in_o some_o lead_v mine_n because_o they_o be_v rich_a in_o silver_n as_o of_o late_a year_n between_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o northumberland_n as_o you_o may_v read_v in_o master_n plowdens_n commentary_n of_o book_n case_n where_o it_o be_v adjudge_v that_o if_o a_o mine_n be_v find_v rich_a in_o silver_n of_o more_o value_n within_o the_o ore_n than_o of_o lead_n all_o charge_n of_o the_o work_n of_o both_o metal_n be_v full_o pay_v the_o prince_n may_v claim_v the_o same_o to_o be_v a_o my_o royal_a wherein_o must_v be_v have_v great_a advisement_n some_o ore_n in_o one_o place_n be_v rich_a than_o other_o ore_n in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o same_o mine_n whereof_o we_o may_v handle_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n of_o other_o mine_n begin_v therefore_o with_o gold_n the_o most_o precious_a mettle_n mines_n gold_n mines_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o the_o same_o be_v find_v in_o hill_n river_n and_o in_o the_o earth_n but_o not_o mix_v in_o ore_n as_o silver_n copper_n and_o other_o metal_n that_o which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o river_n be_v the_o fine_a as_o contain_v less_o corruption_n and_o be_v all_o of_o one_o goodness_n otherwise_o there_o be_v mayden-gold_n so_o call_v because_o it_o be_v never_o in_o the_o fire_n natural_o all_o gold_n have_v a_o little_a silver_n in_o it_o as_o also_o some_o copper_n and_o come_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n it_o be_v soft_a and_o do_v harden_v by_o the_o air_n such_o gold_n as_o have_v no_o need_n to_o be_v refine_v but_o may_v be_v use_v according_a to_o his_o finesse_n in_o work_n or_o to_o make_v money_n be_v call_v aurum_fw-la obrison_n such_o be_v the_o gold_n which_o sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n knight_n bring_v out_o of_o scotland_n find_v in_o the_o sand_n of_o the_o river_n near_o unto_o the_o gold_n mine_n of_o crayford-moore_n scotland_n crayford_n moor_n in_o scotland_n which_o be_v above_o twenty_o and_o two_o carrat_n fine_a and_o better_a than_o the_o french_a crown_n gold_n i_o see_v some_o eighteen_o ounce_n of_o it_o which_o be_v in_o big_a grain_n some_o like_a pease_n find_v out_o by_o the_o shepherd_n by_o who_o mean_n that_o place_n have_v be_v discover_v in_o the_o latter_a time_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n some_o other_o gold_n have_v be_v find_v out_o also_o in_o scotland_n within_o a_o white_a sparre_n wherein_o it_o grow_v near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n &_o run_v into_o small_a vein_n like_o pin_n fit_a to_o be_v refine_v by_o quicksilver_n from_o the_o sparre_n because_o it_o be_v as_o pure_a gold_n as_o any_o find_v in_o africa_n or_o barbary_n which_o we_o call_v angel_n gold_n hold_v but_o half_o a_o grain_n of_o alloy_n i_o have_v see_v the_o like_a sparre_n of_o gold_n which_o be_v find_v in_o england_n in_o county_n of_o lincoln_n at_o brickell_n hill_n near_o spilsbie_n by_o lincoln_n england_n brickell_n hill_n in_o england_n but_o neither_o this_o place_n or_o any_o other_o be_v look_v into_o for_o the_o reason_n hereafter_o declare_v be_v right_o worthy_a to_o be_v regard_v with_o a_o curious_a eye_n and_o a_o industrious_a understanding_n and_o consequent_o many_o other_o whereof_o this_o monarchy_n of_o great_a britain_n be_v rare_o bless_v and_o especial_o in_o scotland_n where_o much_o barren_a ground_n be_v for_o god_n in_o his_o divine_a wisdom_n do_v countervail_v the_o say_a barrenness_n of_o the_o soil_n with_o the_o riches_n contain_v within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o in_o fertile_a ground_n with_o the_o corn_n and_o fruit_n grow_v upon_o the_o superficies_n thereof_o mine_n a_o observation_n to_o find_v out_o any_o mine_n which_o may_v serve_v we_o for_o a_o observation_n especial_o where_o we_o find_v river_n of_o water_n run_v about_o the_o hilly_a place_n in_o dale_n which_o the_o spaniard_n do_v so_o much_o regard_n in_o the_o west-indies_n seek_v after_o mine_n that_o in_o all_o place_n where_o they_o find_v not_o the_o same_o they_o present_o give_v over_o the_o search_n after_o they_o gold_n do_v come_v out_o of_o many_o country_n as_o out_o of_o the_o mountain_n in_o bohemia_n river_n of_o pannonia_n in_o hungary_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweaden_a but_o it_o be_v all_o exhaust_v there_o be_v wont_a to_o come_v out_o of_o spain_n of_o the_o river_n and_o mountain_n above_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n weight_n yearly_a
of_o these_o two_o lord_n be_v like_a unto_o phaeton_n horse_n for_o all_o be_v set_v into_o a_o combustion_n and_o the_o poor_a man_n go_v beg_v homeward_o to_o our_o exceed_a great_a loss_n of_o the_o benefit_n in_o expectation_n our_o mine_n be_v rich_a than_o those_o of_o the_o west-indies_n whereof_o i_o have_v make_v and_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v many_o trial_n of_o above_o twenty_o several_a sort_n of_o silver_n oar_n the_o two_o mine_n of_o muggleswike_n and_o wardall_n at_o duresme_n contain_v six_o and_o eight_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o hundred_o which_o be_v fall_v in_o duresme_n silver_n mine_n at_o duresme_n may_v with_o a_o reasonable_a charge_n be_v bring_v in_o work_v according_a to_o the_o information_n which_o i_o take_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n there_o at_o which_o time_n i_o do_v intend_v to_o go_v further_o into_o lancashire_n to_o slaithborne_n mine_n lancashire_n slaithborne_n mine_n in_o lancashire_n hold_v above_o four_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o hundred_o but_o be_v in_o the_o winter_n time_n and_o the_o weather_n very_o foul_a i_o be_v divert_v not_o without_o discontent_n because_o it_o be_v the_o country_n where_o my_o ancestor_n and_o parent_n be_v bear_v the_o silver_n mine_n at_o combmartin_n in_o cornwall_n cornwall_n combmartin_n in_o cornwall_n hold_v ten_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o where_o sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n do_v work_v for_o a_o time_n which_o be_v deep_a and_o overflow_v with_o water_n but_o there_o be_v diverse_a branch_n of_o that_o my_o run_v many_o mile_n off_o spread_v into_o the_o earth_n and_o within_o these_o two_o year_n some_o ore_n be_v send_v i_o from_o barnestaple_n of_o a_o branch_n of_o that_o mine_n barnestaple_n mine_n of_o silver_n by_o barnestaple_n lie_v within_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o the_o superficies_n which_o upon_o diverse_a trial_n of_o one_o pound_n weight_n at_o once_o hold_v by_o computation_n above_o ten_o ounce_n of_o silver_n but_o little_a lead_n for_o every_o pound_n do_v produce_v above_o two_o penny_n weight_n in_o silver_n and_o be_v not_o difficult_a in_o the_o melt_a the_o party_n in_o who_o ground_n it_o be_v find_v will_v not_o have_v it_o touch_v nor_o meddle_v with_o fear_v his_o ground_n shall_v be_v spoil_v and_o the_o mine_n take_v from_o he_o which_o be_v know_v above_o half_a a_o mile_n of_o one_o foot_n broad_a howsoever_o i_o think_v good_a to_o remember_v this_o for_o our_o posterity_n for_o there_o may_v come_v a_o time_n that_o industrious_a man_n shall_v be_v more_o regard_v it_o be_v also_o injurious_a scotland_n silver_n mine_n of_o scotland_n if_o i_o shall_v not_o remember_v the_o silver_n mine_n of_o scotland_n especial_o that_o i_o which_o lie_v in_o the_o ground_n of_o sir_n thomas_n hamilton_n knight_n lord_n advocate_n of_o scotland_n within_o eighteen_o mile_n of_o edinburgh_n towards_o the_o sea_n side_n discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1607_o by_o mean_n of_o a_o collier_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v in_o the_o report_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o this_o mine_n have_v be_v very_o great_a diversity_n according_a as_o they_o find_v the_o ore_n of_o several_a vein_n as_o we_o have_v note_v before_o for_o the_o blossom_n of_o silver_n over_o observation_n a_o singular_a good_a observation_n or_o the_o small_a vein_n can_v give_v true_a direction_n of_o the_o richness_n of_o the_o mine_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o spaniard_n in_o the_o west-indies_n have_v find_v any_o vein_n of_o a_o mine_n they_o will_v pursue_v the_o same_o towards_o the_o east_n and_o seek_v to_o find_v out_o as_o it_o be_v the_o trunk_n or_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n which_o they_o call_v beta_n saying_n es_fw-ge mene_a siempre_fw-it buscar_fw-la la_fw-it beta_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr mina_fw-la we_o must_v always_o seek_v after_o the_o body_n of_o the_o mine_n which_o may_v be_v sometime_o three_o or_o four_o foot_n broad_a when_o the_o vein_n be_v like_o a_o arm_n or_o finger_n and_o according_a to_o the_o trial_n make_v thereof_o they_o give_v their_o judgement_n not_o by_o the_o trial_n of_o the_o subtle_a assay_n but_o by_o some_o good_a quantity_n and_o increase_v their_o say_a trial_n by_o some_o additement_n fit_a for_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o mettle_n over_o as_o they_o judge_v the_o same_o to_o be_v for_o all_o disease_n can_v be_v cure_v with_o one_o remedy_n in_o all_o person_n although_o the_o disease_n be_v alike_o so_o may_v it_o be_v say_v of_o those_o that_o make_v trial_n of_o the_o oar_n of_o metal_n for_o some_o trial_n do_v report_v 80_o pound_n of_o silver_n in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n other_o 60_o will_v 40_o will_v 35_o will_v and_o 20_o will_v and_o then_o it_o fall_v into_o ounce_n which_o be_v more_o reasonable_a and_o natural_a as_o i_o inform_v then_o some_o privy_a councillor_n bulmer_n trial_o of_o one_o tun_n of_o ore_n by_o sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n and_o the_o say_a sir_n bevis_n bulmer_n whereupon_o it_o please_v his_o majesty_n and_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o right_n honourable_a privy_a council_n to_o appoint_v ten_o ton_n of_o the_o say_a silver_n over_o to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n whereof_o one_o tun_n of_o twenty_o hundred_o weight_n be_v indifferent_o take_v and_o calcine_v or_o grind_v together_o and_o thereunto_o be_v two_o tun_n of_o lead_n add_v and_o commix_v and_o afterwards_o melt_v by_o a_o continual_a fire_n and_o hand-blast_n of_o four_o man_n according_a as_o i_o have_v note_v in_o writing_n and_o there_o be_v a_o cake_n of_o silver_n remain_v weigh_v 17_o ½_n ounce_n and_o the_o extraction_n out_o of_o the_o lead_n be_v some_o four_o or_o five_o ounce_n more_o so_o that_o it_o be_v report_v to_o be_v 22_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o weight_n of_o ore_n but_o the_o charge_n be_v great_a there_o be_v also_o another_o trial_n make_v by_o william_n beale_n with_o a_o far_o lesser_a quantity_n of_o lead_n and_o roast_v the_o ore_n and_o by_o master_n broad_n and_o other_o as_o master_n russell_n who_o refine_v the_o same_o with_o the_o flag_n of_o lead_n other_o by_o lead_v over_o to_o save_v charge_n and_o they_o all_o find_v above_o 22_o ounce_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o hundred_o weight_n of_o ore_n and_o so_o do_v sir_n richard_n martin_n knight_n master_n worker_n of_o his_o majesty_n mint_n late_o decease_v who_o deliver_v unto_o i_o at_o time_n 20_o pound_n weight_n of_o the_o say_a ore_n grind_v shadder_v and_o wash_v which_o i_o do_v send_v beyond_o the_o sea_n unto_o a_o expert_a mintmaster_n and_o withal_o a_o particular_a of_o the_o manner_n of_o trial_n which_o every_o man_n have_v make_v here_o as_o also_o of_o the_o trial_n make_v by_o the_o portugal_n with_o quicksilver_n who_o find_v 23_o or_o 24_o ounce_n his_o answer_n be_v that_o upon_o his_o first_o trial_n he_o find_v 42_o ounce_n &_o of_o the_o other_o less_o and_o that_o the_o over_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v wrought_v but_o not_o by_o the_o mean_n that_o all_o those_o man_n have_v use_v and_o with_o little_a charge_n and_o that_o the_o manner_n to_o refine_v with_o quicksilver_n be_v good_a for_o poor_a mine_n of_o two_o or_o three_o ounce_n where_o the_o ore_n have_v little_a or_o no_o lead_n scotland_n colour_n of_o the_o ore_n of_o scotland_n and_o that_o the_o commixture_n of_o the_o mine_n be_v very_o brittle_a and_o bel-mettall_n and_o so_o do_v all_o the_o other_o refiner_n affirm_v for_o the_o say_a ore_n do_v look_v between_o white_a and_o blue_a for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o be_v like_o the_o bell_n mettle_n find_v in_o good_a quantity_n about_o bristol_n which_o be_v use_v to_o make_v some_o kind_n of_o alkemie_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o this_o must_v be_v allay_v to_o qualify_v the_o brittlenesse_n with_o some_o mineral_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v make_v a_o record_n in_o my_o book_n of_o collection_n ore_n great_a quantity_n of_o silver_n ore_n in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n 1608_o there_o come_v two_o ship_n before_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n from_o scotland_n lade_v with_o some_o 400_o barrel_n of_o this_o silver_n over_o in_o weight_n some_o hundred_o tun_n lade_v which_o be_v there_o land_v &_o deliver_v unto_o the_o lord_n knyvet_n warden_n of_o the_o king_n mint_n whereof_o 20_o ton_n be_v take_v promiscuous_o and_o grind_v and_o afterward_o also_o distribute_v unto_o diverse_a refiner_n and_o other_o and_o the_o trial_n of_o master_n broad_n be_v best_a who_o find_v 28_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o of_o ore_n of_o this_o quantity_n sir_n richard_n martin_n have_v three_o tun_n whereof_o some_o be_v send_v to_o my_o friend_n beyond_o the_o sea_n interim_n these_o trial_n and_o conclusion_n so_o differ_v bring_v the_o say_a ore_n together_o with_o other_o proceed_n into_o some_o disgrace_n whereupon_o according_a unto_o commission_n give_v i_o i_o
mint_n beyâ—nd_n â—he_v sea_n call_v the_o general_n of_o mint_n which_o do_v determine_v such_o and_o the_o like_a question_n and_o controversy_n arise_v between_o the_o warden_n and_o the_o mint-master_n which_o be_v man_n of_o great_a knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n and_o have_v from_o the_o prince_n large_a stipend_n give_v they_o for_o to_o attend_v these_o mâ—nt_a business_n when_o the_o trial_n of_o pix_n or_o of_o the_o box_n be_v make_v and_o the_o mint-master_n make_v their_o account_n with_o the_o prince_n hereupon_o the_o say_a assay-master_n according_a to_o his_o courteous_a behaviour_n be_v very_o well_o please_v to_o hear_v i_o as_o he_o say_v in_o favour_n of_o justice_n and_o truth_n and_o so_o i_o begin_v to_o answer_v gradatim_fw-la and_o articular_o as_o follow_v admit_v drink_v up_o of_o the_o copple_v admit_v first_o concern_v the_o drink_n up_o of_o the_o copple_n albeit_o that_o it_o appear_v unto_o i_o by_o certain_a testimoniall_n make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n by_o general_n warden_n mint-master_n and_o assaymaster_n that_o if_o a_o copple_n or_o test_v be_v well_o make_v it_o drink_v not_o up_o any_o silver_n at_o all_o yet_o i_o will_v admit_v that_o it_o do_v so_o because_o you_o be_v so_o confident_a that_o you_o can_v take_v it_o out_o of_o the_o copple_n or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o it_o and_o so_o i_o will_v proceed_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n acknowledge_v to_o be_v put_v in_o second_o i_o do_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v into_o the_o melt_a pot_n as_o you_o say_v for_o it_o be_v commix_v at_o twenty_o penny_n weight_n which_o be_v a_o fâ—ll_a ounce_n where_o the_o standard_n require_v but_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n but_o this_o be_v do_v to_o countervail_v the_o waist_n of_o copper_n which_o come_v by_o melt_v of_o bullion_n remelting_a of_o the_o brocage_n and_o scizell_n and_o by_o work_v hammer_v often_o neal_v and_o blaunch_v of_o the_o money_n whereby_o the_o money_n grow_v better_a in_o fineness_n than_o they_o be_v at_o the_o first_o melt_v because_o so_o much_o and_o more_o copper_n do_v waste_v in_o be_v of_o copper_n counteruade_v the_o copper_n put_v in_o and_o can_v it_o waste_v less_o than_o ten_o ounce_n in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n no_o sure_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o red_a book_n in_o the_o exchequer_n for_o mint_n affair_n admit_v this_o two_o penny_n weight_n for_o waste_n which_o be_v but_o ten_o ounce_n in_o the_o hundred_o and_o to_o say_v that_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mintmaster_n put_v in_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n proportion_n unequal_a proportion_n it_o carry_v not_o any_o proportion_n to_o put_v one_o for_o one_o when_o the_o mixture_n of_o the_o standard_n be_v eleven_o to_o one_o but_o you_o reply_v unto_o i_o that_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o bear_v all_o waste_n and_o therefore_o must_v answer_v the_o same_o and_o be_v charge_v in_o account_n for_o it_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o account_n of_o all_o mint_n be_v make_v only_o upon_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n by_o their_o weight_n and_o that_o it_o be_v never_o otherwise_o use_v in_o england_n until_o this_o day_n only_o all_o account_n be_v take_v upon_o the_o fine_a matter_n only_o and_o if_o the_o warden_n will_v bring_v a_o new_a manner_n of_o account_n than_o ever_o have_v be_v take_v according_a to_o the_o leidger_n book_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o comptroller_n book_n then_o the_o mintmaster_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v with_o every_o thing_n in_o his_o proper_a nature_n silver_n for_o silver_n and_o copper_n for_o copper_n otherwise_o it_o be_v better_o for_o he_o not_o to_o put_v in_o any_o copper_n than_o to_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v silver_n for_o it_o but_o the_o mintmaster_n must_v hold_v as_o well_o his_o allay_n as_o his_o fine_a silver_n keep_v allay_v to_o be_v keep_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n 2._o h._n 6._o ca._n 2._o and_o in_o do_v otherwise_o by_o not_o put_v in_o of_o this_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n the_o money_n will_v be_v too_o fine_a and_o the_o master_n may_v incur_v fine_a and_o ransom_n therefore_o all_o mint-master_n do_v work_v according_a to_o their_o remedy_n and_o they_o do_v bear_v all_o waste_v incident_a and_o casual_a as_o if_o some_o ingot_n be_v falsify_v with_o copper_n within_o as_o have_v be_v find_v at_o the_o mint_n the_o mintmaster_n must_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o it_o master_n hazard_v of_o mint_n master_n for_o prince_n will_v be_v at_o a_o certainty_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o mint-master_n may_v commix_v at_o their_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o as_o the_o sixteenth_o article_n of_o the_o indenture_n declare_v that_o every_o pound_n weight_n troy_n shall_v be_v in_o such_o sort_n commix_v and_o melt_v down_o that_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o of_o the_o same_o into_o ingot_n xluj_o the_o indenture_n of_o eliz_n reg._n xluj_o it_o shall_v be_v and_o hold_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n every_o pound_n contain_v twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o penny_n weight_n and_o every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o four_o grain_n according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o england_n which_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o allay_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o troy_n aforesaid_a standard_n the_o old_a right_n â—â—erling_a standard_n be_v the_o old_a right_a standard_n of_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n of_o england_n and_o that_o the_o commixture_n of_o the_o mintmaster_n have_v be_v do_v according_o so_o that_o it_o be_v find_v so_o at_o the_o cast_v out_o you_o best_o know_v what_o make_v the_o assay_n thereof_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o for_o your_o melt_a book_n where_o the_o allay_n be_v enter_v if_o you_o will_v charge_v the_o mintmaster_n thereby_o let_v it_o be_v do_v distinct_o for_o silver_n and_o copper_n or_o allay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n as_o be_v say_v before_o and_o then_o the_o controversy_n be_v end_v now_o let_v we_o come_v to_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o base_a money_n make_v for_o ireland_n i_o be_o sure_a there_o be_v not_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n put_v in_o as_o in_o the_o sterling_a standard_n money_n silver_n take_v out_o by_o division_n oâ—_n the_o standard_n of_o base_a money_n but_o there_o be_v two_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n by_o computation_n take_v out_o in_o every_o quarter_n of_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n which_o as_o you_o say_v be_v eight_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n why_o shall_v the_o mint-master_n account_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o where_o silver_n by_o the_o division_n of_o the_o proportion_n be_v take_v out_o and_o two_o ounce_n eighteen_o penny_n weight_n be_v take_v for_o three_o ounce_n from_o the_o fire_n as_o the_o indenture_n declare_v shall_v a_o mintmaster_n commix_v and_o melt_v by_o prescription_n or_o suffer_v other_o man_n to_o melt_v it_o for_o he_o and_o yet_o be_v make_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o fineness_n of_o money_n according_a to_o a_o indent_a trial_n piece_n make_v of_o refine_a fine_a silver_n as_o you_o say_v and_o receive_v neither_o silver_n answerable_a in_o fineness_n nor_o the_o quantity_n which_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v allow_v he_o according_a to_o the_o standard_n i_o be_o sure_a that_o in_o the_o make_n of_o these_o money_n copper_n câ—eaâ—_n waist_n of_o copper_n there_o have_v be_v above_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n waste_v in_o one_o hundred_o weight_n of_o the_o money_n make_v thereof_o whereby_o the_o bullion_n be_v grow_v fine_a that_o be_v to_o say_v these_o forty_o ounce_n of_o copper_n be_v waste_v have_v leave_v the_o silver_n behind_o wherewith_o they_o be_v commix_v at_o the_o first_o and_o so_o be_v the_o say_v whole_a mass_n or_o bullion_n so_o much_o fine_a and_o rich_a in_o the_o proportion_n which_o arithmetical_a distribution_n do_v demonstrate_v unto_o i_o arithmetical_a demonstration_n arithmetical_a and_o in_o this_o ingot_a of_o course_n silver_n may_v prove_v it_o unto_o you_o let_v we_o suppose_v it_o weigh_v 16_o will_v and_o contain_v 4_o will_v of_o silver_n and_o 12_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o may_v we_o say_v it_o be_v the_o four_o part_n silver_n if_o this_o ingot_a now_o shall_v be_v make_v to_o decrease_v or_o diminish_v 4_o will_v of_o copper_n and_o so_o it_o shall_v weigh_v but_o 12_o will_v and_o therein_o still_o contain_v all_o the_o four_o pound_n in_o silver_n may_v not_o we_o just_o call_v this_o to_o be_v rich_a and_o say_v it_o be_v one_o three_o part_n of_o silver_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o more_o silver_n than_o before_o
do_v not_o spring_v the_o test_n must_v be_v for_o double_a the_o quantity_n of_o your_o course_n silver_n and_o according_o you_o be_v to_o take_v more_o or_o less_o lead_n to_o drive_v out_o three_o pound_n of_o copper_n be_v twenty_o four_o pound_n lead_v requisite_a but_o be_v not_o to_o be_v put_v all_o at_o once_o then_o blow_v until_o the_o same_o do_v drive_v off_o and_o the_o silver_n remain_v which_o take_v out_o sudden_o etc._n etc._n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o weight_n and_o finesse_n of_o money_n and_o their_o several_a standard_n it_o be_v now_o twenty_o year_n complete_a since_o thomas_n lord_n knyvet_n sir_n richard_n martin_n and_o diverse_a other_o knight_n and_o alderman_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o master_n john_n williams_n his_o majesty_n goldsmith_n and_o myself_o be_v in_o commission_n to_o consider_v of_o the_o mint_n affair_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n and_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o transportation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o of_o convenient_a remedy_n to_o prevent_v the_o same_o the_o cause_n be_v observe_v to_o besix_v whereof_o the_o weight_n be_v the_o first_o next_z the_o finesse_n of_o our_o standard_n then_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o therein_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n fourthly_a the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n wherein_o all_o the_o former_a be_v include_v for_o we_o all_o do_v set_v down_o that_o the_o difference_n of_o weight_n finesse_n valuation_n and_o disproportion_v aforesaid_a certificate_n according_a to_o our_o certificate_n be_v not_o of_o themselves_o true_a cause_n of_o exportation_n if_o there_o be_v betwixt_o country_n and_o country_n a_o due_a course_n hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n but_o that_o due_a course_n not_o be_v observe_v than_o they_o may_v accidental_o because_n and_o this_o course_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n increase_v by_o the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o they_o and_o neglect_v to_o set_v the_o people_n on_o work_n so_o that_o the_o remedy_n be_v whole_o find_v to_o consist_v in_o reform_v the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o i_o have_v handle_v at_o large_a in_o the_o three_o part_n of_o this_o book_n for_o exchange_n hereupon_o confer_v the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o 12_o ounce_n with_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n admit_v one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a for_o the_o say_a pound_n we_o find_v with_o france_n full_a three_o penny_n weight_n we_o to_o be_v heavy_a and_o the_o low-countries_n and_o germany_n 2_o ½_n penny_n weight_n or_o thereabouts_o with_o scotland_n four_o penny_n weight_n and_o nine_o grain_n and_o always_o heavy_a than_o any_o other_o this_o agree_v with_o a_o instruction_n declare_v in_o a_o old_a book_n concern_v mint_n matter_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n 3_o where_o it_o be_v demand_v what_o benefit_n it_o will_v be_v to_o the_o king_n and_o realm_n troy_n over_o heaviness_n of_o the_o weight_n troy_n if_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o france_n flaunders_n spain_n and_o almaigne_n and_o of_o other_o realm_n and_o country_n be_v of_o equal_a weight_n and_o size_n for_o as_o much_o as_o other_o country_n keep_v one_o size_n and_o weight_n whereas_o the_o troy_n weight_n of_o england_n be_v heavy_a in_o every_o eight_o ounce_n by_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o a_o ounce_n it_o be_v answer_v that_o the_o merchant_n that_o bring_v in_o bullion_n do_v loose_a so_o much_o and_o the_o calculation_n be_v make_v what_o it_o be_v for_o every_o hundred_o weight_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o it_o follow_v there_o wherefore_o this_o be_v one_o great_a cause_n that_o so_o little_a bullion_n come_v into_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o may_v it_o please_v the_o king_n to_o devise_v some_o weight_n that_o shall_v be_v correspondent_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o realm_n and_o call_v it_o by_o some_o other_o name_n than_o by_o the_o troy_n weight_n and_o it_o be_v there_o think_v meet_v that_o for_o information_n of_o merchant_n and_o other_o a_o calendar_n shall_v be_v make_v and_o publish_v calendar_n a_o mint_n calendar_n to_o show_v how_o much_o every_o pound_n weight_n ounce_n and_o penny_n weight_n be_v worth_a that_o the_o true_a valuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n may_v be_v thereby_o perfect_o know_v whereby_o merchant_n and_o other_o person_n shall_v give_v honour_n and_o praise_n to_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n for_o equity_n and_o justice_n show_v in_o the_o mint_n there_o have_v be_v use_v from_o the_o beginning_n in_o the_o mint_n both_o troy_n and_o tower_n weight_n weight_n tower_n weight_n each_o of_o they_o contain_v twelve_o ounce_n in_o the_o pound_n weight_n save_v that_o the_o troy_n weight_n be_v heavy_a by_o sixteen_o penny_n weight_n upon_o the_o pound_n weight_n by_o which_o troy_n weight_n the_o merchant_n buy_v their_o gold_n and_o silver_n abroad_o and_o by_o the_o same_o do_v deliver_v it_o to_o the_o king_n mint_n receive_v in_o counterpeaze_v but_o tower_n weight_n for_o troy_n which_o be_v the_o prince_n prerogative_n gain_v thereby_o full_o three_o quarter_n of_o a_o ounce_n in_o the_o exchange_n of_o each_o pound_n weight_n convert_v into_o money_n beside_o the_o gain_n of_o coinage_n which_o do_v rise_v to_o a_o great_a revenue_n make_v of_o thirty_o pound_n weight_n troy_n thirty_o and_o two_o pound_n weight_n tower_n which_o be_v now_o out_o of_o use_n and_o the_o troy_n weight_n be_v only_o use_v troy_n subdivision_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n contain_v twelve_o ounce_n every_o ounce_n twenty_o penny_n weight_n every_o penny_n weight_n twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n and_o every_o grain_n twenty_o mite_n every_o mite_n twenty_o and_o four_o droict_n every_o droict_n twenty_o period_n every_o period_n twenty_o and_o four_o blank_n although_o superfluous_a but_o in_o the_o division_n of_o the_o subtle_a assay_n which_o in_o scotland_n be_v all_o divide_v by_o twenty_o and_o four_o from_o the_o denier_n whereof_o they_o reckon_v twenty_o and_o four_o to_o the_o pound_n troy_n so_o twenty_o and_o four_o grain_n prime_n second_o three_o and_o fourths_o all_o by_o twenty_o and_o four_o and_o for_o the_o mark_n and_o pound_n weight_n of_o other_o country_n i_o do_v refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o weight_n and_o measure_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o book_n concern_v the_o pound_n weight_n for_o finesse_n and_o allay_n let_v we_o note_v that_o these_o two_o make_v proper_o the_o pound_n weight_n as_o be_v distinguish_v therein_o for_o if_o it_o be_v one_o pound_n of_o fine_a silver_n it_o weigh_v 12_o ounce_n and_o it_o be_v likewise_o 12_o ounce_n fine_a finesse_n division_n of_o the_o pound_n troy_n in_o finesse_n but_o if_o there_o be_v 2_o ounce_n of_o copper_n in_o that_o pound_n then_o be_v there_o but_o 10_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o so_o call_v 10_o ounce_n fine_a and_o so_o if_o there_o be_v 10_o ounce_n 16_o penny_n weight_n of_o silver_n and_o so_o call_v in_o finesse_n then_o be_v there_o one_o ounce_n four_o penny_n weight_n in_o copper_n and_o so_o for_o all_o other_o finesse_n according_o the_o like_a be_v for_o the_o gold_n whereof_o the_o say_a pound_n be_v divide_v into_o twelve_o ounce_n or_o twenty_o and_o four_o carrat_n be_v two_o carrat_n for_o one_o ounce_n and_o every_o carrot_fw-la be_v divide_v with_o we_o into_o four_o grain_n and_o finesse_n according_o from_o this_o general_a weight_n of_o the_o pound_n weight_n general_n weight_n special_a weight_n be_v derive_v the_o special_a weight_n of_o the_o piece_n according_a to_o the_o standard_n wherein_o after_o that_o the_o commixture_n be_v make_v for_o finesse_n the_o piece_n must_v concur_v in_o value_n and_o thereby_o be_v the_o special_a weight_n know_v of_o the_o piece_n whereby_o the_o monyer_n cut_v their_o piece_n shire_n the_o shire_n it_o be_v the_o direction_n for_o the_o shire_n unto_o they_o which_o piece_n they_o cut_v by_o their_o weight_n deliver_v they_o according_o and_o herein_o they_o be_v to_o use_v good_a and_o exact_a size_v to_o prevent_v the_o cull_v of_o money_n for_o the_o transporter_n or_o the_o goldsmith_n for_o melt_v they_o for_o to_o convert_v into_o plate_n concern_v the_o finesse_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n with_o their_o weight_n and_o number_n of_o piece_n in_o the_o mark_n of_o eight_o ounce_n which_o i_o have_v reduce_v to_o the_o pound_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n i_o have_v here_o make_v a_o plain_a declaration_n as_o follow_v to_o instruct_v all_o merchant_n and_o goldsmith_n therein_o for_o the_o common_a good_a observe_v that_o some_o man_n not_o over_o wise_a in_o mint_n affair_n perceive_v the_o mark_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o 24_o carrat_n for_o gold_n be_v
conscience_n be_v harden_v unto_o it_o without_o any_o scruple_n or_o indifferent_a consideration_n whereby_o as_o in_o body_n natural_a so_o in_o politic_a disease_n grow_v by_o the_o too_o much_o or_o the_o too_o little_a of_o a_o due_a proportion_n in_o all_o humane_a action_n and_o the_o rule_n that_o innovation_n be_v dangerous_a hold_v true_a where_o the_o body_n natural_a or_o politic_a be_v in_o perfect_a state_n of_o health_n but_o where_o there_o be_v a_o decline_a there_o to_o make_v no_o alteration_n be_v a_o certain_a way_n to_o run_v to_o destruction_n to_o the_o three_o that_o money_n will_v be_v sudden_o call_v in_o it_o may_v be_v make_v or_o enact_v that_o the_o borrower_n shall_v have_v two_o year_n time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n he_o owe_v pay_v the_o interest_n and_o observe_v such_o caution_n condition_n and_o limitation_n as_o may_v be_v think_v convenient_a to_o the_o four_o objection_n that_o money_n will_v be_v hard_a to_o be_v borrow_v it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o high_a rate_n of_o usury_n do_v not_o increase_v in_o the_o quantity_n of_o money_n whereof_o have_v plenty_n cause_v commerce_n to_o flourish_v and_o if_o money_n at_o interest_n be_v call_v down_o what_o will_v usurer_n do_v with_o their_o money_n they_o will_v not_o keep_v it_o by_o they_o as_o a_o dead_a stock_n for_o either_o they_o must_v employ_v it_o in_o trade_n purchase_v land_n or_o lend_v for_o use_v at_o such_o a_o rate_n as_o the_o law_n will_v tolerate_v so_o that_o herein_o can_v be_v no_o hurt_n to_o the_o last_o and_o weak_a objection_n concern_v the_o money_n of_o other_o nation_n deliver_v at_o interest_n here_o it_o be_v demand_v whether_o it_o be_v meet_v to_o have_v they_o to_o feed_v upon_o the_o realm_n and_o in_o process_n of_o time_n to_o carry_v out_o such_o gain_n thereby_o by_o multiplication_n of_o interest_n for_o to_o man_n of_o understanding_n in_o cast_v of_o account_n it_o be_v plain_o manifest_a that_o a_o hundred_o pound_n manage_v at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o incredible_a interest_n which_o seem_v incredible_a multiply_v itself_o in_o seventie_o year_n be_v the_o age_n of_o a_o man_n to_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o it_o be_v therefore_o compare_v to_o the_o butler_n box_n for_o even_o as_o man_n when_o they_o be_v at_o play_n feel_v not_o what_o they_o give_v to_o the_o box_n but_o at_o the_o end_n of_o christmas_n it_o make_v all_o or_o near_o all_o gamester_n loser_n so_o there_o be_v not_o few_o which_o continue_v in_o usury_n that_o be_v not_o ruin_v and_o so_o the_o say_a treatise_n conclude_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o to_o be_v bite_a usury_n but_o to_o apostrophate_v this_o discourse_n and_o to_o remedy_v the_o matter_n let_v we_o but_o procure_v to_o have_v plenty_n of_o money_n real_o in_o specie_fw-la within_o the_o realm_n together_o with_o the_o mean_v use_v in_o other_o country_n in_o the_o lieu_n of_o money_n as_o the_o transfer_v or_o set_v over_o of_o bill_n between_o man_n and_o man_n the_o payment_n by_o assignment_n in_o bank_n without_o handle_v of_o money_n and_o letter_n of_o credit_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o this_o book_n declare_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n will_v not_o only_o prevent_v but_o also_o effect_v the_o benefit_n intend_v in_o the_o say_a treatise_n make_v usury_n to_o decrease_v in_o price_n rate_n plenty_n of_o money_n decrease_v usury_n in_o price_n or_o rate_n as_o in_o other_o country_n where_o they_o be_v tolerate_v to_o take_v twelve_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o yet_o money_n be_v plentiful_o to_o be_v have_v at_o five_o six_o and_o seven_o in_o the_o hundred_o then_o will_v the_o king_n custom_n increase_v and_o commerce_n flourish_v nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n land_n be_v improove_v merchant_n and_o artificer_n be_v encourage_v young_a beginner_n be_v enable_v labourer_n find_v quick_a employment_n and_o usurer_n may_v have_v land_n for_o their_o money_n some_o will_v say_v unto_o i_o consider_v the_o premise_n that_o to_o take_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o of_o a_o rich_a merchant_n indeed_o or_o of_o any_o other_o that_o buy_v land_n or_o make_v gain_v by_o the_o money_n be_v no_o bite_a usury_n herein_o to_o qualify_v the_o content_n of_o this_o and_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n i_o note_v two_o consideration_n for_o that_o purpose_n albeit_o that_o it_o seem_v no_o comma_n can_v be_v make_v as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o high_a climate_n to_o the_o low_a centre_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o literal_a word_n denounce_v by_o way_n of_o curse_n against_o usury_n for_o if_o on_o the_o one_o side_n you_o will_v take_v all_o text_n of_o scripture_n so_o precise_o as_o man_n do_v without_o construction_n as_o for_o example_n 18._o phil._n 4._o luke_n 18._o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o ask_v of_o thou_o be_v always_o glad_a pray_v always_o and_o the_o like_a and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n so_o little_a regard_n they_o by_o large_a interpretation_n in_o take_v great_a usury_n what_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n will_v this_o bring_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n therefore_o to_o answer_v the_o question_n i_o say_v that_o consideration_n be_v have_v in_o your_o particular_a and_o the_o party_n who_o make_v benefit_n of_o your_o money_n there_o be_v no_o bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o no_o hurt_n do_v but_o rather_o mutual_a love_n increase_v but_o if_o there_o be_v consideration_n have_v of_o the_o general_a there_o be_v bite_a usury_n commit_v and_o even_o upon_o the_o poor_a and_o mechanike_n people_n for_o by_o your_o mean_n and_o other_o deliver_v money_n at_o interest_n be_v the_o same_o incorporate_v into_o rich_a man_n hand_n whereby_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n can_v have_v none_o to_o serve_v their_o occasion_n but_o at_o very_o excessive_a and_o abominable_a rate_n and_o that_o upon_o pawn_n also_o for_o your_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o and_o under_o do_v enable_v they_o to_o take_v intolerable_a usury_n of_o the_o say_v mean_a sort_n of_o people_n as_o shall_v now_o be_v declare_v whereby_o they_o devour_v they_o so_o that_o in_o all_o kingdom_n they_o be_v provide_v for_o but_o here_o and_o until_o that_o be_v amend_v your_o take_n of_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o nature_n before_o declare_v be_v a_o bite_a usury_n although_o it_o do_v not_o belong_v unto_o you_o to_o amend_v the_o same_o but_o that_o prince_n and_o magistrate_n be_v to_o provide_v for_o it_o for_o this_o be_v a_o bite_a nay_o a_o very_a gnaw_v to_o the_o bone_n of_o your_o christian_a brother_n with_o who_o you_o ought_v to_o deal_v merciful_o as_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o deal_n among_o man_n that_o be_v deal_n three_o sort_n of_o man_n and_o three_o sot_n of_o deal_n gift_n bargain_v and_o lend_v so_o be_v there_o three_o sort_n of_o man_n the_o stark_a beggar_n the_o poor_a housholder_n and_o the_o rich_a merchant_n or_o gentleman_n to_o the_o first_o you_o ought_v to_o give_v free_o not_o only_o to_o lend_v free_o to_o the_o second_o you_o ought_v to_o lend_v either_o free_o or_o merciful_o and_o not_o to_o feed_v upon_o he_o with_o excessive_a usury_n but_o with_o the_o three_o you_o may_v deal_v straight_o and_o ask_v your_o own_o with_o gain_n especial_o when_o he_o gain_v by_o your_o money_n use_v in_o all_o these_o a_o conscience_n with_o discretion_n *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xii_o of_o intolerable_a usury_n and_o lombard_n the_o apprehension_n of_o the_o continuance_n of_o intolerable_a usury_n in_o england_n be_v able_a to_o stupefy_v a_o man_n sense_n consider_v the_o same_o be_v so_o abhor_a of_o heathen_n turk_n and_o barbarian_n it_o be_v a_o evident_a token_n that_o our_o heart_n be_v more_o than_o sufficient_o freeze_v over_o with_o the_o insensible_a yâ—e_n of_o uncharitableness_n because_o the_o cruel_a devour_v thereof_o may_v be_v so_o easy_o prevent_v and_o then_o usury_n politic_a will_v not_o be_v bite_v this_o intolerable_a usury_n be_v effect_v by_o the_o broker_n sell_v old_a apparel_n and_o household_n stuff_n which_o do_v take_v after_o diverse_a rate_n but_o all_o of_o they_o excessive_o they_o be_v the_o fit_a instrument_n to_o receive_v and_o buy_v steal_v good_n whereby_o all_o thief_n be_v encourage_v according_a to_o the_o proverb_n if_o there_o be_v no_o receiver_n there_o will_v be_v few_o thief_n most_o of_o these_o broker_n have_v their_o money_n master_n to_o who_o they_o pay_v twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o or_o 15_o at_o the_o least_o for_o some_o of_o these_o money_n master_v pay_v themselves_o ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o unto_o other_o so_o that_o one_o thing_n drive_v or_o enforce_v another_o like_o as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o
of_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o best_a manner_n that_o can_v be_v devise_v every_o person_n of_o this_o society_n to_o be_v free_a and_o exempt_v of_o all_o imposition_n tax_n custom_n subsidy_n lend_v of_o money_n any_o manner_n of_o way_n or_o any_o charge_n as_o also_o master_n of_o the_o count_a house_n which_o shall_v not_o be_v permit_v to_o exercise_v any_o traffic_n or_o trade_n particular_a but_o must_v whole_o employ_v themselves_o to_o this_o business_n with_o such_o allowance_n and_o order_n as_o be_v prescribe_v unto_o they_o all_o worldly_a thing_n be_v subject_a to_o mutability_n even_o the_o greatness_n and_o superiority_n of_o prince_n which_o may_v happen_v to_o be_v depose_v for_o a_o time_n and_o afterward_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o of_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o three_o part_n allot_v unto_o they_o for_o three_o stake_n in_o this_o covenant_n the_o two_o shall_v remain_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o prince_n until_o he_o be_v restore_v again_o or_o dead_a which_o be_v only_o to_o take_v place_n in_o all_o hereditary_a kingdom_n the_o say_a society_n therefore_o not_o to_o purchase_v any_o land_n for_o the_o generality_n to_o endanger_v prince_n estate_n but_o only_o for_o their_o particular_a as_o occasion_n serve_v model_n or_o medalia_fw-la to_o be_v wear_v by_o the_o say_v hundred_o person_n of_o the_o society_n and_o the_o master_n of_o count_a house_n only_o with_o emendation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o their_o arm_n and_o by_o their_o successor_n upon_o true_a register_n and_o acknowledgement_n to_o be_v make_v and_o keep_v thereof_o the_o say_v model_n to_o contain_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o world_n concatenate_v together_o under_o a_o crown_n imperial_a assist_v with_o the_o personage_n of_o prosperity_n honour_n and_o mercy_n environ_v round_o about_o with_o two_o enclose_a hand_n and_o arm_n of_o faith_n and_o credit_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o like_a with_o a_o cross_n and_o inscription_n he_o do_v crown_v his_o own_o work_n in_o us._n all_o which_o person_n shall_v be_v make_v noble_a knight_n of_o this_o order_n according_o with_o certain_a other_o addition_n as_o shall_v be_v think_v convenient_a as_o by_o faith_n and_o credit_n it_o shall_v subsist_v or_o the_o like_a the_o aforesaid_a stock_n and_o credit_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o the_o say_a master_n of_o count_a house_n and_o assistant_n in_o five_o several_a matter_n by_o exchange_n bank_n mount_v of_o charity_n mensa_fw-la argentaria_fw-la and_o house_n of_o vendition_n without_o any_o adventure_n or_o loss_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n show_v the_o benefit_n and_o commodiousness_n which_o will_v arise_v thereby_o unto_o all_o estate_n for_o the_o preservation_n and_o augmentation_n of_o honour_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o rich_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o welfare_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o general_a have_v some_o gratuity_n bestow_v upon_o they_o the_o private_a person_n with_o who_o all_o the_o aforesaid_a party_n be_v to_o covenant_n be_v to_o be_v general_a master_n of_o all_o the_o count_a house_n and_o only_o to_o keep_v a_o general_a book_n of_o account_n without_o any_o administration_n of_o the_o stock_n or_o to_o meddle_v in_o any_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n but_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n of_o knighthood_n with_o a_o large_a allowance_n of_o charge_n expense_n have_v and_o to_o be_v have_v for_o to_o entertain_v all_o the_o party_n and_o correspondency_n which_o may_v resort_v to_o the_o place_n of_o his_o habitation_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o must_v be_v provide_v of_o a_o stately_a house_n with_o all_o convenient_a thing_n necessary_a and_o many_o servant_n messenger_n and_o post_n with_o the_o gain_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o crown_n that_o he_o do_v furnish_v by_o many_o allowance_n and_o other_o mean_n to_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o the_o party_n according_a to_o a_o particular_a agreement_n wherein_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n be_v name_v the_o chief_a place_n or_o rendezvous_n of_o this_o negotiation_n or_o intend_a contract_n whereunto_o diverse_a country_n have_v condescend_v the_o author_n of_o this_o project_n under_o the_o say_a private_a name_n do_v desire_n for_o the_o advancement_n hereof_o permission_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o safgarde_n to_o be_v protect_v from_o all_o injury_n and_o to_o repair_v all_o damage_n which_o may_v be_v do_v unto_o they_o in_o hostile_a or_o peaceable_a manner_n freedom_n of_o all_o tax_n and_o assurance_n for_o their_o person_n and_o good_n according_a to_o a_o instruction_n to_o which_o end_n the_o master_n general_a of_o the_o say_v count_v house_n if_o breach_n be_v make_v by_o any_o one_o of_o the_o party_n in_o any_o article_n of_o this_o covenant_n be_v to_o receive_v the_o complaint_n and_o to_o consult_v with_o his_o counsel_n of_o assistance_n and_o so_o to_o give_v notice_n thereof_o unto_o the_o next_o neighbour_n prince_n or_o state_n of_o this_o society_n to_o see_v the_o same_o redress_v or_o amend_v if_o that_o prince_n do_v deny_v to_o be_v aid_v or_o be_v forgetful_a therein_o he_o shall_v be_v accessary_a and_o judge_v as_o guilty_a as_o the_o first_o offendor_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o this_o first_o offendor_n for_o the_o time_n shall_v be_v he_o and_o the_o society_n may_v remove_v their_o count_a house_n or_o change_v they_o into_o correspondency_n if_o other_o prince_n and_o state_n shall_v also_o prove_v to_o be_v negligent_a and_o without_o respect_n have_v to_o their_o private_a gain_n abandon_v so_o good_a a_o action_n lose_v their_o title_n or_o revenue_n violate_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n wherewith_o no_o doubt_n most_o prince_n shall_v find_v themselves_o aggrieve_v and_o these_o prince_n or_o person_n transgressor_n will_v find_v the_o worse_o and_o endanger_v their_o estate_n to_o their_o great_a dishonour_n through_o all_o the_o world_n and_o disturbance_n of_o other_o neighbour_n prince_n for_o the_o better_a advancement_n hereof_o there_o be_v a_o place_n reserve_v for_o reward_n of_o two_o unknown_a person_n which_o by_o their_o industry_n labour_n and_o science_n shall_v be_v think_v worthy_a thereof_o one_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o it_o this_o princely_a contract_n require_v a_o serious_a consideration_n the_o stock_n or_o capital_a be_v 2_o ½_n million_o or_o 2500_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a or_o ten_o million_o flemish_a which_o increase_v by_o nine_o hundred_o correspondency_n will_v make_v the_o stock_n to_o be_v twenty_o and_o five_o million_o oâ—_n one_o hundred_o million_o flemish_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o through_o all_o the_o world_n there_o lie_v so_o much_o money_n dead_a without_o any_o use_n or_o employment_n the_o calculation_n of_o ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n double_v yearly_a so_o that_o he_o who_o by_o gift_n employ_v one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v to_o have_v for_o it_o one_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a for_o ever_o and_o this_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v get_v by_o five_o several_a mean_n viz._n by_o cambium_n bank_n mons_fw-la pietatis_fw-la mâ—nsa_fw-la argentaria_n and_o domus_fw-la commutationis_fw-la whereof_o you_o may_v find_v the_o particular_n in_o this_o book_n the_o proceed_n of_o this_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n have_v be_v interrupt_v by_o monsieur_n olden_n barnevelt_fw-mi late_o execute_v at_o the_o hague_n in_o holland_n the_o sequel_n hereof_o time_n will_v discover_v and_o we_o may_v say_v with_o the_o poet_n quid_fw-la non_fw-la mortalia_fw-la pectora_fw-la cogunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n chap._n xviii_o of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n annuity_n and_o pension_n have_v entreat_v of_o money_n deliver_v at_o interest_n without_o casualty_n and_o so_o term_v usury_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o contract_n of_o benefit_n without_o adventure_n it_o be_v convenient_a to_o handle_v of_o money_n deliver_v upon_o life_n when_o merchant_n do_v give_v twelve_o upon_o the_o hundred_o without_o pawn_n call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o the_o penny_n 8_o the_o moiety_n whereof_o with_o pawn_n be_v six_o upon_o the_o hundred_o or_o double_a eight_o according_a to_o the_o penny_n 16_o as_o aforesaid_a the_o penny_n 8_o be_v 12_o ½_n for_o eight_o time_n 12_o ½_n make_v one_o hundred_o so_o the_o penny_n 16_o which_o be_v use_v for_o rent_n upon_o house_n or_o land_n be_v 6_o ¼_n according_a to_o which_o penny_n 8_o upon_o one_o life_n or_o double_a for_o one_o year_n so_o they_o all_o live_v be_v equal_a upon_o eight_o life_n this_o be_v much_o use_v in_o diverse_a city_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o draw_v money_n into_o their_o hand_n as_o for_o example_n one_o hundred_o pound_n be_v deliver_v to_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n for_o it_o at_o the_o year_n end_v upon_o eight_o life_n if_o they_o all_o live_v you_o have_v two_o hundred_o pound_n to_o buy_v a_o perpetual_a rent_n or_o sometime_o as_o it_o have_v be_v
cash_n you_o make_v over_o 300_o will_v for_o amsterdam_n by_o exchange_n with_o condition_n and_o order_n to_o your_o factor_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o money_n grow_v due_a he_o shall_v make_v it_o over_o again_o by_o exchange_n unto_o you_o at_o double_a usance_n which_o be_v two_o month_n as_o you_o make_v it_o over_o unto_o he_o some_o now_o in_o this_o case_n will_v arm_v a_o account_n of_o exchange_n but_o it_o be_v better_a to_o make_v the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n debtor_n for_o it_o and_o cash_n creditor_n ship_n be_v now_o arrive_v from_o saint_n lucar_n in_o spain_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a have_v sell_v your_o perpetuanoes_n bayes_n and_o lead_v tobacco_n return_v from_o spain_n in_o tobacco_n and_o in_o return_n thereof_o have_v send_v you_o a_o parcel_n of_o tobacco_n because_o cutcheneall_a be_v too_o dear_a and_o rich_a indigo_n be_v here_o too_o good_a cheap_a withal_o he_o have_v send_v you_o the_o account_n of_o your_o commodity_n keep_v in_o royal_n of_o silver_n spain_n account_n of_o good_n sell_v in_o spain_n account_v six_o penny_n for_o a_o royal_a of_o the_o clear_a provenu_fw-fr be_v 27240_o royal_n make_v sterling_a 681_o will_v whereof_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n and_o the_o voyage_n for_o spain_n creditor_n and_o when_o you_o come_v to_o your_o leaguer_n book_n there_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o say_v good_n do_v cost_v you_o 736_o will_v and_o so_o there_o be_v lose_v 55_o will_v for_o this_o now_o to_o clear_v the_o account_n of_o the_o say_a good_n you_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n spain_n loss_n upon_o ware_n in_o spain_n and_o the_o say_a voyage_n creditor_n to_o balance_v this_o loss_n contrary_a to_o the_o gain_n the_o tobacco_n do_v cost_v with_o all_o charge_n 24800_o royal_n which_o be_v 620_o will_v for_o this_o you_o make_v a_o account_n of_o tobacco_n debtor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o seville_a creditor_n sterling_a reduction_n of_o spanish_a money_n into_o sterling_a in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o you_o do_v your_o velvet_n put_v thereunto_o the_o great_a impost_n which_o you_o pay_v for_o the_o same_o and_o all_o charge_n and_o have_v sell_v your_o tobacco_n for_o ten_o shilling_n a_o pound_n one_o with_o another_o you_o find_v to_o have_v make_v clear_a above_o one_o thousand_o pound_n be_v it_o 1010_o will_v which_o cost_v you_o in_o spain_n but_o 620_o will_v so_o here_o be_v 390_o will_v get_v tobacco_n gain_v by_o tobacco_n but_o you_o lose_v 55_o will_v by_o your_o ware_n send_v into_o spain_n well_o this_o account_n be_v clear_v tobacco_n be_v make_v debtor_n 390_o will_v and_o profit_n and_o loss_n creditor_n for_o the_o same_o and_o now_o you_o be_v well_o store_v for_o money_n for_o all_o be_v ready_a money_n save_v 300_o will_v at_o six_o month_n hereupon_o you_o make_v more_o money_n over_o by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n exchange_n money_n make_v oâ—er_o by_o exchange_n by_o several_a bill_n to_o your_o factor_n to_o the_o sum_n of_o 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be_v advance_v by_o the_o account_n just_a one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n as_o in_o the_o former_a account_n the_o forty_o chest_n of_o sugar_n do_v cost_v 550_o will_v whereof_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n be_v make_v creditor_n and_o the_o account_n of_o sugar_n debtor_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o aforesaid_a mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la and_o the_o say_a sugar_n be_v sell_v paiable_a at_o six_o and_o six_o month_n for_o 820_o will_v so_o that_o the_o charge_n and_o custom_n deduct_v there_o be_v 190_o will_v get_v which_o be_v likewise_o post_v to_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n again_o money_n which_o be_v make_v over_o return_v by_o exchange_n again_o the_o 300_o will_v make_v over_o from_o amsterdam_n be_v now_o due_a to_o be_v pay_v here_o and_o the_o merchant_n do_v offer_v you_o to_o pay_v they_o by_o a_o new_a bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o you_o agree_v and_o hereupon_o you_o make_v he_o creditor_n and_o your_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n again_o debtor_n and_o withal_o you_o make_v over_o by_o exchange_v other_o 200_o will_v payable_a at_o double_a usance_n and_o for_o this_o you_o make_v he_o debtor_n also_o and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o year_n be_v now_o almost_o expire_v and_o every_o provident_a merchant_n do_v common_o make_v up_o his_o account_n and_o draw_v a_o balance_n of_o his_o book_n and_o this_o merchant_n find_v to_o have_v receive_v of_o his_o manor_n of_o latham_n reckon_v money_o receive_v oâ—_n land_n and_o lease_n expense_n of_o house_n keep_v reckon_v and_o lease_n of_o a_o house_n 106_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o charge_v his_o cash_n and_o carry_v the_o same_o to_o gain_n and_o loss_n as_o he_o do_v all_o the_o former_a parcel_n then_o he_o do_v cast_v up_o his_o expense_n of_o house_n keep_v which_o come_v to_o 150_o will_v and_o for_o this_o he_o make_v profit_n and_o loss_n debtor_n and_o cash_n creditor_n the_o 400_o will_v make_v over_o from_o hamborough_n be_v receive_v and_o cash_n be_v debtor_n for_o it_o and_o the_o party_n that_o pay_v the_o same_o be_v make_v creditor_n and_o discharge_v now_o by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n there_o appear_v to_o be_v get_v 911_o will_v clear_v stock_n gain_n of_o the_o account_v of_o profit_n &_o loss_n and_o loss_n carry_v to_o capital_a or_o stock_n all_o charge_n and_o expense_n deduct_v this_o be_v now_o carry_v to_o stock_n which_o be_v now_o 5911_o will_v hereupon_o take_v all_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n which_o be_v the_o balance_n of_o the_o book_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v nothing_o on_o the_o creditor_n side_n but_o the_o capital_a of_o 5911_o will_v which_o be_v balance_v by_o the_o nine_o account_n follow_v and_o the_o three_o account_n for_o the_o land_n lease_n and_o household_n stuff_n amount_v to_o 1900_o will_v unalter_a so_o 1900_o will_v for_o the_o say_a land_n book_n balance_n of_o the_o leaguer_n book_n lease_n plate_n and_o household_n stuff_n 420_o owe_v by_o two_o parcel_n at_o interest_n by_o c.d._n &_o n.w._n merchant_n 520_o owe_v for_o velvet_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 300_o owe_v for_o tobacco_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 820_o owe_v for_o sugar_n sell_v to_o etc._n etc._n 1000_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o amsterdam_n etc._n etc._n 180_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o hamborough_n etc._n etc._n 61_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o seville_a etc._n etc._n 203_o owe_v by_o the_o factor_n of_o lixborne_n etc._n etc._n 507_o ready_a money_n in_o cash_n 5911_o will_v  _fw-fr thus_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o merchant_n have_v augment_v his_o capital_a or_o stock_n nine_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o pound_n loss_n loss_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n be_v now_o worth_a 5911_o will_v and_o if_o he_o have_v be_v a_o loser_n by_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n and_o loss_n then_o must_v he_o make_v his_o capital_a debtor_n and_o the_o say_a account_n creditor_n to_o balance_v the_o matter_n whereby_o his_o stock_n will_v have_v decrease_v now_o by_o these_o proceed_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v receive_v and_o pay_v you_o may_v understand_v all_o other_o voyage_n for_o what_o place_n soever_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o money_n and_o calculation_n of_o exchange_n already_o declare_v in_o our_o former_a chapter_n have_v a_o especial_a care_n to_o keep_v a_o orderly_a cash_n book_n of_o all_o the_o money_n receive_v and_o pay_v out_o which_o book_n the_o importance_n oâ—_n a_o cash_n book_n as_o money_n be_v publica_n mensura_fw-la or_o a_o right_a judge_n to_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o every_o thing_n so_o may_v you_o by_o the_o measure_n thereof_o true_o enter_v in_o the_o cash_n book_n find_v out_o many_o doubt_n question_n and_o uncertainty_n
follower_n and_o subject_n with_o better_a pay_n worthy_a of_o perpetual_a remembrance_n be_v that_o noble_a prince_n king_n henry_n the_o seven_o seven_o notable_a example_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o who_o in_o his_o singular_a wisdom_n and_o policy_n know_v how_o prince_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v wrong_v by_o their_o officer_n in_o the_o dispose_n of_o their_o treasure_n by_o fraudulent_a and_o deceitful_a account_n which_o either_o by_o ignorance_n or_o otherwise_o by_o connivance_n do_v pass_v do_v himself_o with_o great_a facility_n take_v a_o inspection_n in_o all_o his_o exchequer_n account_n by_o a_o abstract_n of_o the_o say_a account_n enter_v in_o a_o book_n by_o some_o experience_a and_o skilful_a man_n in_o account_n whereunto_o his_o highness_n do_v subscribe_v his_o royal_a signature_n before_o the_o officer_n upon_o good_a certificate_n make_v to_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n can_v have_v their_o quietus_n est_fw-la pass_v the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n and_o the_o faid_a king_n be_v please_v many_o time_n to_o enter_v into_o particular_a examination_n of_o some_o of_o the_o account_n whereby_o he_o do_v strike_v a_o terror_n into_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o officer_n so_o that_o they_o become_v more_o careful_a and_o dare_v not_o commit_v any_o fraud_n or_o deceit_n by_o combination_n or_o toleration_n but_o his_o treasure_n be_v due_o administer_v and_o preserve_v this_o signature_n of_o the_o king_n in_o the_o say_a book_n be_v extant_a to_o be_v see_v in_o his_o majesty_n exchequer_n four_o providence_n of_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o urgent_a necessity_n cause_v the_o late_a french_a king_n henry_n the_o four_o when_o he_o be_v king_n of_o navarre_n to_o be_v present_a in_o the_o dispose_n of_o his_o treasure_n in_o so_o much_o that_o afterward_o in_o possess_v the_o diadem_n of_o all_o france_n and_o call_v to_o remembrance_n his_o former_a observation_n by_o compare_v thing_n to_o their_o first_o principle_n he_o find_v that_o of_o every_o french_a crown_n be_v sixty_o sou_n which_o his_o coffer_n shall_v receive_v there_o come_v not_o above_o the_o four_o part_n de_fw-fr claro_fw-la unto_o he_o whereupon_o by_o root_a out_o of_o corruption_n depose_v of_o needless_a officer_n profitable_a emption_n of_o thing_n necessary_a and_o by_o wise_a dispose_n of_o they_o he_o bring_v è_fw-la contrario_fw-la three_o part_n of_o every_o crown_n unto_o his_o coffer_n and_o do_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n accumulate_v a_o very_a great_a treasure_n and_o yet_o do_v he_o increase_v officer_n fee_n according_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o time_n which_o by_o accidental_a cause_n have_v make_v every_o thing_n dear_a account_n factor_n account_n thus_o much_o obiter_fw-la now_o if_o a_o merchant_n be_v also_o a_o factor_n for_o other_o in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n deliver_v of_o money_n at_o interest_n and_o by_o deal_n in_o exchange_n and_o râ—changes_n have_v factoridge_n allow_v unto_o he_o for_o the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o merchant_n some_o more_o and_o some_o less_o as_o they_o agree_v betweâ—ne_v they_o the_o difference_n in_o keep_v other_o man_n account_n with_o who_o they_o have_v any_o correspondence_n be_v but_o small_a for_o if_o it_o be_v for_o good_n or_o merchandise_n sell_v they_o will_v entitle_v the_o account_n good_n of_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o man_n do_v owe_v unto_o cash_n such_o a_o sum_n pay_v for_o custom_n and_o charge_n or_o if_o it_o be_v for_o good_n buy_v he_o will_v do_v the_o like_a and_o discharge_v the_o account_n by_o make_v the_o say_a merchant_n debtor_n or_o creditor_n for_o it_o be_v as_o the_o say_a account_n require_v which_o he_o do_v also_o charge_n with_o factoridge_n or_o provision_n for_o his_o sallarie_n and_o therefore_o all_o factor_n keep_v a_o particular_a account_n to_o know_v what_o they_o have_v get_v by_o factoridge_n or_o provision_n at_o the_o year_n end_n and_o then_o they_o charge_v that_o account_n with_o their_o charge_n and_o all_o such_o expense_n as_o they_o have_v be_v at_o and_o the_o remainder_n be_v post_v to_o capital_a as_o in_o the_o account_n of_o profit_n or_o loss_n whereupon_o some_o other_o do_v bring_v their_o charge_n and_o expense_n and_o so_o carry_v all_o the_o provision_n to_o capital_a or_o stock_n herein_o every_o man_n may_v use_v his_o pleasure_n for_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n afford_v many_o distinction_n all_o which_o several_a branch_n or_o member_n of_o account_n may_v be_v bring_v to_o make_v up_o the_o the_o complete_a body_n for_o by_o the_o dismember_n of_o a_o account_n account_n dismember_a of_o account_n separate_v every_o thing_n in_o his_o proper_a nature_n you_o be_v enable_v to_o find_v out_o many_o error_n and_o intricatenes_n of_o account_n by_o reduce_v the_o body_n of_o it_o to_o his_o perfection_n in_o this_o place_n may_v be_v expect_v a_o declaration_n of_o the_o several_a coin_n or_o calculation_n of_o money_n wherein_o the_o book_n of_o merchant_n account_n be_v keep_v beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o because_o the_o same_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o several_a exchange_n between_o country_n and_o country_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o refer_v the_o same_o in_o the_o proper_a place_n of_o exchange_n hereafter_o follow_v and_o to_o conclude_v this_o second_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la with_o that_o notable_a question_n make_v by_o the_o civilians_n account_n a_o question_n make_v by_o civilians_n about_o book_n of_o account_n whether_o a_o merchant_n or_o a_o banker_n keep_v two_o book_n of_o account_n the_o one_o concern_v the_o money_n of_o his_o bank_n and_o the_o other_o touch_v trade_n of_o merchandise_n for_o ware_n shall_v be_v censure_v alike_o for_o such_o money_n as_o he_o owe_v unto_o his_o creditor_n so_o that_o the_o creditor_n after_o his_o decease_n shall_v all_o stand_v in_o equal_a degree_n to_o be_v pay_v either_o in_o the_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n if_o the_o banker_n estate_n be_v not_o sufficient_a for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o herein_o the_o judge_n of_o merchant_n do_v make_v no_o difference_n but_o the_o civilians_n have_v make_v a_o great_a distinction_n therein_o and_o they_o say_v that_o the_o book_n of_o the_o bank_n be_v more_o to_o be_v credit_v than_o the_o other_o for_o say_v benuenuto_fw-mi straccha_n the_o book_n of_o the_o bank_n be_v keep_v public_o and_o the_o other_o as_o it_o be_v secret_a to_o himself_o so_o that_o the_o creditor_n of_o the_o one_o be_v to_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o other_o as_o be_v two_o negotiation_n and_o to_o be_v deal_v therein_o according_a to_o their_o several_a nature_n and_o the_o mean_n thereof_o extant_a with_o such_o consideration_n as_o may_v be_v incident_a thereunto_o to_o declare_v my_o own_o opinion_n i_o say_v that_o the_o canon_n and_o civil_a law_n make_v no_o distinction_n in_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o testator_n debt_n between_o money_n owe_v for_o ware_n or_o for_o interest_n there_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v any_o difference_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o debt_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o book_n of_o account_n *_o âŽ_o *_o the_o end_n of_o the_o second_o part._n the_o three_o part_n of_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o ancient_a law-merchant_n concern_v exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n compare_v to_o the_o spirit_n or_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n have_v in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n entreat_v of_o the_o body_n and_o soul_n of_o traffic_n namely_o commodity_n and_o money_n let_v we_o now_o handle_v the_o predominant_a part_n of_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n which_o be_v the_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o foreign_a part_n compare_v to_o the_o spirit_n or_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n for_o as_o money_n do_v infuse_v life_n to_o commodity_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n prevent_v advantage_n between_o buyer_n and_o seller_n so_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v seat_v every_o where_n corroborate_v the_o vital_a spirit_n of_o traffic_n direct_v and_o control_v by_o just_a proportion_n the_o price_n and_o value_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v many_o man_n can_v well_o discern_v the_o distinction_n of_o the_o spirit_n in_o sundry_a matter_n because_o man_n consist_v of_o body_n and_o soul_n that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o spirit_n be_v comprise_v under_o the_o name_n soul_n but_o if_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o understand_v the_o necessary_a distinction_n hereof_o reason_n in_o the_o theoric_n part_n will_v demonstrate_v the_o same_o in_o the_o practic_n part_n of_o this_o discourse_n of_o exchange_n saint_n paul_n in_o the_o late_a end_n of_o his_o second_o epistle_n to_o the_o thessalonian_o wish_v a_o sanctification_n to_o their_o spirit_n and_o soul_n 5.23_o 2._o thess._n 5.23_o and_o
the_o price_n for_o their_o advantage_n and_o so_o jump_v all_o to_o one_o end_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n before_o declare_v which_o make_v the_o main_a ocean_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n of_o england_n be_v swallow_v up_o as_o a_o little_a river_n or_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o take_v still_o advantage_n upon_o our_o fine_a money_n and_o staple_n ware_n to_o glut_v we_o with_o their_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n and_o hence_o proceed_v the_o primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n exchange_n primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o inequality_n so_o much_o abuse_v from_o the_o true_a exchange_n of_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la and_o nevertheless_o admit_v to_o be_v high_a and_o low_a upon_o just_a occasion_n above_o the_o same_o as_o money_n be_v plentiful_a or_o scarce_o or_o the_o taker_n of_o it_o many_o or_o few_o to_o this_o purpose_n let_v we_o remember_v that_o about_o seventie_o year_n past_a between_o this_o realm_n and_o the_o low-countries_n many_o of_o their_o coin_n although_o much_o differ_v in_o standard_n do_v in_o the_o pound_n or_o mark_v weight_n and_o in_o the_o very_a piece_n and_o price_n answer_v the_o coin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o do_v contain_v as_o much_o fine_a gold_n and_o silver_n as_o we_o par._n equal_a exchange_n or_o a_o true_a par._n and_o be_v also_o name_v and_o value_v according_o whereby_o twenty_o shilling_n here_o make_v also_o twenty_o shilling_n with_o they_o be_v a_o true_a par._n as_o for_o example_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 23_o car_n 3_o ½_n the_o angel_n at_o 10_o the_o emperor_n royal_a at_o 10_o 22_o car_n fine_a 22_o car_n the_o french_a crown_n 6_o the_o flemish_a crown_n 6_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 11_o ow_v 2_o penny_n weight_n ed._n crown_n of_o silver_n 5_o the_o philip_n dolor_n 5_o 10_o ounce_n fine_a english_a shilling_n 1_o flemish_n six_o stiver_n 1_o ten_o groat_n silver_n with_o the_o emperor_n florin_v four_o penny_n 3_o all_o these_o coin_n be_v not_o answer_v in_o standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o be_v alter_v and_o enhance_v by_o valuation_n to_o double_a and_o more_o as_o you_o may_v find_v by_o the_o valuation_n heretofore_o declare_v by_o mean_n whereof_o inequality_n creep_v in_o by_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o our_o merchant_n have_v follow_v the_o advice_n of_o other_o and_o lose_v the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n exchange_n england_n lose_v the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n and_o do_v observe_v to_o raise_v the_o price_n here_o when_o it_o be_v rise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o we_o fall_v in_o price_n as_o they_o do_v fall_v and_o so_o the_o public_a measure_n of_o exchange_n between_o they_o and_o we_o be_v falsify_v and_o untrue_a whereby_o our_o commodity_n be_v sell_v and_o also_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v buy_v this_o may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o a_o similitude_n for_o concern_v the_o sale_n of_o our_o commodity_n we_o do_v as_o much_o in_o effect_n as_o if_o some_o draper_n do_v sell_v his_o cloth_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o yard_n and_o suffer_v the_o buyer_n to_o measure_v out_o the_o same_o by_o the_o buyer_n own_o false_a yard_n or_o like_o a_o grocer_n that_o sell_v out_o his_o pepper_n by_o the_o pound_n at_o a_o price_n agree_v upon_o and_o be_v content_v that_o the_o buyer_n shall_v weigh_v it_o out_o by_o a_o weight_n which_o unknown_a unto_o he_o be_v false_a and_o so_o lose_v unaware_o or_o get_v less_o than_o he_o make_v account_n of_o because_o the_o fraud_n use_v in_o the_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v unknown_a unto_o he_o even_o so_o be_v the_o cunning_a course_n of_o exchange_n unknown_a unto_o we_o and_o so_o be_v our_o money_n export_v and_o hinder_v to_o be_v import_v again_o *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n x._o of_o the_o true_a reformation_n of_o exchange_n as_o of_o all_o thing_n and_o in_o all_o humane_a action_n the_o beginning_n progress_n continuance_n and_o termination_n or_o end_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o better_a judgement_n so_o by_o compare_v they_o often_o to_o their_o principle_n &_o original_n not_o only_o the_o disgression_n of_o it_o be_v make_v apparent_a but_o also_o the_o long_a continuance_n in_o the_o same_o estate_n be_v thereby_o procure_v to_o reduce_v they_o again_o to_o their_o first_o integrity_n and_o goodness_n for_o there_o be_v never_o any_o thing_n by_o the_o wit_n of_o man_n so_o well_o devise_v or_o so_o sure_o establish_v which_o in_o continuance_n of_o time_n have_v not_o be_v corrupt_v so_o that_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n require_v this_o consideration_n for_o the_o reduce_v thereof_o to_o his_o first_o principle_n and_o foundation_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsique_n value_n of_o coin_n of_o country_n and_o country_n according_a to_o weight_n and_o fineness_n albeit_o the_o price_n thereof_o in_o exchange_n do_v rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o scarcity_n or_o plenty_n of_o money_n proceed_v of_o the_o few_o or_o many_o deliverer_n and_o taker_n thereof_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n not_o by_o commodity_n only_o but_o also_o by_o exchange_n devise_v upon_o money_n in_o nature_n of_o merchandise_n herein_o be_v the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o name_v to_o be_v consider_v joint_o and_o divide_o for_o the_o good_a and_o welfare_n of_o commonweal_n etc._n the_o general_a benefit_n to_o be_v prefer_v etc._n etc._n and_o not_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o particular_a or_o few_o person_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o general_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o particular_a yet_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o particular_a will_v breed_v a_o great_a inconvenience_n to_o the_o general_a whereby_o private_a person_n may_v reap_v a_o benefit_n to_o the_o hurt_n of_o a_o multitude_n or_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n in_o nature_n of_o some_o monopoly_n heretofore_o declare_v which_o may_v as_o well_o happen_v by_o ignorance_n as_o by_o premeditate_a practice_n for_o to_o speak_v ingenious_o merchant_n can_v enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n import_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o the_o native_a commodity_n at_o lesser_a rate_n export_v respective_o of_o former_a time_n by_o the_o disportation_n whereof_o come_v a_o evident_a overballance_v of_o commodity_n merchant_n do_v not_o regard_v whether_o the_o money_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v underualued_a in_o exchange_n by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o foreign_a coin_n in_o other_o country_n whereby_o our_o money_n be_v export_v and_o foreign_a coin_n or_o bullion_n can_v be_v import_v but_o at_o a_o exceed_a loss_n last_o merchant_n do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n nor_o the_o several_a difference_n of_o standard_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n a_o matter_n so_o necessary_a for_o they_o to_o know_v to_o drive_v a_o profitable_a trade_n as_o by_o this_o book_n they_o may_v now_o understand_v for_o the_o common_a good_a prince_n and_o governor_n therefore_o be_v to_o direct_v they_o according_a to_o the_o law_n wherein_o the_o law-merchant_n must_v be_v the_o true_a guide_n and_o direct_a this_o direction_n must_v as_o well_o be_v establish_v upon_o the_o coin_n of_o other_o nation_n as_o upon_o the_o money_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o the_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v make_v by_o several_a coin_n upon_o the_o valuation_n make_v thereof_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n whereby_o sometime_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o proportionable_o value_v according_a to_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n which_o be_v thereby_o divert_v also_o to_o be_v import_v unto_o we_o for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v the_o valuation_n aforesaid_a make_v in_o the_o unite_a province_n during_o the_o government_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n at_o which_o time_n the_o royal_a of_o eight_o be_v value_v at_o forty_o and_o two_o stiver_n and_o the_o rickx_n doller_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o also_o their_o own_o doller_n at_o forty_o and_o five_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a shilling_n at_o twelve_o penny_n here_o be_v there_o value_v at_o ten_o stiver_n make_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a to_o be_v by_o exchange_n thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n as_o a_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o like_a for_o hamborough_n at_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n as_o have_v be_v note_v now_o five_o royal_n of_o eight_o which_o be_v at_o forty_o two_o stiver_n thirty_o five_o shilling_n be_v value_v at_o forty_o two_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n and_o yet_o the_o exchange_n be_v take_v still_o at_o the_o say_a
bread_n and_o water_n for_o a_o time_n at_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o judge_n but_o if_o the_o debtor_n be_v so_o poor_a and_o notwithstanding_o have_v such_o a_o cruel_a adversary_n that_o will_v make_v die_n of_o his_o bone_n that_o be_v say_v to_o have_v his_o debtor_n die_v in_o prison_n and_o to_o hang_v up_o a_o bale_n of_o dice_n for_o he_o in_o the_o crown_n office_n as_o be_v do_v by_o the_o officer_n in_o place_n or_o the_o gaoler_n then_o have_v the_o law_n beyond_o the_o sea_n provide_v some_o relief_n for_o this_o poor_a man_n for_o the_o custom_n be_v in_o germany_n france_n italy_n spain_n and_o the_o low_a country_n that_o no_o man_n be_v imprison_v for_o debt_n above_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n in_o which_o time_n the_o creditor_n have_v power_n to_o take_v seize_v and_o sell_v all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o debtor_n which_o be_v do_v or_o before_o the_o woman_n in_o most_o place_n may_v claim_v her_o dower_n for_o her_o relief_n &_o child_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v divide_v among_o the_o creditor_n as_o far_o as_o it_o will_v go_v and_o so_o the_o debtor_n be_v free_v from_o those_o debt_n for_o ever_o for_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n qui_fw-la vult_fw-la cedere_fw-la bonis_fw-la liberatus_fw-la est_fw-la a_o debito_fw-la if_o the_o debtor_n do_v relinquish_v his_o estate_n to_o the_o creditor_n he_o be_v free_a from_o the_o debt_n and_o all_o good_n fall_v to_o he_o afterward_o be_v his_o own_o but_o this_o man_n be_v ever_o after_o disable_v to_o come_v to_o any_o preferment_n and_o such_o a_o creditor_n as_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o it_o will_v be_v hate_v and_o account_v worse_a than_o a_o jew_n or_o pagan_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o cedere_fw-la bonis_fw-la or_o to_o make_v session_n of_o good_n be_v very_o heinous_a bonis_fw-la the_o manner_n of_o cedere_fw-la bonis_fw-la and_o of_o wonderful_a disgrace_n so_o that_o most_o man_n will_v rather_o die_v in_o misery_n than_o to_o come_v unto_o it_o because_o it_o happen_v not_o once_o in_o twenty_o year_n yet_o be_v it_o far_o inferior_a to_o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o pillory_n or_o the_o strike_n over_o the_o leg_n use_v in_o russia_n at_o the_o creditor_n instance_n whereby_o the_o debtor_n be_v set_v at_o liberty_n and_o the_o debt_n pay_v the_o party_n come_v before_o the_o town-house_n and_o stand_v upon_o a_o stone_n in_o the_o view_n of_o all_o the_o people_n and_o unloose_v his_o girdle_n he_o desire_v they_o and_o all_o the_o world_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o he_o have_v nothing_o leave_v he_o to_o pay_v his_o creditor_n and_o so_o renounce_v all_o what_o may_v be_v find_v to_o be_v his_o or_o what_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n he_o may_v pretend_v and_o in_o token_n thereof_o he_o may_v not_o wear_v his_o girdle_n any_o more_o nor_o be_v employ_v in_o any_o business_n as_o a_o live_a man_n yet_o afterward_o by_o some_o composition_n to_o be_v make_v with_o the_o creditor_n he_o may_v be_v restore_v by_o a_o declaration_n to_o be_v make_v by_o some_o officer_n upon_o the_o say_a stone_n and_o then_o he_o be_v permit_v to_o wear_v his_o girdle_n again_o in_o the_o say_a country_n no_o gentleman_n or_o man_n of_o quality_n may_v be_v imprison_v at_o all_o for_o debt_n his_o estate_n only_o be_v liable_a thereunto_o and_o yet_o with_o reservation_n of_o such_o necessary_a thing_n as_o honesty_n honour_n humanity_n and_o christianity_n do_v challenge_v namely_o the_o soldier_n person_n his_o arm_n his_o apparel_n bed_n and_o chamber_n convenient_o and_o necessary_o furnish_v which_o may_v not_o be_v take_v for_o debt_n and_o the_o like_a reservation_n be_v make_v to_o every_o other_o man_n of_o quality_n so_o that_o imprisonment_n of_o man_n body_n for_o debt_n according_a to_o the_o common_a practice_n of_o england_n be_v a_o great_a burden_n and_o bondage_n than_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o any_o other_o christian_n or_o heathen_a country_n and_o for_o asmuch_o as_o the_o mischief_n and_o incovenience_n arise_v to_o the_o king_n and_o commonwealth_n by_o the_o imprison_n of_o man_n body_n for_o debt_n have_v be_v propound_v heretofore_o in_o parliament_n by_o a_o print_a remonstrance_n which_o like_o unto_o a_o pamphlet_n may_v be_v lose_v whereby_o good_a matter_n be_v many_o time_n put_v in_o oblivion_n i_o have_v think_v convenient_a to_o make_v a_o abstract_n thereof_o in_o the_o manner_n as_o the_o say_a reason_n be_v lay_v down_o to_o be_v insert_v in_o this_o book_n in_o hope_n of_o some_o relief_n unto_o decay_a merchant_n who_o estate_n may_v remain_v liable_a to_o answer_v their_o creditor_n without_o imprison_v of_o their_o body_n against_o the_o law_n of_o god_n the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o rule_n of_o justice_n the_o law_n of_o conscience_n and_o christian_n charity_n and_o against_o the_o practice_n of_o other_o country_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o final_o against_o the_o creditor_n own_o profit_n the_o law_n of_o god_n will_v and_o command_v every_o man_n to_o follow_v a_o vocation_n to_o do_v the_o honour_n god_n against_o the_o law_n of_o god_n duty_n and_o service_n owe_v to_o his_o prince_n and_o country_n and_o parent_n and_o to_o maintain_v his_o wife_n child_n and_o family_n and_o to_o instruct_v they_o in_o the_o fear_n of_o god_n so_o that_o whatsoever_o direct_o or_o indirect_o forbid_v the_o say_a christian_n duty_n in_o the_o perform_n thereof_o by_o a_o imprisonment_n be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o god_n whereupon_o all_o humane_a law_n ought_v to_o be_v ground_v no_o law_n of_o god_n will_v or_o command_v imprisonment_n of_o man_n body_n for_o debt_n nor_o be_v it_o warrant_v by_o any_o example_n in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o the_o efficient_a mean_n bring_v man_n into_o prison_n as_o usury_n be_v appear_v plain_o to_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o word_n of_o god_n as_o have_v be_v note_v out_o of_o the_o old_a law_n neither_o have_v the_o law_n of_o the_o gospel_n a_o word_n of_o command_n or_o warrant_v for_o imprison_v a_o christian_n brother_n for_o debt_n 34.14_o exod._n 22.26_o deut._n 23.19_o levit._fw-la 25_o 35._o ezech._n 18_o 8._o jeremy_n 34.14_o but_o rather_o contain_v a_o command_n to_o relieve_v he_o if_o he_o be_v fall_v into_o decay_n to_o take_v care_n how_o and_o wherein_o he_o shall_v sleep_v to_o set_v he_o free_a at_o six_o year_n end_n and_o then_o to_o reward_v he_o by_o the_o law_n of_o man_n it_o be_v not_o so_o ab_fw-la initio_fw-la for_o by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n man_n against_o the_o law_n of_o man_n which_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a most_o eminent_a &_o most_o bind_a law_n no_o man_n may_v be_v take_v or_o imprison_v for_o debt_n but_o the_o creditor_n be_v to_o take_v satisfaction_n upon_o the_o debtor_n estate_n of_o good_n &_o land_n according_a to_o magna_fw-la char._n 3._o h._n 3._o and_o 14._o ed._n 3._o although_o after_o accountant_n only_o be_v to_o be_v imprison_v until_o they_o pay_v which_o be_v make_v general_a against_o all_o debtor_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 25._o ed._n 3._o cap._n 17._o yet_o prisoner_n in_o execution_n might_n and_o do_v follow_v their_o vocation_n and_o affair_n by_o bail_n mainprize_n or_o baston_n as_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 1._o rich._n 2._o cap._n 12._o and_o from_o that_o time_n forward_o be_v prisoner_n tie_v up_o short_a to_o the_o writ_n of_o habeas_fw-la corpus_fw-la or_o the_o king_n special_a mandate_n upon_o surmise_n corpus_fw-la habeas_fw-la corpus_fw-la that_o the_o say_v debtor_n make_v secret_a estate_n in_o trust_n to_o defraud_v their_o creditor_n or_o be_v wilful_a and_o obstinate_a to_o pay_v they_o be_v able_a to_o answer_v these_o objection_n it_o be_v unjust_a to_o punish_v all_o promiscuous_o aswell_o frauder_n as_o non_fw-la frauder_n without_o and_o before_o any_o proof_n make_v yet_o if_o the_o fraud_n be_v prove_v or_o his_o ability_n and_o sufficiency_n either_o there_o be_v no_o cause_n to_o imprison_v his_o body_n because_o the_o law_n do_v give_v the_o estate_n fourthwith_o to_o the_o creditor_n whether_o the_o debtor_n will_v or_o no_o so_o it_o be_v still_o needless_a to_o imprison_v the_o body_n for_o twenty_o year_n imprisonment_n discount_v never_o a_o penny_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o yet_o the_o debtor_n have_v suffer_v more_o misery_n and_o punishment_n than_o a_o guilty_a traitor_n or_o rebel_n suffer_v for_o the_o high_a offence_n it_o be_v against_o the_o rule_n of_o justice_n and_o law_n of_o nature_n justice._n against_o the_o rule_n of_o justice._n that_o man_n equal_o free_v bear_v shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o the_o common_a and_o equal_a liberty_n and_o be_v give_v into_o the_o power_n of_o another_o without_o criminal_a cause_n or_o guilt_n the_o debtor_n be_v either_o punish_v for_o guilt_n or_o cohersion_n if_o for_o guilt_n it_o be_v against_o the_o rule_n of_o
for_o in_o the_o execution_n consist_v the_o life_n of_o all_o law_n and_o the_o perfect_a of_o man_n action_n which_o aim_v at_o some_o certain_a end_n for_o it_o have_v be_v well_o observe_v by_o some_o that_o the_o action_n of_o a_o wise_a man_n and_o a_o fool_n differ_v in_o this_o fool_n difference_n between_o the_o action_n of_o a_o wise_a man_n and_o a_o fool_n that_o the_o wise_a have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o end_n in_o what_o they_o undertake_v and_o the_o fool_n without_o consideration_n permit_v the_o end_n to_o manifest_v in_o self_n whereof_o ignorant_a man_n judge_v according_a to_o the_o event_n although_o the_o enterprise_n be_v never_o so_o advise_o take_v in_o hand_n and_o as_o if_o the_o success_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o divine_a power_n to_o be_v guide_v by_o his_o providence_n the_o determination_n of_o all_o cause_n and_o controversy_n especial_o of_o merchant_n affair_n be_v do_v and_o execute_v as_o follow_v 1_o concern_v seafaring_a cause_n which_o be_v determine_v according_a to_o the_o sea-lawe_n already_o write_v and_o in_o the_o premise_n abridge_v controversy_n four_o meaneâ—_n to_o end_v controversy_n we_o shall_v in_o this_o chapter_n brief_o declare_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o 2_o the_o second_o mean_a to_o end_v controversy_n be_v by_o arbitrator_n choose_v and_o elect_v by_o both_o party_n to_o end_v their_o difference_n with_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n to_o avoid_v suit_n in_o law_n which_o unto_o merchant_n be_v inconvenient_a 3_o the_o three_o mean_v be_v the_o authority_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o merchant_n for_o the_o merchant_n court_n according_a to_o the_o privilege_n which_o prince_n have_v grant_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o advancement_n of_o their_o traffic_n and_o maintenance_n of_o their_o custom_n whereof_o most_o judge_n be_v either_o ignorant_a or_o content_v to_o determine_v matter_n according_o 4_o the_o four_o and_o last_o mean_v to_o determine_v question_n and_o difference_n be_v by_o the_o civil_a or_o imperial_a law_n or_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o several_a dominion_n of_o prince_n according_a to_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o they_o wherein_o we_o be_v especial_o to_o observe_v that_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_a for_o all_o nation_n do_v frame_n and_o direct_v their_o judgement_n thereafter_o give_v place_n to_o the_o antiquity_n of_o merchant_n custom_n which_o make_v proper_o their_o law_n now_o by_o i_o methodical_o describe_v in_o this_o book_n which_o allow_v to_o every_o man_n and_o nation_n his_o proper_a right_n and_o due_a and_o hure_v no_o man_n law_n three_o precept_n of_o all_o law_n according_a to_o the_o three_o general_a precept_n of_o all_o law_n set_v down_o by_o caius_n and_o after_o he_o by_o tribonianus_n namely_o honest_a vivere_fw-la alterum_fw-la non_fw-la laedere_fw-la &_o ius_n suum_fw-la cuique_fw-la tribuere_fw-la whereof_o the_o second_o tri_v and_o rule_v the_o two_o other_o whereof_o more_o hereafter_o touch_v the_o first_o mean_v to_o determine_v seafaring_a cause_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v needful_a to_o speak_v much_o of_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o admiral_n at_o the_o sea_n admiral_n a_o admiral_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n magnus_n dux_n classis_fw-la and_o drungarius_n magnus_fw-la or_o admiratus_fw-la from_o amiras_n a_o word_n use_v by_o the_o spaniard_n to_o see_v or_o adelantado_n as_o go_v before_o the_o rest_n of_o ship_n also_o by_o the_o italian_n l'amiraglio_n or_o admiral_n in_o french_a because_o his_o call_n be_v know_v to_o all_o but_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o for_o the_o ready_a obedience_n to_o the_o great_a admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n that_o they_o shall_v have_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o power_n over_o the_o life_n of_o man_n a_o sovereign_a jurisdiction_n only_o proper_a to_o themselves_o court._n the_o admiral_n court._n in_o all_o seafaring_a cause_n and_o debate_v civil_a and_o criminal_a so_o that_o no_o other_o judge_n shall_v meddle_v therewith_o and_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o court_n be_v his_o deputy_n judicial_o to_o decide_v they_o by_o the_o advocate_n and_o other_o assistant_n for_o the_o better_a and_o just_a proceed_n of_o the_o say_a court_n also_o the_o admiral_n clerk_n be_v veric_a necessary_a and_o herein_o it_o have_v be_v think_v convenient_a that_o all_o proctor_n or_o attorn'ey_n of_o that_o court_n shall_v take_v their_o oath_n before_o they_o be_v hear_v etc._n advocate_n and_o proctor_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o shall_v do_v nothing_o malicious_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o find_v their_o action_n to_o be_v unrighteous_a in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o process_n they_o be_v to_o tell_v it_o to_o their_o client_n and_o if_o the_o client_n will_v insist_v then_o to_o show_v it_o to_o the_o judge_n oath_n the_o proctor_n oath_n also_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o reveal_v their_o client_n secret_n to_o the_o adversary_n and_o last_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o propound_v delay_n nor_o be_v peremptory_a against_o their_o conscience_n and_o the_o like_a oath_n be_v to_o be_v take_v of_o other_o officer_n at_o their_o admission_n the_o cause_n to_o be_v determine_v in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n do_v extend_v very_o far_o and_o many_o be_v otherwise_o decree_v or_o determine_v especial_o by_o the_o merchant_n court_n admiralty_n cause_n to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o admiralty_n and_o office_n of_o assurance_n whereas_o heretofore_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n do_v minister_v justice_n upon_o all_o complaint_n contract_n offence_n plea_n exchange_n assurance_n debt_n account_n charterparty_n covenant_n and_o all_o other_o writing_n concern_v lade_v and_o unlade_v of_o ship_n fraight_n hire_n money_n lend_v upon_o hazard_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o all_o other_o seafaring_a business_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o the_o acknowledge_v of_o writ_n and_o appeal_n from_o other_o judge_n letter_n of_o reprisal_n or_o mart_n to_o arrest_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n to_o inquire_v within_o and_o without_o liberty_n by_o the_o oath_n of_o twelve_o man_n upon_o all_o offence_n and_o trespass_n and_o namely_o first_o touch_v the_o revealer_n of_o the_o king_n and_o country_n their_o secret_n over_o sea_n especial_o in_o time_n of_o war_n against_o pirate_n their_o assister_n or_o abettor_n outreader_n or_o receiver_n against_o fortefier_n of_o the_o king_n enemy_n and_o harmer_n of_o friend_n against_o the_o breaker_n of_o the_o admiral_n arrest_n and_o attachment_n against_o good_n forbid_v and_o merchandise_n not_o custom_a and_o yet_o transport_v against_o the_o resister_n of_o the_o admiral_n officer_n in_o execute_v his_o precept_n against_o forestaller_n regrater_n and_o dearther_n of_o corn_n and_o victual_n etc._n etc._n final_o against_o transporter_n of_o traitor_n rebel_n manifest_a transgressor_n and_o fugitive_n from_o justice_n or_o caster_n of_o ballast_n sand_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n in_o harbour_n or_o channel_n extortioner_n by_o ship_n and_o boat-wrights_a for_o take_v away_o the_o boigh_n from_o the_o anchor_n cutter_n of_o cable_n or_o towe_n false_a weight_n and_o measure_n by_o sea_n shedder_n of_o other_o man_n blood_n on_o sea_n or_o in_o any_o port_n or_o lame_v by_o misdemeanour_n customer_n and_o water-bailifes_a take_n more_o custom_n or_o anchorage_n than_o they_o ought_v for_o absent_v from_o muster_n in_o time_n of_o war_n for_o all_o transgression_n commit_v by_o seaman_n ferry-man_n watermen_n fisher_n pilot_n shipwrights_a press_a man_n contain_v the_o admiral_n authority_n and_o to_o amerce_v they_o for_o his_o own_o benefit_n the_o good_n of_o pirate_n felon_n capital_a offender_n their_o receiver_n assister_n attaint_v convict_v condemn_v and_o outlaw_v waif_n and_o stray_v good_n wreck_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o cast_v good_n deodando_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o thing_n whether_o boat_n or_o ship_n etc._n etc._n that_o cause_v the_o death_n of_o a_o man_n or_o whereby_o a_o man_n do_v perish_v sea_n beacon_n to_o give_v light_n on_o the_o sea_n share_n lawful_a prize_n or_o good_n of_o the_o enemy_n or_o lagon_n floatson_n and_o jetson_n before_o declare_v with_o the_o anchorage_n beaconage_n swine_n sturgeon_n and_o whale_n cast_v on_o shore_n &_o all_o fish_n of_o extraordinary_a greatness_n call_v regal_a of_o all_o these_o the_o admiral_n have_v authority_n to_o deal_v correct_v and_o punish_v according_a to_o their_o desert_n and_o the_o law_n provide_v for_o the_o same_o by_o statute_n enact_v and_o all_o other_o law_n and_o mean_n before_o declare_v the_o clerk_n of_o the_o admiral_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o skilful_a and_o honest_a and_o be_v to_o have_v diverse_a register_n for_o congee_n safeconduct_n passport_n sea-briefe_n without_o which_o no_o ship_n in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v to_o pass_v clerk_n the_o register_n of_o the_o clerk_n nor_o yet_o in_o far_a voyage_n in_o time_n of_o
purpose_n as_o by_o the_o grant_n appear_v this_o licence_n they_o in_o short_a time_n pervert_v to_o the_o great_a disturbance_n of_o the_o ancient_a course_n of_o the_o staple_n whereby_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o realm_n great_o decline_v and_o the_o king_n custom_n decrease_v so_o that_o from_o 160_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a pay_v out_o of_o the_o staple_n the_o custom_n come_v short_a of_o 120_o thousand_o pound_n becket_n the_o fraternity_n of_o saint_n thomas_n of_o becket_n these_o new_a merchant_n term_v themselves_o the_o fraternity_n of_o saint_n thomas_n of_o becket_n be_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o by_o direction_n under_o the_o great_a scale_n of_o england_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o prohibit_v from_o do_v any_o act_n that_o may_v prejudice_n the_o staple_n and_o so_o it_o continue_v until_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o and_o then_o there_o be_v another_o great_a complaint_n in_o parliament_n against_o the_o say_a fraternity_n for_o decay_v of_o trade_n and_o a_o very_a strict_a law_n make_v against_o they_o with_o especial_a order_n that_o they_o shall_v admit_v any_o of_o the_o king_n liege_n people_n into_o their_o society_n pay_v unto_o they_o ten_o mark_n which_o under_o pretence_n of_o some_o privilege_n have_v be_v interrupt_v and_o especial_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n in_o the_o fifteen_o year_n of_o his_o highness_n happy_a reign_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o controversy_n for_o the_o dress_n and_o die_v of_o cloth_n nevertheless_o in_o all_o their_o grant_n exception_n be_v make_v that_o the_o stapler_n shall_v not_o be_v prejudice_v which_o in_o the_o wisdom_n of_o a_o parliament_n will_v be_v find_v most_o necessary_a to_o be_v unite_v again_o to_o make_v a_o free_a trade_n under_o government_n 8_o the_o exportation_n of_o the_o material_n for_o cloth_n as_o wool_n fuller_n earth_n woolfell_n and_o woodash_n be_v prohibit_v late_o by_o his_o majesty_n proclamation_n with_o good_a order_n for_o the_o execution_n thereof_o according_a as_o heretofore_o be_v do_v by_o the_o corrector_n of_o the_o staple_n for_o other_o commodity_n 9_o touch_v the_o war_n of_o christendom_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o have_v also_o great_a war_n in_o his_o time_n with_o france_n and_o in_o ireland_n and_o nevertheless_o he_o do_v receive_v a_o very_a great_a assistance_n by_o subsidy_n of_o fifty_o shilling_n upon_o every_o sack_n of_o wool_n export_v for_o and_o during_o the_o time_n of_o six_o year_n which_o amount_v to_o 1500_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n when_o one_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v value_v but_o at_o twenty_o penny_n which_o will_v now_o amount_v to_o four_o million_o and_o a_o half_a 10_o and_o last_o the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v by_o the_o mayor_n and_o constable_n of_o the_o staple_n have_v in_o consideration_n for_o they_o have_v always_o a_o especial_a care_n to_o the_o enrich_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o the_o provident_a care_n of_o the_o king_n do_v put_v they_o in_o mind_n thereof_o insomuch_o that_o when_o the_o say_a king_n become_v forgetful_a therein_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o war_n and_o that_o the_o kingdom_n want_v chaffer_v ware_n and_o necessary_a provision_n the_o parliament_n do_v absolute_o deny_v to_o give_v he_o any_o subsidy_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o chronicle_n of_o grafton_n in_o the_o one_o and_o fifty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n so_o that_o by_o the_o premise_n thing_n have_v be_v in_o some_o measure_n consider_v of_o when_o least_o disorder_n in_o trade_n appear_v a_o conclusion_n to_o the_o judicious_a reader_n the_o trivial_a vice_n of_o envy_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o wickedness_n and_o account_v to_o sit_v in_o a_o imaginary_a theatre_n her_o palace_n be_v a_o dim_a and_o hollow_a vault_n wherein_o she_o wax_v pale_a and_o wan_a as_o have_v the_o consumption_n of_o the_o liver_n look_v a_o squint_a as_o bear_v under_o saturn_n never_o rest_v as_o though_o she_o be_v a_o arm_n of_o ixâ—ns_n wheel_n engender_v and_o hatch_v by_o the_o ugly_a megara_n of_o hell_n that_o feed_v and_o cram_v her_o gorge_n with_o dragon_n and_o foam_v out_o again_o deadly_a poison_n this_o unce_n have_v send_v forth_o triple_a head_a cerberus_n under_o the_o shadow_n of_o zoilus_n momus_n and_o mastix_fw-la satyy_n three_o envious_a satyy_n to_o perform_v her_o intend_a tragedy_n but_o zoylus_n remember_v that_o his_o rail_a commentary_n present_v by_o he_o to_o ptolemy_n king_n of_o egypt_n and_o his_o presumption_n to_o be_v better_o learn_v than_o homer_n do_v work_v his_o overthrow_n go_v by_o with_o silence_n and_o shake_v his_o head_n seem_v to_o be_v discontent_v and_o under_o hand_n he_o do_v instigate_v momus_n and_o mastix_fw-la to_o follow_v their_o envious_a humour_n whereupon_o momus_n with_o his_o carp_a eye_n dim_v with_o passion_n have_v cursory_o read_v over_o this_o book_n take_v upon_o 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that_o by_o this_o secrecy_n officer_n be_v both_o embolden_v and_o enable_v to_o deceive_v the_o prince_n thereby_o and_o the_o people_n will_v pretend_v ignorance_n to_o giâ—e_v unto_o they_o their_o due_n whereupon_o the_o senator_n of_o rome_n by_o mature_a deliberation_n do_v ordain_v that_o from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o revenue_n of_o their_o treasure_n and_o the_o dependence_n thereupon_o shall_v be_v publish_v and_o make_v know_v not_o only_o unto_o the_o people_n but_o unto_o stranger_n also_o which_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n cause_v to_o beobserue_v and_o other_o emperor_n succeed_v he_o as_o appeareth_z by_o the_o code_n and_o other_o book_n which_o the_o french_a king_n have_v imitate_v ever_o since_o willing_a and_o command_v that_o these_o thing_n shall_v be_v know_v of_o every_o one_o yea_o even_o of_o the_o mere_a stranger_n of_o other_o country_n so_o that_o this_o objection_n be_v of_o small_a moment_n especial_o this_o book_n be_v moderate_a in_o the_o 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necessary_a the_o knowledge_n be_v of_o the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v to_o maintain_v equity_n and_o justice_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o particular_a secret_n of_o any_o merchant_n trade_n reveal_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o any_o man_n or_o nation_n in_o so_o much_o that_o they_o be_v much_o please_v with_o it_o as_o be_v desirous_a to_o advance_v the_o good_a and_o to_o banish_v the_o evil_a observe_v that_o virtue_n make_v a_o stranger_n grow_v natural_a in_o a_o strange_a country_n and_o the_o vicious_a become_v a_o mere_a stranger_n in_o his_o own_o native_a soil_n let_v virtue_n therefore_o enjoy_v her_o freedom_n and_o possess_v her_o privilege_n by_o the_o right_n of_o law_n and_o all_o the_o people_n shall_v flourish_v with_o equity_n justice_n shall_v maintain_v peace_n peace_n shall_v procure_v security_n security_n shall_v nourish_v wealth_n and_o wealth_n felicity_n no_o man_n be_v to_o be_v dismay_v at_o his_o small_a talent_n or_o to_o grudge_v at_o another_o great_a prosperity_n for_o without_o doubt_n nature_n have_v by_o her_o secret_a motion_n deny_v none_o some_o perfect_a quality_n to_o supply_v that_o want_n which_o in_o himself_o breed_v discontent_a or_o mislike_n for_o even_o as_o the_o fish_n have_v no_o ear_n have_v a_o most_o clear_a sight_n so_o though_o want_n of_o dignity_n be_v a_o disgrace_n to_o some_o though_o want_v of_o coin_n discontent_n diverse_a and_o though_o lack_v of_o wealth_n impair_v the_o credit_n of_o many_o yet_o nature_n have_v supply_v that_o outward_a ornament_n with_o such_o a_o internal_a reward_n as_o a_o loyal_a and_o love_a heart_n notwithstanding_o many_o hard_a measure_n will_v with_o constancy_n spend_v all_o his_o time_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v thereunto_o employ_v this_o work_n thus_o at_o length_n happy_o conclude_v and_o commend_v to_o the_o kind_a acceptation_n of_o all_o gentle_a and_o well_o dispose_v mind_n be_v not_o compile_v to_o please_v the_o vain_a appetite_n of_o some_o man_n according_a to_o their_o nice_a opinion_n but_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o judicial_a and_o affable_a judgement_n of_o this_o age_n to_o who_o i_o shall_v during_o the_o remainder_n of_o my_o day_n always_o be_v ready_a to_o supply_v any_o thing_n which_o in_o the_o next_o impression_n may_v be_v desire_v not_o doubt_v but_o they_o will_v measure_v it_o by_o the_o just_a desert_n and_o censure_v thereof_o as_o their_o own_o kind_a nature_n have_v ever_o be_v accustom_v soli_fw-la deo_fw-la gloria_fw-la finis_fw-la
principle_n which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n or_o reason_n be_v many_o more_o than_o those_o which_o be_v of_o man_n and_o give_v by_o the_o absolute_a discretion_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o concern_v the_o prudence_n of_o the_o law_n which_o hold_v this_o maxim_n that_o it_o be_v better_a to_o suffer_v a_o mischief_n law_n a_o maxim_n in_o law_n than_o a_o inconvenience_n attribute_v the_o word_n mischief_n unto_o one_o or_o some_o few_o man_n and_o the_o word_n inconvenience_n to_o all_o person_n or_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o general_n and_o here_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n there_o may_v be_v make_v a_o art_n or_o science_n consider_v we_o that_o ars_fw-la est_fw-la causarum_fw-la consideratio_fw-la art_n definition_n of_o art_n ex_fw-la finibus_fw-la assumptis_fw-la art_n be_v the_o consideration_n of_o cause_n from_o certain_a end_n propound_v according_a to_o which_o definition_n a_o orderly_a 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that_o if_o the_o question_n be_v of_o the_o law_n that_o be_v if_o both_o party_n do_v agree_v upon_o the_o fact_n and_o each_o do_v claim_v that_o by_o law_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v it_o and_o will_v still_o in_o that_o sort_n maintain_v their_o right_n than_o it_o be_v call_v a_o demurrer_n in_o law_n law_n demurrer_n in_o law_n which_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o judge_n so_o that_o if_o all_o case_n be_v reduce_v under_o these_o few_o title_n namely_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o right_a or_o title_n of_o land_n of_o debt_n of_o trespass_n of_o account_n of_o trover_n and_o of_o the_o case_n then_o may_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v bring_v naked_o before_o the_o jury_n distinguish_v from_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o law_n for_o all_o case_n be_v either_o criminal_a or_o civil_a personal_a case_n criminal_a real_a and_o personal_a or_o criminal_a real_a and_o personal_a for_o life_n honour_n and_o good_n or_o land_n and_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o describe_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o and_o the_o like_a action_n the_o law_n be_v singular_a in_o her_o distinction_n which_o will_v diminish_v the_o practice_n thereupon_o whereas_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o fact_n be_v first_o examine_v by_o witness_n law_n original_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n indices_fw-la torment_n and_o the_o like_a probation_n to_o find_v the_o truth_n thereof_o and_o that_o do_v the_o advocat_n do_v dispute_v of_o the_o law_n to_o make_v of_o it_o what_o they_o can_v say_v exit_fw-la facto_fw-la ius_fw-la oritur_fw-la which_o be_v long_o and_o tedious_a the_o plead_n of_o general_a issue_n with_o addition_n of_o the_o word_n modo_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la make_v the_o matter_n difficult_a many_o time_n when_o the_o jury_n conceive_v that_o this_o mean_v some_o matter_n of_o law_n when_o it_o be_v only_a matter_n of_o fact_n the_o juror_n therefore_o be_v principal_o to_o look_v whether_o the_o issue_n and_o evidence_n do_v concur_v which_o they_o ought_v to_o follow_v true_a it_o be_v there_o be_v sometime_o matter_n of_o law_n which_o alter_v the_o case_n when_o there_o must_v be_v prove_v a_o lawful_a consideration_n of_o quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la what_o it_o be_v otherwise_o it_o be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la ex_fw-la quo_fw-la non_fw-la oritur_fw-la actio_fw-la wherefore_o i_o have_v see_v some_o plea_n plain_o distinguish_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o the_o jury_n may_v perceive_v the_o naked_a issue_n of_o the_o fact_n before_o they_o in_o question_n with_o all_o the_o circumstance_n which_o be_v sometime_o do_v by_o way_n of_o replication_n there_o be_v a_o maxim_n or_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n that_o if_o the_o defendant_n or_o tenant_n in_o any_o action_n plead_v a_o plea_n that_o amount_v not_o to_o the_o general_a issue_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v compel_v to_o take_v the_o general_a issue_n issue_n the_o plead_n of_o general_a issue_n and_o if_o he_o will_v not_o he_o shall_v be_v condemn_v for_o 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