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difficult_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v for_o the_o most_o quick-sighted_a circumspect_a and_o diligent_a corrector_n that_o be_v to_o espy_v all_o the_o fault_n that_o the_o compositor_n will_v commit_v even_o in_o one_o sheet_n of_o paper_n at_o once_o or_o twice_o read_v over_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o ornithology_n of_o francis_n willughby_n esq_n of_o bird_n in_o general_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o external_a part_n of_o bird_n we_o do_v not_o intend_v to_o treat_v of_o all_o the_o part_n of_o bird_n but_o of_o those_o only_o which_o be_v either_o proper_a to_o this_o kind_n or_o if_o common_a to_o other_o animal_n have_v in_o bird_n something_a peculiar_a in_o their_o shape_n size_n temper_n use_v or_o some_o other_o remarkable_a accident_n 1._o all_o bird_n in_o general_a without_o exception_n of_o any_o want_v tooth_n in_o stead_n whereof_o
set_n or_o as_o it_o be_v granulate_v with_o very_a many_o papillary_a glandule_n out_o of_o which_o a_o mucilaginous_a juice_n be_v easy_o press_v this_o juice_n be_v by_o these_o glandule_n excern_v into_o the_o stomach_n and_o there_o mingle_v with_o the_o meat_n serve_v for_o a_o menstruum_fw-la to_o macerate_v dissolve_v and_o change_v it_o into_o chyle_n most_o bird_n have_v two_o blind_a gut_n or_o appendix_n as_o they_o call_v they_o the_o heron-kind_n gut_n have_v but_o one_o and_o the_o woodpecker-kind_n none_o among_o such_o as_o have_v two_o all_o carnivorous_a fowl_n and_o all_o that_o we_o call_v small_a bird_n have_v very_o small_a and_o short_a one_o cloven-footed_a waterfowl_n of_o a_o mean_a length_n whole-footed_n waterfowl_n long_a one_o and_o poultry-kind_n the_o long_a of_o all_o the_o appendix_n in_o bird_n have_v a_o contrary_a site_n to_o the_o blind_a gut_n in_o quadruped_n for_o in_o quadrupeds_o the_o blind_a gut_n seem_v to_o be_v nothing_o esse_fw-la but_o the_o gut_n colon_n continue_v or_o produce_v from_o the_o fundament_n upward_o make_v acute_a angle_n with_o the_o gut_n call_v ileum_n but_o in_o bird_n the_o appendix_n descend_v from_o the_o stomach_n downward_o towards_o the_o fundament_n make_v acute_a angle_n with_o the_o gut_n call_v rectum_fw-la what_o the_o use_n of_o these_o appendix_n or_o blind_a gut_n in_o bird_n and_o beast_n may_v be_v i_o confess_v myself_o not_o clear_o as_o yet_o to_o understand_v in_o most_o bird_n we_o have_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o gut_n observe_v a_o certain_a small_a appendix_n intestinalis_fw-la or_o blind_a gut_n like_o a_o little_a worm_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o remainder_n of_o that_o passage_n by_o which_o the_o yolk_n be_v convey_v into_o the_o gut_n of_o the_o young_a chicken_n in_o some_o bird_n this_o be_v very_o conspicuous_a be_v of_o half_a a_o inch_n or_o almost_o a_o inch_n length_n in_o other_o it_o be_v much_o short_a and_o small_a and_o in_o some_o again_o it_o be_v whole_o obliterated_a and_o disappear_v the_o use_n of_o this_o passage_n mr._n nicolas_n steno_n do_v first_o find_v out_o or_o at_o lest_o first_o publish_v to_o the_o world_n the_o invention_n of_o it_o be_v true_a indeed_o it_o be_v know_v to_o we_o before_o we_o see_v his_o book_n i_o think_v we_o have_v the_o first_o notice_n of_o it_o from_o dr._n walter_n needham_n however_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o invention_n be_v of_o right_n due_a to_o he_o who_o first_o communicate_v it_o to_o the_o world_n aristotle_n fabricius_n ab_fw-la aquapendente_fw-la dr._n harvey_n and_o other_o have_v observe_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o yolk_n to_o remain_v in_o the_o chicken_n belly_n after_o exclusion_n yet_o do_v they_o gut_n not_o know_v that_o it_o be_v by_o this_o passage_n as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o funnel_n convey_v into_o the_o gut_n but_o think_v that_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o capillary_a vein_n disperse_v through_o it_o it_o be_v by_o degree_n liquefy_v and_o receive_v immediate_o into_o the_o blood_n the_o outlet_n of_o the_o channel_n from_o the_o gaul_n to_o the_o gut_n in_o most_o bird_n be_v a_o great_a way_n gaul_n distant_a from_o the_o stomach_n because_o say_v some_o they_o do_v not_o make_v water_n and_o so_o there_o be_v more_o fluid_a matter_n mingle_v with_o their_o excrement_n for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o gaul_n be_v partly_o to_o attenuate_v and_o make_v fluid_a the_o excrement_n partly_o by_o its_o acrimony_n to_o stimulate_v thâ—_n gut_n and_o provoke_v excretion_n but_o upon_o this_o account_n there_o shall_v rather_o be_v less_o need_n of_o gaul_n bird_n therefore_o be_v now_o know_v to_o have_v large_a reins_o and_o to_o avoid_v urine_n with_o their_o hard_a excrement_n their_o excrement_n also_o except_v those_o of_o the_o carnivorous_a kind_n be_v not_o very_o fluid_a consider_v the_o quantity_n of_o urine_n mingle_v with_o they_o perchance_o the_o gaul-channel_n may_v enter_v the_o gut_n at_o such_o distance_n from_o the_o stomach_n for_o no_o other_o reason_n than_o lest_o the_o gaul_n shall_v regurgitate_v into_o it_o in_o very_o many_o bird_n the_o passage_n from_o the_o gaul-bladder_n and_o the_o gut_n porus_n bilarius_fw-la do_v not_o concur_v in_o one_o common_a channel_n but_o penetrate_v the_o gut_n several_o at_o a_o good_a distance_n the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o all_o bird_n though_o they_o want_v a_o bladder_n for_o urine_n yet_o have_v they_o largerein_n and_o ureter_n by_o which_o the_o urine_n be_v carry_v away_o bird_n say_v 7._o dr._n harvey_n and_o serpent_n ureter_n which_o have_v spongy_a lung_n make_v but_o little_a store_n of_o water_n because_o they_o drink_v but_o little_a and_o that_o by_o sip_v and_o some_o of_o they_o as_o eagle_n not_o at_o all_o and_o therefore_o they_o have_v no_o need_n of_o a_o bladder_n but_o their_o urine_n distil_v down_o into_o the_o common_a sewer_n or_o sink_n cloaca_fw-la design_v also_o for_o receive_v the_o excrement_n of_o the_o belly_n and_o be_v therewith_o mingle_v both_o be_v cast_v out_o together_o this_o urine_n of_o bird_n differ_v from_o that_o of_o other_o animal_n for_o whereas_o there_o be_v in_o urine_n two_o part_n one_o more_o serous_a and_o liquid_a the_o other_o more_o thick_a and_o gross_a which_o urine_n be_v call_v the_o sediment_n hypostasis_fw-la and_o subside_n or_o settle_v to_o the_o bottom_n when_o the_o urine_n be_v cool_a bird_n contrary_a to_o viviparous_a animal_n have_v the_o great_a quantity_n of_o this_o thick_a part_n which_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o other_o by_o its_o white_a or_o silver_n colour_n and_o find_v not_o only_o in_o the_o common_a sink_n where_o it_o abound_v and_o daub_v or_o sinear_v over_o the_o exrement_n of_o the_o belly_n but_o in_o the_o whole_a channel_n of_o the_o ureter_n which_o may_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o coat_n of_o the_o kidney_n by_o this_o whiteness_n neither_o be_v this_o grosser_n matter_n descend_v from_o the_o reins_o to_o be_v see_v in_o bird_n alone_o but_o also_o in_o serpent_n and_o other_o oviparous_a animal_n especial_o those_o who_o egg_n be_v cover_v with_o a_o hard_a shell_n they_o have_v also_o great_a plenty_n of_o this_o than_o of_o the_o more_o serous_a and_o thin_a part_n which_o be_v of_o a_o middle_a consistence_n between_o thick_a urine_n and_o dung_n so_o that_o pass_v through_o the_o ureter_n it_o resemble_v milk_n curdle_v or_o light_o condense_v and_o be_v cast_v forth_o easy_o congeal_v into_o a_o friable_a crust_n see_v more_o of_o this_o matter_n in_o harvey_n de_fw-fr generate_v animal_n exercit._fw-la 11._o the_o ancient_n take_z it_o for_o grant_v that_o bird_n make_v no_o urine_n assign_v this_o reason_n thereof_o that_o all_o the_o superfluous_a moisture_n be_v spend_v in_o nourish_v the_o feather_n all_o bird_n that_o i_o have_v hitherto_o dissect_v have_v a_o double_a pancreas_n which_o some_o call_v the_o pancreas_n sweetbread_n in_o quadruped_n the_o stone_n of_o cock-bird_n be_v deep_o withdraw_v within_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o body_n be_v testicle_n fasten_v to_o the_o back_o just_a beneath_o the_o liver_n in_o the_o spring_n time_n when_o they_o be_v full_a of_o sperm_n they_o swell_v to_o twice_o or_o thrice_o the_o bigness_n they_o be_v of_o in_o the_o winter_n in_o some_o whole-footed_n broad-billed_n bird_n and_o divers_a the_o windpipe_n end_v in_o a_o kind_n labyrinth_n of_o vessel_n make_v up_o of_o bone_n and_o intermediate_v membrane_n be_v in_o divers_a bird_n of_o a_o different_a figure_n from_o which_o arise_v the_o two_o branch_n go_v to_o each_o side_n of_o the_o lung_n the_o bone_n give_v the_o figure_n and_o consistency_n to_o this_o vessel_n as_o do_v the_o rib_n to_o the_o breast_n and_o the_o annulary_a cartilage_n to_o the_o windpipe_n in_o some_o bird_n this_o vessel_n be_v make_v up_o whole_o of_o bone_n as_o in_o wild_a duck_n without_o any_o void_a space_n to_o be_v fill_v and_o close_v up_o with_o membrane_n this_o vessel_n from_o the_o wind_n of_o its_o internal_a cavity_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o call_v a_o labyrinth_n what_o the_o use_n thereof_o be_v whether_o to_o increase_v the_o force_n of_o the_o voice_n or_o for_o a_o receptacle_n to_o contain_v air_n which_o may_v serve_v they_o while_o they_o dive_v to_o enable_v they_o to_o continue_v long_o under_o water_n or_o to_o perform_v both_o these_o office_n or_o for_o neither_o of_o they_o we_o do_v not_o as_o yet_o certain_o know_v that_o it_o do_v not_o serve_v to_o intend_v the_o voice_n may_v be_v gather_v from_o that_o some_o bird_n of_o this_o tribe_n that_o want_v it_o have_v a_o shrill_a and_o vehement_a voice_n and_o that_o it_o do_v not_o conduce_v to_o dive_v may_v be_v infer_v from_o that_o the_o doucker_n colymbi_fw-la which_o of_o all_o bird_n dive_v most_o and_o continue_v long_a under_o water_n want_v it_o since_o the_o write_n of_o
or_o carnation_n colour_n its_o head_n tuft_a its_o wing_n and_o tail_n black_a the_o prime_a feather_n be_v near_o a_o chestnut_n colour_n the_o bill_n next_o the_o head_n black_a else_o of_o a_o flesh_n colour_n the_o foot_n of_o a_o deep_a yellow_a or_o saffron-colour_n the_o cock_n in_o this_o kind_n be_v of_o a_o more_o lively_a and_o lovely_a colour_n the_o head_n of_o the_o hen_n be_v in_o colour_n like_o to_o the_o cock_n but_o the_o neck_n wing_n and_o tail_n not_o so_o black_a as_o he_o they_o become_v very_o fat_a and_o be_v account_v good_a meat_n we_o have_v not_o as_o yet_o see_v this_o bird_n neither_o do_v we_o remember_v to_o have_v elsewhere_o read_v or_o hear_v any_o thing_n of_o it_o §._o vii_o the_o red-breasted_a indian_a blackbird_n perchance_o the_o jacapu_n of_o marggrave_n we_o see_v the_o case_n of_o this_o bird_n in_o tradescant_n cabinet_n it_o be_v of_o the_o bigness_n and_o shape_n of_o a_o blackbird_n as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v judge_v by_o the_o dry_a skin_n the_o colour_n of_o the_o whole_a upper_a side_n be_v black_a only_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o feather_n about_o the_o rump_n be_v ash-coloured_a the_o breast_n be_v of_o a_o scarlet_a colour_n the_o bill_n like_o a_o blackbird_n the_o tail_n also_o long_o and_o like_o a_o blackbird_n i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v the_o same_o bird_n which_o marggrave_n describe_v under_o the_o title_n of_o jacapu_n of_o the_o brasilian_n though_o he_o attribute_v to_o it_o only_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o lark_n it_o have_v say_v he_o a_o long_a tail_n short_a wing_n short_a and_o black_a leg_n with_o sharp_a claw_n on_o the_o four_o toe_n a_o bill_n a_o little_a crooked_a and_o black_a half_o a_o inch_n long_o the_o whole_a body_n be_v cover_v with_o shine_v black_a feather_n yet_o under_o the_o throat_n spot_n of_o a_o vermilion_a colour_n be_v mingle_v with_o the_o black_a this_o bird_n differ_v from_o we_o in_o its_o smallness_n and_o the_o shortness_n of_o its_o bill_n §._o viii_o the_o ring-ouzel_n merula_n torquata_fw-la it_o be_v like_a and_o equal_a to_o or_o somewhat_o big_a than_o the_o common_a blackbird_n from_o bill_n to_o tail_n eleven_o inch_n long_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o foot_n ten_o and_o a_o quarter_n the_o wing_n extend_v be_v by_o measure_n seventeen_o inch_n the_o bill_n more_o than_o a_o inch_n long_o of_o a_o dark_a dusky_a or_o blackish_a colour_n the_o mouth_n yellow_a withinside_o the_o tongue_n rough_a the_o irides_fw-la of_o the_o eye_n be_v of_o a_o dark_a hazel_n colour_n the_o leg_n and_o foot_n dusky_a the_o outer_a toe_n be_v join_v to_o the_o middle_a as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o first_o joint_n the_o colour_n of_o the_o upper_a side_n of_o the_o body_n be_v a_o dark_a brown_a or_o russet_a incline_v to_o black_a the_o feather_n cover_v the_o breast_n and_o belly_n be_v mark_v with_o a_o long_a whitish_a spot_n down_o the_o shaft_n have_v also_o white_a edge_n the_o ring_n or_o collar_n be_v below_o the_o throat_n just_a above_o the_o breast_n of_o a_o white_a colour_n a_o inch_n broad_a of_o the_o form_n of_o a_o crescent_n the_o horn_n end_v at_o the_o side_n of_o the_o neck_n it_o have_v eighteen_o quil-feather_n in_o each_o wing_n twelve_o in_o the_o tail_n the_o outmost_a be_v a_o little_o short_a than_o the_o rest_n four_o inch_n long_o the_o exterior_a feather_n of_o the_o tail_n be_v black_a than_o the_o middlemost_a the_o small_a feather_n under_o the_o wing_n whitish_a in_o a_o bird_n that_o i_o describe_v at_o rome_n the_o edge_n of_o the_o prime_a feather_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o also_o of_o the_o covert-feather_n of_o the_o head_n and_o wing_n be_v cinereous_a the_o ring_n also_o be_v not_o white_a but_o ash-coloured_a i_o suppose_v this_o be_v either_o a_o young_a bird_n or_o a_o hen._n it_o have_v a_o large_a gall_n and_o a_o round_a spleen_n in_o the_o stomach_n we_o find_v infect_v and_o berry_n like_v to_o curran_n these_o bird_n be_v common_a in_o the_o alps_o in_o rhoetia_n and_o switzerland_n they_o be_v also_o find_v in_o the_o mountainous_a part_n of_o derbyshire_n yorkshire_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o the_o north_n of_o england_n they_o say_v that_o the_o female_a of_o this_o kind_n have_v no_o ring_n whence_o i_o persuade_v myself_o that_o the_o bird_n which_o i_o sometime_o describe_v for_o the_o merula_n saxatilis_n or_o montana_n that_o be_v the_o rock-ouzel_n of_o gesner_n p._n 584._o be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o hen_n ring-ouzel_n it_o near_o resemble_v the_o common_a blackbird_n in_o bigness_n figure_n and_o colour_n yet_o be_v in_o some_o thing_n manifest_o different_a viz._n it_o be_v a_o think_v big_a have_v a_o long_a body_n and_o not_o so_o dark_a a_o colour_n it_o be_v length_n from_o the_o tip_n of_o the_o bill_n to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o tail_n be_v ten_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o claw_n nine_o and_o a_o half_a its_o breadth_n one_o foot_n and_o five_o inch_n its_o weight_n three_o ounce_n and_o two_o drachm_n the_o top_n of_o the_o head_n the_o shoulder_n back_o wing_n and_o tail_n in_o a_o word_n the_o whole_a upper_a side_n be_v of_o a_o dark_a brown_a or_o dusky_a colour_n the_o number_n of_o quill-feather_n in_o each_o wing_n eighteen_o the_o tail_n be_v four_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a long_a not_o fork_v black_a make_v up_o of_o twelve_o feather_n the_o underside_n viz._n the_o breast_n belly_n sides_n thigh_n and_o under-covert_n of_o the_o wing_n particoloured_a of_o brown_a and_o white_a or_o rather_o cinereous_a the_o middle_a part_n of_o each_o feather_n be_v brown_a and_o the_o border_n round_o about_o cinereous_a it_o be_v bill_n be_v every_o way_n like_o the_o common_a blackbird_n except_v the_o colour_n which_o in_o this_o be_v of_o a_o dark_a brown_a or_o blackish_a the_o inside_n of_o the_o mouth_n as_o in_o that_o yellow_a the_o leg_n be_v of_o a_o moderate_a length_n and_o dusky_a colour_n as_o also_o the_o foot_n and_o claw_n the_o gut_n indifferent_a large_a but_o not_o very_o long_o and_o consequent_o not_o have_v many_o revolution_n the_o blind_a gut_n small_a white_z and_o very_o short_a as_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o kind_n the_o stomach_n or_o gizzard_n be_v of_o a_o moderate_a bigness_n fill_v partly_o with_o infect_v partly_o with_o the_o purple_a juice_n of_o bill-berry_n which_o have_v also_o tinctured_a all_o the_o excrement_n of_o the_o gut_n it_o be_v usual_o conversant_a about_o the_o rock_n and_o steep_a cliff_n of_o high_a mountain_n this_o we_o describe_v be_v shoot_v by_o fr._n jessop_n esq_n on_o a_o cliff_n or_o scarborow_n call_v rive-edge_n where_o they_o dig_v millstone_n not_o far_o from_o a_o village_n call_v hathersedge_n in_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o peak_n of_o derbyshire_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v it_o rock-ouzel_n §._o ix_o *_o the_o rock_n ousel_n or_o mountain_n ousel_n of_o gesner_n call_v in_o high_a dutch_a berg-amzel_a merula_n saxatilis_fw-la seu_fw-la montana_n it_o differ_v from_o the_o ring-ouzel_n 1._o in_o that_o it_o want_v a_o ring_n 2._o in_o that_o the_o throat_n be_v russet_a red_a with_o black_a spot_n the_o belly_n be_v cinereous_a with_o black_a spot_n 3._o that_o the_o extreme_a edge_n of_o the_o great_a wing-feather_n be_v whitish_a and_o the_o lesser_a row_n have_v sometime_o white_a spot_n in_o their_o middle_n about_o their_o shaft_n but_o these_o difference_n be_v not_o to_o i_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o induce_v i_o to_o believe_v that_o this_o bird_n be_v a_o species_n different_a from_o the_o ring-ouzel_n at_o least_o if_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o hen_n in_o that_o kind_n want_v a_o ring_n and_o differ_v other_o way_n in_o colour_n from_o the_o cock_n as_o we_o have_v be_v inform_v yet_o will_v we_o not_o be_v very_o confident_a or_o positive_a but_o refer_v it_o to_o further_a inquiry_n and_o observation_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v aldrovandus_n his_o 1._o colour_n merula_n bicolor_a describe_v lib._n 16._o cap._n 12._o vary_v with_o two_o colour_n especial_o viz._n dusky_a or_o blackish_a and_o red_a yellow_a 2._o ousel_n merulae_fw-la congener_fw-la aldrov_n lib._n 16._o cap._n 13._o have_v a_o red_a line_n near_o the_o bill_n 3._o ousel_n merulae_fw-la congener_fw-la alia_fw-la in_o chap._n 14._o of_o the_o same_o book_n like_v to_o the_o ash-coloured_a butcher-bird_n which_o because_o we_o have_v not_o see_v nor_o read_v of_o elsewhere_o we_o omit_v whosoever_o please_v may_v look_v out_o their_o figure_n and_o description_n in_o the_o place_n cite_v the_o second_o of_o these_o aldrovandus_n see_v only_o paint_v neither_o do_v he_o see_v the_o first_o alive_a chap._n xix_o of_o the_o starling_n and_o bird_n akin_a to_o it_o §._o i._o a_o stare_n or_o starling_n sturnus_fw-la the_o cock_n weigh_v three_o ounce_n and_o a_o half_a the_o hen_n
that_o of_o a_o goose_n the_o upper_a leg_n thigh_n be_v four_o inch_n long_o and_o for_o the_o low_a half_o bare_a of_o feather_n the_o low_a leg_n be_v five_o inch_n long_o and_o almost_o two_o thick_a in_o each_o foot_n it_o have_v four_o toe_n so_o situate_v as_o in_o hen_n the_o middle_n of_o the_o three_o fore-toe_n be_v four_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a long_a the_o other_o two_o three_o and_o a_o half_a the_o back-toe_n almost_o two_o each_o have_v a_o crooked_a black_a claw_n a_o inch_n long_o but_o the_o back_n toe_n a_o little_a long_o both_o foot_n and_o leg_n as_o far_o as_o they_o be_v naked_a be_v cover_v with_o a_o brown_a scaly_a skin_n the_o crown_n of_o the_o head_n be_v variegated_a with_o black_a and_o white_a feather_n the_o side_n of_o the_o throat_n and_o upper_a half_n of_o the_o neck_n be_v black_a the_o low_a half_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o breast_n be_v variegated_a with_o white_a cinereous_a and_o black_a feather_n the_o low_a belly_n be_v all_o white_a on_o the_o side_n under_o the_o wing_n and_o on_o the_o back_o the_o plumage_n be_v black_a white_a feather_n be_v here_o and_o there_o intermingle_v the_o tail_n be_v black_a the_o wing_n also_o be_v black_a except_v the_o outmost_a border_n near_o the_o bone_n where_o they_o be_v cover_v with_o yellowish_a white_a feather_n it_o have_v a_o terrible_a cry_n sound_v something_o like_o vyhu_n vyhu_o it_o be_v never_o find_v alone_o but_o always_o a_o pair_n cock_n and_o hen_n walk_v together_o and_o when_o one_o be_v dead_a the_o other_o never_o depart_v from_o its_o carcase_n the_o horn_n that_o grow_v on_o its_o head_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v a_o remedy_n against_o poison_n be_v infuse_v a_o whole_a night_n in_o wine_n the_o same_o be_v repute_v a_o remedy_n against_o the_o suffocation_n of_o the_o womb_n and_o in_o hard_a travel_n this_o that_o i_o describe_v be_v a_o hen_n the_o cock_n be_v of_o twice_o the_o bigness_n it_o make_v its_o nest_n of_o clay_n by_o the_o body_n of_o tree_n upon_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o oven_n thus_o far_o marggravius_n this_o be_v a_o bird_n of_o a_o singular_a kind_n none_o like_o it_o perchance_o it_o may_v be_v the_o cuntur_fw-la so_o much_o talk_v of_o here_o we_o may_v note_v by_o the_o by_o that_o these_o spur_n in_o the_o wing_n be_v find_v only_o in_o some_o american_n bird_n but_o in_o none_o of_o our_o continent_n book_n iii_o part_n i._o section_n ii_o of_o clovenfooted_n piscivorous_a waterfowl_n these_o have_v very_o long_a neck_n their_o bill_n also_o be_v long_o strong_a end_v in_o a_o sharp_a point_n to_o strike_v fish_n and_o fetch_v they_o from_o under_o stone_n or_o brink_n long_a leg_n to_o wade_v in_o river_n and_o pool_n of_o water_n very_o long_a toe_n especial_o the_o hind-toe_n to_o stand_v more_o firm_o in_o river_n large_a crooked_a talon_n and_o the_o middle_a serrate_n on_o the_o inside_n to_o hold_v eel_n and_o other_o slippery_a fish_n the_o fast_o or_o because_o they_o sit_v on_o tree_n lean_a and_o carrion_a body_n because_o of_o their_o great_a fear_n and_o watchfulness_n the_o heron-kind_n be_v distinguish_v from_o all_o other_o tribe_n of_o bird_n by_o this_o most_o certain_a note_n that_o they_o have_v but_o one_o single_a blind_a gut_n apiece_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o quadruped_n whereas_o all_o other_o bird_n know_v to_o we_o have_v twain_o chap._n i._o of_o heron_n §._o i._o the_o common_a heron_n or_o heronshaw_n ardea_n cinerea_fw-la major_a sive_fw-la pella_n the_o female_a which_o i_o describe_v weigh_v almost_o four_o pound_n be_v from_o the_o tip_n of_o the_o bill_n to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o claw_n four_o foot_n long_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o tail_n thirty_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a the_o foremost_a feather_n on_o the_o crown_n of_o the_o head_n be_v white_a then_o succeed_v a_o black_a crest_n four_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a high_a the_o chin_n be_v white_a the_o neck_n be_v white_a and_o ash-coloured_a be_v tincture_v with_o red_a the_o throat_n white_a be_v delicate_o paint_v with_o black_a spot_n and_o on_o its_o low_a part_n grow_v small_a long_o narrow_a sharp_a white_a feather_n the_o back_n on_o which_o grow_v nothing_o but_o down_o be_v cover_v with_o those_o long_a feather_n that_o spring_v from_o the_o shoulder_n and_o be_v variegated_a with_o whitish_a strike_n or_o line_n tend_v downward_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o breast_n and_o low_a part_n of_o the_o rump_n viz._n that_o underneath_o the_o tail_n incline_v to_o yellow_a under_o the_o shoulder_n be_v a_o great_a black_a spot_n from_o which_o a_o black_a line_n be_v draw_v to_o the_o vent_n the_o prime_a feather_n of_o the_o wing_n be_v about_o twenty_o seven_o in_o number_n the_o last_o of_o which_o be_v ash-coloured_a all_o the_o rest_n black_a except_v the_o outer_a edge_n of_o the_o eleven_o and_o twelve_o which_o be_v somewhat_o cinereous_a the_o underside_n of_o all_o of_o they_o be_v cinereous_a the_o feather_n of_o the_o bastard_n wing_n be_v black_a under_o the_o bastard-wing_n be_v a_o great_a white_a spot_n also_o white_a feather_n cover_v the_o root_n of_o the_o bastard_n wing_v above_o then_o a_o white_a line_n be_v continue_v all_o along_o the_o basis_n or_o ridge_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o far_o as_o its_o set_n on_o ten_o of_o the_o second_o row_n of_o wing-feather_n be_v black_a then_o four_o or_o five_o have_v their_o exterior_a border_n white_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v ash-coloured_a the_o tail_n also_o be_v ash-coloured_a seven_o inch_n long_o and_o make_v up_o of_o twelve_o feather_n it_o be_v bill_n be_v great_a strong_a straight_o from_o a_o thick_a base_a gentle_o lessen_v into_o a_o sharp_a point_n from_o the_o tip_n to_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o mouth_n five_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a long_a of_o a_o yellowish_a green_a colour_n the_o upper_a mandible_a be_v a_o thought_n long_o than_o the_o nether_a and_o therein_o a_o furrow_n or_o groove_v impress_v reach_v from_o the_o nostril_n to_o the_o utmost_a tip_n its_o side_n towards_o the_o point_n be_v something_o rough_a and_o as_o it_o be_v serrate_v for_o the_o fast_o hold_v of_o slippery_a fish_n the_o low_a mandible_a be_v more_o yellow_a the_o side_n of_o both_o be_v thinned_a into_o very_o sharp_a edge_n the_o mouth_n gape_v wide_a the_o tongue_n be_v sharp_a long_o but_o not_o hard_a the_o eyelid_n and_o that_o naked_a space_n between_o the_o eye_n and_o bill_n be_v green_a the_o nostril_n be_v oblong_o narrow_a chink_n the_o leg_n and_o foot_n be_v green_a the_o hind-part_n of_o the_o leg_n and_o sol_n of_o the_o foot_n green_a the_o toe_n very_o long_o the_o outmost_a foretoe_n be_v join_v to_o the_o middle_n by_o a_o membrane_n below_o the_o inner_a edge_n of_o the_o middle_a claw_n be_v serrate_v which_o be_v worthy_a the_o notice_n take_v it_o be_v stomach_n be_v large_a and_o flaggy_a rather_o membranous_a than_o musculous_a as_o in_o carnivorous_a bird_n in_o which_o dissect_a we_o find_v trisulca_fw-la ivy-leaved_n duckmeat_n the_o gut_n towards_o the_o vent_n where_o the_o blind_a gut_n be_v situate_a be_v large_a than_o in_o other_o bird_n it_o have_v not_o two_o blind_a gut_n one_o on_o each_o side_n like_o other_o bird_n but_o only_o one_o like_o quadruped_n but_o that_o big_a and_o thick_a than_o ordinary_a the_o gullet_n under_o the_o chin_n be_v dilate_v into_o a_o great_a wideness_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o merrithought_n be_v a_o appendix_n it_o have_v a_o long_a gallbladder_n gesner_n count_v but_o eleven_o vertebre_n in_o the_o neck_n i_o observe_v fifteen_o of_o which_o the_o five_o have_v a_o contrary_a position_n viz._n be_v way_n reflect_v upward_o it_o feed_v upon_o fish_n frog_n etc._n etc._n oftentimes_o also_o it_o strike_v and_o wound_v great_a fish_n than_o it_o can_v draw_v out_o and_o carry_v away_o young_a heron_n may_v be_v fat_v with_o fish_n gut_n and_o entrail_n flesh_n etc._n etc._n it_o sit_v sometime_o with_o its_o neck_n so_o bend_v up_o that_o its_o head_n be_v draw_v down_o to_o stand_v between_o its_o shoulder_n these_o bird_n build_v sometime_o on_o the_o top_n of_o great_a tree_n and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n many_o together_o but_o whether_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o build_v in_o old_a rook_n nest_n as_o aldrovandus_n out_o of_o polydore_n relate_v i_o leave_v to_o further_a enquiry_n we_o have_v heronry_n in_o england_n such_o as_o they_o have_v in_o france_n however_o bellonius_fw-la deny_v it_o in_o which_o heron_n be_v so_o well_o instruct_v and_o accustom_v to_o breed_v that_o the_o owner_n make_v yearly_o a_o good_a profit_n of_o the_o young_a §._o ii_o aldrovandus_n his_o three_o sort_n of_o ash-coloured_a heron._n this_o heron_n which_o i_o make_v congenerous_a to_o the_o common_a cinereous_a from_o the_o
back_n and_o wing_n be_v white_a the_o quill_n of_o the_o wing_n black_a as_o also_o the_o whole_a breast_n and_o rump_n the_o tail_n which_o be_v three_o inch_n long_o be_v also_o black_a the_o leg_n short_a and_o black_a the_o foot_n consist_v of_o three_o black_a toe_n join_v together_o to_o the_o end_n by_o a_o black_a membrane_n the_o toe_n arm_v with_o sharp_a crooked_a claw_n they_o have_v a_o mean_v spur_v behind_o situate_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o leg_n furnish_v also_o with_o the_o like_a membrane_n and_o claw_n the_o hen_n be_v of_o the_o same_o bigness_n and_o figure_n but_o all_o over_o of_o one_o uniform_a colour_n viz._n brown_a sprinkle_v here_o and_o there_o with_o certain_a black_a spot_n in_o its_o other_o lineament_n and_o part_n agree_v with_o the_o cock._n they_o build_v themselves_o nest_n on_o the_o rock_n and_o lay_v good_a store_n of_o very_o savoury_a and_o well-tasted_n egg_n for_o the_o get_n of_o which_o the_o neighbour_a people_n let_v themselves_o down_o by_o rope_n dangerous_o enough_o and_o with_o the_o same_o labour_n gather_v the_o feather_n eider_n dun_a our_o people_n call_v they_o which_o be_v very_o soft_a and_o fit_a to_o stuff_v bed_n and_o quilt_n for_o in_o a_o small_a quantity_n they_o dilate_v themselves_o much_o be_v very_o springy_a and_o warm_v the_o body_n above_o any_o other_o these_o bird_n be_v wont_n at_o set_a time_n to_o moult_v their_o feather_n enrich_v the_o fowler_n with_o this_o desirable_a merchandise_n this_o same_o description_n wormius_n repeat_v again_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o museum_fw-la pag._n 310._o §._o ii_o the_o cutbert-duck_n anas_n s._n cuthberti_fw-la seu_fw-la farnensis_n it_o be_v big_a than_o the_o tame_a duck._n the_o male_a be_v particoloured_a of_o white_a and_o black_a the_o back_o white_a the_o tail_n and_o feather_n of_o the_o wing_n black_a the_o bill_n be_v scarce_o so_o long_o as_o a_o duck_n the_o upper_a mandible_a a_o little_a crooked_a at_o the_o end_n over-hanging_a the_o low_a the_o leg_n and_o foot_n black_a have_v a_o back-toe_n but_o what_o be_v most_o remarkable_a in_o this_o kind_n be_v that_o on_o both_o side_n the_o bill_n in_o both_o sex_n the_o feather_n run_v down_o in_o a_o acute_a angle_n as_o far_o as_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o nostril_n below_o under_o the_o nostril_n the_o female_a be_v almost_o of_o the_o colour_n of_o a_o hen-grouse_n this_o fowl_n build_v upon_o the_o farn_v island_n lay_v great_a eggs._n i_o suspect_v nay_o be_o almost_o confident_a that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o wormius_n his_o eider_n i_o see_v only_o the_o case_n of_o the_o cock_n and_o hen_n stuff_v hang_v up_o in_o sir_n william_n foster_n hall_n at_o bambergh_n in_o northumberland_n it_o breed_v no_o where_o about_o england_n but_o on_o the_o farn_v island_n that_o we_o have_v ever_o hear_v of_o when_o its_o young_a one_o be_v hatch_v it_o take_v they_o to_o the_o sea_n and_o never_o look_v at_o land_n till_o next_o breed_v time_n nor_o be_v see_v any_o where_o about_o our_o coast_n §._o iii_o aldrovandus_n his_o black_a duck._n it_o be_v big_a than_o the_o common_a duck._n its_o bill_n be_v broad_a and_o short_a yellow_a on_o both_o side_n black_a in_o the_o middle_n with_o a_o red_a hook_n at_o the_o tip_n the_o head_n and_o part_n of_o the_o neck_n be_v of_o a_o black_a green_a or_o black_a with_o a_o tincture_n of_o green_a the_o leg_n and_o foot_n be_v red_a on_o the_o outside_n of_o a_o citron-colour_n on_o the_o inside_n the_o web_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o the_o claw_n of_o a_o deep_a black_a all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n be_v black_a save_v a_o cross_a line_n of_o white_a in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o wing_n and_o a_o white_a spot_n behind_o each_o eye_n the_o feather_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n be_v so_o soft_a and_o delicate_a as_o nothing_o more_o so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v not_o undeserved_o call_v the_o velvet-duck_n in_o the_o stomach_n and_o gut_n almost_o down_o to_o the_o straight_a gut_n i_o find_v small_a indigested_a fragment_n of_o cockle_n and_o periwinkle-shell_n but_o in_o the_o straight_a gut_n they_o be_v all_o concoct_v and_o reduce_v into_o a_o fine_a powder_n or_o sand_n it_o be_v seldom_o see_v with_o we_o unless_o drive_v over_o by_o a_o storm_n but_o on_o the_o shore_n of_o norway_n there_o be_v great_a flock_n of_o they_o hundred_o together_o this_o be_v that_o duck_n which_o william_n mascerellius_n a_o physician_n of_o collen_n send_v to_o aldrovandus_n give_v it_o this_o title_n the_o black_a duck_n with_o a_o black_a red_z and_o yellow_a bill_n who_o figure_n though_o not_o very_o elegant_a we_o have_v borrow_v the_o description_n of_o this_o bird_n we_o owe_v to_o mr._n johnson_n with_o who_o also_o we_o see_v its_o case_n stuff_v §._o iv._o the_o sheldrake_n or_o burrough-duck_n call_v by_o some_o bergander_n tadorna_n bellon_n vulpanser_n quibusdam_fw-la it_o be_v of_o a_o mean_a bigness_n between_o a_o goose_n and_o a_o duck._n its_o bill_n be_v short_a broad_a something_o turn_v upward_o broad_a at_o the_o tip_n of_o a_o red_a colour_n all_o but_o the_o nostril_n and_o the_o nail_n or_o hook_n at_o the_o end_n which_o be_v black_a at_o the_o base_a of_o the_o upper_a mandible_a near_o the_o head_n be_v a_o oblong_a carneous_a bunch_n or_o knob_v the_o head_n and_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o neck_n be_v of_o a_o black_a or_o very_o dark_a green_a shine_v like_o silk_n which_o to_o one_o that_o view_v it_o at_o a_o distance_n appear_v black_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o region_n of_o the_o craw_n milkwhite_a the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o breast_n and_o the_o shoulder_n be_v of_o a_o very_a fair_a orange_n or_o bright_a bay-colour_n the_o forepart_n of_o the_o body_n be_v encompass_v with_o a_o broad_a ring_n or_o swath_n of_o this_o colour_n along_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o belly_n from_o the_o breast_n to_o the_o vent_n run_v a_o broad_a black_a line_n behind_o the_o vent_n under_o the_o tail_n the_o feather_n 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especial_o in_o head_n and_o neck_n so_o that_o among_o a_o pack_n of_o forty_o or_o fifty_o you_o shall_v not_o find_v two_o exact_o alike_o a_o thing_n not_o usual_a in_o this_o kind_n this_o bird_n we_o have_v not_o as_o yet_o see_v we_o owe_v this_o description_n and_o history_n of_o it_o to_o mr._n johnson_n §._o ix_o the_o tusted_a duck_n anas_n fuligula_fw-la prima_fw-la gesneri_fw-la 217._o aldrov_n mergus_n cirratus_fw-la minor_fw-la gesn_a querquedula_fw-la cristata_fw-la five_o colymbis_fw-la bellonii_fw-la aldrovand_n p._n 210._o as_o we_o think_v capo_n negro_n at_o venice_n the_o bill_n from_o the_o tip_n to_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o mouth_n be_v about_o two_o inch_n long_o broad_a of_o a_o pale_a blue_a colour_n all_o but_o the_o tip_n
in_o which_o time_n find_v little_a or_o no_o prey_n she_o become_v poor_a and_o lean_a to_o set_v she_o up_o you_o must_v feed_v she_o a_o little_a at_o once_o and_o often_o with_o good_a meat_n and_o of_o light_a digestion_n as_o small_a bird_n rat_n mouse_n etc._n etc._n or_o thus_o take_v two_o spoonful_n of_o honey_n four_o of_o fresh_a butter_n and_o boil_v they_o together_o in_o a_o new_a earthen_a pot_n of_o water_n then_o take_v pork_n well_o wash_v and_o steep_v it_o in_o that_o water_n give_v your_o hawk_n a_o reasonable_a gorge_n thereof_o twice_o a_o day_n warm_v the_o say_a water_n when_o you_o intend_v to_o feed_v your_o hawk_n and_o get_v some_o snail_n that_o breed_v in_o run_a water_n and_o give_v they_o she_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o they_o will_v not_o only_o scour_v away_o the_o gross_a slimy_a humour_n which_o be_v within_o but_o also_o nourish_v she_o exceed_o chap._n fourteen_o how_o to_o remedy_v a_o hawk_n that_o be_v slothful_a and_o be_v averse_a to_o 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