do_v some_o few_o thing_n as_o postulata_fw-la which_o be_v so_o very_o plain_a that_o they_o will_v be_v assent_v to_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v propose_v 1._o that_o all_o man_n who_o make_v a_o mystery_n of_o matter_n of_o learning_n and_o industrious_o oblige_v their_o scholar_n to_o conceal_v their_o dictate_v give_v the_o world_n great_a reason_n to_o suspect_v that_o their_o knowledge_n be_v all_o juggle_n and_o trick_n 2._o that_o he_o that_o have_v only_o a_o moral_a persuasion_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o any_o proposition_n which_o be_v capable_a of_o natural_a evidence_n can_v so_o proper_o be_v esteem_v the_o inventor_n or_o the_o discoverer_n rather_o of_o that_o proposition_n as_o another_o man_n who_o though_o he_o live_v many_o age_n after_o bring_v such_o evidence_n of_o its_o certainty_n as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o convince_v all_o competent_a judge_n especial_o when_o his_o reason_n be_v found_v upon_o observation_n and_o experiment_n draw_v from_o and_o make_v upon_o the_o thing_n themselves_o 3._o that_o no_o pretence_n to_o great_a measure_n of_o knowledge_n ground_v upon_o account_n of_o long_a succession_n of_o learned_a man_n in_o any_o country_n aught_o to_o gain_v belief_n when_o set_v against_o the_o learning_n of_o other_o nation_n who_o make_v no_o such_o pretence_n unless_o invention_n and_o discovery_n answerable_a to_o those_o advantage_n be_v produce_v by_o their_o advocate_n 4._o that_o we_o can_v judge_v of_o character_n of_o thing_n and_o person_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n when_o give_v at_o second-hand_n unless_o we_o know_v exact_o how_o capable_a those_o person_n from_o who_o such_o character_n be_v first_o take_v be_v to_o pass_v a_o right_a judgement_n upon_o such_o subject_n and_o also_o the_o particular_a motive_n that_o bias_v they_o to_o pass_v such_o censure_n if_o archimedes_n shall_v upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n speak_v with_o admiration_n of_o the_o egyptian_a geometry_n his_o judgement_n will_v be_v very_o considerable_a but_o if_o he_o shall_v speak_v respectful_o of_o it_o only_o because_o pythagoras_n do_v so_o before_o he_o it_o may_v perhaps_o signify_v but_o very_o little_a 5._o that_o excessive_a commendation_n of_o any_o art_n or_o science_n whatsoever_o as_o also_o of_o the_o learning_n of_o any_o particular_a man_n or_o nation_n only_o prove_v that_o the_o person_n who_o give_v such_o character_n never_o hear_v of_o any_o thing_n or_o person_n that_o be_v more_o excellent_a in_o that_o way_n and_o therefore_o that_o admiration_n may_v be_v as_o well_o suppose_v to_o proceed_v from_o their_o own_o ignorance_n as_o from_o the_o real_a excellency_n of_o the_o person_n or_o thing_n unless_o their_o respective_a ability_n be_v otherwise_o know_v chap._n viii_o of_o the_o learning_n of_o pythagoras_n and_o the_o most_o ancient_a philosopher_n of_o greece_n in_o my_o inquiry_n into_o the_o progress_n of_o learning_n during_o its_o obscure_a age_n or_o those_o at_o least_o which_o be_v so_o to_o we_o at_o this_o distance_n i_o shall_v begin_v with_o the_o account_n which_o be_v give_v of_o the_o learning_n of_o pythagoras_n rather_o than_o those_o of_o the_o more_o ancient_a grecian_a sage_n because_o his_o school_n make_v a_o much_o great_a figure_n in_o the_o world_n than_o any_o of_o those_o which_o precede_v plato_n and_o aristotle_n in_o make_v a_o judgement_n upon_o the_o greatness_n of_o his_o performance_n from_o the_o greatness_n of_o his_o reputation_n one_o ought_v to_o consider_v how_o near_o to_o his_o time_n those_o live_v who_o express_a relation_n of_o his_o life_n be_v the_o old_a we_o have_v diogenes_n laërtius_n be_v the_o ancient_a author_n extant_a that_o have_v purposely_o write_v the_o life_n of_o pythagoras_n according_a to_o menagius_n calculation_n he_o live_v in_o m._n antoninus_n time_n and_o all_o that_o we_o learn_v from_o diogenes_n be_v only_o that_o we_o know_v very_o little_a certain_o about_o pythagoras_n he_o cite_v indeed_o great_a number_n of_o book_n but_o those_o so_o very_o disagree_v in_o their_o relation_n that_o a_o man_n be_v confound_v with_o their_o variety_n beside_o the_o grecian_n magnify_v every_o thing_n that_o they_o commend_v so_o much_o that_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o guess_v how_o far_o they_o may_v be_v believe_v when_o they_o write_v of_o man_n and_o action_n at_o any_o distance_n from_o their_o own_o time_n graecia_n mendax_fw-la be_v almost_o proverbial_a among_o the_o roman_n but_o by_o what_o appear_v from_o the_o account_n of_o the_o life_n of_o pythagoras_n he_o be_v rather_o to_o be_v rank_v among_o the_o lawgiver_n with_o lycurgus_n and_o solon_n and_o his_o own_o two_o disciple_n zaleucus_n and_o charondas_n than_o among_o those_o who_o real_o carry_v learn_v to_o any_o considerable_a height_n therefore_o as_o some_o other_o legislator_n have_v or_o pretend_v to_o have_v supernatural_a assistance_n that_o they_o may_v create_v a_o regard_n for_o their_o law_n in_o the_o people_n to_o who_o they_o give_v they_o so_o pythagoras_n find_v out_o several_a equivalent_n which_o do_v he_o as_o much_o service_n he_o be_v say_v indeed_o to_o have_v live_v many_o year_n in_o egypt_n and_o to_o have_v converse_v much_o with_o the_o philofopher_n of_o the_o east_n but_o if_o he_o invent_v the_o xlviith_o proposition_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o euclid_n which_o be_v unanimous_o ascribe_v to_o he_o by_o all_o antiquity_n one_o can_v hardly_o have_v a_o profound_a esteem_n for_o the_o mathematical_a skill_n of_o his_o master_n it_o be_v indeed_o a_o very_a noble_a proposition_n the_o foundation_n of_o trigonometry_n of_o universal_a and_o various_a use_n in_o those_o curious_a speculation_n of_o incommensurable_a number_n which_o his_o disciple_n from_o he_o and_o from_o they_o the_o platonist_n so_o exceed_o admire_v but_o this_o show_v the_o infancy_n of_o geometry_n in_o his_o day_n in_o that_o very_a country_n which_o claim_v the_o glory_n of_o invent_v it_o to_o herself_o it_o be_v probable_a indeed_o that_o the_o egyptian_n may_v find_v it_o out_o but_o then_o we_o ought_v also_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o it_o be_v the_o only_a very_o considerable_a instance_n of_o the_o real_a learning_n of_o pythagoras_n that_o be_v preserve_v which_o be_v the_o more_o observable_a because_o the_o pythagorean_n pay_v the_o great_a respect_n to_o their_o master_n of_o any_o sect_n whatsoever_o and_o so_o we_o may_v be_v sure_a that_o we_o shall_v have_v hear_v much_o more_o of_o his_o learning_n if_o much_o more_o can_v have_v be_v say_v and_o though_o the_o book_n of_o hermippus_n and_o aristoxenus_n life_n be_v lose_v yet_o laërtius_n who_o have_v read_v they_o and_o porphyry_n and_o jamblichus_n man_n of_o great_a read_n and_o diffuse_v knowledge_n who_o after_o diogenes_n write_v the_o life_n of_o the_o same_o pythagoras_n will_v not_o have_v omit_v any_o material_a thing_n of_o that_o kind_n if_o they_o have_v any_o where_o meet_v with_o it_o among_o his_o other_o journey_n sir_n william_n temple_n mention_n pythagoras_n journey_n to_o delphos_n 15._o here_o by_o the_o by_o i_o must_v beg_v leave_n to_o put_v sir_n william_n temple_n in_o mind_n of_o a_o small_a mistake_n that_o he_o commit_v in_o the_o word_n delphos_n both_o here_o and_o pag._n 13._o when_o he_o speak_v of_o thales_n in_o both_o place_n he_o say_v that_o pythagoras_n and_o thales_n travel_v to_o delphos_n he_o may_v as_o well_o have_v say_v that_o they_o travel_v to_o aegyptum_fw-la and_o phoeniciam_fw-la and_o cretam_fw-la it_o shall_v be_v print_v therefore_o in_o his_o next_o edition_n to_o phoenicia_n and_o delphi_n for_o the_o english_a use_n the_o nominative_a case_n of_o old_a name_n when_o they_o express_v they_o in_o their_o mother_n tongue_n but_o set_v that_o aside_o what_o this_o make_v to_o his_o purpose_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o guess_v apollo_n priestesses_z be_v not_o famous_a for_o discover_v secret_n in_o natural_a or_o mathematical_a matter_n and_o as_o for_o moral_a truth_n they_o may_v as_o well_o be_v know_v without_o go_v thither_o to_o fetch_v they_o van_n daleu_n in_o his_o discourse_n of_o the_o heathen_a oracle_n have_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v only_o artifices_fw-la of_o the_o priest_n who_o give_v such_o answer_n to_o enquirer_n as_o they_o desire_v when_o they_o have_v either_o power_n or_o wealth_n to_o back_v their_o request_n if_o van_n daleu'_v hypothesis_n be_v admit_v it_o will_v strengthen_v my_o notion_n of_o pythagoras_n very_o much_o since_o when_o he_o do_v not_o care_n to_o live_v any_o long_o in_o samos_n because_o of_o polycrates_n tyranny_n and_o be_v desirous_a to_o establish_v to_o himself_o a_o last_a reputation_n for_o wisdom_n and_o learning_n among_o the_o ignorant_a inhabitant_n of_o magna_n graecia_n where_o he_o settle_v upon_o his_o retirement_n he_o be_v willing_a to_o have_v they_o think_v that_o apollo_n be_v of_o his_o side_n that_o make_v he_o establish_v the_o doctrine_n of_o
chief_a aim_n and_o therefore_o all_o nicety_n of_o time_n and_o place_n and_o person_n that_o may_v hurt_v the_o flowingness_n of_o their_o style_n be_v omit_v instead_o whereof_o the_o great_a man_n of_o their_o drama_n be_v introduce_v make_v long_a speech_n and_o such_o a_o gloss_n be_v put_v upon_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v tell_v as_o make_v it_o appear_v extraordinary_a and_o thing_n that_o be_v wonderful_a and_o prodigious_a be_v mention_v with_o a_o particular_a emphasis_n this_o censure_n will_v not_o appear_v unjust_a to_o any_o man_n who_o have_v read_v ancient_a historian_n with_o ordinary_a care_n polybius_n especial_o who_o first_o of_o all_o the_o ancient_a historian_n fix_v the_o time_n of_o every_o great_a action_n that_o he_o mention_n who_o assign_v such_o reason_n for_o all_o event_n as_o seem_v even_o at_o this_o distance_n neither_o too_o great_a nor_o too_o little_a who_o in_o military_a matter_n take_v care_n not_o only_o to_o show_v his_o own_o skill_n but_o to_o make_v his_o reader_n a_o judge_n as_o well_o as_o himself_o who_o in_o civil_a affair_n make_v his_o judgement_n of_o the_o conduct_n of_o every_o people_n from_o the_o several_a constitution_n of_o their_o respective_a government_n or_o from_o the_o character_n and_o circumstance_n of_o the_o actor_n themselves_o and_o last_o of_o all_o who_o scrupulous_o avoid_v say_v any_o thing_n that_o may_v appear_v incredible_a to_o posterity_n but_o represent_v thing_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n as_o a_o wise_a man_n may_v believe_v they_o be_v transact_v and_o yet_o he_o have_v neglect_v all_o that_o artful_a eloquence_n which_o be_v before_o so_o much_o in_o fashion_n if_o these_o therefore_o be_v the_o chief_a perfection_n of_o a_o just_a history_n and_o if_o they_o can_v only_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o great_a genius_n and_o great_a study_n or_o both_o at_o least_o not_o of_o the_o last_o without_o the_o first_o we_o be_v next_o to_o inquire_v whether_o any_o of_o the_o modern_n have_v be_v able_a to_o attain_v to_o they_o and_o then_o if_o several_a may_v be_v find_v which_o in_o none_o of_o these_o excellency_n seem_v to_o yield_v to_o the_o noble_a of_o all_o the_o ancient_a history_n it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o give_v a_o answer_n to_o sir_n william_n temple_n question_n whether_o 57_o d'avila_n be_v and_o strada_n be_v history_n be_v beyond_o those_o of_o herodotus_n and_o livy_n i_o shall_v name_v but_o two_o the_o memoir_n of_o philip_n comines_n and_o f._n paul_n be_v history_n of_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n philip_n comines_n ought_v here_o to_o be_v mention_v for_o many_o reason_n for_o beside_o that_o he_o particular_o excel_v in_o those_o very_a virtue_n which_o be_v so_o remarkable_a in_o polybius_n to_o who_o lipsius_n make_v no_o scruple_n to_o compare_v he_o he_o have_v nothing_o to_o help_v he_o but_o strength_n of_o genius_n assist_v by_o observation_n and_o experience_n he_o own_v himself_o that_o he_o have_v no_o learning_n and_o it_o be_v evident_a to_o any_o man_n that_o read_v his_o write_n he_o flourish_v in_o a_o barbarous_a age_n and_o die_v just_a as_o learning_n have_v cross_v the_o alps_n to_o get_v into_o france_n so_o that_o he_o can_v not_o by_o conversation_n with_o scholar_n have_v those_o defect_n which_o learning_n cure_v supply_v this_o be_v what_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o thucydide_n polybius_n sallust_n livy_n and_o tacitus_n of_o antiquity_n yet_o with_o all_o these_o disadvantage_n to_o which_o this_o great_a one_o ought_v also_o to_o be_v add_v that_o by_o the_o monkish_a book_n then_o in_o vogue_n he_o may_v soon_o be_v lead_v out_o of_o the_o way_n than_o if_o he_o have_v none_o at_o all_o to_o peruse_v his_o style_n be_v masculine_a and_o significant_a though_o diffuse_v yet_o not_o tedious_a even_o his_o repetition_n which_o be_v not_o over-frequent_a be_v divert_v his_o digression_n be_v wise_a proper_a and_o instruct_v one_o see_v a_o profound_a knowledge_n of_o mankind_n in_o every_o observation_n that_o he_o make_v and_o that_o without_o ill_a nature_n pride_n or_o passion_n not_o to_o mention_v that_o peculiar_a air_n of_o impartiality_n which_o run_v through_o the_o whole_a work_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o withdraw_v our_o assent_n from_o every_o thing_n which_o he_o say_v to_o all_o which_o i_o need_v not_o add_v that_o his_o history_n never_o tire_v though_o immediate_o read_v after_o livy_n or_o tacitus_n in_o f._n paul_n history_n one_o may_v also_o find_v the_o excellency_n before_o observe_v in_o polybius_n and_o it_o have_v be_v nice_o examine_v by_o dextrous_a and_o skilful_a adversary_n who_o have_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o weigh_v every_o period_n and_o rectify_v every_o date_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o satisfaction_n which_o any_o other_o admirable_a history_n will_v have_v afford_v we_o we_o have_v the_o pleasure_n of_o think_v that_o we_o may_v safe_o rely_v upon_o his_o account_n of_o thing_n without_o be_v misguide_v in_o any_o one_o lead_v particular_a of_o great_a moment_n since_o adversary_n who_o have_v no_o inclination_n to_o spare_v he_o can_v not_o invalidate_v the_o authority_n of_o a_o book_n which_o they_o have_v so_o great_a a_o desire_n to_o lessen_v i_o have_v go_v no_o further_a than_o d'avila_n and_o strada_n if_o there_o be_v as_o much_o reason_n to_o believe_v their_o narrative_n as_o there_o be_v to_o commend_v their_o skill_n in_o writing_n d'avila_n must_v be_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v a_o most_o entertain_a historian_n one_o that_o want_v neither_o art_n genius_n nor_o eloquence_n to_o render_v his_o history_n acceptable_a strada_n imitate_v the_o old_a roman_n so_o happy_o that_o those_o who_o can_v relish_v their_o eloquence_n will_v be_v always_o please_v with_o he_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n one_o may_v positive_o say_v that_o where_o any_o thing_n wherein_o oratory_n can_v only_o claim_v a_o share_n have_v be_v equal_o cultivate_v by_o the_o modern_n as_o by_o the_o ancient_n they_o have_v equal_v they_o at_o least_o if_o not_o outdo_v they_o setting_z aside_o any_o particular_a grace_n which_o may_v as_o well_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o language_n in_o which_o they_o write_v as_o to_o the_o writer_n themselves_o chap._n iu_o reflection_n upon_o monsieur_n perrault_n be_v hypothesis_n that_o modern_a orator_n and_o poet_n be_v more_o excellent_a than_o ancient_n whatever_o become_v of_o the_o reason_n give_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n for_o the_o excellency_n of_o ancient_a eloquence_n and_o poetry_n the_o position_n itself_o be_v so_o general_o hold_v that_o i_o do_v not_o fear_v any_o opposition_n here_o at_o home_n it_o be_v almost_o a_o heresy_n in_o wit_n among_o our_o poet_n to_o set_v up_o any_o modern_a name_n against_o homer_n or_o virgil_n horace_n or_o terence_n so_o that_o though_o here_o and_o there_o one_o shall_v in_o discourse_n prefer_v the_o present_a age_n yet_o scarce_o any_o man_n who_o set_v a_o value_n upon_o his_o own_o reputation_n will_v venture_v to_o assert_v it_o in_o print_n whether_o this_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o their_o judgement_n or_o modesty_n or_o both_o i_o will_v not_o determine_v though_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v to_o both_o because_o in_o our_o neighbour-nation_n which_o be_v remarkable_a for_o a_o good_a deal_n of_o what_o sir_n william_n temple_n call_v sufficiency_n some_o have_v speak_v much_o more_o open_o for_o the_o member_n of_o the_o academy_n in_o france_n who_o since_o the_o cardinal_n de_fw-fr richelieu_n time_n have_v take_v so_o much_o pain_n to_o make_v their_o language_n capable_a of_o all_o those_o beauty_n which_o they_o find_v in_o ancient_a author_n will_v not_o allow_v i_o to_o go_v so_o far_o as_o i_o have_v do_v mounseur_fw-fr perrault_n their_o advocate_n in_o oratory_n set_v the_o bishop_n of_o meaux_n against_o pericles_n or_o rather_o thucydides_n the_o bishop_n of_o nismes_n against_o isocrates_n f._n bourdaloüe_v against_o lysias_n mounseur_fw-fr voiture_fw-fr against_o pliny_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr balzac_n against_o cicero_n in_o poetry_n likewise_o he_o set_v monsieur_n boileau_n against_o horace_n mounseur_fw-fr corneille_n and_o monsieur_n moliere_n against_o the_o ancient_a dramatic_a poet_n in_o short_a though_o he_o own_v that_o some_o among_o the_o ancient_n have_v very_o exalt_v genius_n so_o that_o it_o may_v perhaps_o be_v very_o hard_a to_o find_v any_o thing_n that_o come_v near_o the_o force_n of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a piece_n in_o either_o kind_a among_o our_o modern_a writer_n yet_o he_o affirm_v that_o poetry_n and_o oratory_n be_v now_o at_o a_o great_a height_n than_o ever_o they_o be_v because_o there_o have_v be_v many_o rule_n find_v out_o since_o virgil_n and_o horace_n time_n and_o the_o old_a rule_n likewise_o have_v be_v more_o careful_o scan_v than_o ever_o they_o be_v before_o this_o hypothesis_n ought_v a_o little_a to_o be_v inquire_v into_o and_o
time_n who_o be_v overthrow_v by_o abraham_n and_o his_o family_n in_o the_o vale_n of_o siddim_n the_o king_n of_o chaldea_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v no_o other_o than_o those_o of_o canaan_n captain_n of_o horde_n or_o head_n of_o clan_n and_o amraphel_n be_v tributary_n to_o chedorlaom_a king_n of_o elam_n who_o kingdom_n lie_v to_o the_o east_n of_o babylon_n beyond_o the_o river_n tigris_n chushan_n rishathaim_n king_n of_o mesopotamia_n who_o be_v overthrow_v some_o age_n after_o by_o othoniel_n the_o israelitish_n judge_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v a_o mighty_a prince_n it_o may_v be_v say_v indeed_o that_o he_o be_v general_n to_o some_o assyrian_a monarch_n but_o that_o be_v beg_v the_o question_n since_o there_o be_v nothing_o which_o can_v favour_v such_o a_o assertion_n in_o the_o book_n of_o judge_n but_o when_o the_o assyrian_n and_o babylonian_n come_v once_o to_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o jewish_a history_n they_o occur_v in_o almost_o every_o page_n of_o the_o old_a testament_n there_o be_v frequent_a account_n of_o pull_v tiglath-pilese_a shalmanezer_n sennacherib_n esarhaddon_a nabuchadnezzar_n evil-merodach_a belshazzar_n and_o who_o not_o but_o these_o king_n live_v within_o a_o narrow_a compass_n of_o time_n the_o old_a of_o they_o but_o a_o few_o age_n before_o cyrus_n this_o will_v not_o suit_v with_o that_o prodigious_a antiquity_n which_o they_o challenge_v to_o themselves_o the_o truth_n be_v herodotus_n who_o know_v nothing_o of_o it_o be_v silent_a ctesias_n draw_v up_o a_o new_a scheme_n of_o history_n much_o more_o pompous_a and_o from_o he_o or_o rather_o perhaps_o from_o berosus_n who_o be_v contemporary_a with_o manetho_n and_o seem_v to_o have_v carry_v on_o the_o same_o design_n for_o chaldea_n which_o manetho_n undertake_v for_o egypt_n diodorus_n siculus_n pompeius_n trogus_n eusebius_n syncellus_n and_o all_o the_o ancient_n that_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o assyrian_a history_n have_v afterward_o copy_v ctesias_n know_v he_o shall_v be_v straighten_a to_o find_v employment_n for_o so_o many_o king_n for_o thirteen_o hundred_o year_n and_o so_o he_o say_v they_o do_v little_a memorable_a after_o semiramis_n time_n sir_n william_n temple_n employ_v they_o in_o garden_v as_o if_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o a_o great_a empire_n can_v lie_v still_o for_o above_o a_o thousand_o year_n or_o that_o no_o popular_a general_n shall_v wrest_v the_o reins_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o such_o drowsy_a master_n in_o all_o that_o time_n no_o history_n but_o this_o can_v give_v a_o instance_n of_o a_o family_n that_o last_v for_o above_o a_o thousand_o year_n without_o any_o interruption_n and_o of_o all_o its_o king_n not_o one_o be_v say_v to_o reign_v less_o than_o nineteen_o but_o some_o fifty_o five_o year_n the_o healthy_a race_n that_o ever_o be_v hear_v of_o of_o who_o in_o thirteen_o hundred_o year_n not_o one_o die_v a_o untimely_a death_n if_o any_o thing_n can_v be_v show_v like_o this_o in_o any_o other_o history_n sacred_a or_o profane_a it_o will_v be_v easy_a to_o believe_v whatsoever_o be_v assert_v upon_o this_o subject_a if_o therefore_o the_o chaldean_a learning_n be_v no_o old_a than_o their_o monarchy_n it_o be_v of_o no_o great_a stand_v if_o compare_v with_o the_o egyptian_a the_o account_n of_o nebuchadnezzar_n dream_n in_o the_o 2d_o chapter_n of_o daniel_n show_v the_o chaldean_a magic_a to_o have_v be_v downright_a knavery_n since_o nabuchadnezzar_n may_v reasonable_o expect_v that_o those_o shall_v tell_v he_o what_o his_o dream_n be_v who_o pretend_v to_o interpret_v it_o when_o it_o be_v tell_v they_o both_o equal_o require_v a_o supernatural_a assistance_n yet_o there_o lay_v their_o chief_a strength_n or_o at_o least_o they_o say_v so_o their_o other_o learning_n be_v all_o lose_v however_o one_o can_v hardly_o believe_v that_o it_o be_v ever_o very_o great_a that_o consider_v how_o little_a there_o remain_v of_o real_a value_n that_o be_v learn_v from_o the_o chaldean_n the_o history_n of_o learning_n be_v not_o so_o lame_o convey_v to_o we_o but_o so_o much_o will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v escape_v the_o general_a ship_n wrack_n as_o that_o by_o what_o be_v save_v we_o may_v have_v be_v able_a to_o guess_v at_o what_o be_v lose_v if_o the_o learning_n of_o these_o ancient_a chaldean_n come_v as_o near_o that_o of_o the_o arab_n as_o their_o country_n do_v one_o may_v give_v a_o very_a good_a judgement_n of_o its_o extent_n sir_n william_n temple_n observe_v that_o country_n little_o expose_v to_o invasion_n preserve_v knowledge_n better_o than_o other_o that_o be_v perpetual_o harrass_v by_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o by_o consequence_n whatsoever_o learn_v the_o arab_n have_v they_o keep_v unless_o we_o shall_v suppose_v that_o they_o lose_v it_o through_o carelessness_n we_o never_o read_v of_o any_o conquest_n that_o pierce_v into_o the_o heart_n of_o arabia_n the_o happy_a mahomet_n country_n before_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o saracen_n empire_n it_o be_v very_o strange_a therefore_o if_o in_o its_o passage_n through_o this_o noble_a country_n inhabit_v by_o a_o sprightly_a ingenious_a people_n learning_n like_o quicksilver_n shall_v run_v through_o and_o leave_v so_o few_o of_o its_o influence_n behind_o it_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o arab_n be_v not_o a_o learned_a people_n when_o they_o overspread_v asia_n so_o that_o when_o afterward_o they_o translate_v the_o grecian_a learning_n into_o their_o own_o language_n they_o have_v very_o little_a of_o their_o own_o which_o be_v not_o take_v from_o those_o fountain_n their_o astronomy_n and_o astrology_n be_v take_v from_o ptolemee_n their_o philosophy_n from_o aristotle_n their_o medic_n from_o galen_n and_o so_o on_o aristotle_n and_o euclid_n be_v first_o translate_v into_o latin_a from_o arabic_a copy_n and_o those_o barbarous_a translation_n be_v the_o only_a element_n upon_o which_o the_o western_a schoolman_n and_o mathematician_n build_v if_o they_o learn_v any_o thing_n considerable_a elsewhere_o it_o may_v be_v chemistry_n and_o alchemy_n from_o the_o egyptian_n unless_o we_o shall_v say_v that_o they_o translate_v synesius_n or_o zosimus_n or_o some_o other_o grecian_a chemist_n hence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o arab_n borrow_v the_o great_a part_n at_o least_o of_o their_o knowledge_n from_o the_o greek_n though_o they_o have_v much_o great_a advantage_n of_o communicate_v with_o the_o more_o eastern_a part_n of_o the_o world_n than_o either_o greek_n or_o roman_n ever_o have_v they_o can_v have_v acquaint_v we_o with_o all_o that_o be_v rare_a and_o valuable_a among_o those_o ancient_a sage_n the_o saracen_n empire_n be_v under_o one_o head_n in_o almanzor_n time_n and_o be_v almost_o as_o far_o extend_v eastward_o as_o ever_o afterward_o his_o subject_n have_v a_o free_a passage_n from_o the_o tagus_n to_o the_o ganges_n and_o be_v unite_v by_o the_o common_a bond_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n the_o brahmin_n some_o of_o who_o do_v in_o all_o probability_n embrace_v the_o mahomet_n a_o faith_n will_v not_o be_v shy_a of_o reveal_v what_o they_o know_v to_o their_o arabian_a master_n by_o this_o mean_n the_o learning_n of_o the_o egyptian_n chaldean_n indian_n greek_n and_o arab_n run_v in_o one_o common_a channel_n for_o several_a age_n learning_n be_v so_o much_o in_o fashion_n among_o they_o and_o they_o take_v such_o care_n to_o bring_v it_o all_o into_o their_o own_o language_n that_o some_o of_o the_o learnede_a jew_n maimonides_n in_o particular_a write_v in_o arabic_a as_o much_o as_o in_o their_o own_o tongue_n so_o that_o we_o may_v reasonable_o have_v expect_v to_o have_v find_v great_a treasure_n in_o the_o write_n of_o these_o learned_a mahometan_n than_o ever_o be_v discover_v before_o and_o yet_o those_o that_o have_v be_v conversant_a with_o their_o book_n say_v that_o there_o be_v little_a to_o be_v find_v among_o they_o which_o any_o body_n may_v not_o have_v understand_v as_o well_o as_o they_o if_o he_o have_v careful_o study_v the_o write_n of_o their_o grecian_a master_n there_o have_v be_v so_o many_o thousand_o of_o arabic_a and_o persic_a mss._n bring_v over_o into_o europe_n that_o our_o learned_a man_n can_v make_v as_o good_a nay_o perhaps_o a_o better_a judgement_n of_o the_o extent_n of_o their_o learning_n than_o can_v be_v make_v at_o this_o distance_n of_o the_o greek_a there_o be_v vast_a quantity_n of_o their_o astronomical_a observation_n in_o the_o bodleian_n library_n and_o yet_o mr._n greaves_n and_o dr._n edward_n bernard_n two_o very_a able_a judge_n have_v give_v the_o world_n no_o account_n of_o any_o thing_n out_o of_o they_o which_o those_o arabian_a astronomer_n do_v not_o or_o may_v not_o have_v learn_v from_o ptolemee_n almage_a if_o we_o set_v aside_o their_o observation_n which_o their_o grecian_a master_n teach_v they_o to_o make_v which_o to_o give_v they_o their_o due_n dr._n bernard_n commend_v as_o much_o
of_o measure_v the_o area_n of_o many_o infinity_n of_o curvilinear_n space_n whereas_o archimedes_n labour_v with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n of_o the_o quadrature_n of_o only_a one_o parabola_fw-la which_o be_v the_o simple_a and_o easy_a in_o nature_n 4._o the_o method_n of_o determine_v the_o tangent_n of_o all_o geometric_a curve_v line_n whereas_o the_o ancient_n go_v no_o further_a than_o in_o determine_v the_o tangent_n of_o the_o circle_n and_o conic_a section_n 5._o the_o method_n of_o determine_v the_o length_n of_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o curve_n whereas_o the_o ancient_n can_v never_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o one_o if_o i_o shall_v descend_v to_o particular_n the_o time_n will_v fail_v i_o as_o our_o algebra_n so_o also_o our_o common_a arithmetic_n be_v prodigious_o more_o perfect_a than_o they_o of_o which_o decimal_a arithmetic_n and_o logarithm_n be_v so_o evident_a a_o proof_n that_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o about_o it_o i_o will_v not_o be_v think_v however_o to_o have_v any_o design_n to_o sully_v the_o reputation_n of_o those_o great_a man_n conon_n archimedes_n euclid_n apollonius_n etc._n etc._n who_o if_o they_o have_v live_v to_o enjoy_v our_o assistance_n as_o we_o now_o do_v some_o of_o they_o will_v questionless_a have_v be_v the_o great_a ornament_n of_o this_o age_n as_o they_o be_v deserve_o the_o great_a glory_n of_o their_o own_o thus_o far_o mr._n craig_n those_o that_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o see_v some_o of_o these_o thing_n prove_v at_o large_a which_o mr._n craig_n have_v contract_v into_o one_o view_n may_v be_v ample_o satisfy_v in_o dr._n wallis_n history_n of_o algebra_n join_v with_o gerhard_n vossius_n discourse_n de_fw-fr scientiis_fw-la mathematicis_fw-la it_o must_v not_o here_o be_v forget_v that_o abstract_v mathematical_a science_n be_v exceed_o value_v by_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n none_o that_o i_o know_v of_o express_v a_o contempt_n of_o they_o but_o epicurus_n though_o all_o do_v not_o study_v they_o alike_o plato_n be_v say_v to_o have_v write_v over_o the_o door_n of_o his_o academy_n let_v no_o man_n enter_v here_o who_o do_v not_o understand_v geometry_n none_o of_o all_o the_o learned_a ancient_n have_v be_v more_o extol_v by_o other_o learned_a ancient_n than_o archimedes_n so_o that_o if_o in_o these_o thing_n the_o modern_n have_v make_v so_o great_a a_o progress_n this_o afford_v a_o convince_a argument_n that_o it_o be_v not_o want_v of_o genius_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o stop_v at_o or_o to_o come_v behind_o the_o ancient_n in_o any_o thing_n else_o chap._n xv._n of_o several_a instrument_n invent_v by_o the_o modern_n which_o have_v help_v to_o advance_v learning_n have_v now_o inquire_v into_o the_o state_n of_o mathematics_n as_o they_o relate_v to_o line_n and_o number_n in_o general_a i_o be_o next_o to_o go_v to_o those_o science_n which_o consider_v they_o as_o they_o be_v apply_v to_o material_a thing_n but_o these_o be_v of_o several_a sort_n and_o of_o a_o vast_a extent_n take_v in_o no_o less_o than_o the_o whole_a material_a world_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o they_o can_v be_v bring_v to_o any_o great_a perfection_n without_o number_n of_o tool_n or_o art_n which_o may_v be_v of_o the_o same_o use_v as_o tool_n to_o make_v the_o way_n plain_a to_o several_a thing_n which_o otherwise_o without_o their_o help_n will_v be_v inaccessible_a of_o these_o tool_n or_o instrument_n some_o be_v ancient_o invent_v and_o those_o invention_n be_v diligent_o pursue_v other_o be_v whole_o new_a according_a to_o their_o uses_n they_o may_v be_v range_v under_o these_o two_o general_a head_n 1._o those_o which_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o part_n of_o learning_n though_o perhaps_o not_o to_o all_o alike_o 2._o those_o which_o be_v particular_o subservient_fw-fr to_o a_o natural_a philosopher_n and_o a_o mathematician_n under_o the_o first_o head_n one_o may_v place_v print_v and_o engrave_v under_o the_o latter_a come_v telescope_n microscope_n the_o thermometer_n the_o baroscope_n the_o air-pump_n pendulum-clock_n chemistry_n and_o anatomy_n all_o these_o but_o the_o two_o last_o be_v absolute_o unknown_a to_o former_a age_n chemistry_n be_v know_v to_o the_o greek_n and_o from_o they_o carry_v to_o the_o arab_n anatomy_n be_v at_o least_o as_o old_a as_o democritus_n and_o hypocrates_n and_o among_o the_o exact_a epyptians_n something_o old_a the_o use_n of_o printing_n have_v be_v so_o vast_a that_o every_o thing_n else_o wherein_o the_o modern_n have_v pretend_v to_o excel_v the_o ancient_n be_v almost_o entire_o owe_v to_o it_o and_o withal_o its_o general_n uses_n be_v so_o obvious_a that_o it_o will_v be_v time_n lose_v to_o enlarge_v upon_o they_o but_o it_o must_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o because_o sir_n william_n temple_n have_v question_v 6._o whether_o printing_n have_v multiply_v book_n or_o only_o the_o copy_n of_o they_o from_o whence_o he_o conclude_v that_o we_o be_v not_o to_o suppose_v that_o the_o ancient_n have_v not_o equal_a advantage_n by_o the_o write_n of_o those_o that_o be_v ancient_a to_o they_o as_o we_o have_v by_o the_o write_n of_o those_o that_o be_v ancient_a to_o we_o but_o he_o may_v easy_o solve_v his_o own_o doubt_n if_o he_o do_v but_o reflect_v upon_o the_o benefit_n to_o learn_v which_o arise_v from_o the_o multiply_a copy_n of_o good_a book_n for_o though_o it_o shall_v be_v allow_v that_o there_o be_v ancient_o as_o many_o book_n as_o there_o be_v now_o which_o be_v scarce_o credible_a yet_o still_o the_o modern_n have_v hereby_o a_o vast_a advantage_n because_o 1._o book_n be_v hereby_o much_o cheap_a and_o so_o come_v into_o more_o hand_n 2._o they_o be_v much_o more_o easy_o read_v and_o so_o there_o be_v no_o time_n lose_v in_o pore_v upon_o bad_a hand_n which_o waste_v time_n weary_v the_o reader_n and_o spoil_n man_n eye_n 3._o they_o can_v be_v print_v with_o index_n and_o other_o necessary_a division_n which_o though_o they_o may_v be_v make_v in_o mss._n yet_o they_o will_v make_v they_o so_o voluminous_a and_o cumbersome_a that_o not_o one_o in_o forty_o who_o now_o mind_n book_n because_o they_o love_v read_v will_v then_o apply_v themselves_o to_o it_o 4._o the_o notice_n of_o new_a and_o excellent_a book_n be_v more_o easy_o disperse_v 5._o the_o text_n be_v hereby_o better_o preserve_v entire_a and_o be_v not_o so_o liable_a to_o be_v corrupt_v by_o the_o ignorance_n or_o malice_n of_o transcriber_n this_o be_v of_o great_a moment_n in_o mathematics_n where_o the_o alteration_n of_o a_o letter_n or_o a_o cypher_n may_v make_v a_o demonstration_n unintelligible_a but_o to_o say_v more_o upon_o this_o subject_n will_v be_v to_o abuse_v man_n patience_n since_o these_o thing_n if_o not_o self-evident_a yet_o need_v no_o proof_n engrave_v upon_o wood_n or_o copper_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o all_o those_o part_n of_o knowledge_n where_o the_o imagination_n must_v be_v assist_v by_o sensible_a image_n for_o want_v of_o this_o noble_a art_n the_o ancient_a book_n of_o natural_a history_n and_o mechanical_a art_n be_v almost_o every_o where_o obscure_a in_o many_o place_n unintelligible_a mathematical_a diagram_n which_o need_v only_o a_o ruler_n and_o a_o pair_n of_o compass_n have_v be_v better_o preserve_v and_o can_v with_o more_o ease_n be_v draw_v but_o in_o anatomy_n in_o mechanic_n in_o geography_n in_o all_o part_n of_o natural_a history_n engrave_v be_v so_o necessary_a and_o have_v be_v so_o very_o advantageous_a that_o without_o it_o many_o of_o those_o art_n and_o science_n will_v to_o this_o hour_n have_v receive_v very_o little_a increase_n for_o when_o the_o image_n the_o proportion_n and_o the_o distance_n of_o those_o thing_n wherein_o a_o writer_n intend_v to_o instruct_v his_o reader_n be_v full_o and_o minutely_o engrave_v in_o print_n it_o not_o only_o save_v abundance_n of_o word_n by_o which_o all_o description_n must_v of_o necessity_n be_v obscure_v but_o it_o make_v those_o word_n which_o be_v use_v full_a and_o clear_a so_o that_o a_o skilful_a reader_n be_v thereby_o enable_v to_o pass_v a_o exact_a judgement_n and_o can_v understand_v his_o author_n without_o a_o master_n which_o otherwise_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o do_v so_o as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o discern_v all_o even_o the_o minute_a mistake_v and_o oversight_n in_o their_o write_n which_o put_v a_o end_n to_o dispute_n and_o increase_v knowledge_n these_o be_v general_a instrument_n and_o more_o or_o less_o serviceable_a to_o all_o sort_n of_o learned_a man_n in_o their_o several_a profession_n and_o science_n those_o that_o follow_v be_v more_o particular_a i_o shall_v begin_v with_o those_o that_o assist_v the_o eye_n either_o to_o discern_v object_n that_o be_v too_o far_o off_o or_o too_o small_a the_o imperfection_n of_o distance_n be_v remedy_v
be_v to_o please_v the_o audience_n be_v ancient_o perhaps_o better_o answer_v than_o now_o though_o a_o modern_a master_n will_v then_o have_v be_v dissatisfied_n because_o such_o consort_n as_o the_o ancient_a symphony_n proper_o be_v in_o which_o several_a instrument_n and_o perhaps_o voice_n play_v and_o sing_v the_o same_o part_n together_o can_v discover_v the_o extent_n and_o perfection_n of_o the_o art_n which_o here_o only_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v so_o much_o as_o the_o composition_n of_o our_o modern_a opera_n from_o all_o this_o it_o may_v perhaps_o be_v not_o unreasonable_a to_o conclude_v that_o though_o 45._o those_o charm_n of_o music_n by_o which_o man_n and_o beast_n fish_n fowl_n and_o serpent_n be_v so_o frequent_o enchant_v and_o their_o very_a nature_n change_v be_v real_o and_o irrecoverable_o lose_v yet_o the_o art_n of_o music_n that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o sing_v and_o play_v upon_o harmonious_a instrument_n be_v in_o itself_o much_o a_o perfect_a thing_n though_o perhaps_o not_o much_o pleasant_a to_o a_o unskilful_a audience_n than_o it_o ever_o be_v among_o the_o ancient_a greek_n and_o roman_n chap._n xxv_o of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a physic_n after_o these_o mathematical_a science_n it_o be_v convenient_a to_o go_v to_o those_o which_o be_v more_o proper_o physical_a and_o in_o our_o language_n alone_o peculiarly_a so_o call_v what_o these_o want_n in_o certainty_n they_o have_v make_v up_o in_o usefulness_n for_o if_o life_n and_o health_n be_v the_o great_a good_a thing_n which_o we_o can_v enjoy_v here_o a_o conjectural_a knowledge_n that_o may_v but_o sometime_o give_v we_o relief_n when_o those_o be_v in_o danger_n be_v much_o more_o valuable_a than_o a_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o other_o thing_n which_o can_v only_o employ_v the_o understanding_n or_o furnish_v we_o with_o such_o conveniency_n as_o may_v be_v spare_v since_o we_o see_v that_o several_a nation_n which_o never_o have_v they_o live_v very_o happy_o and_o do_v very_o great_a thing_n in_o the_o world_n before_o i_o begin_v my_o comparison_n between_o ancient_n and_o modern_a skill_n in_o physic_n it_o may_v be_v necessary_a to_o state_n the_o difference_n between_o a_o empirick_a and_o a_o rational_a physician_n and_o to_o inquire_v how_o far_o a_o rational_a physician_n may_v reason_v right_a as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o cure_n of_o his_o patient_n distemper_n though_o his_o general_a hypothesis_n be_v wrong_a and_o his_o theory_n in_o themselves_o consider_v insufficient_a a_o empirick_n be_v proper_o he_o who_o without_o consider_v the_o constitution_n of_o his_o patient_n the_o symptom_n of_o his_o disease_n or_o those_o circumstance_n of_o his_o case_n which_o arise_v from_o outward_a accident_n administer_v such_o physic_n as_o have_v former_o do_v good_a to_o some_o body_n else_o that_o be_v torment_v with_o a_o disease_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o same_o name_n with_o this_o that_o his_o patient_n now_o labour_v under_o a_o rational_a physician_n be_v he_o who_o critical_o inquire_v into_o the_o constitution_n and_o peculiar_a accident_n of_o life_n of_o the_o person_n to_o who_o he_o be_v to_o administer_v who_o weigh_v all_o the_o know_a virtue_n of_o the_o medicine_n which_o may_v be_v think_v proper_a to_o the_o case_n in_o hand_n who_o balance_n all_o the_o symptom_n and_o from_o past_a observation_n find_v which_o have_v be_v fatal_a and_o which_o safe_a which_o arise_v from_o outward_a accident_n and_o which_o from_o the_o disease_n itself_o and_o who_o thence_o collect_v which_o ought_v soon_o to_o be_v remove_v which_o may_v be_v neglect_v and_o which_o shall_v be_v preserve_v or_o augment_v and_o thereupon_o prescribe_v according_o now_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o such_o a_o man_n prescription_n may_v be_v very_o valuable_a because_o found_v upon_o repeat_v observation_n of_o the_o phaenomena_n of_o all_o disease_n and_o he_o may_v form_v secondary_a theory_n which_o like_o ptolemee_n eccentrick_n and_o epicycle_n shall_v be_v good_a guide_n to_o practice_n not_o by_o give_v a_o certain_a insight_n into_o the_o first_o cause_n and_o several_a step_n by_o which_o the_o disease_n first_o begin_v and_o be_v afterward_o carry_v on_o but_o by_o enable_v the_o physician_n to_o make_v lucky_a conjecture_n at_o proper_a course_n and_o fit_a medicine_n whereby_o to_o relieve_v or_o cure_v his_o patient_n and_o this_o may_v be_v equal_o successful_a whether_o he_o resolve_v every_o thing_n into_o hot_a or_o cold_a moist_a or_o dry_a into_o acid_n or_o alkali_n into_o salt_n sulphur_n or_o mercury_n or_o into_o any_o thing_n else_o he_o do_v not_o know_v for_o instance_n that_o hospital_n bile_n and_o the_o pancreatic_a juice_n be_v the_o main_a instrument_n of_o digestion_n yet_o he_o see_v that_o his_o patient_n digest_v his_o meat_n with_o great_a difficulty_n he_o be_v sure_a that_o as_o long_o as_o that_o last_v the_o sick_a man_n can_v have_v a_o good_a habit_n of_o body_n he_o find_v that_o the_o distemper_n arise_v sometime_o though_o not_o always_o from_o a_o visible_a cause_n and_o he_o have_v try_v the_o goodness_n of_o such_o and_o such_o medicine_n in_o seem_o parallel_a case_n he_o may_v be_v able_a therefore_o to_o give_v very_o excellent_a advice_n though_o he_o can_v perhaps_o dive_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o distemper_n so_o well_o as_o another_o man_n who_o have_v great_a anatomical_a help_n and_o be_v accustom_v to_o reason_n upon_o more_o certain_a physiological_a principle_n have_v make_v a_o strict_a enquiry_n into_o that_o very_a case_n and_o so_o by_o consequence_n though_o he_o can_v be_v say_v to_o know_v so_o much_o of_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o disease_n as_o that_o other_o man_n yet_o perhaps_o their_o method_n of_o practice_n notwithstanding_o the_o great_a disparity_n of_o each_o other_o knowledge_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o main_a the_o same_o though_o all_o this_o seem_v very_o certain_a yet_o in_o the_o argument_n before_o we_o it_o be_v not_o a_o easy_a thing_n to_o state_n the_o question_n so_o equal_o as_o to_o satisfy_v all_o contend_a side_n he_o that_o look_v into_o the_o write_n of_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o rational_a physician_n as_o they_o call_v themselves_o by_o way_n of_o eminence_n that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o those_o who_o about_o fifty_o year_n ago_o set_v up_o hypocrates_n and_o galen_n as_o the_o parent_n and_o perfecter_n of_o medicinal_a knowledge_n will_v find_v throughout_o all_o their_o write_n great_a contempt_n of_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o plain_o deducible_a from_o those_o text_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n if_o he_o dip_v into_o the_o book_n of_o the_o chemical_a philosopher_n he_o will_v meet_v with_o equal_a scorn_n of_o those_o book_n and_o method_n which_o they_o in_o derision_n have_v call_v galenical_a and_o yet_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o practise_v physician_n of_o both_o party_n have_v often_o wrought_v very_o extraordinary_a cure_n by_o their_o own_o method_n so_o that_o there_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v equal_a injustice_n of_o all_o hand_n in_o exclude_v all_o method_n of_o cure_n not_o build_v upon_o their_o own_o principle_n here_o therefore_o without_o be_v positive_a in_o a_o dispute_n about_o which_o the_o party_n concern_v be_v not_o themselves_o agree_v i_o shall_v only_o offer_v these_o few_o thing_n 1._o that_o if_o the_o greatness_n of_o any_o one_o particular_a genius_n be_v all_o that_o be_v to_o be_v look_v after_o hypocrates_n alone_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o man_n who_o assertion_n in_o the_o practical_a part_n of_o physic_n may_v be_v blind_o receive_v for_o he_o without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o great_a assistance_n that_o we_o know_v of_o do_v that_o which_o if_o it_o be_v still_o to_o do_v will_v seem_v sufficient_a to_o employ_v the_o unite_a force_n of_o more_o than_o one_o age._n he_o be_v scrupulous_o exact_v in_o distinguish_a disease_n in_o observe_v the_o proper_a symptom_n of_o each_o and_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o time_n and_o accident_n thereby_o to_o make_v a_o judgement_n how_o far_o they_o may_v be_v esteem_v dangerous_a and_o how_o far_o safe_a herein_o his_o particular_a excellency_n seem_v to_o have_v lie_v and_o this_o in_o the_o order_n of_o knowledge_n be_v the_o first_o thing_n that_o a_o rational_a physician_n ought_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o which_o be_v a_o sure_a argument_n that_o hypocrates_n thorough_o understand_v what_o thing_n be_v necessary_a for_o he_o to_o study_v with_o the_o great_a care_n in_o order_n to_o make_v his_o write_n always_o useful_a to_o posterity_n 2._o that_o though_o we_o shall_v allow_v the_o method_n of_o practice_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n to_o have_v be_v as_o perfect_v nay_o perfect_a than_o those_o now_o in_o use_n which_o some_o great_a man_n have_v eager_o contend_v for_o yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o they_o understand_v the_o whole_a compass_n of_o their_o profession_n
genuine_a rule_n of_o art_n that_o one_o will_v not_o expect_v in_o a_o book_n of_o that_o kind_n in_o france_n since_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o french_a academy_n the_o grammar_n of_o their_o own_o language_n have_v be_v study_v with_o great_a care_n isocrates_n himself_o can_v not_o be_v more_o nice_a in_o the_o number_n of_o his_o period_n than_o these_o academician_n have_v be_v in_o settle_v the_o phraseology_n in_o fix_v the_o standard_n of_o word_n and_o in_o make_v their_o sentence_n as_o well_o as_o they_o can_v numerous_a and_o flow_a their_o dictionary_n of_o which_o a_o good_a part_n be_v already_o print_v vaugelas_n and_o bouhours_n remark_n upon_o the_o french_a tongue_n richelet_n and_o furetiere_n dictionary_n with_o abundance_n of_o other_o book_n of_o that_o kind_n which_o though_o not_o all_o write_v by_o member_n of_o the_o academy_n yet_o be_v all_o imitation_n of_o the_o pattern_n which_o they_o first_o set_v be_v evidence_n of_o this_o their_o care_n this_o sir_n william_n temple_n somewhere_o own_v and_o though_o he_o there_o suppose_v that_o these_o filer_n and_o polisher_n may_v have_v take_v away_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o tongue_n which_o in_o the_o main_a be_v true_a enough_o yet_o that_o be_v no_o objection_n against_o their_o critical_a skill_n in_o grammar_n upon_o which_o account_n only_o their_o labour_n be_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o so_o much_o for_o the_o mechanical_a part_n of_o grammar_n philosophical_a grammar_n be_v never_o that_o we_o know_v of_o much_o mind_v by_o the_o ancient_n so_o that_o any_o great_a performance_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o modern_a increase_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o learning_n the_o most_o considerable_a book_n of_o that_o kind_n that_o i_o know_v of_o be_v bishop_n wilkins_n essay_n towards_o a_o real_a character_n and_o philosophical_a language_n a_o work_n which_o those_o who_o have_v study_v think_v they_o can_v never_o commend_v enough_o to_o this_o one_o ought_v to_o add_v what_o may_v be_v find_v relate_v to_o the_o same_o subject_a in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o mr._n lock_n be_v essay_n of_o humane_a understanding_n chap._n vi_o of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a architecture_n statuary_n and_o paint_v hitherto_o the_o modern_n seem_v to_o have_v have_v very_o little_a reason_n to_o boast_v of_o their_o acquisition_n and_o improvement_n let_v we_o see_v now_o what_o they_o may_v have_v hereafter_o in_o those_o art_n sure_a if_o in_o any_o they_o may_v challenge_v the_o preference_n which_o depend_v upon_o great_a number_n of_o experiment_n and_o observation_n which_o do_v not_o every_o day_n occur_v can_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v bring_v to_o perfection_n in_o a_o few_o age_n among_o such_o doubtless_o architecture_n sculpture_n and_o paint_v may_v and_o aught_o here_o to_o be_v reckon_v both_o because_o they_o be_v extreme_o value_v by_o the_o ancient_n and_o do_v still_o keep_v up_o their_o just_a price_n they_o be_v likewise_o very_o proper_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o this_o place_n because_o they_o have_v always_o be_v the_o entertainment_n of_o ingenious_a and_o learned_a man_n who_o circumstance_n will_v give_v they_o opportunity_n to_o lay_v out_o money_n upon_o they_o or_o to_o please_v themselves_o with_o other_o man_n labour_n in_o these_o thing_n if_o we_o may_v take_v man_n judgement_n in_o their_o own_o profession_n the_o ancient_n have_v far_o outdo_v the_o modern_n the_o italian_n who_o performance_n have_v be_v the_o most_o considerable_a in_o this_o kind_n and_o who_o as_o genuine_a successor_n of_o the_o old_a roman_n be_v not_o apt_a to_o undervalue_v what_o they_o do_v themselves_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n give_v the_o uncontested_a pre-eminence_n to_o the_o ancient_a greek_a architect_n painter_n and_o sculptor_n who_o authority_n we_o ought_v the_o rather_o to_o acquiesce_v in_o because_o michael-angelo_n and_o bernini_n two_o wonderful_a master_n and_o not_o a_o little_a jealous_a of_o their_o honour_n do_v always_o ingenuous_o declare_v that_o their_o best_a piece_n be_v exceed_v by_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a statue_n still_o to_o be_v see_v at_o rome_n here_o therefore_o i_o at_o first_o intend_v to_o have_v leave_v off_o and_o i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o resign_v what_o i_o believe_v can_v not_o be_v maintain_v when_o monsieur_n perrault_n parallel_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_n come_v to_o my_o hand_n his_o skill_n in_o architecture_n and_o mechanic_n be_v sufficient_o manifest_v long_o ago_o in_o his_o admirable_a translation_n of_o and_o commentary_n upon_o vitruvius_n and_o his_o long_a conversation_n with_o the_o fine_a piece_n of_o antiquity_n and_o of_o these_o late_a age_n fit_v he_o for_o judge_v of_o these_o matter_n better_o than_o other_o men._n so_o that_o though_o there_o may_v be_v great_a reason_n not_o to_o agree_v to_o his_o hypothesis_n of_o the_o state_n of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a eloquence_n and_o poesy_n yet_o in_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n where_o the_o medium_n of_o judge_v be_v quite_o different_a and_o where_o geometrical_a rule_n of_o proportion_n which_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n be_v unalterable_a go_v very_o far_o to_o determine_v the_o question_n his_o judgement_n seem_v to_o be_v of_o great_a weight_n i_o shall_v therefore_o choose_v rather_o to_o give_v a_o short_a view_n of_o what_o he_o say_v upon_o these_o subject_n than_o to_o pass_v any_o censure_n upon_o they_o of_o my_o own_o of_o architecture_n he_o say_v that_o though_o the_o modern_n have_v receive_v the_o knowledge_n 88_o of_o the_o five_o order_n from_o the_o ancient_n yet_o if_o they_o employ_v it_o to_o better_a purpose_n if_o their_o building_n be_v more_o useful_a and_o more_o beautiful_a than_o they_o must_v be_v allow_v to_o be_v the_o better_a architect_n for_o it_o be_v in_o architecture_n as_o it_o be_v in_o oratory_n as_o he_o that_o lay_v down_o rule_n when_o and_o how_o to_o use_v metaphor_n hyperbole_n prosopopoeia_n or_o any_o other_o figure_n of_o rhetoric_n may_v very_o often_o not_o be_v so_o good_a a_o orator_n as_o he_o that_o use_v they_o judicious_o in_o his_o discourse_n so_o he_o that_o teach_v what_o a_o pillar_n a_o architrave_n or_o a_o cornice_n be_v and_o that_o instruct_v another_o in_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n so_o as_o to_o adjust_a all_o the_o part_n of_o each_o of_o the_o several_a order_n aright_o may_v not_o be_v so_o good_a a_o architect_n as_o he_o that_o build_v a_o magnificent_a temple_n or_o a_o noble_a palace_n that_o shall_v answer_v all_o those_o end_n for_o which_o such_o structure_n be_v design_v that_o the_o chief_a reason_n why_o the_o doric_a the_o jonic_a or_o the_o corinthian_a model_n have_v please_v so_o much_o be_v partly_o because_o the_o eye_n have_v be_v long_o accustom_v to_o they_o and_o partly_o because_o they_o have_v be_v make_v use_n of_o by_o man_n who_o understand_v and_o follow_v those_o other_o rule_n which_o will_v eternal_o please_v upon_o the_o score_n of_o real_a usefulness_n whereas_o the_o five_o order_n owe_v their_o authority_n to_o custom_n rather_o than_o to_o nature_n that_o these_o universal_a rule_n be_v 95._o to_o make_v those_o building_n which_o will_v bear_v it_o lofty_a and_o wide_a in_o stonework_n to_o use_v the_o large_a the_o smooth_a and_o the_o even_a stone_n to_o make_v the_o joint_n almost_o imperceptible_a to_o place_v the_o perpendicular_a part_n of_o the_o work_n exact_o perpendicular_a and_o the_o horizontal_n part_v exact_o horizontal_n to_o support_v the_o weak_a part_n of_o the_o work_n by_o the_o strong_a to_o cut_v square_a figure_n perfect_o square_a and_o round_a figure_n perfect_o round_a to_o hew_v the_o whole_a exact_o true_a and_o to_o fix_v all_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o work_n even_o as_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v that_o these_o rule_n well_o observe_v will_v always_o please_v even_o those_o who_o never_o understand_v one_o single_a term_n of_o art_n whereas_o the_o other_o accidental_a beauty_n such_o as_o he_o suppose_v doric_a jonic_a or_o corinthian_a work_n to_o be_v please_v only_o because_o they_o be_v find_v together_o with_o these_o though_o their_o be_v the_o most_o conspicuous_a part_n of_o a_o building_n make_v they_o be_v first_o observe_v from_o whence_o man_n begin_v to_o fancy_n inherent_a beauty_n in_o that_o which_o owe_v the_o great_a part_n of_o its_o charm_n to_o the_o good_a company_n in_o which_o it_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o and_o so_o in_o time_n delight_v when_o it_o be_v see_v alone_o that_o otherwise_o it_o 99_o will_v be_v impossible_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o great_a a_o variety_n in_o the_o assign_v of_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o several_a order_n no_o two_o eminent_a architect_n ever_o keep_v to_o the_o same_o measure_n though_o they_o have_v neither_o spoil_v nor_o lessen_v the_o beauty_n of_o their_o work_n that_o if_o we_o
we_o have_v have_v master_n in_o both_o these_o art_n who_o have_v deserve_v a_o rank_n with_o those_o that_o flourish_v in_o the_o last_o age_n after_o they_o be_v again_o restore_v to_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n chap._n vii_o general_a reflection_n relate_v to_o the_o follow_a chapter_n with_o a_o account_n of_o sir_n william_n temple_n be_v hypothesis_n of_o the_o history_n of_o learning_n if_o the_o bold_a claim_n of_o confident_a and_o numerous_a pretender_n may_v because_o of_o their_o confidence_n and_o number_n be_v much_o rely_v on_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a thing_n to_o determine_v the_o present_a question_n without_o any_o further_a trouble_n the_o generality_n of_o the_o learned_a have_v give_v the_o ancient_n the_o preference_n in_o those_o art_n and_o science_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v consider_v but_o for_o the_o precedency_n in_o those_o part_n of_o learning_n which_o still_o remain_v to_o be_v inquire_v into_o the_o modern_n have_v put_v in_o their_o claim_n with_o great_a briskness_n among_o this_o sort_n i_o reckon_v mathematical_a and_o physical_a science_n consider_v in_o their_o large_a extent_n these_o be_v thing_n which_o have_v no_o dependence_n upon_o the_o opinion_n of_o man_n for_o their_o truth_n they_o will_v admit_v of_o fix_a and_o undisputed_a medium_n of_o comparison_n and_o judgement_n so_o that_o though_o it_o may_v be_v always_o debate_v who_o have_v be_v the_o best_a orator_n or_o who_o the_o best_a poet_n yet_o it_o can_v always_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o controversy_n who_o have_v be_v the_o great_a geometer_n arithmetician_n astronomer_n musician_n anatomist_n chemist_n botanist_n or_o the_o like_a because_o a_o fair_a comparison_n between_o the_o invention_n observation_n experiment_n and_o collection_n of_o the_o contend_a party_n must_v certain_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o dispute_n and_o give_v a_o more_o full_a satisfaction_n to_o all_o side_n the_o thing_n contend_v for_o on_o both_o side_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o nature_n what_o the_o appearance_n be_v which_o it_o exhibit_v and_o how_o they_o be_v exhibit_v thereby_o to_o show_v how_o they_o may_v be_v enlarge_v and_o diversify_v and_o impediment_n of_o any_o sort_n remove_v in_o order_n to_o this_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a 1._o to_o find_v out_o all_o the_o several_a affection_n and_o property_n of_o quantity_n abstract_o consider_v with_o the_o proportion_n of_o its_o part_n and_o kind_n either_o several_o consider_v or_o compare_v with_o or_o compound_v with_o one_o another_o either_o as_o they_o may_v be_v in_o motion_n or_o at_o rest._n this_o be_v proper_o the_o mathematician_n business_n 2._o to_o collect_v great_a number_n of_o observation_n and_o to_o make_v a_o vast_a variety_n of_o experiment_n upon_o all_o sort_n of_o natural_a body_n and_o because_o this_o can_v be_v do_v without_o proper_a tool_n 3._o to_o contrive_v such_o instrument_n by_o which_o the_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o universe_n and_o of_o all_o its_o part_n even_o the_o most_o minute_n or_o the_o most_o remote_a may_v lie_v more_o open_a to_o our_o view_n and_o their_o motion_n or_o other_o affection_n be_v better_o calculate_v and_o examine_v than_o can_v otherwise_o have_v be_v do_v by_o our_o unassi_v sense_n 4._o to_o range_v all_o the_o several_a species_n of_o natural_a thing_n under_o proper_a head_n to_o assign_v fit_a characteristic_n or_o mark_n whereby_o they_o may_v be_v ready_o find_v out_o and_o distinguish_v from_o one_o another_o 5._o to_o adapt_v all_o the_o catholic_n affection_n of_o matter_n and_o motion_n to_o all_o the_o know_a appearance_n of_o thing_n so_o as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o tell_v how_o nature_n work_v and_o in_o some_o particular_a case_n to_o command_v she_o this_o will_v take_v in_o astronomy_n mechanic_n optic_n music_n with_o the_o other_o physico-mathematical_a and_o physico-mechanical_a part_n of_o knowledge_n as_o also_o anatomy_n chemistry_n with_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o natural_a history_n it_o will_v help_v we_o to_o make_v a_o just_a comparison_n between_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a physics_n that_o so_o we_o may_v certain_o determine_v who_o philosophized_a best_o aristotle_n and_o democritus_n or_o mr._n boyle_n and_o mr._n newton_n in_o these_o thing_n therefore_o the_o comparison_n be_v to_o be_v make_v wherein_o one_o can_v go_v no_o high_o than_o the_o age_n of_o hypocrates_n aristotle_n and_o theophrastus_n because_o the_o write_n of_o the_o philosopher_n before_o they_o be_v all_o lose_v it_o may_v therefore_o be_v plausible_o object_v that_o this_o be_v no_o fair_a way_n of_o proceed_v because_o the_o egyptian_n and_o chaldaean_n be_v famous_a for_o very_o many_o part_n of_o real_a learning_n long_o before_o from_o who_o pythagoras_n thales_n plato_n and_o all_o the_o other_o grecian_a philosopher_n borrow_a what_o they_o know_v this_o sir_n william_n temple_n insist_o at_o large_a upon_o so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o examine_v the_o claim_n of_o these_o nation_n to_o universal_a learning_n in_o do_v of_o which_o i_o shall_v follow_v sir_n william_n temple_n method_n and_o first_o give_v a_o short_a abstract_n of_o his_o hypothesis_n and_o then_o inquire_v how_o far_o it_o may_v be_v rely_v on_o sir_n william_n temple_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o chief_a argument_n that_o be_v produce_v in_o behalf_n of_o the_o modern_n be_v 5._o that_o they_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o ancient_n discovery_n to_o help_v their_o own_o so_o that_o like_o dwarf_n upon_o giant_n shoulder_n they_o must_v needs_o see_v far_o than_o the_o giant_n themselves_o to_o weaken_v this_o we_o be_v tell_v 10._o that_o those_o who_o we_o call_v ancient_n be_v modern_n if_o compare_v to_o those_o who_o be_v ancient_a than_o they_o and_o that_o there_o be_v vast_a lake_n of_o learning_n in_o egypt_n chaldea_n india_n and_o china_n where_o it_o stagnate_v for_o many_o age_n till_o the_o greek_n bring_v bucket_n and_o draw_v it_o out_o the_o question_n which_o be_v first_o to_o be_v ask_v here_o be_v where_o be_v the_o book_n and_o monument_n wherein_o these_o treasure_n be_v deposit_v for_o so_o many_o age_n and_o because_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v sir_n william_n temple_n make_v a_o doubt_n 8._o whether_o book_n advance_v any_o other_o science_n beyond_o the_o particular_a record_n of_o action_n or_o register_n of_o time_n he_o may_v resolve_v it_o soon_o if_o he_o inquire_v how_o far_o a_o man_n can_v go_v in_o astronomical_a calculation_n for_o which_o the_o chaldean_n be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o famous_a without_o the_o use_n of_o letter_n the_o peruan_n antiquity_n which_o he_o there_o allege_v for_o twelve_o or_o thirteen_o generation_n from_o mango_n capac_n to_o atahualpa_n be_v not_o of_o above_o five_o hundred_o year_n stand_v the_o mexican_n account_n be_v not_o much_o old_a and_o yet_o these_o though_o very_o rude_a need_v help_n to_o be_v bring_v down_o to_o we_o the_o perisan_a conveyance_n of_o knowledge_n according_a to_o garçilasso_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr vega_n be_v not_o pure_o traditionary_a but_o be_v fringe_n of_o cotton_n of_o several_a colour_n tie_v and_o weave_v with_o a_o vast_a variety_n of_o knot_n which_o have_v all_o determinate_a meaning_n and_o so_o supply_v the_o use_n of_o letter_n in_o a_o tolerable_a degree_n and_o the_o mexican_n antiquity_n be_v preserve_v after_o a_o sort_n by_o picture_n of_o which_o we_o have_v a_o specimen_fw-la in_o purchas_n pilgrim_n so_o that_o when_o sir_n william_n temple_n urge_v the_o tradition_n of_o these_o people_n to_o prove_v that_o knowledge_n may_v be_v convey_v to_o posterity_n without_o letter_n he_o prove_v only_o what_o be_v not_o dispute_v namely_o that_o knowledge_n can_v be_v imperfect_o convey_v to_o posterity_n without_o letter_n not_o that_o tradition_n can_v preserve_v learning_n as_o well_o as_o book_n or_o something_o equivalent_a but_o since_o sir_n william_n temple_n lay_v no_o great_a weight_n upon_o this_o evasion_n i_o ought_v not_o to_o insist_v any_o long_o upon_o it_o he_o say_v 6_o therefore_o that_o it_o be_v a_o question_n whether_o the_o invention_n of_o printing_n have_v multiply_v book_n or_o only_o the_o copy_n of_o they_o since_o if_o we_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v 600000_o book_n in_o the_o ptolemaean_a library_n we_o shall_v hardly_o pretend_v to_o equal_v it_o by_o any_o of_o we_o nor_o perhaps_o by_o all_o put_v together_o that_o be_v we_o shall_v be_v scarce_o able_a to_o produce_v so_o many_o original_n that_o have_v live_v any_o time_n and_o thereby_o give_v testimony_n of_o their_o have_v be_v think_v worth_a preserve_n all_o this_o as_o it_o be_v urge_v by_o sir_n william_n temple_n be_v liable_a to_o great_a exception_n for_o 1._o if_o we_o shall_v allow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o hyperbole_n in_o the_o number_n of_o book_n in_o the_o ptolemaean_a library_n yet_o we_o be_v not_o to_o take_v our_o estimate_n by_o our_o
way_n of_o reckon_a every_o oration_n of_o demosthenes_n and_o isocrates_n every_o play_n of_o aeschylus_n or_o aristophanes_n every_o discourse_n of_o plato_n or_o aristotle_n be_v ancient_o call_v a_o volume_n this_o will_v lessen_v the_o number_n to_o we_o who_o take_v whole_a collection_n of_o every_o author_n work_n in_o one_o lump_n and_o call_v they_o according_o in_o our_o catalogue_n if_o print_v together_o but_o by_o one_o title_n 2._o sir_n william_n temple_n seem_v to_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o all_o these_o book_n be_v original_n that_o be_v to_o say_v book_n worth_a preserve_n which_o be_v more_o than_o any_o man_n can_v now_o prove_v i_o suppose_v he_o himself_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v ancient_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o size_n as_o well_o as_o there_o be_v modern_n now_o and_o he_o that_o raise_v a_o library_n take_v in_o book_n of_o all_o value_v since_o bad_a book_n have_v their_o uses_n to_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o as_o good_a one_o so_o that_o for_o any_o thing_n we_o know_v to_o the_o contrary_a there_o may_v have_v be_v in_o this_o alexandrian_a library_n a_o great_a number_n of_o ibid._n scribbler_n that_o like_o mushroom_n or_o fly_n be_v bear_v and_o die_v in_o small_a circle_n of_o time_n 3_o the_o world_n can_v make_v a_o better_a judgement_n of_o the_o value_n of_o what_o be_v lose_v at_o least_o as_o it_o relate_v to_o the_o present_a enquiry_n than_o one_o at_o first_o view_n may_v perhaps_o imagine_v the_o lose_a book_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o several_a nation_n of_o their_o civil_a history_n of_o the_o limit_n of_o their_o several_a empire_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o their_o law_n and_o manner_n or_o of_o any_o thing_n immediate_o relate_v to_o any_o of_o these_o be_v not_o here_o to_o be_v consider_v because_o it_o can_v be_v pretend_v that_o the_o modern_n can_v know_v any_o of_o these_o thing_n but_o as_o they_o be_v teach_v so_o neither_o be_v what_o may_v have_v relate_v to_o ethic_n politic_n poesy_n and_o oratory_n here_o to_o be_v urge_v since_o in_o those_o matter_n the_o worth_a of_o ancient_a knowledge_n have_v already_o be_v assert_v so_o that_o one_o be_v only_o to_o inquire_v what_o and_o how_o great_a the_o loss_n be_v of_o all_o those_o book_n upon_o natural_a or_o mathematical_a argument_n which_o be_v preserve_v in_o the_o alexandrian_a asiatic_a and_o roman_a library_n or_o mention_v in_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n and_o historian_n by_o which_o deduction_n the_o former_a number_n will_v be_v yet_o again_o considerable_o lessen_v now_o a_o very_a true_a judgement_n of_o ancient_a skill_n in_o natural_a history_n may_v be_v form_v out_o of_o pliny_n who_o extract_v of_o book_n still_o extant_a be_v so_o particular_a for_o the_o present_a purpose_n that_o there_o be_v reason_n to_o believe_v they_o be_v not_o make_v careless_o of_o those_o that_o be_v lose_v galen_n seem_v to_o have_v read_v whatever_o he_o can_v meet_v with_o relate_v to_o medicine_n in_o all_o its_o part_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o abundance_n of_o author_n who_o name_n be_v no_o where_o else_o preserve_v may_v be_v discover_v out_o of_o his_o book_n of_o the_o famous_a one_o especial_o who_o at_o every_o turn_v he_o either_o contradict_v or_o produce_v to_o fortify_v his_o own_o assertion_n ptolemee_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o old_a astronomy_n in_o his_o almage_a very_o many_o particular_n of_o the_o invention_n and_o method_n of_o ancient_a geometer_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o mathematical_a collection_n of_o pappus_n the_o opinion_n of_o the_o different_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n be_v well_o enough_o preserve_v in_o the_o entire_a treatise_n of_o the_o several_a philosopher_n who_o be_v of_o their_o sect_n or_o in_o the_o discourse_n of_o other_o who_o occasional_o or_o express_o confute_v what_o they_o say_v so_o that_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o think_v that_o the_o philosophical_a and_o mathematical_a learning_n of_o the_o ancient_n be_v better_v convey_v to_o we_o than_o the_o civil_a the_o book_n which_o treat_v of_o those_o subject_n suit_v better_a the_o genius_n of_o several_a man_n and_o of_o several_a nation_n too_o for_o which_o reason_n the_o arab_n translate_v the_o most_o considerable_a greek_a book_n of_o this_o kind_n as_o euclid_n apollonius_n aristotle_n epictetus_n cebes_n and_o abundance_n more_o that_o have_v write_v of_o philosophy_n or_o mathematics_n into_o their_o own_o language_n whilst_o they_o let_v book_n of_o antiquity_n and_o civil_a history_n lie_v unregarded_a sir_n william_n temple_n next_o enquiry_n be_v from_o whence_o both_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_n have_v receive_v their_o knowledge_n his_o method_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o natural_a nor_o his_o question_n very_o proper_a since_o if_o discovery_n be_v once_o make_v it_o be_v not_o so_o material_a to_o know_v who_o teach_v the_o several_a inventor_n as_o what_o these_o inventor_n first_o teach_v other_o but_o set_v that_o aside_o the_o sum_n of_o what_o he_o say_v in_o short_a be_v this_o 12._o the_o modern_n gather_v all_o their_o learning_n out_o of_o book_n in_o university_n which_o be_v but_o dumb_a guide_n that_o can_v lead_v man_n but_o one_o way_n without_o be_v able_a to_o set_v they_o right_o if_o they_o shall_v wander_v from_o it_o these_o book_n beside_o be_v very_o few_o the_o remain_v of_o the_o write_n of_o here_o and_o there_o a_o author_n that_o write_v from_o the_o time_n of_o hypocrates_n to_o m._n antoninus_n in_o the_o compass_n of_o six_o or_o seven_o hundred_o year_n whereas_o thales_n and_o pythagoras_n take_v another_o sort_n of_o a_o method_n thales_n acquire_v his_o knowledge_n in_o egypt_n phoenicia_n delphos_n and_o crete_n 15._o pythagoras_n spend_v twenty_o two_o year_n in_o egypt_n and_o twelve_o year_n more_o in_o chaldea_n and_o then_o return_v lade_v with_o all_o their_o store_n and_o not_o content_v with_o that_o go_v into_o ethiopia_n arabia_n india_n and_o crete_n and_o visit_v delphos_n and_o all_o the_o renown_a oracle_n in_o the_o world_n 17._o lest_o we_o shall_v wonder_v why_o pythagoras_n go_v so_o far_o we_o be_v tell_v that_o the_o indian_a brahmin_n be_v so_o careful_a to_o educate_v those_o who_o be_v intend_v for_o scholar_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o mother_n be_v find_v themselves_o with_o child_n much_o thought_n and_o diligence_n be_v employ_v about_o their_o diet_n and_o entertainment_n to_o furnish_v they_o with_o pleasant_a imagination_n to_o compose_v their_o mind_n and_o their_o sleep_v with_o the_o best_a temper_n during_o the_o time_n that_o they_o carry_v their_o burden_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o they_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v very_o learned_a since_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o spend_v thirty_o seven_o year_n in_o get_v instruction_n their_o knowledge_n be_v all_o traditional_a they_o think_v the_o world_n be_v round_o and_o make_v by_o a_o spirit_n they_o believe_v the_o transmigration_n of_o soul_n and_o they_o esteem_v sickness_n such_o a_o mark_n of_o intemperance_n that_o when_o they_o find_v themselves_o indispose_v they_o die_v out_o of_o shame_n and_o sullenness_n though_o some_o live_v a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o or_o two_o hundred_o year_n 23._o these_o indian_n have_v their_o knowledge_n in_o all_o probability_n from_o china_n a_o country_n where_o learning_n have_v be_v in_o request_n from_o the_o time_n of_o fohius_n their_o first_o king_n it_o be_v to_o be_v presume_v that_o they_o communicate_v of_o their_o store_n to_o other_o nation_n though_o they_o themselves_o have_v few_o footstep_n of_o it_o remain_v beside_o the_o write_n of_o confucius_n which_o be_v chief_o moral_a and_o political_n because_o one_o of_o their_o king_n who_o desire_v that_o the_o memory_n of_o every_o thing_n shall_v begin_v with_o himself_o cause_v book_n of_o all_o sort_n not_o relate_v to_o physic_n and_o agriculture_n to_o be_v destroy_v 21._o from_o india_n learning_n be_v carry_v into_o ethiopia_n and_o arabia_n thence_o by_o the_o way_n of_o the_o red_a sea_n it_o come_v into_o phoenicia_n and_o the_o egyptian_n learn_v it_o of_o the_o ethiopian_n this_o be_v a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o history_n of_o learning_n as_o sir_n william_n temple_n have_v deduce_v it_o from_o its_o most_o ancient_a beginning_n the_o exception_n which_o may_v be_v make_v against_o it_o be_v many_o and_o yet_o more_o against_o the_o conclusion_n which_o he_o draw_v from_o it_o for_o though_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o egyptian_n have_v the_o ground_n and_o element_n of_o most_o part_n of_o real_a learning_n among_o they_o early_o than_o the_o greek_n yet_o that_o be_v no_o argument_n why_o the_o grecian_n shall_v not_o go_v beyond_o their_o teacher_n or_o why_o the_o modern_n may_v not_o outdo_v they_o both_o before_o i_o examine_v sir_n william_n temple_n scheme_n step_v by_o step_n i_o shall_v offer_v as_o the_o geometer_n
forementioned_a discourse_n of_o conringius_n one_o may_v just_o wonder_v that_o there_o shall_v have_v be_v so_o noble_a a_o art_n as_o that_o of_o turn_v base_a metal_n into_o gold_n and_o silver_n so_o long_o in_o the_o world_n and_o yet_o that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o very_o little_a if_o any_o thing_n say_v of_o it_o in_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_n to_o remove_v this_o prejudice_n therefore_o all_o the_o fabulous_a story_n of_o the_o greek_n have_v by_o man_n of_o fertile_a invention_n be_v give_v out_o to_o be_v disguise_v chemical_a arcana_fw-la jason_n golden_a fleece_n which_o he_o bring_v from_o colchis_n be_v only_o a_o receipt_n to_o make_v the_o philosopher_n stone_n and_o medea_n restore_v her_o father-in-law_n aeson_n to_o his_o youth_n again_o by_o the_o grand_a elixir_n borrichius_n be_v very_o confident_a that_o the_o egyptian_a king_n build_v the_o pyramid_n with_o the_o treasure_n that_o their_o furnace_n afford_v they_o since_o if_o there_o be_v so_o many_o thousand_o talent_n expend_v in_o leek_n and_o onion_n as_o herodotus_n tell_v we_o there_o be_v which_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v a_o inconsiderable_a sum_n in_o comparison_n of_o the_o whole_a expense_n of_o the_o work_n one_o can_v imagine_v how_o they_o can_v have_v raise_v money_n enough_o to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o work_n any_o other_o way_n and_o since_o borrichius_n jacobus_n tollius_n have_v set_v out_o a_o book_n call_v fortuita_fw-la wherein_o he_o make_v most_o of_o the_o old_a mythology_n to_o be_v chemical_a secret_n but_o though_o borrichius_n may_v believe_v that_o he_o can_v find_v some_o obscure_a hint_n of_o this_o great_a work_n in_o the_o heathen_a mythologist_n and_o in_o some_o scatter_a verse_n of_o the_o ancient_a poet_n which_o according_a to_o he_o they_o themselves_o do_v not_o full_o understand_v when_o they_o write_v they_o yet_o this_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o ancient_a chemical_a writer_n now_o extant_a can_v be_v prove_v to_o have_v be_v so_o old_a as_o the_o age_n of_o augustus_n conringius_n believe_v that_o zosimus_n panopolita_n be_v the_o old_a chemical_a author_n that_o we_o have_v who_o he_o set_v low_a than_o constantine_n the_o great_a that_o perhaps_o may_v be_v a_o mistake_n for_o borrichius_n who_o have_v read_v they_o both_o in_o ms._n in_o the_o french_a king_n library_n bring_v very_o plausible_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o olympiodorus_n who_o write_v commentary_n upon_o some_o of_o the_o chemical_a discourse_n of_o zosimus_n be_v 150_o year_n old_a than_o constantine_n because_o he_o mention_n the_o alexandrian_a library_n in_o the_o temple_n of_o serapis_n as_o actual_o in_o be_v which_o in_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n time_n who_o be_v contemporary_a with_o julian_n the_o apostate_n be_v only_o talk_v of_o as_o a_o thing_n destroy_v long_o before_o i_o do_v mean_v that_o which_o be_v burn_v in_o julius_n caesar_n time_n but_o one_o afterward_o erect_v out_o of_o the_o scatter_a remain_n that_o be_v save_v from_o that_o great_a conflagration_n which_o be_v mention_v by_o tertullian_n under_o the_o name_n of_o ptolemee_n library_n at_o alexandria_n if_o this_o zosimus_n be_v the_o same_o who_o galen_n mention_n for_o a_o remedy_n for_o sore_a eye_n in_o his_o four_o book_n of_o topical_a medicine_n then_o both_o he_o and_o olympiodorus_n may_v have_v be_v considerable_o old_a and_o yet_o have_v live_v since_o our_o bless_a saviour_n time_n however_o be_v their_o age_n what_o it_o will_v they_o write_v to_o themselves_o and_o their_o art_n be_v as_o little_o know_v afterward_o as_o it_o be_v before_o julius_n firmicus_n be_v the_o first_o author_n that_o have_v mention_v alchemy_n either_o by_o name_n or_o by_o a_o undisputed_a circumlocution_n and_o he_o dedicate_v his_o book_n of_o astrology_n to_o constantine_n the_o great_a manilius_n indeed_o who_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v live_v in_o augustus_n time_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o astronomicon_n where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o those_o that_o be_v bear_v under_o capricorn_n have_v these_o word_n scrutari_fw-la caeca_fw-la metalla_fw-la depositas_fw-la &_o opes_fw-la terraeque_fw-la exuere_fw-la venas_fw-la materiemque_fw-la manu_fw-la certâ_fw-la duplicarier_n arte_fw-la which_o last_o verse_n seem_v to_o be_v a_o description_n of_o alchemy_n but_o beside_o that_o the_o verse_n be_v suspect_v to_o be_v spurious_a even_o the_o age_n of_o manilius_n himself_o be_v not_o without_o controversy_n some_o make_v he_o contemporary_a with_o the_o young_a theodosius_n and_o consequent_o late_a than_o firmicus_n himself_o we_o may_v expect_v to_o have_v this_o question_v determine_v when_o my_o most_o learned_a friend_n mr._n bentley_n shall_v oblige_v the_o world_n with_o his_o censure_n and_o emendation_n of_o that_o elegant_a poet._n but_o if_o these_o grecian_a chemist_n have_v the_o utmost_a antiquity_n allow_v they_o that_o borrichius_n desire_v it_o will_v signify_v little_a to_o deduce_v their_o art_n from_o hermes_n since_o man_n may_v pretend_v that_o their_o art_n be_v derive_v from_o he_o in_o zosimus_n day_n and_o yet_o come_v many_o thousand_o year_n short_a of_o it_o if_o we_o follow_v the_o account_n of_o manetho_n wherefore_o though_o this_o be_v but_o a_o negative_a argument_n yet_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v unanswerable_a because_o if_o there_o have_v be_v such_o a_o art_n some_o of_o the_o greek_n and_o roman_n who_o be_v successive_o master_n of_o egypt_n will_v have_v mention_v it_o at_o least_o before_o zosimus_n time_n such_o a_o notice_n whether_o with_o approbation_n or_o contempt_n have_v be_v sufficient_a to_o ascertain_v the_o reality_n of_o such_o a_o tradition_n tacitus_n xvi_o tell_v we_o that_o nero_n send_v into_o africa_n to_o find_v some_o gold_n that_o be_v pretend_v to_o be_v hide_v under_o ground_n this_o will_v have_v be_v a_o excellent_a opportunity_n for_o he_o to_o have_v examine_v into_o this_o tradition_n or_o to_o have_v punish_v those_o who_o either_o false_o pretend_v to_o a_o art_n which_o they_o have_v not_o or_o will_v not_o discover_v the_o true_a secret_n which_o in_o his_o opinion_n will_v have_v be_v equal_o criminal_a and_o have_v nero_n do_v it_o pliny_n will_v have_v tell_v we_o of_o it_o who_o be_v very_o inquisitive_a to_o collect_v all_o the_o story_n he_o can_v find_v of_o every_o thing_n that_o he_o treat_v about_o whereof_o gold_n 4._o be_v one_o that_o be_v not_o slight_o pass_v over_o and_o beside_o he_o never_o omit_v a_o story_n because_o it_o appear_v strange_a and_o incredible_a if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o what_o he_o have_v leave_v out_o by_o what_o he_o have_v put_v in_o but_o often_o range_v the_o wonderful_a quality_n of_o natural_a body_n under_o distinct_a head_n that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o more_o observe_v to_o evade_v the_o force_n of_o this_o argument_n borrichius_n egypt_n say_v that_o the_o egyptian_n be_v afraid_a of_o their_o conqueror_n and_o so_o industrious_o conceal_v their_o art_n but_o there_o be_v a_o wide_a difference_n between_o conceal_v the_o rule_n and_o precept_n of_o a_o art_n and_o conceal_v the_o memory_n that_o ever_o there_o be_v such_o a_o art_n if_o it_o be_v ever_o know_v before_o the_o persian_a conquest_n as_o by_o his_o account_n of_o the_o erection_n of_o the_o pyramid_n which_o be_v build_v many_o age_n before_o cambyses_n time_n it_o be_v plain_a he_o believe_v it_o be_v though_o we_o shall_v allow_v it_o to_o have_v be_v in_o few_o hand_n it_o be_v not_o credible_a that_o this_o art_n of_o make_v gold_n shall_v never_o have_v be_v pretend_v to_o before_o dioclesian_n time_n who_o be_v report_v by_o suidas_n to_o have_v burn_v great_a number_n of_o chemical_a book_n which_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o process_n whereas_o afterward_o ever_o now_o and_o then_o footstep_n of_o cheat_a alchemist_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o greek_a historian_n it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o pretend_v to_o great_a secrecy_n in_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o operation_n than_o be_v now_o to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o the_o write_n of_o modern_a adept_v philosopher_n as_o they_o call_v themselves_o and_o yet_o these_o man_n who_o will_v not_o reveal_v their_o process_n will_v think_v themselves_o affront_v if_o any_o man_n shall_v question_v the_o real_a existence_n of_o their_o art_n but_o the_o hypothesis_n of_o those_o who_o find_v chemical_a secret_n in_o homer_n virgil_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o ancient_a poet_n be_v liable_a to_o several_a exception_n take_v notice_n of_o neither_o by_o conringius_n nor_o borrichius_n 1._o they_o say_v that_o when_o jason_n hear_v that_o the_o king_n of_o colchis_n have_v a_o book_n write_v upon_o a_o ram's-skin_n wherein_o be_v the_o process_n of_o the_o philosopher_n stone_n he_o go_v with_o the_o argonaut_n to_o fetch_v it_o here_o it_o may_v be_v object_v 1._o that_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o sesostris_n who_o conquer_v colchis_n will_v
themselves_o that_o there_o be_v a_o particular_a nerve_n that_o go_v from_o the_o heart_n to_o the_o little_a finger_n of_o the_o lefthand_n for_o which_o reason_n they_o always_o wear_v ring_n upon_o that_o finger_n and_o the_o priest_n dip_v that_o finger_n in_o their_o perfume_a ointment_n this_o be_v ridicule_v by_o conringius_n borrichius_n praefat._n assure_v we_o that_o he_o always_o find_v something_o to_o countenance_v this_o observation_n upon_o cut_v of_o his_o nail_n to_o the_o quick_a pliny_n in_o the_o 37_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o 11_o the_o book_n of_o his_o natural_a history_n and_o censorinus_n in_o the_o 17_o the_o chapter_n of_o his_o little_a book_n de_fw-fr die_fw-fr natali_n give_v this_o follow_a reason_n from_o dioscorides_n the_o astrologer_n why_o a_o man_n can_v live_v above_o a_o hundred_o year_n because_o the_o alexandrian_a embalmer_n observe_v a_o constant_a increase_n and_o diminution_n of_o weight_n of_o the_o heart_n of_o those_o sound_a person_n who_o they_o open_v whereby_o they_o judge_v of_o their_o age._n they_o find_v that_o the_o heart_n of_o infant_n of_o a_o year_n old_a weigh_v two_o drachm_n and_o this_o weight_n increase_v annual_o by_o two_o drachm_n every_o year_n till_o man_n come_v to_o the_o age_n of_o fifty_o year_n at_o which_o time_n they_o as_o gradual_o decrease_v till_o they_o come_v to_o a_o hundred_o when_o for_o want_v of_o a_o heart_n they_o must_v necessary_o die_v to_o these_o two_o instance_n of_o the_o criticalness_n of_o egyptian_a anatomy_n i_o shall_v add_v one_o of_o their_o curiosity_n in_o natural_a inquiry_n and_o that_o be_v their_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o annual_a overflow_a of_o the_o nile_n this_o which_o be_v the_o constant_a wonder_n of_o the_o old_a world_n be_v a_o phaenomenon_n seldom_o over-looked_n by_o the_o greek_a philosopher_n seven_o of_o who_o opinion_n be_v reckon_v up_o by_o plutarch_n in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o opinion_n of_o the_o philosopher_n if_o curiosity_n general_o attend_v a_o desire_n of_o knowledge_n and_o grow_v along_o with_o it_o than_o the_o egyptian_a priest_n be_v inexcusable_o negligent_a that_o they_o do_v not_o know_v that_o the_o swell_a of_o the_o nile_n proceed_v from_o the_o rain_n that_o fall_v in_o ethiopia_n which_o raise_v the_o river_n at_o certain_a season_n make_v that_o overflow_a of_o the_o flat_n of_o egypt_n one_o will_v think_v that_o in_o sesostris_n time_n the_o egyptian_a priest_n have_v access_n enough_o into_o ethiopia_n and_o whoever_o have_v once_o be_v in_o that_o country_n can_v have_v resolve_v that_o problem_n without_o any_o philosophy_n it_o be_v know_v indeed_o in_o plato_n time_n for_o then_o the_o priest_n tell_v it_o to_o eudoxus_n but_o thales_n democritus_n and_o herodotus_n who_o have_v all_o inquire_v of_o the_o egyptian_n give_v such_o uncouth_a reason_n as_o show_v that_o they_o only_o speak_v by_o guess_n thales_n think_v that_o the_o etesian_a wind_n blow_v at_o that_o time_n of_o the_o year_n against_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n so_o that_o the_o fresh_a water_n find_v no_o vent_n be_v beat_v back_o upon_o the_o land_n democritus_n suppose_v that_o the_o northern_a snow_n be_v melt_v by_o the_o summer_n heat_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o vapour_n into_o the_o air_n which_o vapour_n circulate_v towards_o the_o south_n be_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o etesian_a wind_n condense_v into_o rain_n by_o which_o the_o nile_n be_v raise_v herodotus_n think_v that_o a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o water_n come_v from_o the_o fountain_n in_o summer_n and_o winter_n only_o in_o summer_n there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o water_n draw_v up_o by_o the_o sun_n and_o in_o winter_n less_o and_o so_o by_o consequence_n all_o that_o time_n it_o overflow_v democritus_n opinion_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n seem_v not_o amiss_o though_o his_o hypothesis_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o be_v wrong_n in_o all_o probability_n yet_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o plutarch_n do_v not_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o the_o egyptian_a priest_n give_v to_o eudoxus_n which_o be_v the_o only_a true_a one_o because_o he_o set_v they_o both_o down_o apart_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o wonderful_a phaenomenon_n can_v not_o be_v pretend_v to_o be_v a_o secret_a no_o honour_n can_v be_v get_v by_o conceal_v a_o thing_n the_o pretend_a ignorance_n whereof_o be_v rather_o a_o disgrace_n those_o egyptian_a priest_n who_o business_n it_o be_v to_o gather_v knowledge_n must_v have_v have_v a_o extraordinary_a love_n for_o a_o sedentary_a life_n or_o have_v be_v averse_a to_o inform_v themselves_o from_o other_o more_o than_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n who_o will_v not_o be_v at_o the_o pain_n either_o to_o learn_v what_o sesostris_n soldier_n can_v have_v tell_v they_o or_o to_o go_v about_o two_o hundred_o mile_n southward_o to_o search_v for_o that_o which_o they_o must_v certain_o have_v often_o reason_v about_o if_o they_o be_v such_o philosopher_n as_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v nay_o by_o the_o curiosity_n of_o the_o greek_n we_o be_v sure_o they_o do_v reason_n about_o it_o they_o think_v it_o as_o much_o a_o wonder_n as_o we_o can_v do_v now_o rather_o more_o because_o they_o know_v of_o no_o other_o river_n that_o overflow_v at_o periodical_a season_n like_o it_o as_o some_o be_v now_o know_v to_o do_v in_o the_o east-indies_n upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n after_o a_o particular_a search_n into_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o egyptian_a learning_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o reason_n to_o give_v the_o egyptian_n the_o preeminence_n in_o point_n of_o knowledge_n above_o all_o mankind_n however_o consider_v the_o great_a labour_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o form_v the_o first_o notion_n of_o any_o part_n of_o learning_n they_o deserve_v great_a applause_n for_o what_o they_o discover_v and_o aught_o to_o have_v proportionable_a grain_n of_o allowance_n for_o what_o they_o leave_v unfinished_a so_o that_o when_o the_o holy_a scripture_n 22._o assure_v we_o that_o moses_n be_v skill_v in_o all_o the_o learning_n of_o the_o egyptian_n they_o give_v he_o the_o great_a character_n for_o humane_a knowledge_n that_o can_v then_o be_v give_v to_o any_o man._n the_o egyptian_a performance_n in_o architecture_n be_v very_o wonderful_a and_o the_o character_n which_o hadrian_n the_o emperor_n give_v they_o that_o they_o find_v employment_n for_o all_o sort_n of_o person_n the_o blind_a the_o lame_a the_o gouty_a as_o well_o as_o the_o strong_a and_o healthy_a show_v that_o it_o be_v natural_a to_o the_o egyptian_n to_o be_v always_o busy_v about_o something_o useful_a the_o art_n of_o brew_v mault-drinks_a be_v very_o ancient_o ascribe_v x._o to_o the_o egyptian_n as_o the_o first_o inventor_n for_o which_o these_o northern_a nation_n be_v not_o a_o little_a behold_v to_o they_o their_o law_n have_v by_o those_o who_o have_v take_v the_o great_a pain_n hermeticâ_fw-la to_o destroy_v the_o reputation_n of_o their_o learning_n in_o other_o thing_n be_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v very_o wise_a and_o worth_a go_v so_o far_o as_o pythagoras_n solon_n and_o lycurgus_n do_v to_o fetch_v they_o so_o that_o if_o sir_n william_n temple_n have_v extol_v their_o learning_n with_o any_o other_o design_n than_o that_o of_o disparage_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o present_a age_n there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o reason_n to_o oppose_v his_o assertion_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o learning_n of_o the_o ancient_a chaldean_n and_o arabian_n the_o chaldean_n and_o the_o arab_n be_v the_o people_n that_o lie_v next_o in_o sir_n william_n temple_n road._n we_o may_v pronounce_v with_o some_o certainty_n 1._o that_o the_o chaldean_a astronomy_n can_v not_o be_v very_o valuable_a since_o as_o we_o know_v from_o vitruvius_n and_o other_o they_o have_v not_o discover_v that_o the_o moon_n be_v a_o opake_v body_n whether_o their_o astronomical_a observation_n be_v old_a than_o their_o monarchy_n be_v uncertain_a if_o they_o be_v not_o then_o in_o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v time_n they_o can_v not_o challenge_v a_o antiquity_n of_o above_o five_o or_o six_o hundred_o year_n i_o mention_v alexander_n because_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v send_v vast_a number_n of_o observation_n from_o babylon_n to_o his_o master_n aristotle_n the_o assyrian_a monarchy_n of_o which_o the_o chaldean_a may_v not_o improper_o be_v call_v a_o branch_n pretend_v indeed_o to_o great_a antiquity_n great_a thing_n be_v tell_v of_o ninus_n and_o semiramis_n who_o be_v more_o than_o once_o mention_v by_o sir_n william_n temple_n in_o these_o essay_n for_o her_o victory_n and_o her_o skill_n in_o garden_v but_o these_o account_n be_v very_o probable_o fabulous_a for_o the_o follow_a reason_n till_o the_o time_n of_o tiglath-pilese_a and_o pull_v we_o hear_v no_o news_n of_o any_o assyrian_a monarch_n in_o the_o jewish_a history_n in_o amraphel_n
own_o assertion_n clear_o and_o distinct_o but_o to_o carry_v our_o speculation_n further_o than_o other_o man_n have_v carry_v they_o upon_o the_o same_o argument_n it_o have_v not_o only_o be_v much_o cultivate_v by_o modern_a philosopher_n but_o as_o far_o pursue_v as_o ever_o it_o be_v by_o the_o ancient_n for_o hereby_o have_v the_o late_a inquiry_n be_v make_v into_o physical_a metaphysical_a and_o mathematical_a matter_n the_o extent_n whereof_o be_v hereafter_o to_o be_v examine_v hereby_o the_o ancient_a mathematician_n make_v their_o discovery_n and_o when_o they_o have_v do_v they_o conceal_v their_o art_n for_o though_o we_o have_v many_o noble_a proposition_n of_o they_o yet_o we_o have_v few_o hint_n how_o they_o find_v they_o out_o since_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o foregoing_a book_n in_o euclid_n element_n be_v necessary_a to_o explain_v the_o subsequent_a but_o be_v of_o little_a or_o no_o use_n to_o help_v we_o to_o find_v out_o any_o proposition_n in_o the_o subsequent_a book_n which_o be_v not_o immediate_a corollary_n from_o what_o go_v before_o in_o case_n those_o book_n have_v be_v lose_v whether_o the_o modern_n have_v be_v deficient_a in_o this_o noble_a part_n of_o logic_n may_v be_v see_v by_o those_o who_o will_v compare_v des_n cartes_n discourse_n of_o method_n mr._n lock_n be_v essay_n of_o humane_a understanding_n and_o tschirnhaus_n medicina_fw-la mentis_fw-la with_o what_o we_o have_v of_o the_o ancient_n concern_v the_o art_n of_o think_v where_o though_o it_o may_v be_v pretend_v that_o their_o thought_n and_o discovery_n be_v not_o entire_o new_a in_o themselves_o yet_o to_o we_o at_o least_o they_o be_v so_o since_o they_o be_v not_o immediate_o owe_v to_o ancient_a assistance_n but_o to_o their_o own_o strength_n of_o thought_n and_o force_v of_o genius_n and_o since_o this_o art_n be_v indeed_o the_o foundation_n of_o all_o knowledge_n i_o ought_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o my_o lord_n bacon_n and_o des_n cartes_n be_v the_o two_o great_a man_n who_o both_o find_a fault_n with_o the_o logic_n of_o the_o school_n as_o insufficient_a of_o itself_o for_o the_o great_a design_n of_o logic_n which_o be_v the_o advancement_n of_o real_a learning_n and_o get_v authority_n enough_o to_o persuade_v the_o world_n in_o a_o very_a great_a degree_n that_o other_o method_n must_v be_v take_v beside_o make_v syllogism_n and_o rank_v the_o sort_n of_o thing_n under_o predicament_n and_o predicable_n by_o those_o who_o will_v go_v much_o far_a than_o their_o predecessor_n go_v before_o they_o the_o true_a use_n of_o the_o common_a logic_n be_v rather_o to_o explain_v what_o we_o know_v already_o and_o to_o detect_v the_o fallacy_n of_o our_o adversary_n than_o to_o find_v that_o out_o of_o which_o we_o before_o be_v ignorant_a so_o that_o the_o modern_n have_v enlarge_v its_o bottom_n and_o by_o add_v that_o desideratum_fw-la which_o the_o ancient_n either_o do_v not_o perfect_o know_v or_o which_o be_v worse_o do_v invidious_o conceal_v namely_o the_o method_n of_o discover_v unknown_a truth_n as_o mounseur_fw-fr tschirnhaus_n call_v it_o have_v if_o not_o make_v it_o perfect_a yet_o put_v it_o into_o such_o a_o posture_n as_o that_o future_a industry_n may_v very_o happy_o complete_a it_o metaphysic_n be_v proper_o that_o science_n which_o teach_v we_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v out_o of_o the_o sphere_n of_o matter_n and_o motion_n and_o be_v conversant_a about_o god_n and_o spirit_n and_o incorporeal_a substance_n of_o these_o thing_n plato_n and_o his_o disciple_n write_v a_o great_a deal_n they_o plain_o see_v that_o something_o beyond_o matter_n be_v requisite_a to_o create_v and_o preserve_v the_o august_n frame_n of_o the_o world_n if_o we_o abstract_a from_o revelation_n the_o cartesian_o discourse_v more_o intelligible_o concern_v they_o than_o any_o of_o the_o ancient_n so_o that_o though_o very_a many_o of_o their_o particular_a notion_n as_o also_o of_o f._n mallebranche_n m._n poyret_n and_o other_o modern_a metaphysician_n be_v just_o liable_a to_o exception_n yet_o the_o main_a foundation_n upon_o which_o they_o reason_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n real_a and_o so_o by_o consequence_n the_o superstructure_n be_v not_o entire_o fantastical_a and_o therefore_o they_o afford_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o hint_n to_o those_o who_o love_v to_o apply_v their_o thought_n that_o way_n which_o be_v useful_a to_o enlarge_v man_n understanding_n and_o to_o guide_v their_o manner_n this_o which_o be_v strict_o true_a of_o the_o modern_a metaphysic_n be_v as_o much_o as_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o ancient_n and_o because_o a_o comparison_n can_v be_v make_v without_o read_v their_o several_a write_n the_o sure_a way_n to_o try_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n will_v be_v to_o read_v plato_n and_o his_o commentator_n and_o along_o with_o they_o des_fw-mi cartes's_fw-fr meditation_n velthuysius_n de_fw-fr initiis_fw-la primae_fw-la philosophiae_fw-la mallebranche_n recherche_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr verité_fw-fr poyret_n cogitationes_fw-la de_fw-la deo_fw-la and_o mr._n lock_n be_v essay_n of_o humane_a understanding_n already_o mention_v this_o may_v be_v do_v without_o undervalue_v what_o the_o ancient_n write_v upon_o these_o noble_a subject_n and_o the_o question_n be_v not_o whether_o they_o be_v great_a man_n but_o whether_o the_o modern_n have_v say_v any_o thing_n upon_o these_o matter_n without_o copy_v out_o of_o other_o man_n write_n which_o unless_o we_o will_v do_v they_o wrong_n we_o be_v bind_v to_o say_v they_o have_v chap._n fourteen_o of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a geometry_n and_o arithmetic_n in_o the_o method_n which_o i_o set_v to_o myself_o in_o these_o reflection_n i_o choose_v to_o begin_v with_o a_o enquiry_n into_o those_o science_n who_o extent_n be_v more_o liable_a to_o be_v contest_v and_o so_o onward_o to_o those_o which_o may_v more_o easy_o be_v determine_v mounseur_fw-fr perrault_n who_o have_v not_o finish_v his_o parallel_n that_o i_o know_v of_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o if_o the_o prize_n be_v grant_v to_o the_o modern_n in_o eloquence_n in_o poesy_n in_o architecture_n in_o paint_v and_o in_o statuary_n the_o cause_n will_v be_v give_v up_o in_o every_o thing_n else_o and_o he_o as_o the_o declare_a advocate_n for_o the_o modern_n may_v go_v on_o triumphant_o with_o all_o the_o rest_n wherein_o possible_o he_o be_v not_o in_o the_o main_a much_o mistake_v how_o he_o manage_n the_o remain_a part_n of_o his_o parallel_n i_o know_v not_o i_o intend_v to_o begin_v with_o abstract_a mathematics_n both_o because_o all_o its_o proposition_n be_v of_o eternal_a truth_n and_o beside_o be_v the_o genuine_a foundation_n upon_o which_o all_o real_a physiology_n must_v be_v build_v the_o method_n which_o i_o shall_v follow_v be_v this_o 1._o i_o shall_v inquire_v into_o the_o state_n of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a mathematics_n without_o any_o particular_a application_n of_o the_o property_n of_o the_o several_a line_n and_o number_n surface_n and_o solid_n to_o physical_a thing_n 2_o i_o shall_v inquire_v what_o new_a instrument_n have_v be_v invent_v or_o old_a one_o improve_v by_o which_o the_o knowledge_n of_o nature_n of_o any_o sort_n have_v be_v or_o may_v be_v further_o enlarge_v 3._o i_o shall_v inquire_v whether_o any_o improvement_n have_v be_v actual_o make_v of_o natural_a history_n and_o of_o any_o physico-mathematical_a or_o physical_a science_n such_o as_o astronomy_n music_n optic_n medic_n and_o the_o like_a 4._o from_o all_o this_o i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o pass_v a_o judgement_n upon_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a way_n of_o philosophize_v concern_v nature_n in_o general_a and_o its_o principal_a phaenomena_n or_o appearance_n i_o begin_v with_o geometry_n and_o arithmetic_n because_o they_o be_v general_a instrument_n whereby_o we_o come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o many_o of_o the_o abstruse_a thing_n in_o nature_n since_o as_o plato_n say_v of_o old_a god_n always_o geometrize_v in_o all_o his_o work_n that_o this_o comparison_n may_v be_v the_o more_o exact_a i_o desire_v my_o learned_a and_o worthy_a friend_n mr._n john_n craige_n to_o give_v i_o his_o thought_n upon_o this_o matter_n his_o own_o learned_a write_n upon_o the_o most_o difficult_a part_n of_o geometry_n for_o such_o be_v the_o quadrature_n of_o curve_v line_n will_v be_v sufficient_a voucher_n for_o his_o skill_n in_o these_o thing_n i_o shall_v set_v down_o what_o he_o say_v in_o his_o own_o word_n if_o we_o take_v a_o short_a view_n of_o the_o geometry_n of_o the_o ancient_n it_o appear_v that_o they_o consider_v no_o line_n except_o straight_a line_n the_o circle_n and_o the_o conic_a section_n as_o for_o the_o spiral_n the_o quadratrix_n the_o conchoid_n the_o cissoid_a and_o a_o few_o other_o they_o make_v little_a or_o no_o account_n of_o they_o it_o be_v true_a they_o have_v give_v we_o many_o excellent_a and_o useful_a theorem_n concern_v the_o property_n
microscope_n find_v that_o the_o cortical_a part_n of_o the_o brain_n consist_v of_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o very_a small_a glandule_n which_o be_v all_o supply_v with_o blood_n by_o capillary_a artery_n and_o that_o the_o animal_n spirit_n which_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o mass_n of_o the_o blood_n in_o these_o glandule_n be_v carry_v from_o they_o into_o the_o medulla_n oblongata_fw-la through_o little_a pipe_n whereof_o one_o belong_v to_o every_o gland_n who_o other_o end_n be_v insert_v into_o the_o medulla_n oblongata_fw-la and_o that_o these_o numberless_a pipe_n which_o in_o the_o brain_n of_o some_o fish_n look_v like_o the_o tooth_n of_o a_o small_a ivory_n comb_n 4._o be_v proper_o that_o which_o all_o anatomist_n after_o piccolhomineus_n have_v call_v the_o corpus_fw-la callosum_fw-la or_o the_o medullar_n part_n of_o the_o brain_n this_o discovery_n destroy_v the_o ancient_a notion_n of_o the_o use_v of_o the_o ventricles_n of_o the_o brain_n and_o make_v it_o very_o probable_a that_o those_o cavity_n be_v only_o sink_v to_o carry_v off_o excrementitious_a humour_n and_o not_o storehouse_n of_o the_o animal_n spirit_n it_o show_v likewise_o how_o little_a they_o know_v of_o the_o brain_n who_o believe_v that_o it_o be_v a_o uniform_a substance_n some_o of_o the_o ancient_n dispute_v 2._o whether_o the_o brain_n be_v not_o make_v to_o cool_v the_o heart_n now_o though_o these_o be_v ridicule_v by_o galen_n so_o that_o their_o opinion_n be_v not_o imputable_a to_o those_o who_o never_o hold_v they_o yet_o they_o show_v that_o these_o famous_a man_n have_v examine_v these_o thing_n very_o superficial_o for_o no_o man_n make_v himself_o ridiculous_a if_o he_o can_v help_v it_o and_o now_o that_o mankind_n be_v satisfy_v by_o ocular_a demonstration_n that_o the_o brain_n be_v the_o original_a of_o the_o nerve_n and_o the_o principle_n of_o sense_n and_o motion_n he_o will_v be_v think_v out_o of_o his_o wit_n that_o shall_v doubt_v of_o this_o primary_n use_v of_o the_o brain_n though_o former_o when_o thing_n have_v not_o be_v so_o experimental_o prove_v man_n may_v talk_v in_o the_o dark_a and_o assign_v such_o reason_n as_o they_o can_v think_v of_o without_o the_o suspicion_n of_o be_v ignorant_a or_o impertinent_a the_o eye_n be_v so_o very_o remarkable_a a_o member_n and_o have_v so_o many_o part_n peculiar_a to_o its_o self_n that_o the_o ancient_n take_v great_a notice_n of_o it_o they_o find_v its_o humour_n the_o watery_a crystalline_a and_o glassy_a and_o all_o its_o tunicle_n and_o give_v a_o good_a description_n of_o they_o but_o the_o optic_a nerve_n the_o aqueous_a duct_n which_o supply_v the_o watery_a humour_n and_o the_o vessel_n which_o carry_v tear_n be_v not_o enough_o examine_v the_o first_o be_v do_v by_o dr._n briggs_n 147._o who_o have_v find_v that_o in_o the_o tunica_n retiformis_fw-la which_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o glassy_a humour_n the_o filament_n of_o the_o optic_a nerve_n there_o expanded_a lie_v in_o a_o most_o exact_a and_o regular_a order_n all_o parallel_n one_o to_o another_o which_o when_o they_o be_v unite_v afterward_o in_o the_o nerve_n be_v not_o shuffle_v confuse_o together_o but_o still_o preserve_v the_o same_o order_n till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o brain_n the_o crystalline_a humour_n have_v already_o be_v discover_v to_o be_v of_o a_o double-convex_a figure_n make_v of_o two_o unequal_a segment_n of_o sphere_n and_o not_o perfect_o spherical_a as_o the_o ancient_n think_v so_o that_o this_o further_a discovery_n make_v by_o dr._n briggs_n show_v evident_o why_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o image_n be_v so_o distinct_o carry_v to_o the_o brain_n since_o every_o ray_n strike_v upon_o a_o several_a filament_n of_o the_o optic_a nerve_n and_o all_o those_o string_n so_o strike_v be_v move_v equable_o at_o the_o same_o time_n for_o want_n of_o know_v the_o nature_n and_o law_n of_o refraction_n which_o have_v be_v exact_o state_v by_o modern_a mathematician_n the_o ancient_n discourse_v very_o lame_o of_o vision_n this_o make_v galen_n think_v that_o the_o crystalline_a humour_n 6._o be_v the_o seat_n of_o vision_n who_o only_a use_n be_v to_o refract_v the_o ray_n as_o the_o know_a experiment_n of_o a_o dark_a room_n with_o one_o only_a hole_n to_o let_v in_o light_n through_o which_o a_o most_o exact_a landscape_a of_o every_o thing_n without_o will_v be_v represent_v in_o its_o proper_a colour_n height_n and_o distance_n upon_o a_o paper_n place_v in_o the_o focus_n of_o the_o convex_a glass_n in_o the_o hole_n which_o experiment_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o almost_o every_o book_n of_o optic_n do_v plain_o prove_v since_o the_o same_o thing_n will_v appear_v if_o the_o crystalline_a humour_n take_v out_o of_o a_o ox_n or_o a_o man_n eye_n be_v place_v in_o the_o hole_n instead_o of_o the_o glass_n the_o way_n how_o the_o watery_a humour_n of_o the_o eye_n when_o by_o accident_n lose_v may_v be_v and_o be_v constant_o supply_v be_v first_o find_v out_o and_o describe_v by_o mounseur_fw-fr nuck_n aquosis_n who_o discover_v a_o particular_a canal_n of_o water_n arise_v from_o the_o internal_a carotidal_a artery_n which_o creep_v along_o the_o sclerotic_a coat_n of_o the_o eye_n perforate_v the_o cornea_n near_o the_o pupil_n and_o then_o branch_a its_o self_n curious_o about_o the_o iris_n enters_z and_o supply_v the_o watery_a humour_n as_o to_o the_o vessel_n which_o moisten_v the_o eye_n that_o it_o may_v move_v free_o in_o its_o orbit_n the_o ancient_n know_v in_o general_a that_o there_o be_v two_o gland_n in_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o eye_n 11._o but_o the_o lymphduct_n through_o which_o the_o moisture_n be_v convey_v from_o those_o gland_n be_v not_o full_o trace_v till_o steno_n vasis_fw-la and_o briggs_n ophthalmographia_fw-la describe_v they_o so_o that_o there_o be_v just_a the_o same_o difference_n between_o our_o knowledge_n and_o the_o ancient_n in_o this_o particular_a as_o there_o be_v between_o his_o knowledge_n who_o be_v sure_a there_o be_v some_o road_n or_o other_o from_o this_o place_n to_o that_o and_o his_o who_o know_v the_o whole_a course_n and_o all_o the_o turn_n of_o the_o road_n and_o can_v describe_v it_o on_o a_o map_n the_o instrument_n by_o which_o sound_n be_v convey_v from_o the_o drum_n to_o the_o auditory_a nerve_n in_o the_o inner_a cavity_n of_o the_o ear_n be_v very_o little_a if_o at_o all_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_n in_o the_o first_o cavity_n there_o be_v four_o small_a bone_n the_o hammer_n the_o anvil_n the_o stirrup_n and_o a_o small_a flattish_a bone_n just_a in_o the_o articulation_n of_o the_o anvil_n and_o the_o stirrup_n it_o be_v now_o certain_o know_v that_o when_o the_o drum_n be_v strike_v upon_o by_o the_o external_a air_n these_o little_a bone_n which_o be_v as_o big_a in_o a_o infant_n as_o in_o adult_a person_n move_v each_o other_o the_o drum_n move_v the_o hammer_n that_o the_o anvil_n that_o the_o stirrup_n which_o open_v the_o oval_a entrance_n into_o the_o second_o cavity_n none_o of_o these_o bone_n be_v ever_o mention_v by_o the_o ancient_n who_o only_o talk_v of_o wind_n and_o turn_n within_o the_o os_fw-la petrosum_fw-la that_o be_v cover_v by_o the_o large_a membrane_n of_o the_o drum_n jacobus_n carpus_n one_o of_o the_o first_o restorer_n of_o anatomy_n in_o the_o last_o age_n find_v out_o the_o hammer_n and_o the_o anvil_n realdus_n columbus_n discover_v the_o stirrup_n and_o franciscus_n silvius_n the_o little_a flattish_a bone_n by_o he_o call_v os_fw-mi orbiculare_a but_o mistake_v its_o position_n he_o think_v it_o have_v be_v place_v sideways_o of_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stirrup_n whereas_o mounseur_fw-fr du_fw-fr verney_n 1683._o find_v that_o it_o lie_v in_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stirrup_n between_o that_o and_o the_o anvil_n the_o other_o inner_a cavity_n be_v not_o better_o understand_v the_o spiral_n bone_n of_o the_o cochlea_n that_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o distinct_a cavity_n like_o two_o pair_n of_o winding-stair_n parallel_v to_o one_o another_o which_o turn_v round_o the_o same_o axis_n with_o the_o three_o semicircular_a canal_n of_o the_o labyrinthus_n into_o which_o the_o inner_a air_n enter_v and_o strike_v upon_o the_o small_a twig_n of_o the_o auditory_a nerve_n insert_v into_o those_o small_a bone_n be_v thing_n that_o they_o know_v so_o little_a of_o that_o they_o have_v no_o name_n for_o they_o and_o indeed_o till_o mounseur_fw-fr du_fw-fr verney_n come_v those_o maze_n be_v but_o negligent_o at_o least_o unsuccessful_o examine_v by_o modern_n as_o well_o as_o ancient_n it_o be_v impossible_a so_o much_o as_o to_o form_v a_o idea_n of_o what_o any_o former_a anatomist_n assert_v of_o the_o wonderful_a mechanism_n of_o those_o little_a bone_n before_o he_o write_v if_o we_o set_v aside_o monsieur_n perrault_n ii_o anatomy_n of_o those_o part_n which_o come_v out_o a_o
receive_v blood_n from_o the_o heart_n and_o go_v from_o it_o which_o also_o be_v the_o constant_a way_n of_o speak_v of_o galen_n and_o all_o the_o ancient_n now_o no_o man_n that_o can_v express_v himself_o proper_o will_v ever_o say_v that_o any_o liquor_n be_v carry_v away_o from_o any_o cistern_n as_o from_o a_o fountain_n or_o source_n through_o those_o canal_n which_o to_o his_o knowledge_n convey_v liquor_n to_o that_o cistern_n 4._o hypocrates_n say_v the_o blood_n be_v carry_v into_o the_o lung_n from_o the_o heart_n for_o the_o nourishment_n of_o the_o lung_n without_o assign_v any_o other_o reason_n 10._o these_o seem_v to_o be_v positive_a argument_n that_o hypocrates_n know_v nothing_o of_o this_o matter_n and_o according_o all_o his_o commentator_n ancient_a and_o modern_a before_o dr._n harvey_n never_o interpret_v the_o former_a passage_n of_o the_o circulation_n of_o the_o blood_n neither_o will_v Ê‹ander_n linden_n in_o all_o probability_n if_o dr._n harvey_n have_v not_o help_v he_o to_o the_o notion_n which_o he_o be_v then_o resolve_v to_o find_v in_o hypocrates_n who_o he_o suppose_v not_o the_o father_n only_o but_o the_o finisher_n also_o of_o the_o whole_a medical_n art_n it_o be_v pretend_v to_o by_o none_o of_o the_o ancient_n or_o rather_o their_o admirer_n for_o they_o after_o hypocrates_n as_o for_o galen_n any_o man_n that_o read_v what_o he_o say_v of_o the_o heart_n and_o lung_n in_o the_o 6_o book_n of_o his_o de_n usu_n partium_fw-la must_v own_v that_o he_o do_v not_o discourse_n as_o if_o he_o be_v acquaint_v with_o modern_a discovery_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o pretend_v that_o he_o know_v this_o recurrent_a motion_n of_o the_o blood_n which_o also_o further_o show_v that_o if_o hypocrates_n do_v know_v it_o he_o explain_v himself_o so_o obscure_o that_o galen_n can_v not_o understand_v he_o who_o in_o all_o probability_n understand_v hippocrates_n text_n as_o well_o as_o any_o of_o his_o commentator_n who_o have_v write_v since_o the_o greek_a tongue_n and_o much_o more_o since_o the_o jonic_a dialect_n have_v cease_v to_o be_v a_o live_a language_n since_o the_o ancient_n have_v no_o right_a to_o so_o noble_a a_o discovery_n it_o may_v be_v worth_a while_n to_o inquire_v to_o who_o of_o the_o modern_n the_o glory_n of_o it_o be_v due_a for_o this_o be_v also_o exceed_o contest_v the_o first_o step_n that_o be_v make_v towards_o it_o be_v the_o find_v that_o the_o whole_a mass_n of_o the_o blood_n pass_v through_o the_o lung_n by_o the_o pulmonary_a artery_n and_o vein_n the_o first_o that_o i_o can_v ever_o find_v who_o have_v a_o distinct_a idea_n of_o this_o matter_n be_v michael_n servetus_n a_o spanish_a physician_n who_o be_v burn_v for_o arianism_n at_o geneva_n near_o 140_o year_n ago_o well_o have_v it_o be_v for_o the_o church_n of_o christ_n if_o he_o have_v whole_o confine_v himself_o to_o his_o own_o profession_n his_o sagacity_n in_o this_o particular_a before_o so_o much_o in_o the_o dark_a give_v we_o great_a reason_n to_o believe_v that_o the_o world_n may_v then_o have_v have_v just_a cause_n to_o have_v bless_v his_o memory_n restit_fw-la in_o a_o book_n of_o he_o entitle_v christianismi_fw-la restitutio_fw-la print_v in_o the_o year_n mdliii_o he_o clear_o assert_n that_o the_o blood_n pass_v through_o the_o lung_n from_o the_o left_a to_o the_o right_a ventricle_n of_o the_o heart_n and_o not_o through_o the_o partition_n which_o divide_v the_o two_o ventricles_n as_o be_v at_o that_o time_n common_o believe_v how_o he_o introduce_v it_o or_o in_o which_o of_o the_o six_o discourse_n into_o which_o servetus_n divide_v his_o book_n it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v i_o know_v not_o have_v never_o see_v the_o book_n myself_o mr._n charles_n bernard_n a_o very_a learned_a and_o eminent_a chirurgeon_n of_o london_n who_o do_v i_o the_o favour_n to_o communicate_v this_o passage_n to_o i_o set_v down_o at_o length_n in_o the_o margin_n which_o be_v transcribe_v out_o of_o servetus_n can_v inform_v i_o no_o further_o only_o that_o he_o have_v it_o from_o a_o learned_a friend_n of_o he_o who_o have_v himself_o copy_v it_o from_o servetus_n realdus_n columbus_n of_o cremona_n be_v the_o next_o that_o say_v any_o thing_n of_o it_o in_o his_o anatomy_n print_v at_o venice_n 1559._o in_o folio_n and_o at_o paris_n in_o 1572._o in_o octavo_n and_o afterward_o elsewhere_o there_o he_o assert_v the_o same_o lut._n circulation_n through_o the_o lung_n that_o servetus_n have_v do_v before_o but_o say_v that_o no_o man_n have_v ever_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o before_o he_o or_o have_v write_v any_o thing_n about_o it_o which_o show_v that_o he_o do_v not_o copy_n from_o servetus_n unless_o one_o shall_v say_v that_o he_o steal_v the_o notion_n without_o mention_v servetus_n name_n which_o be_v injurious_a since_o in_o these_o matter_n the_o same_o thing_n may_v be_v and_o very_o often_o be_v observe_v by_o several_a person_n who_o never_o acquaint_v each_o other_o with_o their_o discovery_n but_o columbus_n be_v much_o more_o particular_a 411._o for_o he_o say_v that_o the_o vein_n lodge_v the_o whole_a mass_n of_o the_o blood_n in_o the_o vena_fw-la cava_fw-la which_o carry_v it_o into_o the_o heart_n whence_o it_o can_v return_v the_o same_o way_n that_o it_o go_v from_o the_o right_a ventricle_n it_o be_v throw_v into_o the_o lung_n by_o the_o pulmonary_a artery_n where_o the_o valve_n be_v so_o place_v as_o to_o hinder_v its_o return_n that_o way_n into_o the_o heart_n and_o so_o it_o be_v throw_v into_o the_o left_a ventricle_n and_o by_o the_o aorta_fw-mi again_o when_o enliven_v by_o the_o air_n diffuse_v through_o the_o whole_a body_n some_o year_n after_o appear_v andrea_n caesalpinus_n who_o print_v his_o peripatetical_a question_n at_o venice_n in_o quarto_n in_o 1571._o and_o afterward_o with_o his_o medical_n question_n at_o the_o same_o place_n in_o 1593._o he_o be_v rather_o more_o particular_a than_o columbus_n especial_o in_o examine_v how_o artery_n and_o vein_n join_v at_o their_o extremity_n which_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v by_o open_v their_o mouth_n into_o each_o other_o and_o he_o use_v the_o word_n circulation_n in_o his_o peripatetical_a question_n which_o have_v never_o be_v use_v in_o that_o sense_n before_o he_o also_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o blood_n swell_v below_o the_o ligature_n in_o vein_n and_o urge_v that_o in_o confirmation_n of_o his_o opinion_n at_o last_o dr._n william_n harvey_n print_v a_o discourse_n on_o purpose_n upon_o this_o subject_a at_o francfort_n in_o 1628._o this_o notion_n have_v only_o be_v occasional_o and_o slight_o treat_v of_o by_o columbus_n and_o caesalpinus_n who_o themselves_o in_o all_o probability_n do_v not_o know_v the_o consequence_n of_o what_o they_o assert_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v never_o apply_v to_o other_o purpose_n either_o to_o show_v the_o use_v of_o the_o other_o viscera_n or_o to_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o disease_n neither_o for_o any_o thing_n that_o appear_v at_o this_o day_n have_v they_o make_v any_o number_n of_o experiment_n which_o be_v necessary_a to_o explain_v their_o doctrine_n and_o to_o clear_v it_o from_o opposition_n all_o this_o dr._n harvey_n undertake_v to_o do_v and_o with_o indefatigable_a pain_n trace_v the_o visible_a vein_n and_o artery_n throughout_o the_o body_n in_o their_o whole_a journey_n from_o and_o to_o the_o heart_n so_o as_o to_o demonstrate_v even_o to_o the_o most_o incredulous_a not_o only_o that_o the_o blood_n circulate_v through_o the_o lung_n and_o heart_n but_o the_o very_a manner_n how_o and_o the_o time_n in_o which_o that_o great_a work_n be_v perform_v when_o he_o have_v once_o prove_v that_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o blood_n be_v so_o rapid_a as_o we_o now_o find_v it_o be_v than_o he_o draw_v such_o consequence_n from_o it_o as_o show_v that_o he_o thorough_o understand_v his_o argument_n and_o will_v leave_v little_a at_o least_o as_o little_a as_o he_o can_v to_o future_a industry_n to_o discover_v in_o that_o particular_a part_n of_o anatomy_n this_o give_v he_o a_o just_a title_n to_o the_o honour_n of_o so_o noble_a a_o discovery_n since_o what_o his_o predecessor_n have_v say_v before_o he_o be_v not_o enough_o understand_v to_o form_v just_a notion_n from_o their_o word_n one_o may_v also_o observe_v how_o gradual_o this_o discovery_n as_o all_o abstruse_a truth_n of_o humane_a disquisition_n be_v explain_v to_o the_o world_n hypocrates_n first_o talk_v of_o the_o usual_a motion_n of_o the_o blood_n plato_n say_v that_o the_o heart_n be_v the_o original_a of_o the_o vein_n and_o of_o the_o blood_n that_o be_v carry_v about_o every_o member_n of_o the_o body_n aristotle_n also_o somewhere_o speak_v of_o a_o recurrent_a motion_n of_o the_o blood_n still_o all_o this_o be_v only_o opinion_n and_o belief_n it_o
harvey_n time_n not_o one_o of_o these_o discovery_n have_v ever_o show_v a_o single_a instance_n of_o any_o artery_n go_v to_o or_o of_o any_o vein_n come_v from_o the_o heart_n ligature_n have_v be_v make_v of_o infinite_a number_n of_o vessel_n and_o the_o course_n of_o all_o the_o animal_n juice_n in_o all_o manner_n of_o live_a creature_n have_v thereby_o be_v make_v visible_a to_o the_o naked_a eye_n and_o yet_o not_o one_o of_o these_o have_v ever_o weaken_v dr._n harvey_n doctrine_n the_o pleasure_n of_o destroy_v in_o matter_n of_o this_o kind_a be_v not_o much_o less_o than_o the_o pleasure_n of_o building_n and_o therefore_o when_o we_o see_v that_o those_o book_n which_o have_v be_v write_v against_o some_o of_o the_o eminent_a of_o these_o discovery_n though_o but_o a_o few_o year_n ago_o comparative_o speak_v be_v so_o far_o dead_a that_o it_o be_v already_o become_v a_o piece_n of_o learn_v even_o to_o know_v their_o title_n we_o have_v sufficient_a assurance_n that_o these_o discoverer_n who_o write_n outlive_v opposition_n neither_o deceive_v themselves_o nor_o other_o so_o that_o whatsoever_o it_o may_v be_v former_o yet_o in_o this_o age_n general_a consent_n in_o physiological_a matter_n especial_o after_o a_o long_a canvas_n of_o the_o thing_n consent_v to_o be_v a_o almost_o infallible_a sign_n of_o truth_n 3._o the_o more_o way_n be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o arrive_v at_o any_o one_o particular_a part_n of_o knowledge_n the_o sure_a that_o knowledge_n be_v when_o it_o appear_v that_o these_o different_a method_n lend_v help_v each_o to_o other_o if_o malpighius_n or_o leeuwenhoek_n glass_n have_v make_v such_o discovery_n as_o man_n reason_n can_v not_o have_v agree_v to_o if_o object_n have_v appear_v confuse_v and_o disorderly_a in_o their_o microscope_n if_o their_o observation_n have_v contradict_v what_o the_o naked_a eye_n reveal_v than_o their_o verdict_n have_v be_v little_a worth_n but_o when_o the_o discovery_n make_v by_o the_o knife_n and_o the_o microscope_n disagree_v only_o as_o twilight_n and_o noonday_n than_o a_o man_n be_v satisfy_v that_o the_o knowledge_n which_o each_o afford_v to_o we_o differ_v only_o in_o degree_n not_o in_o sort._n 4._o it_o can_v signify_v nothing_o in_o the_o present_a controversy_n to_o pretend_v that_o book_n be_v lose_v or_o to_o say_v that_o for_o aught_o we_o know_v herophilus_n may_v ancient_o have_v make_v this_o discovery_n or_o erasistratus_n that_o their_o reason_n demonstrate_v the_o extent_n of_o their_o knowledge_n as_o convince_o as_o if_o we_o have_v a_o thousand_o old_a system_n of_o ancient_a anatomy_n extant_a 5._o in_o judge_v of_o modern_a discovery_n one_o be_v nice_o to_o distinguish_v between_o hypothesis_n and_o theory_n the_o anatomy_n of_o the_o nerve_n hold_v good_a whether_o the_o nerve_n carry_v a_o nutritious_a juice_n to_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o body_n or_o no._n the_o pancreas_n send_v a_o juice_n into_o the_o duodenum_fw-la which_o mix_v there_o with_o the_o bile_n let_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o juice_n be_v what_o it_o will_n yet_o here_o a_o nice_a judge_n may_v observe_v that_o every_o discovery_n have_v mend_v the_o hypothesis_n of_o the_o modern_a anatomist_n and_o so_o it_o will_v always_o do_v till_o the_o theory_n of_o every_o part_n and_o every_o juice_n be_v as_o entire_a as_o experiment_n and_o observation_n can_v make_v they_o as_o these_o discovery_n have_v make_v the_o frame_n of_o our_o own_o body_n a_o much_o more_o intelligible_a thing_n than_o it_o be_v before_o though_o there_o be_v yet_o a_o great_a deal_n unknown_a so_o the_o same_o discovery_n have_v be_v apply_v to_o and_o find_v in_o almost_o all_o sort_n of_o know_a animal_n have_v make_v the_o anatomy_n of_o brute_n bird_n fish_n and_o infect_v much_o more_o perfect_a than_o it_o can_v possible_o be_v in_o former_a age_n most_o of_o the_o rule_n which_o galen_n lay_v down_o in_o his_o anatomical_a administration_n be_v concern_v the_o dissection_n of_o ape_n if_o he_o have_v be_v now_o to_o write_v beside_o those_o tedious_a advice_n how_o to_o part_v the_o muscle_n from_o the_o membrane_n and_o to_o observe_v their_o several_a insertion_n and_o origination_n the_o jointing_n of_o the_o bone_n and_o the_o like_a he_o will_v have_v teach_v the_o world_n how_o to_o make_v ligature_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o vessel_n in_o their_o proper_a place_n what_o liquor_n have_v be_v most_o convenient_a to_o make_v injection_n with_o thereby_o to_o discern_v the_o course_n of_o vein_n artery_n chyle-vessel_n or_o lymphduct_n how_o to_o unravel_v the_o testicle_n how_o to_o use_v microscope_n to_o the_o best_a advantage_n he_o will_v have_v teach_v his_o disciple_n when_o and_o where_o to_o look_v for_o such_o and_o such_o vessel_n or_o gland_n where_o chemical_a trial_n be_v useful_a and_o what_o the_o process_n be_v by_o which_o he_o make_v his_o experiment_n or_o find_v out_o his_o theory_n which_o thing_n fill_v up_o every_o page_n in_o the_o write_n of_o late_a dissector_n this_o he_o will_v have_v do_v as_o well_o as_o what_o he_o do_v have_v these_o way_n of_o make_v anatomical_a discovery_n be_v then_o know_v and_o practise_v the_o world_n may_v then_o have_v expect_v such_o anatomy_n of_o brute_n as_o dr._n tyson_n have_v give_v of_o the_o rattle-snake_n or_o dr._n moulin_n of_o the_o elephant_n such_o dissection_n of_o fish_n as_o dr._n tyson_n of_o the_o porpesse_fw-la and_o steno_n of_o the_o shark_n such_o of_o infect_v as_o malpighius_n of_o a_o silkworm_n swammerdam_n of_o the_o ephemeron_n dr._n lister_n of_o a_o snail_n and_o the_o same_o dr._n tyson_n of_o long_a and_o round_a body-worm_n all_o which_o show_v skill_n and_o industry_n not_o conceivable_a by_o a_o man_n that_o be_v not_o a_o little_a verse_v in_o these_o matter_n to_o this_o anatomy_n of_o body_n that_o have_v sensitive_a life_n we_o ought_v to_o add_v the_o anatomy_n of_o vegetable_n begin_v and_o bring_v to_o great_a perfection_n in_o italy_n and_o england_n at_o the_o same_o time_n by_o malpighius_n and_o dr._n grew_n by_o their_o glass_n they_o have_v be_v able_a to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o different_a texture_n of_o all_o the_o part_n of_o tree_n shrub_n and_o herb_n to_o trace_v the_o several_a vessel_n which_o carry_v air_n lympha_fw-la milk_n rosin_n and_o turpentine_n in_o those_o plant_n which_o afford_v they_o to_o describe_v the_o whole_a process_n of_o vegetation_n from_o seed_n to_o seed_n and_o in_o a_o word_n though_o they_o have_v leave_v a_o great_a deal_n to_o be_v admire_v because_o it_o be_v to_o they_o incomprehensible_a yet_o they_o have_v discover_v a_o great_a deal_n to_o be_v admire_v because_o of_o its_o be_v know_v by_o their_o mean_n chap._n xx._n of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a natural_a history_n of_o elementary_a body_n and_o mineral_n have_v now_o finish_v my_o comparison_n of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a anatomy_n with_o as_o much_o exactness_n as_o my_o little_a insight_n into_o these_o thing_n will_v give_v i_o leave_v i_o be_o sensible_a that_o most_o man_n will_v think_v that_o i_o have_v be_v too_o tedious_a but_o beside_o that_o i_o have_v not_o any_o where_o find_v it_o careful_o do_v to_o my_o hand_n though_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o it_o have_v in_o book_n which_o have_v escape_v my_o notice_n i_o think_v that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o very_a effectual_a instance_n how_o little_a the_o ancient_n may_v have_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v perfect_v any_o one_o part_n of_o natural_a knowledge_n when_o their_o own_o body_n which_o they_o carry_v about_o with_o they_o and_o which_o of_o any_o thing_n they_o be_v the_o nearly_a concern_v to_o know_v be_v comparative_o speak_v so_o very_o imperfect_o trace_v however_o in_o the_o remain_a part_n of_o my_o parallel_n i_o shall_v be_v much_o short_a which_o i_o hope_v may_v be_v some_o amends_o for_o my_o too_o great_a length_n in_o this_o from_o those_o instrument_n or_o mechanical_a art_n whether_o ancient_n or_o modern_a by_o which_o knowledge_n have_v be_v advance_v i_o be_o now_o to_o go_v to_o the_o knowledge_n itself_o according_a to_o the_o method_n already_o propose_v i_o be_o to_o begin_v with_o natural_a history_n in_o its_o usual_a acceptation_n as_o it_o take_v in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o elementary_a body_n mineral_n infect_v plant_n beast_n bird_n and_o fish_n the_o usefulness_n and_o the_o pleasure_n of_o this_o part_n of_o learning_n be_v too_o well_o know_v to_o need_v any_o proof_n and_o beside_o it_o be_v a_o study_n about_o which_o the_o great_a man_n of_o all_o age_n have_v employ_v themselves_o of_o the_o very_a few_o lose_a book_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o old_a testament_n one_o be_v a_o history_n of_o plant_n write_v by_o the_o wise_a of_o man_n and_o he_o a_o king_n so_o that_o there_o be_v
of_o the_o great_a thing_n which_o he_o have_v give_v we_o in_o his_o philosophical_a and_o mathematical_a discourse_n for_o nothing_o do_v more_o convince_o put_v these_o thing_n out_o of_o doubt_n than_o to_o trace_v they_o up_o to_o their_o first_o original_n which_o can_v be_v do_v but_o in_o a_o very_a few_o but_o it_o be_v time_n to_o proceed_v chap._n xxi_o of_o ancient_n and_o modern_a history_n of_o plant_n the_o natural_a history_n of_o plant_n come_v next_o which_o for_o variety_n and_o use_v be_v one_o of_o the_o noble_a and_o pleasant_a part_n of_o knowledge_n it_o be_v mechanical_a and_o medicinal_a advantage_n be_v early_o know_v fruit_n afford_v the_o first_o sustenance_n to_o mankind_n and_o the_o old_a heathen_n esteem_v those_o worthy_a of_o consecration_n who_o teach_v they_o to_o till_o their_o ground_n gather_v their_o seed_n and_o grind_v their_o corn_n with_o tree_n they_o build_v themselves_o house_n afterward_o they_o find_v that_o the_o bark_n of_o some_o plant_n will_v serve_v for_o clothes_n and_o other_o afford_v medicine_n against_o wound_n and_o disease_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n therefore_o but_o this_o part_n of_o knowledge_n be_v sufficient_o cultivate_v for_o the_o use_v of_o humane_a life_n especial_o when_o the_o world_n become_v populous_a have_v communicate_v their_o notion_n together_o and_o conversation_n have_v introduce_v the_o art_n of_o luxury_n and_o plenty_n among_o mankind_n but_o whether_o the_o natural_a history_n of_o plant_n be_v so_o exact_o know_v former_o as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a be_v the_o question_n the_o ancient_a writer_n of_o plant_n now_o extant_a be_v theophrastus_n pliny_n and_o dioscorides_n indeed_o the_o only_a one_o who_o say_v any_o thing_n considerable_a to_o the_o present_a purpose_n theophrastus_n describe_v nothing_o give_v abundance_n of_o observation_n of_o several_a plant_n and_o the_o like_a but_o what_o he_o say_v be_v too_o general_a for_o our_o purpose_n pliny_n and_o dioscorides_n who_o live_v long_o after_o he_o do_v give_v description_n indeed_o of_o a_o great_a many_o plant_n but_o short_a imperfect_a and_o without_o method_n they_o will_v tell_v you_o for_o instance_n that_o a_o plant_n be_v hairy_a have_v broad_a leave_n that_o its_o stalk_n be_v knotty_a hollow_a or_o square_n that_o its_o branch_n creep_v upon_o the_o ground_n be_v erect_v and_o so_o forth_o in_o short_a if_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n remarkable_a in_o the_o colour_n or_o shape_n of_o the_o stalk_v root_n seed_n flower_n or_o fruit_n which_o strike_v the_o eye_n at_o first_o sight_n it_o may_v perhaps_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o but_o then_o every_o thing_n be_v confuse_v and_o seldom_o above_o one_o or_o two_o plant_n of_o a_o sort_n be_v mention_v though_o perhaps_o late_a botanist_n have_v observe_v some_o score_n plain_o reducible_a to_o the_o same_o general_a head_n pliny_n range_v many_o of_o the_o plant_n which_o he_o describe_v in_o a_o order_n throughout_o something_o alphabetical_a other_o rest_n he_o digest_v according_a to_o their_o virtue_n other_o he_o passim_fw-la put_v together_o because_o they_o be_v discover_v by_o great_a person_n and_o call_v by_o their_o discoverer_n name_n all_o which_o method_n how_o much_o soever_o they_o may_v assist_v the_o memory_n in_o remember_v hard_a name_n or_o in_o retain_v the_o materia_fw-la medica_fw-la in_o one_o view_n in_o a_o man_n head_n signify_v nothing_o to_o the_o understanding_n the_o characteristical_a difference_n of_o the_o several_a plant_n by_o which_o alone_a and_o not_o by_o accidental_a agreement_n in_o virtue_n smell_v colour_n taste_n place_v of_o growth_n time_n of_o sprout_v or_o any_o mechanical_a use_v to_o which_o they_o may_v be_v make_v serviceable_a man_n may_v become_v exact_a botanist_n without_o such_o a_o method_n to_o which_o the_o ancient_n be_v altogether_o stranger_n the_o knowledge_n of_o plant_n be_v a_o confuse_a thing_n depend_v whole_o upon_o a_o uncommon_a strength_n of_o memory_n and_o imagination_n and_o even_o with_o the_o help_n of_o the_o best_a book_n scarce_o attainable_a without_o a_o master_n conradus_n gesner_n to_o who_o labour_n the_o world_n have_v be_v unspeakable_o behold_v in_o almost_o all_o part_n of_o natural_a history_n be_v the_o first_o man_n that_o i_o know_v of_o who_o hint_v at_o the_o true_a way_n to_o distinguish_v plant_n and_o reduce_v they_o to_o fix_a and_o certain_a head_n in_o a_o letter_n to_o theodorus_n zuingerus_n a._n he_o say_v that_o plant_n be_v to_o be_v range_v according_a to_o the_o shape_n of_o their_o flower_n fruit_n and_o seed_n have_v observe_v that_o cultivation_n or_o any_o accidental_a difference_n of_o soil_n never_o alter_v the_o shape_n of_o these_o more_o essential_a part_n but_o that_o every_o plant_n have_v something_o there_o peculiar_a by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v distinguish_v not_o only_o from_o other_o of_o a_o remote_a genus_fw-la but_o also_o from_o those_o of_o the_o same_o family_n about_o the_o same_o time_n andreas_n caesalpinus_n and_o fabius_n columna_fw-la the_o first_o especial_o reduce_v that_o into_o a_o art_n which_o gesner_n have_v hint_v at_o before_o yet_o what_o they_o write_v lay_v neglect_v though_o clusius_n caspar_n bauhinus_n parkinson_n gerard_n and_o johnson_n and_o john_n bauhinus_n have_v take_v very_o laudable_a pain_n in_o describe_v not_o only_o the_o more_o general_a sort_n take_v notice_n of_o by_o the_o ancient_n but_o also_o in_o observe_v their_o several_a sub-division_n with_o great_a niceness_n and_o skill_n john_n bauhinus_n also_o have_v describe_v every_o particular_a plant_n then_o know_v in_o his_o general_n history_n of_o plant_n with_o great_a accuracy_n and_o compare_v whatsoever_o have_v be_v say_v before_o and_o adjust_v old_a name_n to_o those_o plant_n which_o modern_a herbarist_n have_v gather_v with_o so_o much_o care_n that_o the_o philological_a part_n of_o botany_n seem_v by_o he_o to_o have_v in_o a_o manner_n receive_v its_o utmost_a perfection_n the_o great_a work_n already_o begin_v by_o caesalpinus_n and_o columna_fw-la be_v still_o imperfect_a which_o though_o perhaps_o not_o the_o most_o laborious_a be_v yet_o the_o most_o necessary_a to_o a_o man_n that_o will_v consider_v those_o thing_n philosophical_o and_o comprehend_v the_o whole_a vegetable_a kingdom_n as_o the_o chemist_n call_v it_o under_o one_o view_n this_o be_v to_o digest_v every_o species_n of_o plant_n under_o such_o and_o such_o family_n and_o tribe_n that_o so_o by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o general_a method_n take_v only_o from_o the_o plant_n themselves_o and_o not_o from_o any_o accidental_a respect_n under_o which_o they_o may_v be_v consider_v once_o thorough_o understand_v a_o learner_n may_v not_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n upon_o the_o sight_n of_o every_o new_a plant_n that_o he_o meet_v with_o but_o may_v discern_v its_o general_n head_n at_o first_o view_n and_o then_o by_o run_v over_o the_o table_n thereunto_o belong_v might_n at_o last_o either_o come_v to_o the_o particular_a species_n which_o he_o seek_v for_o or_o which_o will_v do_v as_o well_o find_v that_o the_o plant_n before_o he_o be_v hitherto_o undescribe_v and_o that_o by_o it_o there_o will_v be_v a_o new_a accession_n make_v to_o the_o old_a stock_n mr._n ray_n draw_v a_o rough_a draught_n of_o this_o matter_n in_o the_o table_n of_o plant_n insert_v into_o bishop_n wilkins_n book_n of_o a_o real_a character_n and_o philosophical_a language_n and_o be_v soon_o follow_v by_o dr._n morison_n in_o his_o hortus_fw-la regius_n blesensis_fw-la who_o pursuant_n to_o his_o own_o method_n begin_v a_o general_n history_n of_o plant_n which_o he_o not_o live_v to_o finish_v mr._n ray_n undertake_v the_o whole_a work_n anew_o and_o very_o happy_o complete_v it_o this_o great_a performance_n of_o he_o which_o will_v be_v a_o stand_a monument_n of_o modern_a industry_n and_o exactness_n deserve_v to_o be_v more_o particular_o describe_v first_o therefore_o he_o give_v a_o anatomical_a account_n from_o malpighius_n and_o grew_n of_o plant_n in_o general_a and_o because_o the_o ancient_n have_v say_v nothing_o upon_o that_o subject_a of_o which_o for_o want_v of_o microscope_n they_o can_v only_o have_v a_o very_a obscure_a notion_n all_o that_o he_o say_v upon_o that_o head_n be_v modern_a afterward_o when_o he_o come_v to_o particular_a plant_n he_o draw_v up_o table_n to_o which_o he_o reduce_v the_o whole_a vegetable_a kingdom_n except_o a_o very_a few_o irregular_a plant_n which_o stand_v by_o themselves_o these_o table_n be_v take_v from_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o flower_n seed_n seed-vessel_n stalk_n and_o leave_n from_o the_o number_n or_o order_n of_o these_o when_o determine_v and_o irregularity_n when_o undetermined_a from_o the_o want_n or_o have_v of_o particular_a juice_n lympha_n milks_n oil_n rosin_n or_o the_o like_a in_o short_a from_o difference_n or_o agreement_n whole_o arise_v from_o the_o plant_n themselves_o his_o description_n be_v exacter_n than_o john_n