because the place of the demanded points was the Periphery of the Circle which may be exhibited on a plain and is always scituated in one plain But the present Problem is solid or rather doth belong to the Superficies For the place of the demanded points in the Superficies of the Globe is not any Periphery of the Circle except when the quarter given is Northernly or Southernly but a certain peculiar crooked solid line that is which may not be on a plain but a Crooked to wit a Spherical Superficies yet neither is it a Loxodromical line of which we shall speak in a peculiar Chapter but a Crooked line of its own kind terminated on both sides Now for the conceiving of this line or the places themselves on the Superficies of the Globe let the given place be brought to the Meridian Then if the quarter given be Oriental it is certain that the demanded places are seated in the part of the Globe towards the West removed from the Meridian of the given place but it is otherwise if that the quarter given be Occidental and if the quarter given be one of those which incline from the East or West towards the North the places demanded shall lie between the South and the primary Vertical of the given place But it is otherwise if the quarter given be one of those which incline from the East or West towards the South if the given quarter be of the Eastern or Western Aequinoctial the place of the demanded places shall be some one Crooked line beginning from the given place and terminated in the vicine Pole seated from the Oriental part of the Meridian if the given quarter be of the West but from the Occidental if that the given quarter be of the East and must be conceived at this line so the places must be sought or exhibited from which Amsterdam lyeth towards the Western Aequinoctials Because the quarter or Vertical Quadrant respecting the Eastern or Western Aequinoctial falleth in with the point of the Aequator which is 90 deg absent from the Meridian of every place Therefore first let the point drawn from the given place be conceived to be seated at the Aequinoctial quarter or point of the Aequator in the Horizon and therefore it is certain that all the places sought ought so to be seated from the Oriental part of the Meridian of Amsterdam so that their quarter or primary Vertical Quadrant respecting the West must cut the Quadrant of the Aequator between the points in the Occident and the Meridian Therefore from every one of the points of this Quadrant let the greatest Peripheries be conceived passing through Amsterdam and the Meridians drawn from these points as from the Poles in which the first conceived Peripheries every one cut their Meridians are those demanded they make such a Crooked line as I have said which putteth it self into the Pole neither is it infinite Hence the difference is manifest between the Crooked line and the Loxodromick For this doth not arise in journeys instituted towards the Eastern or Western Aequinoctial All the kinds of this of which we now do speak are such that are contained and run within the Pole and the Quadrants of the 2 Merid. whose distance doth not exceed 90 deg But where any quarter is given intermedial between the Cardines for Example places are sought from which Amsterdam lyeth towards the South-West or in the quarter removed 45 deg from the Meridian of every place towards the West from the South First therefore let another Meridian from the Oriental part of Amsterdam be imagined for in this it is manifest that the places sought ought to be which with Amsterdam maketh an Angle of 45 deg or between which and that of Amsterdam the intercepted Arch of the Aequator is 45 deg This shall be the term of the places sought for neither beyond it can any place be found in any Meridian which doth satisfie Let a perpendicular Periphery be supposed to be drawn from Amsterdam into this Meridian Moreover because the quarter given seemeth to incline towards the South from the West thence it is certain that the places demanded should be scituated in the space of the Triangle whose sides are now first drawn Perpendicular Secondly part of this Meridian is intercepted between the drawn Periphery and the vicine Pole Thirdly part of the Meridian of Amsterdam is between Amsterdam and the adjacent Pole In this space the Crooked line all whose Points answer the demand is seated which creepeth forwards from Amsterdam with a crooked passage even to the Pole For the Description of it many Meridians are to be taken from which the great Periphery drawn to Amsterdam may make with the Meridian from whence it is drawn and Angle of forty five degrees for our Example So many Points of this Crooked line to be described shall be found We have treated fully of this Crooked line in our Book of Crooked lines here we have only touched what is proper to Geography Proposition IV. The Latitude of one place being given and the distance from the other place and the quarter in which this other place in seated from it to find the quarter of this other place in which the former place is seated at this other place It will be better understood by an Example Viz. Let the quarter be given in which the City of Hamburgh is seated from Amsterdam we seek the quarter in which Amsterdam is seated from Hamburgh The vulgar opinion is that the contrary quarter is to be taken which is false And in this all Mariners Charts and all Right lined Maps do much err The solution is easy by a Trigonometrical Calculation or by the Globe or by the Plain Sphere Proposition V. To make a Terrestrial Globe Of the making a Terrestrial Globe So the vulgar speak very confusedly by this Problem but the distinct understanding of it is thus to be propounded in a Mathematical Style Any Piont being given in the Superficies of any Globe which is put to represent any place scituated in the Superficies of the Earth or in the given half Periphery to find out any lines and Points in the Superficies of the same Globe which are so mutually seated to the given Point and to themselves as the places and Lines in the Superficies of the Earth which ought to be represented by them are scituated to the place first taken and mutual to themselves The first Mode The first Mode of making Terrestrial Globes The best most easie and exactest method is that by which from the Longitude and Latitude of places in the Superficies of the Globe it self the places and Points fought for or representing the parts of the Superficies of the Earth are consigned which although Artificers do not use in making of Terrestrial Globes which are sold in a great number because that this may be done another way where from the abundance of their Sale the cost and charge is sufficiently
toleration of all Religions It is seated on the Tay which like a large but calm Sea floweth on the North-side and the River Amster taking its course from the South through three Lakes entreth the City passeth through it and falleth into the Tay. This City may be said to be the greatest Haven Town in the VVorld where there are commonly to be seen about a 1000 Sail of Ships to ride and by reason of its vast Trade to Foreign parts is found to have great plenty of all known Commodities as being general Traders to most places of Traffick 2. Rotterdam famous for giving Birth to Erasmus 3. Delft inhabited most by Brewers and their Relations 4. Harlem where Printing was first invented and the first Book that ever was Printed was Tully's Offices 5 Leyden dignified with a famous Vniversity the Town consisteth of 41 Islands the passage from one to the other being by Boats and Bridges there being about 40 of Wood and 110 of Stone 6. Dort where in Anno 1618. was held a National Synod against the Arminians 7. Brille 8. Alemar 9. Incluse and 10 the Hague a Village but the largest in the VVorld equalizing many fair Cities numbring about 2000 Houses and is very populous it is adorned with the Palaces of the States General who have here their Assemblies It will not be improper to speak of the power of these States by Sea which is so great than in Holland Zeland and Friezland they are able to put forth to Sea about 2500 Sail of Ships for burthen and war Nor can it be forgot how Margaret A strange Birth of 365 Children Sister to Floris the Fourth Earl of Holland had at one Birth being 42 years of Age 365 Children which were all Christned in two Basons in the Church of Lasdunen by Guido Bishop of Vtrecht who named the Males all Johns and the Females Elizabeths and the Basons are yet to be seen in the said Church The Earldom of ZELAND quasi Sea and Land Zeland consisting of seven Islands the remainder of fifteen which the Seas are said to have swallowed up in which were abundance of good Towns and Villages The seven Isles yet remaing are 1. Walcheren whose principal Towns are Middlebourg once enjoying a good Trade by the residence of the English Merchant-Adventurers and Flushing the first Town that the States took from the Spaniards being now a place of good strength and held to be the Key of the Netherlands The second Isle is South Beverland whose chief Town is Tergowse The third Schoven where are Sirexee and Brevers Haven The fourth Tolen whose principal place is Tertolenâ— the other three Islands are North-Beverland Duveland and Wolferdike This Country is destitute of Fresh-water and Wood but in recompence is very fertil in Grains Earldom of Zutphen The Earldom of ZVTPHEN whose chief places are Zutphen seated on the Yssel a place of great strength Barony of utrecht The Barony of VTRECHT North of Holland hath 70 Villages and 5 walled Towns the chief of which are 1. Vtrecht a City commodiously feated for passage by Boats to divers other Towns which with the benefit of the common Ferries one may go in a day from hence to any of the 59 walled Towns equally distant from it and to Dinner to any of the 26 Towns and return at Night 2. Rhenen 3. Amsford 4. Wicket and 5. Montfort Barony of Overyssel The Barony of OVERYSSEL bounded on the East with Wesphalia its chief places are Deventer and Swoll in the quarter of Saland Oldenzee in the quarter of Tuente and Goevorden in the quarter of Drente Westfriezlands The Barony of WEST-FRIEZLAND is bounded on the VVest and North with the Sea is said to number 340 Villages and 10 Towns the chief of which are 1. Louvarden where there is held the Common Council for the Province 2. Harlingen a Maritim Town 3. Franicker of late made a University and 4. Dockum Groningue The Barony of GRONINGVE is a Town in West-Friezland having under its Jurisdiction 145 Villages of which the chief are Groningue Old Haven and Keykerke Under the name of Germany beyond the Rbine we comprehend Franconia Hessia and Westphalia Province of Franconia The Province of FRANCONIA is divided into three parts viz. into Ecclesiasticks or Bishopricks Laicks and Imperial Cities the Bishopricks are those of Writzberg Bamberg and Mergetheim Cites of good account the Laicks are the Marquisates of Cullembach and Onspach and the Counties of Holas whose chief place is Weickersheim and Wertheim whose chief place bears the same name and the Imperial Cities are 1. Nuremberg seated in a barren Soil yet by reason of the Industry of its Inhabitants is a place of good Riches and well frequented by Merchants for their Wares known by the name of Nuremberg-Wares 2. Francfort seated on the Moene which severeth it into two parts but joyned together by a fair Bridge It is encompassed with a strong double Wall it is a Free City of the Empire and famous for the two Fairs or Marts for Books here annually held the one in Lent and the other in September and 3. Schweinfurt Lantgravedom of Hassia The Lantgravedom of HASSIA Eastwards of Saxony its chief places are 1. Cassel a City seated in a fertil Soil yet of no great beauty 2. Marpurg an Vniversity and the Seat of the Second House of the Lantgraves and 3. Dormestad the Seat and Inheritance of the youngest House of the Lantgraves To this Province doth belong the Country of WALDECK whose Earls are subject to the Lantgraves its chief place is Gorbach Likewise to this Province belongeth WETTERAVIA whose chief places are Nassau Solins Hanâ—u and Isenbourg Province of Westphalia The Province of WESTPHALIA is divided into three parts to wit Ecclesiasticks Counties and Imperial Cities This Province was the ancient habitation of the Saxons the Soil is very fertil wonderfully stored with Acorns which makes their Swines-flesh excellent and so much esteemed The chief places in the Ecclesiasticks are those of Paderborne Minde and Arensberg also the Bishopricks of Collen Munster and Triers The Bishoprick of COLLEN taketh up a great part of Westphalia Bishoprick of Collen c. and hath for its chief place Collen a City well stored with Schools for the education of Youth and here according to Report were interr'd the Bodies of the three Wise-men which came from the East to worship our Saviour vulgarly called the three Kings of Collen The Bishoprick of MVNSTER hath its chief place so called seated on the River Ems where there is a Monastery so called built by Charles the Great 2. Warendrop and 3. Herwerden The Bishoprick of TRIERS hath for its chief places 1. Triers an ancient City seated on the Moselle 2. Bopport seated on the said River and 3. Engers The Counties belonging to Westphalia The Counties belonging to the Province of Westphalia are 1. EMBDEN whose chief place is Aurick 2. OLDENBOVRG whose chief place is
great plenty of Wheat A place so surfeiting of Delights that the vile Impostor Mahomet would never enter into it lest by the ravishing Pleasures of this place he should forget the business he was sent about and make this his Paradise This City is famous first for her Founders who were Abrahams Servants next for the Temple of Zacharias which was garnished with 40 stately Porches and adorned with about 9000 Lanthorns of Gold and Silver and last of all for the Conversion of St. Paul who here first preached the Gospel for which he was forced to make his escape out of the House being let down the Walls in a Basket Josephus believeth that it was built by Vs the Son of Abraham Grandchild to Noah However it were after Type and Sidon began to decay this began to be in some repute and hath been esteemed the chief City of Phoenicia and sometimes of all Syria It is beyond Mount Libanus in respect to Tyre and Sidon seated in a Soll so fertil and delightful by reason of the Rivers and Fountains that in Holy Scripture it is called a famous City a City of Joy a House of Delight and Pleasure and some Authors call it the Paradise of the World Yet hath it felt very great changes as well as Tyre and Sidon It hath been taken retaken ruined and re-established divers times by the Assyrians Babylonians Persians Macedonians Romans Parthians Saracens Tartars by the Soldans of Egypt and in fine by the Turks in whose hands it is at present very flourishing and rich The Houses of private persons are not so fair without as within the publick Buildings are very beautiful the Castle is in the middle of the City built by a Florentine 4. Serepta seated on the Sea Coast betwixt Tyre and Sidon memorable in Holy Scripture for the Prophet Elijah in raising from death the poor Widows Son Here is found excellent Wines accounted as good as those of Grece 5. Acre of old Acon and Ptolemais is bounded with the Sea on two sides the third is joyned to a Plain of the Continent The City is very strong being walled with a double Wall fortified throughout on the out-side with Towers and Bulwarks and in the middle of the City a strong Castle on the top of which there was every Night set Lights which served to direct Ships at Sea to their Port. The Plain is fertil and well watered with Streams which descend from the Neighbouring Mountains The Christians took lost and retook this place divers times when they made War into the Holy Land in which none more famous than Richard the First and Edward the First both Kings of England The same did likewise the Saracens the Soldans of Egypt ruined it and after re-built it and at present it remains in the hands of the Turks 6. Tripoli of Syria for distinction from Tripoli of Barbary seated in a rich Plain is at this day by some esteemed the Metropolis of Phoenicia thought it hath three times more Ruins than whole Houses and seated about two miles from the Sea but not above half a mile from its Haven which formerly served for a Port to Aleppo but since removed to Alexandretta or Scanderone But yet a place of some small Trade affording Corn Cotton-Wool Yarn Silk some Drugs Pot-Ashes and other Commodities The Buildings are generally low and the Streets narrow excepting those which lead towards Aleppo which are fair and broad having many pleasant Gardens which are watered with delightful Streams in which Gardens they keep great quantities of Silk-Worms The Soil is excellent good if it were well tilled but the Air is unhealthful 7. Biblus now Gibbeleth was the habitation of Ciniras the Father of Myrrha Mother to the fair Adonis from whence the neighbouring River took its name remarkable in the infancy of Christianity for being the See of a Bishop but now by the Turks made desolate And 8. Barutt or Beryte a place formerly of great Trade but now of great concourse and much frequented by Merchants and others it being the Road for all those Caravans that travel from Aleppo Damascus and Jerusalem to Cairo and Mecca It is subject to the Grand Signior Near to this Town is that noted Valley where as some Authors say St. George by killing the Dragon which had his abode in a Cave here redeemed the Kings Daughter which was to be delivered to his fury PALESTINE Palestine bounded PALESTINE formerly called Judaea Canaan or the Holy Land is bounded on the East with Mount Hermon so much spoken of in Holy Scripture on the South with part of Arabia Petraea on the West with the Mediterranean Sea and part of Phoenicia and on the North with the Anti-Libanus which separates it from Syria and the rest of Phoenicia It s scituation is between the Third and Fourth Climates which makes the longest day to be 14 hours and a quarter So populous that before the coming in of the Israelites they had 30 Kings and afterwards David numbred 1300000 Fighting men besides those of the Tribe of Benjamin and Levi. This last and most Meridional part of Syria which we call Palestine first received the name of the Land of Canaan because the Children of Canaan first seised it and parted it amongst them when God had promised it to Abraham and his Posterity it was called the Land of Promise but when it fell into the hands of the Hebrews after their return from Egypt and that they had divided it by Tribes it took the name of the Land of the Hebrews under which it was governed by Prophets Judges and Kings but under these Kings it was soon divided into two Realms which they called Judah and Israel Under the Romans it was only known by the name of Judea or Palestine of Judea because that the Tribe of Judah was always the most powerful of the Twelve and the Kingdom of Judah the most noble and preserved it self longer than that of Israel of Palestina because the Philistines which possessed a part of the Maritim Coast of Judea were powerful and very well known to Strangers After the death of our Saviour Jesus Christ all this Country was called the Holy Land A description of the Jews and their Religion The People which anciently possest this Country were the Jews being of a middle stature strong of body of a black complexion goggle-ey'd a subtle and ingenious people and such as will live in any place much given to Traffick Usury and Brokage not lending without Pledges and taking the forfeitures of them Their Law or Religion was given them by God the Father which with the several Ceremonies and Rites c. prescribed to them may be found in the five first Books of Moses their Synagogues are neither fair within nor without save only adorned with a Curtain at the upper end together with several Lamps and in the midst is placed a Scaffold in form of a Reading-Desk for their Priest which readeth their Law and sings their Liturgy
they read in a strange tone and sing as bad during the time of their Service their heads are veiled with Linnen fringed with Knots answerable to the number of their Laws and observing a continual motion of their body to and fro and often jumping up which they account for great zeal in their devotion they observe much reverence to all the names of God but especially to Jehovah insomuch that they do never use it in vain talk Their ancient Language was Hebrew they keep their Sabbath on Saturday in which they are very strict they marry their Daughters at the Age of 12 years as not affecting a single life The fertility of the Country This Country is so fertil in all things that it was termed a Land flowing with Milk and Hony adorned with pleasant Mountains and luxurious Valleys enriched with pleasant Streams and where the Inhabitants are neither scorched with Heats nor pinched with Colds To speak of all the memorable transactions that have happen'd in this Country would require a Volume by it self I shall only run over some of the chief and then proceed to the description of some of the Cities and Places of most note that are found therein It is famous for bringing our Saviour Jesus Christ into the World where he wrought so many Miracles but infamous for their horrid action of crucifying him Memorable Transactions in this Country the Lord of Life Here it was that the Lord appeared to Jacob here out of the Plains of Moab the Ark was built of Sittim Wood here on Mount Tabor Christ was transfigured on Mount Moriah Isaac was to be sacrificed on Mount Sion was the Tower of David on Mount Calvary as some aver was the Burial-place of Adam our Forefather Here over the Brook Kedron David passed in his flight from Absalom over which our Saviour when he went to his Passion passed Here runneth the River of Jordan sufficiently famous nigh to which stood the Cities of Sodom and Gomorrha Here at a place called Endor Saul consulted with a Witch near to Sichem Jacob had his Wells Here at Ashdod in the Temple of Dagon the Ark of the Lord was brought when taken upon the entrance of which their Idol fell down Here at Hebron is the Plain of Mamre where Abraham sitting in his Tent was visited by God from Heaven in the likeness of a Man this City he bought for a Burial-place for him and his Posterity where Sarah his Wife was first interr'd And on Mount Seir was the habitation of Esau after his departure from Canaan I shall cease to trouble the Reader with the mentioning of many more remarkable Passages which were here transacted but only refer them to the Books of the Old and New Testament where they shall find them recorded also great satisfaction may be received from Josephus a Book of good repute This Country is at present possessed by the Turks as Masters of it but inhabited by Moors Arabians Greeks Turks Jews nay I may say with People of all Nations and Religions But setting aside matters of History let us proceed to say something of the principal places found herein and first with Jerusalem Jerusalem its chief Places Jerusalem is so well known in the Holy Scriptures that we must confess it hath been not only one of the greatest but one of the fairest Cities in the World being called the City of the Lord. Its Kings High-Priests Temple and Royal Palaces have made it famous even amongst the remotest people Its circuit was onto 50 Furlongs which are only 6250 Geometrical Paces but so well builded that it was capable of the receiving of 150000 Families It s Temple and Palaces especially those of Solomon were the fairest greatest and most magnificent which ever eye beheld Its Gates Walls Towers Ditches cut out of the Rock and its scituation in the Mountains made it seem impregnable This City once sacred and glorious elected by God for his Seat placing it in the midst of Nations like a Diadem crowning the head of the Mountains the Theater of Mysteries and Miracles was once the glory of the World but its Pride and other horrid Sins in the end lost it divers times Nebuchadonozor was the first that ruinâ—d it Pompey contented himself to dismantle it of its Walls and to fill up the Ditches Vespasian and Titus Caesar utterly razed it and destroyed in the place 1100000 People that were assembled to the Pass-over Adrian ruined likewise some Towers and Walls which had been left to lodge the Roman Garrison and after caused a new City to be built partly on its ancient Ruins and partly without them But with the divers changes it hath since fallen under its beauty and magnificence is quite decayed Yet is it not so lost but that there are several Places yet remaining worthy of note together with several others that were since built as on Mount Calvary where Christ the Saviour of the World was Crucified there is a rich magnificent and large Temple built by the vertuous Helena Daughter to Coilus a British King and Mother to Constantine the Great which not only possesseth the Mount but also all the Garden below where his Sepulchre was and in this Temple there are several rich Structures as one where Christ was imprisoned before his Crucifixion another where Christ was nailed to the Cross another where he was Crucified also one where the Sepulchre was the Altar of the Holy Cross the Altar of the Scourging the Chapel of the Apparition the Chapel of the Angels the Chapel of the division of his Garments the Chapel of St. Helena who built this Temple the Chapel of St. John the Sepulchre of Joseph of Arimathea under ground together with several others too long to recite To this place there is a great resort as well of Protestants as Papists though for sundry ends which brings a great Revenue none being permitted to enter without paying some Mony which the Jews here inhabiting do Farm of the Grand Signior at a large yearly Revenue and so become Masters thereof making a great profit by shewing them to Strangers which come hither from all Nations Several other places are yet remaining as the Castle of the Pisans the Monastery of the Franciscans the Church of St. James the Church of St. Mark where once stood his House a Mosque where stood the House of Zebedaeus a Chapel where stood the House of St. Thomas the Church of the Angels where the Palace of Annas the High-Priest stood the Church of St. Saviour where the Palace of Caiphas stood the Court of Solomons Temple yet remaining but in the room of the Temple a Mosque Near about Jerusalem there are several places of note yet remaining as in the way between Jerusalem and the City of Bethlem there are the Ruins of Davids Tower the Tower of Simeon Bathsheba's Fountain the Cistern of Saget the Monastery of Elias Jacobs House the Sepulchre of Rachel the Cistern of David the House of Joseph the
Authors for the confirmation thereof do use they propose so obscurely and confusedly that they cannot compel or convince an obstinate and pertinacious Defender of the contrary Opinion We therefore as much as may be will most clearly set forth those very Opinions and examine them that the Readers may have a distinct knowledge thereof Reasons to prove the Earth round First I reject the slighter Reasons or Arguments which are probable or rather Sophistical First the Spherick figure is most capacious therefore the Earth ought to have such a kind of figure Secondly all the parts of the Earth tend to the same Center therefore all those parts make a round figure Thirdly when as in the Creation the Water as yet was confusedly mixed with the Earth without doubt the Earth was moist and soft but the figure or shape of Liquid things is round or spherical therefore such also the figure of the Earth remained after the separation of the moist from the dry These and the like Arguments being slighted let us view and consider the stronger and most solid There is but one Argument of one and the first kind which is taken à priori but the other two kinds are taken à posteriori to wit some Arguments are taken from the Celestial appearances some again from them which we either observe in the Earth or in Heaven As for the first Argument concluding à priori it is taken from the nature of Water and this demonstration is wont to be taken either from Aristotle or Archimedes Aristotle in his second Book de Coelo chap. 5. hath proposed his Demonstration in these very words The superficies of the Water round It shall manifestly appear that the superficies or surface of the Water is round if we shall take the Supposition That Water of its own nature makes its confluence always to a hollow place and that that place is more concavous which is nearer the Center Therefore from the Center A let the strait lines A B and A G be drawn and from B unto G let the line B G be drawn See Scheme unto which from A let a perpendicular line A D be drawn into E. It is manifest therefore that the line A D is less than the lines A B and A G by the 18th of the first Book of Euclid's Elements Geometrical therefore this place D is more concavous wherefore the Water shall flow from B and G until the lines A B A D A G may be equal But A E is equal to A B A G therefore it must needs be that the very water should be in these lines which are drawn in the Center this part of the Demonstration is clearly known but A E c. makes nothing for the Demonstration But that line which toucheth them which are drawn from the Center is the circumference therefere the superficies of the Water which truly is B E G is round Things to be noted This is Aristotles Demonstration in which besides the confused and evil composure thereof these things I observe First that it supposeth some Center of the whole Vniverse Secondly that it taketh the place more or less bending down in regard of that Center For he which shall deny the shape or figure of the Earth to be spherical would call these things into question Yet the first may be sufficiently concerning the Center of the Universe proved or corrected For we must say that either the Stars are wheeled round about by a Diurnal motion or that the Earth is turned round about its own Center for this the apparent motion of the Stars forceth and causeth If the Stars then that point about which they are turned shall be the Center of the Vniverse if the Earth then the middle point of the Earth or that about which it is turned shall be taken in the Demonstration for the Central point of Aristotle But the chiefest difficulty lies in the second Supposition to wit that the lesser or greater declivity or bending downward ought to be considered in respect of that Center For he which would defend the superficies of the Water to be plain and of another figure he would deny this Supposition and would say that the declivity must be considered according to our senses to wit in respect of our Horizontal plain according to which the Earth with infinite spaces is extended into profundity or else he would define the declivity in another manner And thus this demonstration concludeth nothing at all unless it be granted that the declivity of the places of the Earth must be taken in respect of that Center about which the daily apparent motion of the Celestial Bodies is performed which thing although it may be true and all other definitions of declivity according to which the Water may be moved may also be confuted yet notwithstanding it can scarce be admitted for a principle seeing that it in a manner supposes the figure of the Earth to be Spherical Archimedes his demonstrations by some preferred before those of Aristotles Others therefore prefer Archimedes his Demonstration before this of Aristotle which is found in his first Book concerning those things that are carried in the Water This indeed is more Artificial than that of Aristotle yet it is opprest with the same difficulties forasmuch as it supposeth the Spherical figure of the Earth and its Center in respect of which it taketh the depression of the Water We will bring hither some Arguments framed from those that are taken from Celestial appearances First let us conceive the Meridian line of our place or of any point of B in the Earth See Scheme or a Section of the Earth made in plane which through the Poles of the World M N passeth through A B C D this line is usually called the Latitude of the Earth and the line which is drawn perpendicular to this is named the Longitude of the Earth or another plain Parallel to the Celestial Equator making in the Earth the line E B F C. I say as well the line A B C D as the line E B F C in the Earth to be circular But it is a Geometrical Thorem If any Superficies according to one dimension be cut through any point and the section be made in the periphery or circumference of the Circle then according to the other dimension through the same point the section be made in plain which is perpendicular to the former plain and the section again be made in the periphery of the Circle that superficies is spherical Therefore because we have taken the point B in the superficies of the Earth according to our own pleasure and have shewed the Section A B C D and E B F C to be the peripheries of the Circles The Earth a Spherical body therefore by the aforesaid Theorem we conclude that the superficies of the Earth is spherical and that the Earth is a spherical Body The Section of the Earth according to the dimension
therefore a round spherical figure is to be assigned to the Earth Because all the appearances as well Celestial as the divers elevation of the Pole the divers altitude of the Sun of that day in divers Countries the reason of the Shadows the difference and increase of the Longest days towards the Pole times of the rising and setting of the Stars c. as Terrestrial as the direction of Navigations the appearing and hiding of Towers and Mountains the distances of Places the Ports Coasts Winds c. are most commodiously declared by that round or spherical form or figure neither can another figure be devised which can perform that as it is manifest by the consideration of divers figures and forms of Bodies And our artificial Terrestrial Globe so justly represents all these things as they are really found to be in the Earth which certainly could not be done if the Earth had any form or figure than that of our artificial Globe And what other form soever you shall chuse there will follow innumerable absurdities For it is manifest that it is not plain by the appearances hither alledged and that it neither can be hollow is clear from this that the Sun and Stars ought first then to appear to the western People than to the Eastern if it were of such a figure as we see the Sun rising first to illuminate the Valleys before it can give light to the averse parts of Mountains CHAP. IV. Concerning the Dimension and Magnitude of the Earth The Opinions of divers Writers concerning the Dimension and Magnitude of the Earth THe Dimension or measuring of the Earth comprehends three principal Heads First the Longitude or length of the Diameter or half Diameter that is of a line from the Superficies to the Center as also of a periphery of the Earth or the Circumference Secondly the magnitude of the Superficies of the whole Earth Thirdly the solidness or corporeal Dimension of the Earth But these things are so contrived together that one of them being known the other two come to our knowledge by Geometrical Instruments because the Earth is a certain Sphere as it is shewed in the second Chapter This property is the most noble and hard to know and hath exercised the most excellent Wits for many Ages insomuch that some Men have written whole Books concerning this matter And therefore I have thought that it would not prove ungrateful to the Students of Geometry if I should fully relate here the History of this Dimension Diogenes Laertius praiseth Anaximander the Milesian the Scholar of Thales Anaximander the Milesian the Scholar of Thales that besides other Astronomical Inventions he first of all others described the circuit or perimeter of both Land and Sea But Anaximander lived about the year 550 before the Birth of Christ The Mathematicians of succeeding Ages seem to have followed his Dimension even until Eratosthenes Aristotle because Authors make mention of none other and therefore I judge that to be the Magnitude assigned by Anaximander which Aristotle hath noted in the end of his second Book de Coelo saying The Mathematicians also which endeavour to measure out the Magnitude of the World report that the Earth is bounded in and girt with four hundred Stadiums By this perimeter it is no difficult matter to assign the half diameter of the Earth according to Anaximander But because we can find nothing noted concerning Anaximanders Invention besides that one place of Diogenes Laertius Eratosthenes his and Eratosthenes his diligence is obscured who next after Anaximander undertook this business with great applause of all men he lived about two hundred years before Christ and as he was most conversant in the rest of the Mathematicks and Dimensions so he is esteemed most accurately to have perfected Gâ—eodaesia or Surveying and this glory is principally ascribed to him But he discovered and delivered The circuit of the Earth that the perimeter or circuit of the Earth is two hundred fifty thousand Stadiums or Furlongs but others two hundred fifty two thousand which Pliny reports to make up three hundred fifteen thousand Roman miles every one of which are thought to be a thousand Paces Eratosthenes had written three Books of Geography Eratosthenes which by reason of the injury of time are now not to be found Strabo Strabo the famous Geographer relateth the Contents and Arguments of each Book Cleomedes and Cleomedes hath noted up his manner which Eratosthenes used for the discovery of the Circuit of the Earth in which what can be wanted we will hereafter declare For indeed Eratosthenes his measuring forth the Earth was by many Mathematicians especially Hipparchus a hundred years after Eratosthenes judged to swerve from the truth although there is nothing written touching Eratosthenes his Dimension or measuring forth the Earth but that he added twenty five thousand stadiums to the perimeter Possidonius But Posidonius being not only a most knowing Astronomer and Practioner but also in every part of Philosophy most expert did next after Eratosthenes enter upon this Doctrine a little before the birth of Christ to wit in the time of Cicero and Pompey This man by his Dimensions found the circumference of the Earth to be two hundred forty thousand stadiums Cleomedes as Cleomedes hath noted but 180000 stadiums Strabo as Strabo hath delivered whereby ariseth a great doubt concerning the cause of this difference between Cleomedes and Strabo his allowance seeing this of Strabo is the truer although uttered in a few words But Cleomedes his assignation of the same is far from truth although he read and expounded Posidonius his Geodesie to many Concerning his size or manner we will speak hereafter But the Dimension of Eratosthenes was used as yet of many even to Ptolomy's time the year 144 after Christ who used a Perimeter of 180000 stadiums and affirmed it to be more agreeable to truth insomuch that this very Invention was by Theon ascribed to him Theon It is gathered that Marinus a famous Geographer Marinus and by whose Writings Ptolomy was much aided did attempt something in this business as appeared by his Geographical Writings of the same Ptolomy After these times when as the study and prosecution of the Sciences by little and little vanished away in Greece nothing was done in this business neither did the Romans undertake any thing herein But the Arabians and Sarazons having obtained the Empire or glory of other Arts from the Grecians to themselves so likewise they left not this part of the Mathematicks untouched Forasmuch as Snellius relates out of Abelfedea an Arabian Geographer who flourished about the year of Christ 1300 and whose Writings were printed at Rome about the 800 year of the Christian Account Maimon Ring of Arabia studious in Geography in whose days it flourished Maimon King of the Arabians or the Calife of Babylon being studious in the Mathematicks forasmuch as he
above one German mile If we take the Altitude of the Sun one degree the height of the Mountain Athos will be found to be 20 stadiums Yet notwithstanding I esteem the over great distance of Lemnos from the Mountain Athos assigned by Pliny to be the cause of the over-great Magnitude arising from the Calculation For Sophians Tuble of Greece and Blavius his Table of Modern Greece do only exhibit and allow 55 Italian miles the distance for F A. Therefore the Angle F R T shall scarcely be one degree to wit 55 minutes and the Altitude of the Sun one degree 30 minutes and therefore F R T 87 degrees 35 minutes and if it be done in the Triangle F R T As the sign of the Angle F R T 87 degrees 35 minutes to the sign of the Angle T R R 91 degrees 30 minutes so F R 860 to R T. Or in the Triangle T F A strait angled to A the Angle T F A shall be one degree 30 minutes and F A is assumed as the strait or right of 55 miles The Altitude A T shall be found according to this Proportion As the whole sign to the Tangent of the Angle T F A one degree 30 minutes So F A 55 miles to A T the height of the Mountain Here also is the Problem to be answered viz. How the height of any Mountain may be found if it be fully searched out how much sooner the Sun is seen to rise in the top of that Mountain than at the foot thereof And contrariwise if the Altitude be given how and in what manner this difference of time is to be found out touching which matter Aristotle and Pliny have delivered incredible stories and such as the true Calculation and account do teach to be evidently otherwise But seeing this cannot be explicated without the solution of another Problem which we have referred to the second part of this Book therefore we will defer these two Problems to the Thirtieth Chapter Proposition VII The Altitude of Mountains hath no sensible proportion to the half diameter of the Earth or else so little that it hinders the roundness of the Earth no more than a pointed note upon the surface of the Artificial Globe The height of the Mountains no hindrance to the roundness of the Earth For we have shewn that the Mountain of the Island Teneriff called El Pico de Tayde to have no greater Altitude than one mile or at most 1½ mile And certainly Experience can scarcely find out a Mountain higher than that Seeing therefore the half diameter of the Earth is 860 miles it shall be the model and account of the greatest height of the Mountains to the half diameter of the Earth which is 1 to 860 to wit of which parts the half diameter of the Earth or any Globe is 360 one of such the greatest height of the Mountains shall have And whereas there are very few Mountains of so great height but that very many of them scarcely ascend to the fourth part of a mile it is manifest that they heave or lift up the roundness of the Earth no more than certain ruggednesses in Globes made by the hands of Artificers do disproportion the roundness of those Globes For indeed there is no body in the whole nature of things that can have an exact Geometrical roundness Proposition VIII Why showers of Rain Mists and Snows are frequent on the tops of Mountains when as in the neighbouring Valleys the Air is serene and calm without any such Meteors Showers of Rain Snow Mists c. on â—he tops of Mountains when not in the Valleys They which have travelled on the high Lands or Mountainous places of Asia Peruvia and other Countries aver that it oft falls out that they which are conversant on the top of Mountains do there feel and find showers of Rain Snow and thick and foggy Mists but descending thence to the Valleys lying thereunder they feel no such thing but find a clear and calm Air. We sometimes observe the same in the Mountains of our own Country Some say that the cause of this Phaenomenon or appearance is that the Mountains attract thither the Air and Clouds but they do not declare by what faculty or power they may do it and therefore they say nothing to the purpose It seems to me that it is done in this manner The vapours and exhalations when as in the middle Region of the Air in which very many tops of Mountains are they are condensated into small drops begin to decline downward And because the top of Mountains are nearer to those vapours and exhalations condensated in the middle Region of the Air than the Valleys lying under them therefore those small drops which are above those Mountain tops coming first to the ground leave a place in the Region of the Air which presently the next small drops do enjoy because they are forced and thrust forth by others either by reason of Natures abhorring and shunning of vacuity or emptiness or because this is the nature of Water that it flows and runs to that place where its flux or flowing first began or where the place is more low and sunk Proposition IX Whether the Superficies of a Mountain be more capacious than the plane underneath it upon whom it standeth Of the Superficies of Mountains Geometry proves it to be greater but yet it is another Question Whether therefore it can sustain the more Men or bear the greater plenty of Provision I prove the Affirmative for although all things placed in a Mouatain ought to be perpendicular to the under sunk or placed Plane yet greater store of Earth and a greater surface is there CHAP. X. Of the differences and tract of Mountains and in special concerning Burning Mountains Proposition I. Some Mountains are bounded about with a little space Others extend themselves out and march forth at a long reach and trace Of Mountains or Hills AND these Mountains or Hills of the later sort are called tops yokes or chains of Mountains or Hills There are found such like Chains of Mountains or Hills almost in all Countreys in the World so that they may be judged to be thereby continual but that small spaces interpose and thrust in themselves but they march out at length into divers Coasts some from the North into the South some from the East into the West and othersome to Coasts collateral to the Cardinal points The most famous Chains or Cliffs of Hills are these following Of the Hills or Mountains call'd the Alpes 1. The Alpes which separating Italy from the neighbouring Countries extend themselves out by a vast tract of Earth and do as it were send forth their Arms into other Provinces and Countries to wit through France to Spain where they are called the Pyrenean Hills or Mountains and to Rhetia where they are called the Rhetick Hills and to Hungaria where they are named the Hungarian Mountains and doubtful ones then
of which it is probable that the mutation of the height of the Sea availeth much sometimes in this and sometimes in that part by reason of the floods waves or tempest For the water being made higher more presseth the water and promoteth its ingress through the Earth to the Springs And seeing that every day the Altitude of the Sea is augmented and diminished in the parts of the Ocean not only by storms but also by the flux and reflux therefore such a pressure happeneth every day but I question whether this cause can effect much The third Argument answered Unto the third Argument I say that the reason is the disposition of the places and of the Earth it self and as I said that the humour is moved and glideth towards that part where the flux is made neither do I think it needeth any farther explication The fourth Argument Answered The fourth Argument taken from the saltness hath a more difficult solution because that it seemeth not possible that the saltness should be taken away only by transcolation for the saltness of the water consisteth in a double Salt which the Aristotelians never observed the one of which the Chymists aptly call fixed the other volatile Salt And the fixed Salt may indeed be separated from the marine water as well by continual transcolation as by coction and distillation of the water but the volatile Salt because it is spirituous is immediately advanced with the water neither can it be separated by frequent and often repeated distillation Therefore it is hard to give a mode by which this volatile salt spirit in its passage between the Sea and the Fountain may be separated from the Sea water Yet in the mean while these will suffice for the solution 1. Although we have not discovered the mode and artifice by which this volatile salsitude may be separated from the Sea water yet we must not deny but that it may be separated for by nature we find it separated viz. for fresh showers fall into the Ocean which yet were generated of the vapours taken up from the Sea 2. Those particles of Salt water penetrating the Earth before they flow to their Fountain are mixed here and there with other waters proceeding there from rain or vapours and so that small saltitude that they yet had is rendred altogether insensible 3. It is not true that the salsitude is altogether insensible in all Springs because that some Fountains are salt as we said before other-some brackish a little as those two miles from the City Suez and in places less remote from the Sea Therefore there is need of a long transcolation and gentle evaporation to separate the water from the volatile Salt and by this artifice we make Sea water less salt and such also is the generation of rain water which therefore is not salt or at least less salt For it is certain that sometimes saltish kinds of rain do fall into the Sea Therefore the waters of Fountains proceed partly from the Sea or subterranean waters partly from Rivers and Dew that moisten the Earth But the water of Rivers partly proceedeth from Springs and partly from Rain and Snow Proposition VI. Certain Rivers hide themselves in the midst of their passage under the Earth and in another place rise up again as if they were new Rivers Of Rivers which in the midst of their passage hide themselves under the Earth and rise again The most celebrated of them are 1. The River Niger which meeting the Mountains of Nubia is observed under them and cometh sorth again from the other Occidental quarter 2. Tigris having passed the Lake Arethusa meeting the Mountain Taurus is hidden in a Cave and floweth out on the other side Then when it hath passed the Lake Thospites it is again obscured in subterranean Caverns and then after it hath thus run the space of about six German miles it breaketh forth again 3. About Arcadia in Peloponnesus many such Riverets are to be found as Aristotle writeth in his first Book of Meteors Chapter Eleventh 4. Alpheus a River of Achaia is absorbed by the Earth The Grecians write that it keepeth its course under the Sea and beneath the Earth even unto Sicilia where they will have it to emerge on the Coast of Syracuse and to be that River that is called Arethusa in Sicilia Now this they especially collected from this viz. that Arethusa in Sicilia every fifth Summer cast up the dung of those Beasts at that time when the Olympian Games were celebrated and the dung and garbage of the slain Victims were cast into Alpheus Therefore being carried with a direct Current they were cast up in Sicilia 5. The River Guadiana between Portugal and Biscay in times past called Anas wholly obscureth it self at Medelina and about 8 German miles further discovereth it self again 6. Dan which flowing with the River Jor maketh Jordan breaketh forth some miles from its Fountain Phiala Straw or rushes being cast into the same are found and discovered in the Fountain or proruption of the River Dan. The Reasons why these Rivers hide themselves under the Earth and again emerge are 1. The obstacle of a more elevated place than the Channel of the River 2. Either perchance some cavity existing in the Earth or some inconstant matter which easily giveth place to the gliding River There are also other Rivers which hide themselves under the Earth but do not again emerge as we shall shew in the following Propositions Proposition VII Most of the great and indifferent Rivers as also a great part of the lesser do exonerate themselves into the Sea or a Lake and the place where this exoneration is made is termed the Mouth of the River Some Rivers have one some three and some more such Mouths Some of the Rivers of indifferent magnitude as also the lesser sort discharge themselves into greater Rivers the others either stagnate or are sucked up by the Earth Most Rivers both great and small lose themselves in the Sea or in Lakes Concerning the greater Rivers the thing is evident by the Example of the Rhine the Danube the Wolga and such like For the Danube is exonerated into the Euxine Sea by seven Mouths the Wolga hath at least seventy Outlets or Mouths the Nile hath seven and where it overfloweth more The cause why greater Rivers do exonerate themselves into the Sea is their abundance of water and vehement course Now why they have more outlets than one there is a twofold reason for the same 1. The abundance of water 2. The generation of Sands and ridges in the mouths which in progress of time was so augmented that they become either part of the Land or Island and so cause that the River gliding is divided into two branches And when many such ridges are generated the River is divided into many branches or one mouth into many but then for the most part the mouths are carried forwards and the Sea recedeth from
participations of Minerals are to be applied to Vitriol Sulphureous and Mercurial waters and the like and more especially to these to wit to Salt Vitriolate and Sulphureous because in these Nature it self doth exhibit this fourfold variety I doubt whether that Corporeal waters of a mixed subtilty do exist Spirituous Metallick waters are very rare but Sulphureous and Salt waters are frequent But the Corporeal and Spirituous because these sorts of Metals are both found in many places of the Earth and also in a greater quantity and easily suffer their particles to be gnawed off they send out also frequently a fume and vapour We will explain by one Example this fourfold variety of participation and that in Gold 1. In the preceding Chapter and the sixteenth Proposition we have enumerated those Riverets which carry grains of Gold and with this Treasury make glad the Natives such are many in the Earldom of Tirol and the places adjacent and we have said that the Rhine it self Albis Danube and most great Rivers in some places carry grains of Gold as also of other Metals and Minerals by reason that they receive Golden or Gold-bearing Riverets The Rhine carrieth grains of Gold commixed with Clay and Sand in many places but especially at these 1. Near Curia in Rhetia 2. At Meinfield 3. At Eglinsan 4. At. Secningham 5. At the Town Augst not far from Basil 6. At Norinburgh 7. At Wormes 8. At Seltz 9. At Mentz 10. At Bacherack 11. At Bononia and the like The Reader may see those Gold-bearing Riverets which the Rhine receiveth in Thurnhuserus as also those that the Danube and Albis do receive In the water of this viz. the Albis are found grains of Gold 1. At Leutmeritz in Bohemia 2. At Puru 3. At Dresda in Misnia 4. At Torga 5. At Magdeburgh 6. At the Tower of Lunenburgh fifteen miles from Hamburgh Concerning the Gold-bearing Riverets consult the forecited Book of Thurnhuserus where also you may see those that carry other Mettals and Minerals These Waters are therefore the Corporeal Golden-waters of the first mode viz. those that carry grains of Gold which less properly are termed Mineral or Golden because the Golden-grains are not permixed with the water but are carried down by the rapid Current of the water and the waters themselves are simple or uncompounded 2. Golden Corporeal-waters of a subtile commixtion to wit the Atoms of whose waters are mixed with the Atoms of the Gold as we have said of the Aqua Regia of the Chymists which dissolveth the Gold and uniteth it to it self by Atoms And now because there may be like waters which whether they be carried through Golden-lands or Mines may gnaw off and dissolve some Golden-Atoms of it with Earthly ones such Golden-waters many Riverets seem to be which Thurnhuserus writeth to participate of Gold and reckoneth them up in the description of the Danube Rhine and other great Rivers 3. The Golden Spirituous-waters are very few and some of those are they peradventure which Thurnhuserus enumerateth Now such waters are less noted or sensible because Golden-Earth and Mines are very rare and that in a small quantity Moreover where the Mines are a quantity of other Minerals are also together with the Gold whence the water receiveth many more Spirits Yet some Riverets in the high Alpes of Bohemia are said to participate of these Golden-Spirits also in Silesia and the Mountain that they call Fitchtelberg The Pepper-Baths in the Bishoprick of Curia are believed to be impregnated with such a Spirit but by reason of the admixture of other Minerals in greater quantity the waters receive a less sensible quality from it 4. Golden-waters which carry both Atoms of Gold and Spirit are some of the Riverets mentioned by Thurnhuserus We will add the Example of Salt-waters Example of Salt-waters 1. Salt Corporeal-waters viz. which carry the more gross particles of Salt and not accurately mixed they are many and sufficiently known to any person as certain Springs of which Salt is made Hitherto appertaineth the Sea-water if that it be made more gross by the heat of the fire 2. Salt Corporeal subtile-waters which contain the Salt reduced into little particles they are those which when they are most Salt yet withal they are very pellucid and subtile as many salt Springs and tenuous Sea-water although that there be great difference in this subtile commixtion Hitherto appertaineth the Vrin of all Animals 3. Salt Spirituous-waters which contain not the particles of Salt but the spirit of Salt they are such that if you should boyl many Vessels of them yet notwithstanding you should receive no Salt Not a few of these are in Germany and elsewhere but they are rarely found simple 4. Salt Corporeal and Spirituous-waters which have particles of Salt and Spirit Almost all the Corporeal have also some portion of Saline spirit but most of them very little So near the City Saltzinga not far from the Rhine the Fountains are salt the water of which though more salt than other waters yet it affordeth less Salt because its sharp and salt sapor is sharpned by a spirit or volatile Salt that flyeth away in the boyling Hence it is manifest how this fourfold difference of participation is to be applied unto every sort of Mineral waters viz. Vitriolate-waters Alom-waters Lead-waters and the like Proposition V. To reckon up the noted differences of Mineral Waters The noted differences of Mineral Waters In the foregoing Propositions we have explained the true kinds and differences of Mineral waters taken from the very essence of them viz. from the particles of the Minerals which they carry or by which they are impregnated but those differences because they do not so strike the senses and moreover by reason of the various mixture of Minerals communicate various properties to the water wherefore they are less vulgarly known for the denomination of all Bodies ariseth from manifest qualities on the Sense as also doth the celebrity of waters amongst men The explication and cause of which apert qualities and properties must be sought from the inmost composition of things Therefore the noted and famous differences or species of Liquors flowing from the Earth and also known to the Vulgar sort of men are these ten to wit 1. Sowr-waters 2. Bitter 3. Hot 4. very Cold 5. Oily and Fat 6. Poysonous 7. Coloured 8. Ebullient 9. Water that converts less hard into harder or after any other mode changing any Bodies cast in or stained with them 10. Salt-waters And in the 11th place we may add those which are endowed with any other wonderful property Unto these Classes those that are studious in these things may reduce all Waters which are found described in Authors We shall only in brief shew their generation and differences and alledge some Examples Proposition VI. To explain the cause or generation difference or kinds of Acid or Sowr Waters Of Sowr Waters Great is the celebrity of Acid waters or Springs they
shall be placed on the Meridian line of the plain and so the Map shall have its required scituation Proposition IX To find the Latitude of the place from the Heaven or the Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon of any place by the benefit of the Stars To find the Latitude of a place above the Horizon by the Stars Although the Latitude of a place exist in the Superficies of the Earth viz. its distance from the Aequator yet it cannot be found without the Stars The modes of finding the same are various First Let the Altitude of the Sun above the Horizon be observed when he cometh to the Meridian line and let its complement or distance from the Vertex of the Sun be taken For this take away the declination of the Sun to the day of the Observation that is if that the Sun be fixed in the Southern part of the Zodiack but let it be added if that it be in the Southern the residue shall be the Latitude of the place But the declination of the Sun that is his distance from the Aequator in the day of the Observation is found from the place of the Sun and that from a Table of the declination of the parts of the Ecliptick or from the Globe for let the place of the Sun be noted in the Globe at the day of the Observation and brought to the Meridian the degrees of the Meridian being intercepted between the Aequator and the place of the Sun exhibit the declination of the Sun at the day given Secondly The Sun rising or setting by the benefit of the Globe the Latitude shall thus be found Let the Plaga or part in which the Sun riseth or setteth be observed which Mariners are accustomed to do by their Compass but the true Meridian line is required to this Let the same Plaga or degree be marked in the Wooden Horizon of the Globe Let the place also of the Sun in the Ecliptick for the day of the Observation be noted then let the Brazen Meridian in the Crena of the Horizon be turned thereunto the Pole being more or less elevated until the noted place of the Sun meet with the noted place of the Horizon so the elevation of the Pole in the Globe shall be the same which the place hath where the Observation was made The Solution will be more easie by Calculation but by reason very few Students of Geography understand the solution of Spherical Triangles therefore I omit the same which shall also be observed in the following Problem Note That in the time of the Aequinoxes when the Sun is in the begining of Aries or Libra then this method hath no use because that then the Sun in one and the same Plaga or part riseth and setteth to all places viz. in the part of the true East or West or in the Plaga of the Aequinoctial rising or setting Thirdly When the Sun shineth at Noon let the style or pin A B be perpendicularly erected on an Horizontal plain See Scheme and let the Longitude of the shadow A C and the style A B be taken in some divided line Therefore in the right Angled Triangle A B C shall be both the noted sides A B A C whence the Angle A B C shall be found to be the distance of the Sun from the Vertex viz. if that it may be that as A B hath its self to A C so the whole sign hath it self to the Tangent of the Angle A B C from thence the Latitude of the place shall be found as we have shewed in the first Mode But if the Observation be made on the day of the Aequinox then the distance of the Sun from the Vertex being found the same is the Latitude of the place The elevation of the Pole at Rome and Carthage So Pliny writeth in the 72 Chap. of his Second Book that in the City of Rome the ninth part of the Gnomon or pin is wanting unto the shadow whence the elevation of the Pole is collected to be 41 degrees 25 minutes At Carthage the Gnomon hath the same proportion to the shadow as 11 hath to 7 whence the elevation of the Pole is collected to be 32 degrees 13 minutes Fourthly In the Night time when the Stars can be seen if we take the Altitude of any Star in the Meridian with an Instrument or from a Table know the declination of the Stars thence with little trouble we shall find the Latitude of the place For if that Star be scituate between our Vertex and the Semicircle of the Aequator elevated to us we must then add But if the declination of the Star be Northernly and the Star seated between our Vertex and the Polary Star we must then subtract from that declination the distance of the Star from our Vertex the remaining number shall be the Latitude of the place If that the Declination be Northern and the Star be seated between the Pole Star and the proximate part of the Horizon the complement of the declination shall be added to the found out Latitude of the Star The aggregate number shall give the Latitude of the place or the elevation of the Pole If the Declination shall be Northern and the Star is placed between our Vertex and that part of the Horizon remote from the Polary Star that declination shall be added to the distance of the Star from the Vertex or to the Complement of the Altitude The aggregated number shall be the Latitude of the place Finally if that the Declination of the Star be Southern this must be deducted from the Complement of the Altitude observed and the remaining number will shew the Latitude of the place Neither in this casualty doth any variety occur as in the Star of the Northern declination which is to be understood of the places scituated between the Aequator and the North Pole for it is otherwise with the places which lye between the Aequator and the South Pole Fifthly If the Plaga or part be observed in which any Star riseth or setteth the Latitude of that place may be found by the benefit of the Celestial Globe according to what we have said in the third Mode Sixthly If that you have not a Table of the Declination of the Stars at hand you may obtain the thing required if that you observe some Stars not setting viz. such a one which in its whole circumrotation is remaining above the Horizon for those Stars come twice to the Meridian and therefore their Meridian altitude is twofold one greater and the other less Both these must be observed and the half difference must be added to the lesser Altitude or taken from the greater so we shall obtain the Latitude of the place Seventhly If we enquire not after an accurate Latitude of a place but would be contented with one not much receding from the true we must take the Altitude of the Polary Star when that it hath far
Longitudes of almost all places which we know are found out by this Mode For from the noted comparation of the time in which the beginning or middle of the Eclise was discovered it is easy to find out the Longitude of one place from another as I think is sufficiently explained But the use of Mariners requireth a Phoenomenon or appearance viz. which may happen every night at the least if not in the days because it can happen in every night so that they may be in an unknown place as deceived by Tempests But the more frequent Phoenomenon is the place of the Moon in the Zodiack but a very troblesom observation is required by reason of twofold Parallaxes so that you can hardly avoid a small error if at least a great one of half or an whole hour be shunned whence a false Meridian is found removed from a true many miles viz. a hundred and more Yet you will be subject to the lesser error if that you expect the moment of the hour in which the Moon is in the Meridian for then the place is accurately enought found after this Mode When you have observed that the Moon is come into the Meridian of the place where you are then you must presently take the noted Altitude of some Star and from this It is presupposed that the Elevation of the Pole is before found and the Elevation of the Pole you may enquire the hour but it is better to do it by some Star then in the Meridian as we shall hereafter shew Moreover from the known hour is found what Point of the Ecliptick or Zodiack is then in the Meridian or that possesseth the middle of Heaven as Astronomers speak which also is easy as we shall shew anon So at the hour of our place or of the unknown place we shall have the known place of the Moon in the Zodiack Then from the Tables of the Ephemerides let the hour be found which is in the Meridian of the Ephemerides where the Sun is in the place of the Zodiack which is taught in the Introduction of the Ephemerides neither is it difficult And so again we shall have the hours of two places at the same time viz. of the place in which we are whose Longitude is unknown and of the place unto whose Meridian the Ephemerides are Calculated and whose scituation is in Maps and Globes Wherefore from the difference of time the Longitude of our place sought for shall be found as is sufficiently demonstrated in the preceeding Mode The third Mode by the distance of the Moon from some fixed Star The third Mode of the Moon By reason that we cannot observe the Moon in the Meridian many nights viz. when she is not much removed from the Sun after and before the New Moon and therefore this appearance is not so frequent as the Mariners use requireth Therefore some do consider another Phoenomenon in the motion of the Moon which is more frequent and from thence the Mode in finding out the Longitude is delivered viz. the drawing near and departing of the Moon from the fixed Stars for from thence the true place of the Moon may be observed at the given moment of the observation But the Calculation is so difficult by reason of the Parallaxes and the solution of the Oblique Spherical Triangles and other hazards that it can neither serve Mariners nor will I burthen you with its Precepts but rather omit it For it requireth a Genius most expert in Calculation The fourth Mode by the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick The fourth Mode of the Moon The path of the Moon cutteth the Ecliptick in two points in which when it cometh by its own proper motion she is then in the Ecliptick but at other times it is moved out of it by a great departure of 5 degrees Therefore you must observe exactly the time in the place of the unknown Longitude in which the Moon toucheth the Ecliptick Moreover from the Ephemerides let the hour be taken at the Meridian of the Ephemerides in which that entrance is made Then from the comparison of our time or of the place unknown with the time of the Meridian of the Ephemerides you have the difference of time whence the Longitude of the place which is ours may be found from the Meridian of the Ephemerides But this Mode also by reason of the difficult practice is to be esteemed useless For the entrance of the Moon into the Ecliptick is difficult to be observed and the Calculation is very intricate and subject to â—rror The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets The fifth Mode by the Jovial Planets Many judge this Phoenomenon to be prefered before the Phoenomenons of the Moon in this affair because that these Jovial attendants are not subject to Parallaxes and moreover in every scituation of Jupiter above the Horizon afford a commodious observation There are four Planets the invention of the Great Galilaeus which move about Jupiter as about the Center of their Lord so small that they cannot be discerned by a free sight but only by the help of a Telescope Their Motion viz. that proper to them by which they move about Jupiter for they have a Diurnal Motion common with all the Stars a Motion common in the Ecliptick with Jupiter and the other Planets is very swift For he that is next to Jupiter absolveth his course in one day with 18 ½ hours the second in 3 days with 13 ¼ hours the third in 7 days and 2 hours the fourth and last in 16 days with 18 hours The progress of their Motion must be Calculated at every hour and therefore it is not found in the common Ephemerides but you have their Ephemerides in other Books Therefore if we desire by the help of their Motions to find the Longitude of a place we must make use of a most perfect Astroscope and in the night turning it to Jupiter if he be above the Horizon of that place to observe the Conjunction of these two Planets or the Conjunction with Jupiter or the like appearance and at that moment of time to find also the hour of the place from the Meridian scituation or Altitude of any Star Then the Ephemerides of these Companions of Jupiter must be consulted and the hour and scruples of hours thence taken in which such a Conjunction is in the Meridian unto which those Ephemerides are computed And so again we shall have the hour of the two places at the time of one and the same Phoenomenon Whence from the difference of the hours if it be turned into degrees we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides which is known The sixth Mode by an Automatical or moving Dial or Horologe By reason that all the Modes in which by the Celestial Phoenomena we have shewed to find the Longitude of places are in this respect defective The sixth Mode by a moving Dial. that they do