immortall Commentaries of his owne expedition yet there are a that will tell you they have seen an Itinerary of his or Description of the World in which Gentes civitates singulae cum suis distantiis in itinerario annotatae essent But because their Witness may perchance be excepted against by some being but late Writers we will therefore hear what Aethicus in his Cosmography sayes to it who is indeed an Author ancient enough as being transcribed in some places by Paulus Orosius in his Histories dedicated to S. Austin Iulius Caesar saith Aethicus Cum Consulatus sui fasces erigeret ex S. C. censuit c. So soon as he began to exercise his Office of Consul made an Order confirmed by a Decree of the Senate that the whole Roman World should be surveyed and measured by Learned men and well seen in all parts of Philosophy In his Consulship therefore with M. Anthony the World began to be measured from which time to the * third Consulship of Augustus which was with Crassus being * XXI years V. Months and IX dayes Zenodotus was taking a survey of the whole East From that Consulship of Caesar likewise to Augustus his being the X Cos. in * XXIX years VIII months and X. dayes time the Survey of the Northern part of the Empire was brought in by Theodotus From the very same Consulship also of Caesar to the Consulship of Saturninus and Cinna the Southern part was measured by Policlytus in XXXII years I. month and X. dayes So that in about the space of XXXII years the whole World was surveyed and a generall account thereof brought in to the Senate Thus far Aethicus From which relation we may deservedly observe the greatness and vast extent of the Roman Empire whose Notitia or Survey was not taken under such a time although just exception may be made against the account of years here as also in respect of the Consuls Names in both which he is fouly out And out of this very place of Aethicus I presume else I am to seek whence is taken that which I find in a Farrago of divers things published when Printing first began among us as you may easily see by the English of it Iulius Caesar used in his time to insearche and mesured the World in lengeth and breede and did make therof grete Bokes and of all the Partyes Contrays and Provinces and Wondres in him contayned and that Boke acorded to Bartylmew and to Marcus Paulus and to Claudius Tholomeus and to the grete Arystotell that went with stondynge and ben proved treâ—…e be many dyvers resonable provynges c. We make use of Simlers Edition which we conceive the best as bad as it is till such time as we shall have the good hap to meet with Salmasius his Aethicus great hopes of which he gives us in more then one place In the mean while see Baronius in the Apparatus to his Annalls Now that which here chiefly we shall take into our cognizance will be first To examine who this Aethicus was and secondly Whether Cuspinian and Malleolus and others who take upon them to have seen an Itinerary or Description of the World under Iulius Caesars name do not mean this very peice of Aethicus with Antoninus's Itinerary as they are commonly joyned together For Aethicus he is called by some Sophista ex Istriâ oriundus by our most admired Francis Bacon he is stiled Astronomus But you must take notice that they have two distinct Cosmographicall Works which bear the name of Aethicus this vulgar one which hath often been Printed and another never yet published joyned to the other Aethicus in Thuanus's MSS. but I have seen it in the Bodleian Library in the same Volume with an ancient Solinus in Parchments In some Copies it bears this Title Incipit liber Aethici Philosophico editus oraculo ab Hieronymo presbytero translatus in latinum ex Cosmographiâ mundi scripturâ In the Preface you shall find Hic Aethicus Istria regione Sophista claruit primusque codices suos Cosmographiam nuncupavit And yet Aethicus Ister philosophus is often urged in this very Book which is the same I dare boldly say which Bacon and others mention and it is cited by Lilins Giraldus under the Title of Antiquitatis Historiae quae ab Hieronymo in Latinum sermonem è Graeco conversae creduntur A Book indeed containing many things fabulous and foolish and unworthy S. Iâ—…romes pains in the translating if he ever did it The vulgar printed Aethicus whom we have now to do withall termed Monstrosorum vocabulorum auctor by Ortelius in Thuanus his ancient written Copy is called Iulius Orator a Writer mentioned by Cassiodorus as Salmasius who had the use thereof Witnesses in more then one place And this name Julius which Cuspinian perhaps and Malleolus found before their Books for they mention not the name of Aethicus as also their finding of the Senates Decree procured by Julius Caesar for the surveying of the Roman Empire in the very Preface of this Work made them as it is very likely inscribe it with the following Itinerary which goes usually under Antoninus's to Julius Caesars name For that these two peices are joyntly intended by them appears plainly by the words of one of them before cited Gentes civitates singulae in Itinerario We referring the word Gentes to Aethicus in whom you have Oceani Orientalis gentes Oc. Occid Gentes c. And Asiae situs cum suis papulis c. And the Civitates cum suis dist intiis to Antoninus's Itinerary And indeed Flodoardus the Presbyter seems to make both these but one mans work For Aethicus is quoted by him for two severall Journeys which are not to be found otherwhere then in Antoninus In like manner is Ethicus cited by the learned Welchman David Powell for Nemo contrarium saith he which is in Antoninus's second Journey And again before that Itinerary in a very ancient Copy the Preface concerning the Dimension of the Earth belonging to Aethicus was found prefixt as Simlerus informs us And in a word Caspar Barthius the flourishing Philologer of this age tells us plainly he had observed that Aethicus was the Author of both Peices Now from the foregoing Discourse all that we can conclude comes to thus much That although the Title of Aethicus be exploded and utterly cashired from having any thing to do with these Writings as Salmasius contrary to what Barthius imagines will have it yet for all that we cannot with Felix Malleolus absolutely say that Julius Caesar was the Author of them or Antoninus Pius of the latter part as most do and that not to urge other reasons because the names of many Cities and Places are to be found in both of them which had not any Being till long after their times However we being none of those who dare Litterarum
mighty Mount and four Bulwarks raised as it were with exceeding great labour up to a great height But now it is viculus pertenuis a very poor Countrey Village and as famous as it was of old times we may at this day seek it in its ruines and scarce or not at all find it I have done with it therefore and will shut up all in the words of the Psalmist Come sayes he behold the works of the Lord what desolations he hath made in the Earth Thus much shall be sayd of Cataractonium ISURIUM M. P. XXIV The distance between Catarick and Aldburgh which is put for Isurium will well agree with the number XXIV here between that and Cataractonium if you doe but remember and observe what I said e're now concerning the distances of old times and those at this day Taking notice also of the course they then took in their journeying which quite thorow this Itinerary is to be heeded In the 11. Journey this Station is called Isuria and in the fifth Isubrigantum that is Isurium Brigantum for Ptolemie also makes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be one of the Cities of the Brigantes They say it had its name from the Confluence of the Isis and the Urus a little above which it stood not far from Burrowbridge a place very famous of later ages but of old for three Roman Trophees set up not far from thence like Pyramids saith Leland a little from the High-way The Saxons called them both met together by one name the Ouse or Uyan That the old Britains had knowledge of Isis not onely as acquainted with the Romans worshipping her but otherwise also by their bearing armes for them in Egypt where she was most adored is to be made good by clear record The Notitia of the Provinces of the East Sub dispositione viri Spectabilis ducis Thebaidos Ala quarta Briconum Isui In the Itinerary it is Isiu Both places are to be mended Isij out of Plutarch in whom as also in Heliodorus you have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying the City and Temple of Isis of which Stephanus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 witnesses you have such large circuits of her Travellors in Cumens Alexandrinus that it were no more wonder to hear of her name in these Northern Climates then in Aegypt Hence it is sayd the Suides and Angles and Eudoses and other Germans in old time worshipped her Tacitus particularly of the Swedes Isidi sacrificant c. What reason they have to use that strange Sacrifice I know not saith he unlesse it be that the Image of that Goddesse being fashioned in modum liburnae in forme of a kinde of Boat doth declare that their Religion hath been brought them from a strange Countrey And therefore we wonder not now that we have three noted Rivers of her name among us For by the testimony of Pausanias and an old Coyn published by Golizius she hath also the Title of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Isis of the Sea And truely the indigitaments of old Deities were often inscribed to Rivers as Belisama a name of Minerva to the River Rible in Lancashire and others as the names of Saints are usually to divers places abroad at this day Now whereas they say the Aegyptians alwayes fashioned and Painted Isis with hornes some may conceit that done because her name is attributed to Rivers all Rivers being described horned by the Poets I and some called Hornes by reason of the windings of their Channels But the Fable affords a better reason which tells us Jo that is Isis the Daughter of the river Inachus was by Jupiter turned into a Cow and so conveyed into Aegypt where it should seem she and Apis were horned Deities But truly I must tell you I had rather have met with one antient authority out of Ptolemie or some other of old time whereby I might be assured these rivers were so called sometimes by the Romans then all that either Leland or Camden have wittily said for Leland seems to me one who had rather devise handsome names himself for any place then diligently tread the very and certain steps of Antiquity The Town out of its ruines is as I said called Aldburgh the name signifying The old Borough or Town On the very ground where Isurium sometime stood you may at this time see either cornfields or pasture Et campos ubi Troja suit Laborat annalium fides ut Veios fuisse credamus says the elegant Historian concerning the old Veii And our Antiquary saies that such Writers as mention Isurium would have much ado to make us believe it had once a being here were it not for the proportionable distance from York here set down and the great store of Roman coin found daily hereabout EBORACUM LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX M. P. XVII The distance here from Aldburgh to York is various according to the variety of Copies and the severall journeys in which we meet with it In the first journey you have seventeen miles in some books sixteen in the second eighteen and in this fourteen according to Surita but in his divers readings he takes notice of seventeen also which Aldus Simlerus and Harrison admit and this will make the generall number in the foot of the reckoning to agree with the particulars as is before observed Neither will the distance at this day unhandsomely sure if you conceive as you must that the antient site is somewhat altered The first mention you meet with of this place is this in Antonine except you make Ptolomie antienter as indeed he should be if it be true that he wrote in Antoninus Pius dayes as the common Chronologie gives it out Truly as it is already observed the time when this Itinerarie was published though commonly it bears Antoninus Pius name is not certain neither is it likely it was extant till under Severus For Britain indeed being by Julius Agricola the Pro-Pretor under Domitian wholy reduced and falling a way by little and little under Hadrian the Antonini and Commodus so that in Hadrian's time who in person did what he could to restore all the Romanes having not much above one half thereof and that not very usefull or beneficiall to them and in Antoninus Pius time the d Brigantes of whom Eboracum was a principall city revolting from them things me thinks could not be at this passe as they are represented in this Itinerary till Severus time especially if you consider the stirs and turmoiles at home for the Empire immediately before his arrivall here the Britains from thence taking ground for their defection But omitting here a more exact enquiry after the just time when either of them wrote we are to take notice that the VI. Legion that had the Title of Victrix from it's conquests brought over out of Germany saith Camden and yet for all Severus coin which follows he
honoured at Triers in France as her Birth place for they deny her Britain for her Country as well as her glorious Son But the great Cardinall with others asserts it to both of them By the Inscriptions of that age wherein she lived we may gather what opinion and esteem the World had then of her for she was called Piissima therein and Venerabilis Augusta Many have thought that the City it self was called Colchester from a Colony in the Roman Time placed there But no such matter rather think we it so named from Coln the River wheron it stands as many other Towns else and whence also we find this of old time written Colon or Colun But of all we must not once think that this is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Ptolemie which it seems Surita did for first that was a City of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Damnii a People far away remote in the North of the Island then Ptolemie and other Greek Writers when they borow the Latine word Colonis they commonly spell it by 〈◊〉 whenas this is read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and no Colony at all VILLA FAUSTINI M. P. XXXV During the Romans Power and Sway in the Island this Station flourished there XXXV miles beyond Colonia but in some Copies it is only XXV It is not certain in what age for there is no mention left of it but here in Antoninus and once to imagine that Villa Faustini in Martial were meant of it will be extreamly rediculous It is thought to have taken up that ground where at this day the Hourishing Town of S. Edmunds-bury stands so heretofore though Talbot whose opinion our great Antiquary confirms by the distance thereof as well from Colonia as Iciani the two next Sations on either side Abbo Floriacensis who wrote the life of King Edmund so fouly murthered by the Danes calls it Villam Regiam and King Sigebert built a Church there an argument that it was in those times a place of good note for as we have formerly noted in severall places out of Beda the Villae Regiae of the Saxon times had still their abode where in the former ages the Roman Stations had been placed Let us note this after the learned Camden that the name of this place was in the Saxons time changed into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the same Abbo interprets Bederici Cortis id est Villa Now Bederick as well as Faustinus in the Latine it is not known who principally is intended either by the one or the other having the bodement or signification of felicity or favour we may imagine that the Saxon name doth but meerly render the sense of the Roman especially if we believe Hadrianus Junius who giving a reason of the name of Bateris the Son of Melon the Sicambrian such is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the learned man for in Strabo it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Brother makes it to mean as much as felicitate favore plenus Among our Antiquaries I find this Bederics-gueord is severally written as Beatrices worth Beodrices curte Out of an ancient Diploma or Priviledge granted in the yeare M LXXI to Baldeguinus Abbot of S Edmunds-bury by PP Alexander it is called Badrices hurde But you shall see in Weever's Monuments Budrices Yurthe out of a Charter of King Knute and he interprets it Bederics Court Farme or Mansion-house Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas So great mutations works long-aged Time The learned Fulk had noted to this place Halsted but upon what observation or what other reason I leave to others to find out But of Villa Faustini thus much and more perhaps then need ICIANIS M. P. XVIII Among the many and severall people of Britain in the Roman time the Iceni were also reckoned not only by Antoninus and Ptolemie but by Tacitus also who mentions Prasutagus their King the high undertakings of whose Queen Dowager Boadicia he hath celebrated with an immortall Pen. A portion of them these Iciani seem to have been for there are many reliques of their name in Suffolk especially Norfolk both which they are anciently thought to have inhabited Among the later of whom this Station is judged to have had its residence though Fulk would have had it at Exuey by New-Market or Hinkson between Cambridge and Walder But Talbot 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to use Strabo's words in the like case as more conversant and acquainted in these parts and so fitter to judge if he cannot have it at Thetford he judgeth it to have been at Ic-borough neer Suaffam and herein doth our Britain Pausanias Camden follow him CAMBORICO M. P. XXXV So had all the editions of Antoninus which I made use of that of Aldus of Simlerus and Surita and his written books also saving that of Longotius which had Camboritum the reading whereof our great Antiquary had rather follow for so as he saith very many Towns in Gaul also were terminated Now the name it self being interpreted signifies either the Foard of Cam for so they commonly call that River whereon it stood but Rith sounded a Foard to the old Britains or else it is a winding foard for that Cam signified also with them Which the very nature of the place seems to shew for it was set in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at the very winding and compass of the River as Ptolemy speaking of Euphrates so that it was called Grantcester afterwards by the Saxons the name being wonderfully changed it is at this day a very small village where I said by the River yet heretofore reckoned among the XXVIII most famous Cities of Britain the Catalogue of which Ninnius hath written and wherein it takes place of London it self But out of the ruines thereof that Cambridge did grow the other ornament of the Island of Britain or if I should call it the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather as Synesius elegantly concerning Constantinople there is no body a little more then ordinarily versed in humane studies that is ignorant thereof Henr. Huntingdoniâ—…nsis Hist. lib. 1. Granteceastria quae modo dicitur Cantebrigia the name being compounded from Oranta which the same Author in the fifth book calls fluvium Cantabrigiae Therefore this River seems named Granta by the Saxons which in old time was called by the Britains Cam. There is mention thereof in William de Ramsey Abbat of Crowland in the life of Guthlac thus Est apud Angligenas à Orontae flumine longo Orbe per anfractus stagnosos fluviales Circumfusa palus Oronta with meandring streams Makes many Marshes Lakes and Fens Camden therefore seems that he would have deduced it from Oron a Saxon word which signifies a Fenny or Marshy place for Asserius Menevensis saith he calls the marshy places in Somersetshire once and again Gronnas paludosissimas by a Latino-Saxon name and a City of West-Friesland placed in a Marshie Soyle is
the Ancients that mentions it Thanatos insula alluitur freto Gallico à britanniae continenti aestuario teâ—…ui separata selix srumentâ—…riis campis gleba ubâ—…ri Nec tantum sibi soli verùm aliis salubris locis Nam cùm ipsa nullo serpatur angue asportata inde terra quoquò gentium invâ—…ctasit angues necat All which is very true saving his last observation That not so much as a Snake creeps in this Isle and that the Earth of it conveyed from hence killeth them wheresoever they are found elsewhere which proving nothing so Isidore doth trifle who sayes It was so called from the death of Serpents brought thither Aldus Printed it Athanatis But Salmasius finding Adtanatis in a very ancient book mended it At Tanatis assuring us that is the true name of the Isle about which Camers and Delrio so much trouble themselves and of whom the former surmises it might be Etta corrupted in Antonine or else but in that he is the whole Seas wide to be Ptolemies Agatha which he places in the Mediterranean Sea over against Languedoc and Province whereas the site of Tanet is well known out of Solinus distant enough from thence With far more probability doth our Camden conjecture it to have been Ptolemies Toliapis especially finding it written Toliatis in some old Copies Beda calls it Tanatos and exactly describes it as it was an Island in his daies whose words I will here set for better satisfaction of them that seldome handle him Est ad Oriensalem Cantii plagam Tanatos insula non modica idest magnitudinis juxta cortsuetudinem aestimation is Anglorum familiarum D C. It is falsely Printed miliarium in all Editions I have seen quam à continenti terrae secernit Vantsumu qui est latitudinis circiter trium stadiorum duobus tantùm in locis est transmeabilis Utrumqâ—… enim caput protendit in marc That is On the East of Kent is Thanet no small Isle able to maintain six hundred Families which the River Wantsum divides from the main Land above a quarter of a mile over and fordable onely in two places being brancht two severall waies it runs into the Sea making it an Island But at this day it is but a Peninsula or By-land one of the streams being dryed up some hundred years ago or somewhat more which parted it from the Continent of Britain Now whereas Bede in the same place relates That Augustine minor for so Fabius Ethelwerd calls him to difference him from S. Augustine of Hipps the Monk who first converted the Saxons to the Christian Religion landed with his Company in this Island and that Ethelred the King of Kent came into the Island to visite him and also that ancient Writers likewise report That Ethelred had his Palace at old Rutupiae I cannot tell how Leland Lambard and Harrison could make it good that Rutupiae stood in the Island but that since as they say the water changing its course hath shut it clean out Contrary to what Camden seems to have thought and delivers concerning the ancient situation of the place Ad ausirale Wantsumi ostium quod alveum mutasse credunt è regione insulae apposita fuit urbs quae Ptolemaeo Rutupiae c. At the mouth of Wantsum Southward which some suppose sayes he hath changed its Channell quite over against the Isle was a City by Ptol. called Rutupiae c. And so likewise long before him Talbot whose conjecture also it is that Ptolemie therefore places it among the inland Cities Quod propter objectum Thanati sive Tenedi insulae pauso interrùs sita videatur Because it seemed to stand more inwardly by reason the Island Tanes was placed just over against it As for Ethelred's Palace that it was Rutupiae no man will question their authority that writ it who shall once understand that the old Saxon Kings through all Britain constantly held their residence in Roman Stations which afterwards by that meaas grew into great and frequented Townes and Cities as will easily appear to the not indiligent Reader of Beda and that in more then one place And although I conceive much may be said to prove that Rutupiae stood alwaies on the main land yet I of purpose forbeare to bring any thing of mine own the more to confirm it till such time as some good opportunity shall give me leave to visit the place and to become an eye-witness of the situation thereof My main undertaking here is onely to illustrate the names in this Itinerary with what I find in most ancient memories and Monuments of remotest times concerning them However in the mean while we may do well to observe the strange and dismall effects of the powerfull execution of Time Valleys exalted into Mountaines and great Hills abased into Valleys firm Land become a Sea and the Sea again turned into dry land and in all things so great and various a change that if our fore-Fathers who lived some Ages ago could awake now for a time out of their Graves as they say Epimenides did out of his long sleep they would meet with so far a greateâ—… alteration then he that they would either not at all find or else not know their own Country and the very Land in which they were born and drew their breath so long together So true is that of the excellent Poet. Eputae variant faciem per secula gentes Necse cognoscunt terrae vertentibus annis Th' Epulans still their Garb and Fashions change Whose Land in time unto it self growes strange And this is that Station or City Rutupiae notissima fama Rutupia most renown'd Dives opum Veteri Roma dum regna manebant Nunc tantùm simus statio malefida carinis Rich whilst old Rome did the Worlds Empire sway Now a wild Road for Ships and dang'rous Bay So famous in old time while the Roman name and power was able to manage its own Victories and greatness Now it hath little more to boast of then its Ruines which are themselves too almost perished Some Roman Coynes as well Gold as Silver The draught of its streets crossing one another which appear in the â—…eilds and are known to have been so by the thinness of Corn in them after it is come up the remainder of some Walls of a Castle of a rough Flint and long British Bricks in form of a Quadrant scarce all put together a shadow of its former Glory And after so many arguments both from the name and other antiquities to prove that Rutupia had here its being we shall have no need to confute them who did so mordicuâ—…â—…en re as Mr Floydâ—… words are Tooth and Nail maintain that Dover was anciently so called any other waies than by a bare relating of their opinion although indeed Dover was a famous Haven-town even in the Roman time and named Dubris in this same Itinerary in which it
was so in one of his Manuscripts By the distance and site it seemed to the learned Camden to be the same with Ptolemies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Curia though indeed formerly for Corstopitum he had pitched upon Morpith Which conjecture as it may be countenanced perhaps by the distance from Bremenium and also by a like sound of both names upon the close yet hath it not to shew any Roman Antiquity now appearing Be it therefore Curia or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Bertius his Ptolemy and then it will be Corbridge on Tine which here is laid over with a Bridge But in Corstopitum what the last syllables signifie I am to learne and which is worse have none to teach me Henry of Huntington calls it Cure so Antonines Curia among the Rhoeti is at this day called Chur by the Italians Coira Hoveden names it Corobrigg to have recourse to whom will be worth ones pains And yet not precisely Corbridge neither but rather Rotchester a place hard by well furnished with store of Roman ruines and rubbish which declare what it hath been formerly called most likely by the Saxons Corchester from this Coria but in processe of time as he said Aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo And from the ashes and carkasse of this had the present Towne its rise Besides the termination from Castrum that is a Garrison take notice that almost all our great Cities and Towns in Britain and elsewhere had their beginnings from the Roman Casira but were not alwaies placed in the very same site but at some distance though not very remote as S. Abane fâ—…om Verulamium and most others As for the account of distance here M. P. XX. It will be sufficiently convenient and suitable reckon which way so ever you are pleased VINDOMORAM M. P. IX Surita telling us he could not elsewhere find any mention concerning Vindomora addes moreover that all his written Books agreed in hanc auserendi casu lectionem which confirmes what we said e'rewhile From Corstopitum to this Station are IX miles set down and toward Newcastle along by the Wall at that distance is situate as the learned Pausanias of Britain tells us a small Village called Walls-end which now seems to have possession of the Room of this Station The signification saies he of the old as well as the modern name is the same for Vindomora in the Provinciall Language of the Britains at that time was nothing but Finis Muri or The end of the Wall For beyond it no Vestigia of the ductus or tract thereof appearing ever to have been there the River Tine it is to be thought served for a Rampier or antemurâ—…le to keep off the Enemy Neither doth Vindobala another ancient name of the same Village and of a like composition mentioned in the Notitia Occidentis signifie otherwise then so Wherefore from hence besides that the Wall in Salmasius his MS. Aethicus is called Ballum Britanniae we must take notice of that fraudulent distinction in the learned Presbyter Beda Murus de lapidibus Vallum de cespitibus c. which so deceived the good man that he beleived this Work of Severus even where he relates the thing done To be of Turfs in which were great stakes fastened not of Stone But if we compare Eutropius Jerom Orosius Cassiodorus and Aurelius Victors Epitone de Caesaribus where they use Vallum speaking of this structure of Severus with Aurel. Victor set forth by Andrias Schottus and others which have Murus we shall certainly see that they are but Synonima to expresse the same thing Spartinus as the place in him is rightly restored by the famous Salmasius hath it plaine Severus post Murum aut Vallum missum in Britannia And Bede himselfe makes mention of a Royall Towne qui vocatur ad Murum aee Palle as King Alfred renders it because it was placed by Severus Wall and at this day therefore called Walton So likewise our Antonine reckons up among the Townes of Pannonia prima or Hungary a place called Ad Muro which Wolfanyus Lazius takes for the same with Murocincta in Ammianus I beleive for no other cause or reason Now as it is needlesse to bring authority from the ancients to prove that this structure was of stone every one that at this day hath been in the least way an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or eye-witnesse thereof certainly knowing it so shall it serve for enough to demonstrate that Murus and Vallum signified the very same thing contrary to what the Venerable Bede beleived and wrote 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And consequently that Vindomora and Vindobala though somewhat differing names do yet belong to the very same Mansion And for what Camden saies that they were so called in the Provinciall Language of the Britains the studions Youth is to take notice that as the Provinciated part of the Roman Empire was Civitate donata or made free of the City and out of them their old Legions recruited and new ones also raised the un-reduced serving for Auxiliaries and that by a Law of Antoninus Pius the Emperor thus cited by Ulpian In Orbe Romano qui sunt ex Constitutione Imp. Antonini cives Romani effecti sunt Which Claudian the Poet speaking of Rome and instancing in Britain in particular hath neatly as his manner is thus expressed Nec stetit Ociano remisque ingressa profundum Vincendos alio quaestvit in orbe Britannos Haec est in gremium victos quae sola recepit Humanumque genus communi nomine fovit Matris non dominae ritu civesque vocavit Quos domuit nexuque piolong inqua revinxit Nor stops she there but crost the Sea with Oares Britain a new unconquer'd World explores Then in her lap receives whom she did tame And to all Nations gives one common name She as a Mother not a Victresse calls Them hers the distant joyning to her Walls So likewise in the Provinces a constant course put in practise by what ever Conqueror among a people newly subdued was the Roman tongue every where commended and urged for publick use to the Natives Imperiosa illa civitas c. That domineering City sayes S. Austine not onely put a yoke of servitude upon the conquered Nations but injoyned their Language also As for Britain there is a notable place of Tacitus in his Agricola where he speaks of the courses he took to civilize them Iam vero principum filios liberalibus artibus crudire ingenia Britannorum studijs Gallorum ante ferre ut qui modo linguam Romanorum abnuebant eloquentiam concupiscerent inde etiam habitus nostri honor frequens toga That is Moreover the Noble-mens sons he took and instructed in the liberall Sciences preferring the wits of the Britains before the Students of Gaul as being now curious to attain the eloquence of the Roman Language whereas they lately rejected the speech After that our attire grew to be in
of him we have a neer ken of the place where some time of old it had its being Let us therefore first hear Beda and by some observations taken from him I hope we shall find out Delgovitia He then tells his story thus briefly Eadwin King of Northumberland entring into a serious Deliberation with his Noblemen and other his chief Subjects concerning the entertaining of the Gospel preached in these parts by Paulinus the first Bishop of York among the Saxons he that shewed himself most for ward to abolish Idolatry was Coyfi a chief Priest and observer thereof having first gained liberty of the King for the same purpose The place where he first executed this his so earnestly sought for power to the great astonishment of the vulgar who thought he had been mad Beda thus describes Ostenditur autem locus ille quondam idolorum non longe ab Eboraco ad Orientem amnem Doroventionem vocatur hodie Gotmundin Gaham ubi Pontifex ille inspirante Deo vero polluit ac destruxit eas quas ipse sacraverat aras Observe first from his words that it was locus quondam Idolorum and they may be meant as well of Roman Idols as Saxon. Now Delgovitia being rightly deduced as our learned Antiquary informs us of the old British word Delgive which signifies Deorum Gentilium statuâ—…s and I find elsewhere in their language delio for an image or Statue we may well collect that it was this place of Idols described in Beda especially if we consider the situation of both in the same distance and Tract That of Delgovitia in Antonine somewhat about XX. miles from York VII thence to Derventio then XIII to Delgovitia and that in Beda non procul ab Eboraco ad Orientem amnem Doroventionem Here note that York was the best known place by which to find out that place he aimes at which he as you see calls in his times Godmundingham at this day Godmanham almost in the same sense as Delgovitia rendred Deorum Fanum sive Habitatio And whereas he sets down the site thereof by the River Derventio running from the East we are the place being indeed a good way distant from it to make no more of that but that it was the notedst River neer it Neither was Beda any more then I any diligent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or eye-witness of his own Chorographical Descriptions Every one knowes how constantly close he kept to his Monastery But well may his non procul be excused for denoting XX. miles when far longer distances are expressed by Not far One notable one I bear in mind out of the Greek Historian of the Emperours It is where he gives notice of Severus fear least while himself being busied with Wars in the East Albinus then in Britain might take possession of Rome not far saith he distant thence And yet this distance I know not how well measured by some is made neer upon a thousand Miles The even distance and upon the matter quite answerable by Itinerary account suites exceedingly well here which it would by no means do if Delgovitia had ever been Wenbridge be it where it will for I know not yet which Harrison however and that upon second thoughts too hath not doubted to publish I am afraid too unadvisedly PRAETORIUM M. P. XXV It will be required that I speak in the first place concerning the various acceptions of the word or name whereby this Mansion is called Praetorium then was in the Roman Camp the place where the Generals Pavilion was pitched whether he were Consul or as Praetor the Preparation and Furniture of which after their excessive enrichment by the Conquest of Asia was such that their very Poets scoffed at the Musive work of the pavements the Canopies the looking glasses and other unnecessary implements carried up down with the Baggage of the Army Josephus compares it to a Temple for magnificence And when it signified so Polybius and the Greek Historians render it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Out of the like affectation of magnificence they came at length to call their Country houses or dwellings for pleasure Praetoria also In former times they named them villae In Seneca you may see the description of such a one belonging to Servilius Vatia whom thence he stiles divitem Praetorium This may elsewhere appear For Spelunca a Mannour House of Tiberius by the Sea side which is termed plainly Villa in Tacitus is the very same in Swetonius according to the use of that age he wrote in called Praetorium And so were all the nearer villae and not of rustical employment Praetorium in another sense is as much as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a place of Judicature or as in our English Bibels you have it translated A Judgment Hâ—…l from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in more Barbarous writers retained in the Greek Text both by S. John and Luke in the later of whom you shall find Herods 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if we should not rather understand the Prison-house belonging thereto as he was made King of the Jewes by Augustus otherwise he had nothing to do with the Roman affairs in the Province How great a favour it was in the Provinces to be graced with the stile of King either by the Senate or the Prince every one knows that doth also the History of Massinissa or Ariâ—…vistus or else at home the relations in Tacitus of Prasustagus and Cogidumus if perhaps as some have thought they be not the same For as Tacitus doth truly observe the Romans had every where instrumenta servitutis etiam Reges But the chief power was Roman which resided in the person of Pontius Pilatut who had likewise his Praetorium being then Governour of Judea 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith the Text which the old Interpreter renders by Procurare contrary to his custome who still uses to translate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into Prasidem except you will say his Copy had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which we find by the divers Readings to remain yet in some books For indeed Palate was not in Judea with the power of a Praeses or Legâ—…tus pro Praetore which are all one but onely as a Steward or Procurator as it was usual also in other less considerable Provinces which the authority of Tacitus sufficiently confirms Auctor nominis eius Christus qui Tiberio imperitante per Procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio affectus erat True it is the Government of the Provinces was divers accordingly as they were either belonging to Caesar or the Senate Let us hear Tacitus concerning Britain reduced into the form of a Province in firm the Britans thus complain Singulos sibi olim Reges â—…uisse nunc binos imponi è quibus Legatus insanguinem Procurator in bona viret aeque discordium praepositorum aeque concordiam subjectis exitiosam
agebantur aliquotiens barbaris prodidisse Id enim illis erat officium ut ultro citroque per longa spatia discurrentes vicinarum gentium strepitus nostris ducions intimarent So deserving a Commander for Marcellinus compares him with Domitius Carbulo in Nero's time whom the wisest Historian so surpassingly advanceth whose Tropaees and triumphs were every where extant and conspicuous and whose providence for the safety of the whole Empire was not inferior to but exceeded that of the best Princes came by free Election at length to take charge of all being a man both for his excellent Natural Endowments as well as for his wonderfull stately comelinesse born and made to command the whole World And had I not said enough of him out of Marcellinus I would recommend to the studious youth and yet however I will do it the excellent and eloquent Oration of the Panegyrist made to him personally at Rome when he was now compleat and sole Augustus for in that too you shall finde his extraordinary care for the Welfare of Britain And that learned Author who ever he was who wrote the Book De Rebus Bellicis ad Theodosium filios seems not to me so much to have directly advised them to what was fitting in this kind for them to do as to have expressed lively the Imitable practise and performance of so renowned a Chief and Souldier And the Younger Theodosius also directly trod in the steps of so glorious â—…an example as may be seen by the Lawes of his time enjoyning Magister Officiorum yearly to acquaint the Emperour in what case the Rampiers Garrisons and Souldiery in Generall every where stood as the Studious Reader may see at his pleasure And here in a discourse De Limitum cura custodia and that in Britain too is it possible I can omit the glorious name of Flavius Stilicho whose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 here peace I mean and security in this Island the brave Poet Clau-Claudian doth so highly advance in verse which shall outlive time and a worse vermin then Mothes ill men For thus he brings in Britain speaking by a Prosopopoeia Me quoque vicinis pereuntem gentibus inquit Munivit Stilicho totm quum Scotus Iernen Movit infesto spumavit remige Tethys I lius effectum curis ne bella timerem Scotica ne Pictum tremerem ne littore toto Prospicerem dubiis venturum Saxona ventis Me also thou O Stilicho didst aide By neighbouring Nations overran she said When Scots brought Irish to my fertile shores And Thetis foam'd plow'd with invading Oars Yet I not fear'd the Scots nor Pictish Hoast Nor Saxons sayling to invade our Coast. Elsewhere he affirms the same thing as thus Venit extremis Legio praetenta Britannis Quae Scoto dat fraena truci ferroque notatas Perlegit exanimes Picto moriente figuras The Legion on the British borders lay Which curb'd the valiant Scot and did survey The steel-cut figures on the dying Pict And again in another place domito quod Saxone Tethys Mitior aut fracto secura Britannia Picto The waves to beaten Saxons were more milde Or Britannie the Picts by force exilde I know well enough that the actions of Stiâ—…cho are diversely related by others from what you meet with in Claudiâ—…n and therefore what he saies is reputed but for Poetical sigments But as wise men as them think not so for whatever you read of in Claudian about him depends upon sure grounds and granted by such whose knowledge of the Saxons outgoes Hengists time For that they a long while before in the beginning of Valentinians Empire annoyed the Britans and their Coasts we have good authority Saxones Brittannos â—…nis vexavere continuis saith Ammianus lib. XXVIII In Theodosius his time they are neer spoiled at Sea where they used to rove And within not so long after we find that to keep off their violence and fury from the Island Comitem littoris Saxonici per brittanniam placed here with forces assigned him for that purpose so that I need not to look for further proof out of the forenamed Panegyrick or else out of Sidonius Apollinaris or any where else to defend our good Poet sure I am there are far worse fictions told by some of our Historians in prose I more hearken after them who cry out Enough of this Vallum There is more than sitting said of it already Well then be it so We will therefore have the less to say to Gallio Ravennas and his Legion with the Wall he built here for the Britans safety for which I refer you to Paulus Diaconus Blandus and others As I would also have you for those raised afterwards by the Britans themselves for the same purpose to go to Gildas in his Epistle in which you have the miseries of those and the times neer thereupon lively described And to him you may adde the Venerable Bede who as is well known hath most out of him in the twelfth Chapter of his first Book of his Ecclesiastical History of the Englâ—sh as it is vulgarly intituled As for Gildas his Latine because it is generally harsh and forced I let it alone and commend the Reader to his English which is commonly to be had in Pauls Church-yard Take Beda then as smoother and easier to be dealt withall by the ordinary English man if ever he were at the Latin School Exin Britannia saith he omni armato milite militaribus copiis universis tota floridae juventutis alacritate spoliata quae tyrannorum temeritate abducta nusquam ultra domum rediit praedae tantum patuit utpote omnis bellici usus prorsus ignara Denique subito duabus gentibus transmarinis vehementer saevis Scottorum à Circio Pictorum ab Aquilone multos stupet gemitque per annos Transmarinas autem dicimus has gentes non quod extra Britanniam essent positae sed quia à parte Britonum erant remotae duobus finibus mari interjacentibus quorum unus ab Orientali mari alter ab Occidentali Britanniae terras longe lateque irrumpit quamvis ad se invicem pertingere possint Orientalis habet in medio sui urbem Guidi Occidentalis supra se hoc est ad dextram sui habet urbem Alcluith quod lingua eorum significat Petram Caith est enim juxta fluvium nominis illius Ob harum ergo infestationem gentium Britones Legatos Romam cum Epistolis mittentes lachrymosis precibus auxilia flagitabant subjectionemque continuam dummodo hostis imminens longius arceretur promittebant Quibus mox Legio destinatur armata quae ubi in Insulam advecta congressa est cum hostibus magnam eorum multitudinem sternens caeteros sociorum finibus expulit eosque interim à dirissima depressione liberatos hortata est instruere inter duo maria trans Insulam Murum qui arcendis hostibus posset esse
Exploratores In the other place Bon. â—…ulcanius restores it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nomine saith he ea tempestate usitata pro Auscultatores But of these not to hold the Reader weary any longer let him see the incomparable Lawyer at his leasure when he thinks good As Cumberland of all the shires we have is accounted the best furnished with Roman Antiquities so doth this portion of it hereabouts supply us with the knowledge of somewhat in our affairs whereof in books there is altum silentium As some matters of Commodus the Emperour First Fuscianus II. Silanus II. Coss. Then how Atticus and Praetextatus being Coss. under Gordian that Nonnius Philippus was Propraetor or Legate in Britain and Aemilius Crispinus an African was Commander of the Ala Augusta Gordiana Next there may be seen Inscriptions to M. Julius Philippus the Emperour and his Son neither the same with Gordians Legat here yet both succeeded in the Empire There were found Inscriptions also to some Topicall Gods as Deo Sancto Belatucadro and Deo Ceai of which in another place better LUGUVALLUM M. P. XII That Luguvallum here or Lugubalia among the Monks was Carleil is past all doubt by the affirmation of all ages down along The difference in the names hath already been satisfied for as where you say Ballum for Vallum and elsewhere too So there will be no trouble about that But rather about the origination of the name wherein Leland doth fowly boggle and yet not clearly expedite himself Camden some deal better as who was far more skilled in learned Antiquities He then deduces it from the famous Vallum neer which it was and Lugos or such a like word which signifies a Tower and concludes it so by comparing Ptolemy with Pomponius Mela. For in the former the place that is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is in the later named Turris Augusti So that Luguvallum must signify the Tower or Muniment by the Vallum And had the French Antiquaries taken this course in deriving the names of their two antient and principal Cities Lugdunum and Lucotetia they had not made themselves so ridiculous to strangers deducing the one from Luâ—…um Dirt and the other from Lugdus I know not what imaginary King who built it which I will as soon believe as the building of Turonunt by Turonuâ—… in Geofrey of Monmouth vouching for it Hoâ—…ter but it is not my good lucke to know where I like better the origination thereof which I finde in Plutarch if he be the Author of the Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where he saies out of Clitophon's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iâ—… that Lugdunum was so called because the foundations of the City being laid the Crows suddenly appearing with fluttering wings filled all the Trees thereabout 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So that Lugdunum by this must signifie the Crows hill And truly as many Cities of Gaul and Britain as end in Dunum and there are not a few are found placed upon hills or rising grounds The Grecians called such kind of higher places 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which word the Grammarians out of Herodotus say is Libyan See more in Eustathius upon Homer But much rather do I like that which is to be had set before the Itineraries published by Andr. Schottus being a short glossary out of P. Pithaeus Library expounding certain Gallique words among which you have Lugdunum Desideratus moâ—…s wherein you have likewise the signification of Dunum asserted and made good For though other Writers consent not with Plutarch concerning the deduction of the former part of the name as we see and may do also by Henricus Benedictus Altissiodorensis who wrote neer eight hundred years agone in the age of Carolus Calvus in the life of St. German in these verses Lugduno celebrant Gallorum famine nomen Impositum quondam quod sit Mons lucidus idem The antient Gaul thy noble Pile From thy bright Hill Lugdunum stile Yet they do generally in the hinder part thereof As besides others Seneca in that Epistle where he tells of the burning of Lugdunum Civitas saith he uni imposita huic non altissimo monti Wherewith the learned Vossiuâ—… with very good judgment mended that place in Strabo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 reading it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Such being the situation of the place Now whereas it cannot be denyed but that Luguvallum was a Station or place neer the Vallum give me leave to speak freely what I think of it namely that Ael Spartianus in the life of Severus doth intend no other Mansion but it in these words Post Murum aut Vallum missum in Britannia quum ad proximam Mansionem rediret non solum Victor sed etiam in aetâ—…rnum pace fundata volvens animo quid ominis sibi occuâ—…reret Aethrops quidam è numero militari c. The very situation leads me to think that he means none other by that Proximam Minsionem then Luguvallum or Carleil Besides that which mainly induces me to beleeve so is that the Sixth Legion having dispatched the service Severus set them upon the rearing of the Wall left behind them here a remembrance of themselves yet to be seen in large and elegant Characters LEG VI. VIC P. F. G. P. R. F. There is to be seen here likewise another Inscription but of a later age made to preserve the memory of Marcus Trojanus set up by his Dearest Wife which they that will may see in Camden About the times of William II. William of Malmesbury speaking hath these Words Visum erat triclinium Romanum ex lapidibus forntcibus concamtratum quod nulla unquam tempestatum contumelia aut ignium flamma labe factari potuit in cujus fronte inscriptum erat MARII VICTORIAE The Wits of the former age did severally exercise themselves to know what the meaning might be some contending it belonged to Arviragus who in the British story is called Marius others thought it that Marius who in Gallienus his time was saluted Emperour But much amiss Our Antiquary informs us that the best Copies of Malmesbury had written MARTI VICTORI and that he likes best as I do also Such Inscriptions are not difficultly to be come by every where And having no Manuscripts of Malmesbury at hand I must be content So much therefore of Luguvallum shall be said at this time Adding this onely that Lugubalia from which contracted the Saxons name Luel by which they called this Town was written at the Monks pleasure with a single or double L. but the later is the best The Reader I hope will of himself take notice of the Enallage genetis and why with others I refer him not to Lucopibia in Ptolemy he shall know when I come to it VOREDA M. P. XIIII The distance of this Station from Luguvallum though a long while I
was in the Island thus much may serve to be spoken being all that is to be found in Roman memories whether Latine or Greek If you please we descend to the age of Beda a faithful Treasurer of some Roman matters neer decayed among us you shall find this City when he hath occasion to mention it in his History onely called Civitas Legionum qua à gente Anglorum Legacester à Eritonibus autem rectius Cairlegion appellatur Whom the general current of our Latin Writers follows But our English at this day name it Westchester sure in respect of the VI. Legion at York theset wo being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into which Severus as Herodian tells us disposed the whole jurisdiction of the Island in his time and Chester by reason of Excellency as the Saxons judgement was according to the common verse Cestria de Castris nomen quasi Castria sumpsit Thou Chester from a Camp received'st thy Name Now whereas Florilegus or Matthew of Westminister to the year DCCCCLXXXV saies this City or Legacestria was somtime Anglicâ—… WIRHALE dicta as I studied upon the cause thereof I received satisfaction at length from the lately most learned and still admired Doctor Usher my kinde and ever honoured friend that it proceeded from a place in the old Saxon Annals joined to Beda not rightly understood by Florilegus and this it is Hie 〈◊〉 on anne werene cearone on 〈◊〉 healum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 leâ—… dearene â—…ehaven But why as the same Author writes it was also of old time named Cynenge Cestria that indeed I am yet to inquire after Again I am not well satisfied in that peice of Antiquity which we have produced by a learned man of the former age William Harrison who me seems too confidently delivers that Deva was builded by the famous Roman Propraetor under Claudius Caesar P. Ostorius Scapula for to spare other reasons his being here was before the XX. Legion landed in the Island and they in all good reason seem to me the Founders whose Seat it was and constant abode except occasions now and then drew another way Much more do I marvell at that slip of memory and it is a notable one of so great an antiquary among us John Balaeus who confounds the two Caerleons that upon Usk in Wales where the Legio 11. Augusta bore the sway and this here upon the Dâ—…e whence Deva doubtlessly had its denomination Cities and Rivers as may be observed in most Countries being found to be many times cognomines For truly Ptolemyes books must be mended in which you shall find 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the River here which must indeed have been 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or some such thing But they are quite out too and they are not a few for errour gets followers apace that say Deva was Doncaster more in the North when as by that the old Station Danum in Antoninus is meant far away distant as may be seen in its place The curious may know that they owe their Original of their City from the great Gyant Leon of yore to Henry Bradshaw some ages ago except the Citizens had rather own it themselves and so be thought to be of the Gyants race BONIUM M. P. X It is in some Copies but falsly read Bovium and Bomium Talbot acknowledgeth this reading of the name to be righter though he could not divine where the place was Harrison too mends it so and Camden approves it in both This without any controversie is that which at this day we call Banchor or Bangor in Flintshire There remains sufficiently express marks of the old name still therein And if you heed Guido Pancirolus he will tell you that the Numerus Bonensium so called hence did reside with their Praefectus in the Island at Derventio though I confesse the vulgar reading there is differing But the former conjecture is very probable if you change the fourth vowell into the first then which nothing is more easie or usuall Neither can any scruple be raised at the distance from Deva here just ten Miles Hear then Renulphus Cestrensis Tradunt nonnulli Pelagium fuisse Abbatem apud famosum illud monasterium de Bangor quod per decem milliaria à Legecestria distat Now this Monastery Ranulpbus speaks of is by our Beda called Bancornabyrig lingua Anglorum in quo saith he tantus fertur fuisse numerus monachorum ut cum in septem portiones esset cum praepositis sibi rectoribus monasterium divisum nulla harum portio minus quam trecentos homines haberet qui omnes de labore manuum suarum vivere solebant An example which these times abhor to imitate though these good souls I believe followed therein no worse then Saint Pauls own practise But certainly these were such foolish Monks as in the Island Capraria by Italy the Heathen Poet pleasantly lets fly at Squallet lucifugis insula plena viris Ipsi se Monachos Graio cognomine dicunt Quod soli â—…ullo vivere teste volunt Munera fortunae metuunt dum damna verentur Quisquam sponte miser ne miser esse queat Quaenam perversi rabies tam stulta cerebri Dum mala formides nec bona posse pati Men hating strangers fill the I le From which themselves thy Monks do stile Least any might their customes know They fear what Fortune doth bestow She should resume With certain woes content Th' uncertain future to prevent Strange frensie sure his weaker Brain infects who fearing storms a Halcion calm rejects See the rest in him For this is no place for them as neither for those of Aegypt men of most strict severity and outgoing the Essens rigidness among the Iews Leland and Camden agree in deducing the Monasteries name in Beda from Bonium Chorus and Burgis as if it signified Burgum Chori Bonii yet Leland hath a fetch beyond him making the syllable Ban in that word to signifie a high noted place easie to be seen Now it lies all wast and is at best but arable Land but the fame of the place is not with all decayed For Ranulphus of Chester as you see beside others say Pelagius that Arch Heritique was Abbot here Truly that he was a Britain St. Augustine Prosper Aquitanus Paulus Orosius who lived in the same age with him do affirm This is that Pelagius who under Honorius and Arcadius about the year CCCC contra auxilum gratiae supernae venena suae perfidiae longe lateque dispersit So far and wide went his fame that the Jewish Rabbins themselves let him not scape their censure for one speaking of him uses this expression 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They make him to have but one eye and say at home he was called Morgan which indeed in old British signifies Merigenam or pelago ortum that is Pelagius That Gildas the most antient of our British Writers was an inhabitant of this place I
there yet to be seen and which at this day enclose some two acres of ground which they call Castlecroft as it were Castri Campum To this the inhabitants of the place by constant tradition say an old City was joined standing on the other side of the way guessing by the rubbish in such store the place where a Church sometime stood and which is the best proof of Antiquity they produce to shew the Caesars coines found here So that to borrow Tacitus words Veteris famae latae vestigia manent spatiumque cujus ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem Or if you had rather take that of Veleius Paterculus the Court-Historian concerning the very old City Cumae Vires veteris ejus Urbis hodieque magni udo ostentat moenium The distance from Manduessedum in the Itinerary suits well with the places now and what ought to move also the old Highway with a fair visible and continued ridge comes from the Penâ—…ks bank even hitherto MANDUESSEDUM M. P. XVI Manduessedum was sometime a famous Roman Mansion as appears by Antoninus To find out the place where of old it stood among our many Antiquaries is not worth the while for even Talbot confesseth and so must they that he can neither divine nor devise whereabout it should be and yet he tells us that Manâ—…field in Shâ—…wood comes the neerest The difficulty in discovering it proceeds I conceive from not following a certain course for the finding it out next the uncertainty of distance Talbot telling us that the book he used having XVI M. P that the notes in the end would have it mended VI. the contrary of which was in the Longoâ—…an Manuscripts in which as Surita witnesses was to be found M. P. VI. XVI corrigitur Our very learned Antiquary Camden taking a sure course in these parts along Watlingstreet hath light uponit most luckily at a proportionable distance from Etocetum and thereby hath he found it not far from the River Anker where it is laid over with a stone-bridge Neither is the English Name at this day so totally dissonant from the old one but that it still retains some part of it for it is called Mancester in which what the addition of chester betokens you have formerly had notice given you In Ninnius his Catalogue of our old Cities it is named Mauncegaâ—…d and the all-knowing Usher agrees to all that is said here onely as he was more plentifully accomodated with Copies of Ninnius he produceth more varieties of reading Cair Maunguid alias Mauchgnid which whether at all material our friends the old Britains have most reason to know best Now whereas there is a Quarry of stones here by whence they have supplyed their need formerly cutting thence and seeing we are informed by the Glossaries of the British Language that as Main is a Stone so Fosswad in the Provincial speech hath the signification of digging from which two words joined together as they may easily produce Manduessedum so do they to the life expresse the Nature of the place The other course I was thinking on to find out the meaning of Manduessedum was to learn if possible I might meet with any one who could tell me what that sedum might signifie as I had seen the terminations of other Stations made significative for example dunum durus briga magus and divers others The studious youth may think of it as besides this here Mâ—…iosedum in Caesar and elsewhere more For my part I surcease all farther enquiry except I were better furnished with helps and means wherewithall to effect it And whosoever shall attempt it let him alwaies have this in his minde that the old Gallique tongue and the British were the very same How great soever it was in old time I know not now it makes shew of nothing antient praeter antiquam molem saith Camden which they call Aldbury and is as much as Antiquus Burgus The Town consists not of above fourteen houses Atherstone a Market Town on one side and Nonmeatus on the other side having in a manner exhausted it VENNONIS M. P. XII alias Bennonis for so it is other wise called Take therefore what is to be said concerning this Station from an eye-witness thereof after Camden the diligent and judicious William Burton Esquire in the LXXII page of his Description of that Shire Cleybroke in the Hundred of Guthlakeston standing upon the edge of Warwickshire neer Watlingstreet Neer unto this Town many ages since stood a great Roman City out of the ruines whereof this might seem to spring of the station called Bennones but by the Saxons after called Claycester through which went the great street way called Watlingstreet for on both sides of the Way have been plowed and digged up many antient Roman Coyns great square stones and bricks and other rubbish of that antient Roman building not far from a Beacon standing upon the way now called High Cross of a cross which there stood sometimes upon the cross meeting of another Great way Many of these coines here found have been delivered to me of which I will onely set down two the one the antientest the other the latest though that the rest being well viewed might give light perhaps to some other passages for as that excellent Graecian Geometrician that finding the length of Hercules foot upon the sand of the Hill Olympus drew all the lineaments of his whole body by the proportion of that one onely part So by the learned and judicious out of the observances of these small Coyns Inscriptions and such other Reliques may be found the Antiquity continuance greatness and other circumstances of this antient City now utterly perished and extinct The first and antientest of these Coyns here found is of the Emperor Caius Caligula in Copper stamped as Occo setteth down An. Dom. 42. upon the one side the Emperour with a Lawrel wreath with this Inscription viz. C. CAESAR DIVI AUG PRON. AUG P. M. T. R. P. IIII. PP Upon the reverse VESTA S. C. Vesta sitting in a chair holding in her right hand a dish The other Coyn is of Constantine the Great Emperour in Copper stamped An. Dom. 306. upon the one side the face with a Lawrel wreath circumscribed viz. CONSTANTINUS P. F. AUG Upon the reverse SOLI INVICTO COMITI T. F. P. R. The figure of the Sunne The Roman Emperours as Marguard Frehere in his Diatribe upon a piece of Coyn of Constantine Palaeologus the last Emperour of Constantinople well observes were very carefull in the graving and stamping of their Coines holding it no small lustre and ornament to their Majesties to have their devices neatly cut and their faces made to the life which was performed with that exquisite Art that though many of them of several sorts were mingled together yet by a judicious beholders view of the favour and Physiognomy without reading the inscription they might very easily be distinguisht which curious observance of theirs continued from
the time of Julius Caesar untill about the reign of Constantine the Great at which time it began to decline and was not revived again untill many hundred yeares after Of these Coines many have written as Levinuâ—… Hulsius Abraham Gorleus Aeneas Vicus but chiefly Adolfus Occo a Physitian of Auspâ—…rge in Germany who hath set down the Inscriptions of them and in words hath described the devises Others have caused the Coyns to be cut and printed as neer to the medagle it self as they could as namely Erizzo an Italian Jacobus a Bre from Julius Caesar to Valentinian printed 1611. but more general and curious are Hubert 〈◊〉 whose large Thesaurus of them in several Tomes shew his industry and genius therein And Octavius de Strada a Rosberg Courtier and Antiquary in Ordinary to the last Rodolf Emperour who from Julius Caesar hath written briefly the Lives and genealogies and set down the Coyns and medaglies of all the Emperours both of the East and west unto Matthias the Emperour curiously cut in Copper and printed 1615. Of the Roman Inscriptions have written Mâ—…us Velsâ—…r Johannes Gruter Martin Smetius Justus Lipsius in large Volumes and John Boissard in six Volumes with the Prints in Copper printed 1600. And for our own Country the right worthy judicious and nobly descended Sir Robert Cotton Knight and Baronet hath collected together so many as hitherto have been found or discovered in this land BENNAVENNA M. P. XII It is read here also according to the variety of Copies Bennaventa or Benneventa see Surita You have it twice again repeated in this Itinerary but with much interpolation of the name For in the VI. Journey from London to Lincoln you have Isannovantia for it is that very same Station And in the VIII you have it called Bannavantum in that from London to York thence also you must mend the number here saith Talbot and make it XIX see the reasons thereof in him on those two places following That Northampton stood where this sometime had its being John Lelâ—…nd a painful Interpreter of our British affairs and Walliam â—…ulk also thought whose opinion Camden at first thought good of but upon second cares and more diligent observation of the place he sets it VI. miles thence where now Wedon on the street is so called because it stands upon that Praetorian Way which the Romans built and along which Antoninus deseribes his Stations Moreover this is confirmed by the exact account or tale of Miles to the Mansions on both sides an undoubted argument Not to make that one saith our Antiquary that the springs of Avon hard by here seen and are be concluded in the composition of the name Bennavenna As for the first part of it I know not what to say to it Perhaps some bold Britain would have added Pen for which yet you see Ben because we say in Latine as well as in English Caput fluminis You know formerly that I am not skilled in and less taken in such deductions of names Therefore though I could tell you that Benna in the Gallique Language and consequently in the British did signifie as much as Vehiâ—…ulum yet doubting I should not please the best therein any more then if I should say this Bâ—…neventa was a Colony deduced from Beneventum in Italy I forbear both the first because I have no cause or reason for it the second because I have no authority or sufficient warrant to make it good neither is it likely I should This though an antient City hath not much to set forth its memory or which can assert it much from the injury of oblivion but the very name onely thrice mentioned in this Itinerary Yet if our conjecture hath any verisimilitude those Camps and muniments were neer upon this ground wherewith P. Ostorâ—…us Scapula the Propraetor here under Claudius Antonam fluvium finxit quibusque Petilius Cerealis defensus est â—…um à victore Britanno fusa Legione nona quod erat pediâ—…um interfecto huc â—…um equitibus evasisset When the Roman power in the Island was come over and gone K. Wolpher had his palace here the miracles of whose daughter Werburg a virgin are much celebrated by our Writers Which I take notice of not so much that I am taken with such relations as to bring in an observation that the Roman Stations here became afterward the dwelling of the Saxon Princes And this is not the first place where that hath been done LACTODORO M. P. XII Our Antiquary had rather read it Lactorodum as it is in the written books Ortâ—…lius hath it both waies by U. Lactorudum the Neapolitan Manuscript had it Lactodrodo M. P. XII as the rest have it In the VI. Journey it is constantly read Lactodorum see there To the name saith Robert Talbot alldunt Luttâ—…rworth Lâ—…ughborow But the distance from other Mansions here will by no means suffer it Though some Folk would have it to be the latter yet he mends it for Bedford as doth Camden also set it down so in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his excellent Work But it could not be Bedford for that stands not upon the military High-way which is certissimus index ad stationes mansiones ab Antonino memoratas reperiendas nor hath it any token else of Roman Antiquity Although sometime he thought it to be so by reading it Lectodorum and deducing it from Lettui that is in British diversoria Inneâ—… and dur aquâ—… as if the name had been Lettâ—…dur or Diversoria ad aquam Lactâ—…rate the old Town in Gaul differs as you see in the termination only perhaps this may have had some relation or dependance thereupon like others in Britain See CONDATE in this same Journey But in his last edition thereof he takes it rather to be Stony-Stratford The proportionable distance perswaded him to it And its standing upon the famous Strata thoroughfare or street as it doth he concludes all in giving the signification of both names together which are suitable and alike for he lets us know that in the old British tongue Stones are called Leach now you were acquainted but now that it stands upon the Watlingstreet and ryd signifies a ford So you have he being the interpreter Lactodorum i. e. Stony-stratford MAGIO VINIO M. P. XVI Commonly XII in the publick Books You have this Station twice again in this Itinerarv the VI. and VIII Journeyes There we will speak of the divers readings of the names and look to the numbers of Miles We find Magioninium Migiovinium Magiovintum Magintum But the first seems most likely to be the right Dunstable is a Town well known upon the rode standing upon the Chiltern in Bedfordshire every bodie knows it That this was so many ages ago named Magiovintum our Antiquary is so confident as nothing can be more For besides its standing upon the Military Roman-way the Caesars Coyns are usually found by the Swineheards saith he in the fields about which they to
much from me I onely add this that Diana indeed was worshipt here in the Roman time and had Temples here too this inscription will witness abundantly T. FLAVIUS POSTUMIUS VARUS V. C. LEG TEMPL DIANAE RESTITUIT But this Tradition for I may call it no better that St. Pauls Church was formerly a Temple of Diana was believed by many I by no means mean Mr. Selden among such yet he is pleased to sport for I have no reason to say he was in good earnest his wit which he had extraordinary and in most weighty matters surpassing other men in deriving the name of London and conjecture being free as he saith he could immagine it might be called at first Lhan Dien id est the Temple of Diana imitating the conceit of Humphrey Lhuid which you heard even now deriving Verulamium from Verlhan that is the Church upon the River Wer Now saith he that the antique course was to title their Cities ost times by the name of their power adored in them is plain by Beth-el among the Hebrews Heliopolis which in holy Writ is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegypt and the same in Greece Phoenicia elsewhere and by Athens named from Minerva But especially from this supposed Deity of Diana to whom in substance Homer no less gives the Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 then to Pallas have diverse had their titles as Artemisium in Italy and Eubaea and that Bubastis in Aegypt so called from the same word signifying in Aegyptian both a Cat and Diana The same may be said concerning the Temple of Apollo on the Ruines of which the report is St. Peters in Westminster was founded not very far off for though the houses be quite contiguous now yet heretofore in our Fore-fathers daies as I find it written it was accounted from London thither two miles but I find no sufficient authority in any remote Antiquity for the Temple of Apollo The main testimony worth speaking of alledged for it is out of a Monk and he too but of obscure name and credit And the learnedest man I have known this last age in England tells us plainly that in his turning over of Succardus his Book on purpose he could find no such thing as hath neither Ioannes Fleet who after him and by the inspection of his work wrote a book of the Foundation of the same Church I could cite unto you if I thought it had any better credit the book of the Bishop of S. Asaph Ieffrey of Monmouths Britain History for another Temple of Apollo against which King Bladud dasht out his Brains at Bath when he was in one of his flying humours forsooth And as the story of Bladud is antienter then Iulius Caesars or the Romans being here so doth Caesar himself say that Apollo was esteemed a God before his comming hither Golunt Apolinem saith he de eo eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem â—…um morbos depellere Vide Plinium lib. XVI cap. 44. Caesar indeed speaks of the Gauls but we must understand that they and the Britains were the same for matter of their Sacra as well as their language their rites they came to learn here most an end if you hear Caesar Disciplina inquit Druidum illi rebus divinis intersunt sacrificia publica ac privata procurant religiones interpretantur in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimutur nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur And truly unquestionable testimonies out of the Monuments of the antients are yet extant which teach us that Apollo was worshipped in this Island by the name of Belatucadrus as of Abellio also in Gaul and Beleâ—…s or Beliâ—…us both among them and here too Hence it is that in Ausonius who himself was a Gaul the Sexton or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Deity being by a very suitable name called called Phaebitius and said to be stirpe satus Druidum it self is named Belenus Hence is it also that the Herba Apollinarea wherwith the antient Gauls are said to have tainted their arrows was also named Belenium In Tertullians Apologetic cap. XXIII Belinus is Nericorum Deus as Pierre Pithou reads it But where ever you find him he is still rendred by Apollo He was the Aquileians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Countrey-God saith Herodian in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. They call him Belis and worship him in extraordinary manner thinking him to be Apollo But by all means you must mend the Author and make it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iulius Capitolinus in the lives of the Maximini tells us that Menophilus and Crispinus two men of Consular dignity willing to have it so because they knew that the God Belenus had given assurance by the Southsayers that Maximinus should be overcome Whence also afterwards the Souldiers Maximinus being slain are said to have given it out that Apollo fought against him and that that victory was not Maximus's or the Senates but of the Gods themselves There are many Vota of the antients made to Apollo Belenus Augustus inscribed upon four-square Altars which are to be seen in the Hercules Prodicius of Stephanus Pighius and also Gruter The visible foot-steps of this name are to be found in Cassibelin and Cunobelin two Britain Kings mentioned in Caesar and Dio. And the very name whole in the British History in King Belinus the Brother as it is said of Brennus ' and from whom our Antiquaries will have Belins-gate in this great City so called Perhaps also thence was Beleus an antient King of the Cimbri or Gau's conquered by C. Marius for Lhuid saies that the name is familiar among his Countrey-men to this day Now whether Belinus be to be derived from the British word Belin which sounds as much as flavus or yellow accordingly as Apollo is both by Latin and Greek Poets so called and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frequently or else from some Asiatick original I will not stand now to determine Truly in Hesychius we read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and which I may by no means omit in Cynobelinus his Coyn Belinus is impressed playing on his harp that you may know that Apollo is meant And now when I have taken notice that the learned Peter Pithou would deduce the name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a frequent Epithet of this Deity in Homer but I know not with how great judgement as also acquainted the Reader with the much celebrated Inscription of Apollo Grannus found in the North of Britain I will have done this discourse Besides what hath been said hitherto concerning this famous City matters gallant and magnificent enough there remain many other great and glorious things concerning it which deservedly challenge as their due room also in this place but that I have formerly wherewith
praesuerat rediit And before these this is also cited out of him but not mended Justum vero in ipso Cantio Augustinus ordinavit Episcopum in civitate Doroverni quam gens Anglorum à primario quondam illius qui dicebatur Rotschester cognominat Distat autem à Doroverno milibus passuum ferme viginti quatuor ad Occidentem Beda calls it also Castellum Cantuariorum And in an old book belonging to Rochester you read Dabo unam villam quod nos Saxonice An Haga dicimus in Miridie Castelli Hrobi whence often in Deeds Hâ—…oue coaâ—… the R. it seems having an aspirate before it like'p in Greek Harrison Camden and Ortelius seem to have found among them Durobrevis Yet our Talbot witnesseth that in the Charter of the foundation of the Monastery it was called expresly and as his own words are disertis verbis Durobrivae Hear his own words Quod Rochester olim Durobrivaevocabatur Charta Fundationis Monasterii quim Prior qui nunc Decanus est ibidem mihi aliquando ostendit And he deduces the name from Dorbryf i. e. Quick-stream for here indeed the current of the Medway is very impetuous and violent But this as I remember he owes to Leland DUROLEMO M. P. XIII The distance otherwise is set down 16. miles Many learned men have busied their brains about this station I will barely deliver their opinions at this time others as Lhuid will not venter upon it First Talbot who dreams of Charing and another time of Seethingbourn and knowing that the first part of the name might come from Dour which in British signifies water and also that Bourn in the Saxon noted a torrent or stream increased with rain water and seeing there a large Channel sometime replenished therewith he would if he had had a little more Welch and known what Leve had signified in that language have concluded something but however he saies it is Aqua levis and so speaks nothing at all to the purpose But the old name of it in the Peutingerian Military Table Burolevum confirms his reading the Name by V. though indeed that B. hath crept in for D. But Camden the next that saies any thing who reads the name Duro lenuâ—… thinks it Lenham and that it signifies The dwelling ad Lenuâ—… aquam telling us that at this Town a Water meets with the Medway Besides the reliques of the name as he pleaseth the distance he saith also from Duâ—…overnum and Durobrovis make it good that this is Durolenum to say nothing that it is sited by the Roman Consular Highway which from Dover through the midst of Kent is continued on still for which he brings Higden of Chesters testimony The last is William Somner a knowing Gentleman who for his Courtesie and love to antient studies I singularly respect who it being distanced by the Itinerary XIII miles from Durobrovis takes it to have been seated not far from Newington a Village on the road between Rochester and Canterbury In this particular not a little strengthened and upholden in his conjecture by the multitude of Roman Urns lately found in digging there at such place as is already discovered and discoursod of by the learned Meric Casaubon his ever honored friend If any shall stumble at the disproportion of miles between it and Durovernum let them know saith he there is even as great between Lenham and Canterbury He goeth on Why it should be called Durolevum I am altogether ignorant What if I conjecture because the Itinerary laies out the rode from London to Richborough and not è contra from having the River or Water of Medway on the left hand of it as by the inhabitants tradition Newington sometime had and within about two miles of it yet hath If any looking for better Remains of a Roman station shall object the mean condition of the present village such may know that Newington hath been a place of more note in time past then now I read of a Nunnery there of antient time c. and he quotes his Author for what he saith But having had such thoughts my self that way many years ago ever since the first publication of Antoninus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by that incomparable man the generally acknowledged Heir of his Fathers vertues and great learning I could not temper my self with the Readers good leave from causing his discourse to be transcribed hither being so suitable to the present business and coming from so learned an hand He therefore having out of Lucian de Luctu cited a place treating of the severall sorts of burial used by sundry nations 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. The Grecian did burn the Persian burie the Indian doth anoint with Swines grease the Scythian eat and the Aegyptian powder or imbalm Begins that discourse thus When Antoninus then saith either an imbalmed carkasse or ashes he doth allude to the custome of his daies among the Romans which was either to bury the bodies of the richer sort being first imbalmed or to burn though indeed the later through the increase of Christians began soon after Antoninus his time to grow much out of use every where Now they that burned used to gather the reliques of the dead corps consisting of bones and ashes and to lay them up in Urnis Ollis Ossuariis in Pots Urns Crocks and the like earthen Vessels made of purpose and so to bury them I would not note it I must confess as a thing that I thought worth noting for I think there can be nothing more common but that I am glad to take this occasion to impart unto the Reader a memorable curiosity in matter of antiquity which by the learned Antiquaries beyond the Seas I am sure would be much esteemed Some two or three miles beyond Sâ—…tingborn in Kent West as you go to London there is a litle Village in the way called Newington It hath not been my luck hitherto in any either later book or antient Record to find any thing concerning this Village worth the noting All that I can say of it is that the inhabitants shew a place to which they say that in former times the water came as indeed by many circumstances it is very probable and that Milton a Town before the conquest of great fame and of very great antiquity is not above two miles from it About a quarter of a mile before you come to Newington not much above a stones cast from the high-way on the right hand as you come from Sittingburn there is a field out of which in a very little compass of ground have been taken out by digging within these few years Roman Pots and Urns almost of all sizes and fashions and in number very many some thousands I have been told upon the place but many hundreds I am sure I may say and speak within compass And though so many have already been found and carried away yet doth the field afford them still as I am told now and then
palatio fecit diaetas nominis Mammaae quas imperitum vulgus Ad Mammam vocant Servius the Enarrator of Virgil Porticum Augustus fecerat in qua simulacra omnium gentium conlocaverat quae porticus appellatur Ad Nationes Certainly before the age Suetonius lived in we observe not any such Notations of the names of places Robert Talbot Prebend of Norwich who in our Fore-fathers dayes writ Annotations upon this Itinerary thought this AD ANSAM to be Catwad-Bridge in the Borders of Suffolk where Stour the River dividing Essex making a little Island which yet we know onely by the Testimony of William Fulk whose later Interpreta ions of the old Cities of Eritain we owe to the singular humanity of that incomparable man Iames Usher sometime Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland for in two Copies which I have my selfe hapned to see of Talbots Book no such matter appears to be seen Then there is a greater diverticulum and farther distance from Camulodunum then that the Compendium of this Journey can any way suffer it In William Camden in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his great Work we see Ithamcester put for this place yet after second cares he thinks it was some place neer about Cogges-hall out of whose ruines it might seem to have had birth and increase Truly the distance may seem to perswade it for that the Romans sometimes possessed these parts an Hypogaeum or Grot with arched work opened not long since by the Roadside is sufficient argument There was a Lamp yet burning still in a glasse Viall covered with a Roman Tile whose Diameter was fourteen inches There were also some Urnes or Crocks which contained in them ashes and bones Amongst them there was one of a polite and most fine substance resembling rather Corall then red earth and had the Cover thereof inscribed COCCILLIM Perhaps for COCCILLI M. That is Coccilli Manibus Iohn Weever indeed no unlearned Antiquary saith That his conjecture was that this was the monument of some Governour who in Antoninus Pius his dayes held these places under his command that he writes the more confidently because there were found many of his coynes advising us moreover more seriously to observe the great affinity or neernesse of both these names Coccilli and Cogges-hall as which had in them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to borrow Strabo's words no small force of perswasion so that from this Coccilus the old Town may seem to have received its name remainders of which seem visibly to continue yet in the present one even at this day Meric Casaubon Is. F. in his most learned Notes upon Marcus Antoninus the Emperor his Books that Sireno-Phoenix of better Phylosophy procured it to be set forth in this manner Sometimes it was my conjecture that for Ad Ansam we were to read Ad Arcam Now this Arca was a Monument also such as they set up in the borders of fields and observed them for Termini or Limets These Arcae finales were ut plurimum sepulchrales and served to interr the dead sometime they were only placed ad siniendos Agros that is to limit mens ground Hence it is that we read in an old Glossarii Arcae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 More may be seen in Frontinus and the other Agrimensores or Surveyors of Land That Ara were antiently in Varro called â—…nsae quod esset necessarium à sacrificantibus eas teneri might perhaps have been let alone unobserved here CAMULODUNUM M. P. VI. before fifteen hundred years this was a noble Town of Britain among the Trinobantes There make mention of it besides an antient stone whose Inscription Onuphrius first published antient Coyns and Authors too Plinie Tacitus Dio Cassius Antoninus and Ptolem us But there is no small difference about the writing of the name while some will have the second syllable written by the first vowel by A. following especially the stone and sometime too the Coyns and yet he seems willing to deduct the name from a peculiar Deity or Indigena among them which Camden saies he durst not suspect But if as he saith Mars were worshipped by them under the name of Camulus then may the deduction hold good and Camulodunum be interpreted The hill of Mars so that there will be the same reason of name which was of the Areopagus at Athens The Inscription runs thus CAMULO SANC FOR TISS. SAC and the habit thereof is martial the name remaining in Caesar in that of the famous and antient Gaul Camulogenus Aulercus Ptolemy hath its name much corrupted by the strange transposition of Letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Camudolanum among the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for so he calls the Trinobantes in Tacitus This need seem strange to no body seing that not only in him but in many other antient Authors the like â—…jections do frequently happen For I could produce many such luxations of whole verses and periods out of Virgil Manilius Tibullus Proper sins and others observed by learned men if I had a minde to it However we will not say that Ptolemy writ it so though we find it in his most antient Copies I and in the Palatine too and yet Lhuyd seems to think so while he conjectures that the last syllables of this name come from Lan which with the Britains was as much as Fanum or a Temple For saith he Loca quae à Latinis in Lan desinunt vel incipiunt olim à Fanis Brittannice dicta fuisse credo Which although it may be true in other names yet here it seems to have no place Therefore after so many Testimonies of the Antients concerning the name of this place we will leave out all fond and futile conjectures it being neither the part of a knowing man to devise them nor of a wise man to admit of them CVNO CAMV CVNO CAMV CLAVD·CAES·AVG·GER·PM·â—â—â—IMP 〈…〉 COL CAMALODON AUG On the one part you have the Effigies of Claudius Caesar The other Servius will best of all explain Romani saith he condituri civitates taurum in dextra vaccam intrinsecus jungebant cincti ritu Gabiuo i. e. togae parte caput velati parte succincti tenebant stivam incurvam ut glebae omnes intrinsecus caderent Et ita sulco ducto loca murorum designabant aratrum suspendentes cira loca portarum But in an antient stone it is called Colonia Victricensis quae in Britannia Camu'oduni and in the very same Cives Romani of this place are mentioned The whole Inscription according as Gruter published it out of Onuphrius is thus CN MUNATIUS M. F. PAL AURELIUS BASSUS PROC AUG PRAEF FABR. PRAEF COH III. SAGITTARIOR PRAEF COH II ASTURUM CENSITOR CIVIUM ROMANORUM COLONIAE VICTRICENSIS QUAE EST IN BRITANNIA CAMALODUNI CURATOR VIAE NOMENTANAE PATRONUS EJUSDEM MUNICIPI FLAMEN PERPETUUS DUUMVIRALI POTESTATE AEDILIS DEDICATOR IIII. Camden thinks that it was called Colonia Victricensis because of the old Souldiers of the
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fourth City numbred among the Brigantes but Galatum in the one and Galacum in the other are both promiscuously taken the one for the other in Camden either through the Writers oscitancy or the Printers oversight or by both In the last Edition it is Whelp-Castle with Camden in Cumberland but in the Proecdosis of that Work it is Overburrow in Lancashire but in the last Edition as I said Whealp-Castle in Cumberland And with William Fulk it is Litchfield though quite against the Ratio Itineraria BREMETONACIM M. P. XXVII It happens in Antoninus in the Tenth Journey beginning at Glanoventa through Mediolanum Camden as we have said in his Proecdosis thought this the very same with Brementuracum in the Notitia But upon second thoughts he conjectured it to be Overburrow in Lancashire COCCIUM M. P. XX. Neer Overburrow is thought to have been a great City and to have possessed large fields between the Lac and Lone the Inhabitants do deliver by Tradition from hand to hand and indeed this place doth assert its Antiquity by several Monuments yet appearing engraven stone pavements of Musive Work Romans Coyn and the very name hard by which being denoted from a Burrow plainly expresses and argues its Antiquity and if there be any room for conjecture this is Coccium according as the learned Spaniard dis-joines it from Bremetonacum in the Notitia very rightly here the River imparts its name to the Town in which appears so many tokens of Antiquity as no where else more so many Statues Coynes Pillars the Bases thereof Altars Marble Inscriptions and such Remainders of antient State that not undeservedly the Inhabitants boast though in a halting rhyme It is written upon a Wall in Rome Ribchester was as rich as any Town in Christendome The name is Riblechester from the River as we said and it might as it usually happens antiently have altered its appellation and so that which here is Coccium may be in Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which he places in this situation that is eighteen miles which he affirms from Mancunium The name of the Aestuarium which makes up towards it by the River Ribel is called by Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in which are some Remainders of the name the Etymology of which I would you would rather look for in Master Selden where he speaks of the several Deities named from BEL. In this place is the famous Inscription wherein the Dea Matres are mentioned of which I spoke formerly thus DEIS MATRIBUS M. INGENUI US ASIATICUS DE C. AL. AST SS LL. M. By which we learn that the Decurio of the Ala Asturum sometimes a people of Spain paid his vow here Besides you must remember to correct your Beda where you have Rhypum falsly printed as well as in Ptolemy for Rippon see him Libro Ecclesiasticae Historiae 3. cap. 25. The other three Stations Mancunium Condate Mediolanum are already spoken to I will therefore refer the Reader to what goes before concerning them BRITANNIARUM ITER XI Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  A SEGONTIO   DEVAM M. P.   LXXXIII sic   CONOVIO M. P. XXIV   VARIS M. P. XIX   DEVA M. P. XXXII  SEGONTIUM It was of old a Station in Caer-Narvonshire on the Frith Menai which divided Mona the Island from the Continent of Britain In Caesars V. Comment of his Gallick War Segontiaci are mentioned as a chief Civitas of the Britains but this no where else save here I might do well to take notice of the severall readings here of Hierom Surita's Books as Seguntro Seguncio Our very learned Antiquary who also tells us that himself saw some remains of the ruines of the Wall by the little Church built sometime to the honour of Saint Publicius the place had its name from the River passing by to this day called Seiont issuing out of Lin-Perith or the Lake so called in which a peculiar Fish is bred which from the ruddy belly the Natives call Tortoch Now whereas a very ancient book of Ptolemy in this same site doth place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Setantiorum Portum if I sayes he should read Segontiorum Portum and though other Editions remove it farther and say it was at the mouth of this River perhaps I should hit the truth at least obtain excuse and pardon from the favourable Reader For Ninnius and he who wrote the life of Griffin the Son of Conan saith that Hugh Earl of Chester built a Castle iâ—… Hean Caer Custenni that is as the Latine Interpreter turns it in antiqua urbe Constantini Imperatoris in the ancient City of Constantine the Emperour and Mathew of Westminster is the Author but therein let himself look to his own credit for the truth of this that the body of Constantius the father of Constantine the great was found An. MCCLXXXIII and honorably placed in the Church of the new City by the command of Edward the first for he had at that time out of the ruines hereof so drawn out of the City Caer-Narvon somewhat higher to the Ostium of the River that it was upon the West and the North washed with its waters which it self as it was so called by reason of its situation thereof opposite to the Island of Mona so gave its name to the whole Shire or Countrey which at this day the English do call Caer Narvonshire the same Edward the first earnestly laboured to pass his men into Mona or Anglesea to joyn this Island with a Bridge to the Continent but in vain Long before his time this was the place where Suetonius Paulinus the Roman General passed over his Army hither which we learn by the sufficient Authority of the excellent Tacitus Igitur Monam Insulam incolis validam receptaculum perfugarum aggredi parat navesque fabricatur plano alâ—…to aduersus breve littus incertum Sic pedites equites vado secuti aut altiores inter vndas aduantes equis transmisere Stabat pro litore diversa acies densa armis virisque intercursantibus foeminis in modum Furiarum veste ferali crinibus dejectis faces praeferebant Druidaeque circum preces diras sublatis ad coelum manibus fundentes novitate aspectus perculere militem ut quasi haerentibus membris immobile corpus vulneribus praeberent Dein cohortationibus ducis se ipsi stimulantes ne muliebre fanaticum agmen pavescerent inferunt signa sternuntque obvios igni suo involvunt Praesidium post hac impositum vicis excisique luci savis superstitionibus sacri Nam cru re captivo adolere aras hominum fibris consulere deos fas habebant Haec agents Suetonio repentina defectio Provinciae nuntiatur Rex Icenorum Prasutagus longa opulentia clarus Caesarem haeredem duasque filias scripserat tali obsequio ratus regnum domum