by a Solution of Sugar in Water Pag. 126. by a Solution of Salt of Tartar Pag. 127. by Lead raised in the Form of Vapours Pag. 128. by droping Oyl of Turpentine upon Spirit of Wine Pag. 139. by opening the Body of Copper with Sal Armoniack and applying it to a Candle Pag. 141. Liquids why sometimes unapt to mix with each other Ibid. A Diaphanous and Opacous Body afforded by a Liquid Pag. 143. The Superficies of Liquors in Vacuo Boyliano Pag. 148. A Liquor may become consistent by the mixture of a Powder Pag. 179. The Effects of a Load-stone upon Filings of Iron Pag. 293. M. Matter defin'd Pag. 2. Motion a Catholick Agent Ibid. Guided by God in the Creation Ibid. Mechanical Affections their result Pag. 7. Mixture and Texture how different Pag. 22. The Effects of Motion various Pag. 23. Modification twofold Pag. 44 45. In what Respects Pag. 47 48. Medicines Chymical laid aside too rashly Pag. 113 114. The Effects of languid and unheeded Motion from Pag. 210 to 238. Motion may be propagated through different Me diums Pag. 223. An Observation concerning Manna Pag. 253. Concerning a Match burning in the Receiver Pag. 325. Why Mercury is not always suspended at the same Height Pag. 334. Marbles disjoyn'd in the exhausted Receiver Pag. 446. Mountains their Height Pag. 468. N. Nature may not be always exact in her Laws Pag. 255. Natural and Preter-natural States of Bodies not rightly stated Pag. 302. The natural Sate of the Air a forc'd State Pag. 304. O. Odours no inherent Quality Pag. 9. Odours what Ibid. Observations about Lignum Vitae Pag. 103. Observations made in Quarries Pag. 104. P. Primary Affections of Matter Pag. 3. Putrefaction what Pag. 16. Corpuscularian Principles very firtile Pag. 21 22. Minuteness of Pores no Arguments of their Non-existence Pag. 125. A Plastick Power inherent in Bodies Pag. 189. Plastick Power what Pag. 190. Petrification how effected Pag. 194 195. Q. Qualities no distinct Entities Pag. 3. Qualities the Result of Modification Pag. 5. Proved Pag. 6. Qualities act how Pag. 11. Complexion of Qualities no real Qualities Pag. 17. Whether Qualities depend on substantial Forms Pag. 18. Qualities of a Compound different from the Ingredients Pag. 19. Some Qualities the Result of mixture Ibid. Qualities how alter'd Pag. 20 182. Different Qualities in Homogeneous Bodies Pag. 26. Exhibited by Venice Turpentine Pag. 27. By putrifi'd Vrine Pag. 27. New Qualities added upon a Dissolution of the Specifick Form Pag. 46. Qualities the Result of Motion c. Pag. 73 74 76 77. Various Qualities produc'd by a Change of Texture in Camphire Pag. 78 79 80. In Copper and Silver Pag. 81 82 83 84 85. In preparing of Luna Cornea Pag. 86 87. In preparing of a Peculiar Salt Pag. 88. By digesting Spirit of Nitre with Sea-Salt Pag. 89 90. By distilling Oyl of Vitriol with Nitre Pag. 91 92. By digesting Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Vitriol together Pag. 102 103. By a Redintegration of Salt Petre Pag. 108 109. R. Redintegrations of Bodies consider'd Pag. 69. Of Amber Pag. 70. Of Roch Allom Ibid. Of Vitriol Pag. 71 72. Of Antimony and Oyl of Vitriol Ibid. Of Salt Petre Pag. 105 106 107. The Signification of the Word Rest limited Pag. 198. Of Respiration Pag. 382. The Aristotelian Rarefaction examined Pag. 404. Rarefaction explained Pag. 416. According to the Doctrin of the Plenists Pag. 417. The Rota Aristotelica explain'd Pag. 419 420. S. Sounds no Inherent Qualities Pag. 9. Sounds what Ibid. Species of Bodies how distinguish'd Pag. 57 58. Salts their Figures how accounted for Pag. 62. Salts obtain'd from an Alkaly Pag. 63. From Oyl of Vitriol and a Solution of Sea-Salt Ibid. From a mixture of Spirit of Wine and Nitre Ib. From a Solution of Copper Pag. 64. From Gold Pag. 65. Venetian Borax Ibid. Spirit of Vrine and Nitre Pag. 66. Soot and Sal Armoniack Ibid. Spirit of Nitre and Pot-Ashes Pag. 68. Salt Petre obtain'd from Pot-Ashes Pag. 107. Aqua Fortis and Salt of Tartar Ibid. Solidity refin'd Pag. 158. What is requisite to Solidity or Firmness Pag. 158 159 160 161 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 176 177 178 179 181 184 185 186 187. A Solid turn'd Fluid Pag. 180. Motion in the Parts of Solids Pag. 200 201. Cosmical Suspitions from Pag. 249 to 256. The Temper of Submarine Regions Pag. 266. Of the uppermost Ibid. Of the lower Pag. 267 268. The Bottom of the Sea unequal Pag. 279. Vndisturb'd in Storms Pag. 271. Almost stagnates Ibid. The Proportion of Salt in the Sea to the Water Pag. 275 282 283 284. Springs in the Bottom of the Sea Ibid. The Reason of the Saltness of the Sea Pag. 278 279. It s Bitterness whence Pag. 280. Concerning the Propagation of Sounds Pag. 353. A Spring bent in the exhausted Receiver Pag. 458. To what Height Water will be rais'd by Suction Pag. 452 454 456. T. Transmutation of Metals not impossible Pag. 94 95. The Texture of their Liquids contributes to their Mixture Pag. 175. The Texture of Bodies enables them to work on each other Pag. 247. Trees under Water Pag. 273. V. Union the Cause of the Effects of Compounds Pag. 44 51. Vitriol Natural and Artificial agree in Qualities Pag. 60 61. Vitriol turn'd into Allom Pag. 68. Vortices beyond the Concave Surface of the Firmament Pag. 256. Of a Vacuum Pag. 331 362 440. Vapours and Fumes why they ascend Pag. 356. W. Water acquires new Qualities by an Alteration of its Form Pag. 76. Water Convertible into Earth Pag. 98 99. How it becomes Solid Powder Pag. 99. An insipid Water drawn from Spirit of Vinegar and Salt of Tartar Pag. 188. Water its Gravitation Pag. 270. Agitation requisite to keep Water from stinking Pag. 281. Memoirs for the Natural History of Mineral Waters Pag. 286. The different Weight of Mineral Waters Pag. 291. Observations requisite in trying them Pag. 295. Whether they have Arsnick in them Pag. 296. What Proportion of Salt they afford Pag. 299. Of the Elater of Water Pag. 337. It depends on the Elater of the Air contain'd in the Pores of it Pag. 339. Water hot its spontaneous Ebullition Pag. 391. The END ADVERTISEMENT THis Volume containing an Epitomy of several of the Author's Works I think it necessary to advertise that to avoid a Repetition of all the Titles prefix'd to the Tracts Printed severally I have digested each of those Books into such a Method as they would have been probably Printed in had they been all writ by our Author at one time each Book being contain'd in Chapters the Titles of which will acquaint the Reader what Tracts they belong to And that the Reader may be more clearly satisfi'd I intend at the End of the next Volume to add such a Table of the Author's Works as shall readily direct what Chapters each Book is abridg'd in by referring to them IMPRIMATUR Liber Cui Titulus THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED By RICHARD
oblig'd I must be very vain indeed But notwithstanding the Sense I have of my own Weakness Your Lordship's Favour will encourage me to improve the small Talent I have since in the Search of Truth Est aliquid prodire tenus si non datur ultra But My LORD the World who are wont to find in Dedications the Characters of their Patrons may wonder that I have declin'd the Usual Method since any one that knows Your Lordship cannot want Materials for a Character that might be of Use to the World in setting them a Good Pattern to imitate Yet since Your Lordship's Character would be drawn amiss by so mean a Pen as Mine I would rather be thought out of the Common Road than mistaken in it since any Body that knows what Character belongs to a Truly Apostolical Bishop is not unacquainted with Your Lordship's Therefore since no Encomiums can add to that which can only be augmented by a Continuance of Your Life the Fear of Mis-representing is the Reason I decline it But not to take up too many of Your Lordship's pretious Minutes which are always Imploy'd in doing Good and promoting Christianity in it's Original Stream that Your Lordship may live long for the Honour of the Church and the Good of those that are under Your Care is not only the Wishes of â—hose that think themselves happy under the â—nspection of Your Lordship but more particularly of My LORD Your LORDSHIP 's Most Dutiful and Most Obedient Servant RICHARD BOULTON Plate the Second Fig 1 pag. 407 Fig 2 pag 〈◊〉 Fig 6 pag 432 Fig 3 pag 416 Fig 4 pag. 410. Fig 5. pag 420 Plate the Third pag 435. Plate the fourth pag 435 Plate 5. Fig 1. pag. 438 Fig 3. pag. 454 Fig 2 pag. 452. Fig 4. p. 459 Plate 6. Fig 1 pag. 443 Fig 3 pag. 445 Fig 2. pag. 443. Fig 4. pag. 447 Plate 7. Fig 4. p 470 Fig 2 pag 4â—â— Fig 3 pag. 470 Fig 1. pag. 456. Plate 8. Fig 3 pag. 474 Fig 4 pag. 〈◊〉 Fig 5. pag. 475 Fig 7. p 477 Fig 8. p 477. Fig 6 pag. 476 Fig 〈◊〉 pag. 4â—â— Fig 2 p â—â—4 THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK I. CHAP. I. Considerations and Experiments concerning the Origin of Forms and Qualities The Division of this Chapter THAT before I descend to a more particular Consideration of the Doctrin of Forms and Qualities I may premise some General Apprehensions of the Doctrin to be collated with and to be either confirm'd or disprov'd by what follows of Particular Forms and Qualities I will at the Entrance give you a short Account of our Hypothesis compriz'd in the Eight following Particulars We teach then but without peremptorily asserting it Matter Defined I. That the Matter of all Natural Bodies is the same Namely a Substance Extended Divisible and Impenetrable Motion the Catholick Agent of the Universe II. That since there could be no change in Matter if all its Parts were perpetually at rest amongst themselves to discriminate the Catholick Matter of the Universe into a Variety of Natural Bodies it must have Motion in some or all its Parts which Motion must be variously determined And though it is manifest to Sense That there is Local Motion in Matter yet Motion is not congenite to Matter nor coeval with it Local Motion being not included in the Nature of Matter which is as much Matter when at rest as in Motion And though it be hotly disputed How Matter came by that Motion by those who acknowledge not an Author of the Universe yet since a Man is not the worse Naturalist for not being an Atheist we allow that the Origin of Motion in Matter is from GOD and that since it is unfit to be believ'd that Matter in Motion left to it self should casually constitute this Beautiful and Orderly World Guided by GOD in the Creation of Things it is not amiss to think That the Wise Author of Things guided the first Motions of the small Parts of Matters so that they might convene after a Manner requisite to compose the World and especially did contrive those Curious and Elaborate Engins the Bodies of Living Animals enduing most of them with a Power of propagating their Species But to pass by such Notions I shall proceed to what remains requisite to explicate the Origin of Forms and Qualities as soon as I have taken Notice That Local Motion seems to be indeed the Principal amongst Second Causes and the Grand Agent of all that happens in Nature Bulk Figure Rest Situation and Texture being the Effects of Motion or the Conditions and Requisites which Modifie the Operation as in a Watch or Key it is Motion that makes all the other Requisites useful Motion Size and Shape three Primary Affections of Matter III. That Matter being Naturally by a variously determined Motion divided into Parts each of those Parts must needs have a peculiar Size and Shape So that there are three Essential Properties or Primary Affections of the Parts of Matter Magnitude Shape and either Rest or Motion the two first of which may be call'd Inseparable Accidents Inseparable because Bodies extended and finite cannot be devoid of a Determinate Shape Accidents because that whether Physical Agents may have a Power to alter the Shapes or subdivide Bodies or not yet mentally they may do both without destroying the Essence of that Matter Whether there be in Bodies Qualities and Accidents distinct Entities from them Whether these Accidents may be call'd the Modes or Primary Affections of Bodies to distinguish them from those more compound Qualities as Colours Tastes and Odours or the Conjuncts of the smallest Parts of Matter I shall not now determine only one thing which is taught by the Modern Schools concerning Accidents Namely That there are in Natural Bodies Real Qualities and other Real Accidents which are no Modes of Matter but Entities distinct from it and which may exist separate from all Matter To clear this Point we must take Notice That Accident is used in two several Senses for sometimes it is opposed to the fourth Predicable Property and is defined That which may be Present or Absent without the Destruction of the Subject as a Man may be sick or well yet a Man And this is call'd Accidens Praedicabile to distinguish it from what they call Accidens Praedicamentale which is opposed to Substance and as Substance is commonly defined to be a thing that subsists of it self and is the Subject of Accidents so Accident is said to be Id cujus esse est inesse And therefore Aristotle who usually calls Substances 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Entities calls Accidents 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Entities of Entities these needing a Subject of Inhaesion And we are likewise to take Notice That according to them That is said to be in a Subject which hath these three Conditions That however it 1 be in another thing 2 is not in it as a
that the Houses in that Town apparently shook especially those which were most directly situated towards the Gap which as that Author observes must needs proceed from the Impression of the Air upon the Houses for had it been the Effect of a Tremulous Motion in the Ground all the Houses would have shook alike which was otherwise To prove that Motion may be propagated through different Mediums besides what hath been before deliver'd I shall add That the Eloquent Famianus Strada De Bello Belg. Dec. 2. lib. 6. vel 7. says That a very Stupendious Work being rais'd by the Prince of Parma to prevent the City of Antwerp from being reliev'd by the River Scheld an Engineer contriv'd to blow it up tho' with Success not a little Tragical by a Boat fraught with Gun-powder c. for it rais'd such a Commotion that the Earth shook to the Distance of 36 English Miles and the deep River was so agitated as first to discover it's Bottom and afterwards to overswell the Banks the Castle together with Men Cannons c. being violently toss'd into the Air together with a vast number of other Accidents horrid and dreadful And to illustrate further what hath been deliver'd in the foregoing Chapter concerning the Effects of Musick on Bodies duly dispos'd to be work'd on by it I shall add that an Experienc'd Traveller told me That in the East Indies he saw Tame Serpents which would raise themselves erect in the Air except 3 or 4 Inches of their Tails which they rested upon And he added That upon the Playing of some Parts of the Tune they would be put into very brisk and surprising Motions whereas when another Part of it was a-playing they seem'd to be half a sleep and dissolv'd in Pleasure Another Instance which shews how much the Peculiar Textures of Bodies contribute to their Effects is publish'd by the Learned Marhofius who relates That Nicolaus Petterus had found out a Note which being loud and lasting would without visibly touching the Vessel cause a Glass-Romer to tremble and burst but if the Note were rais'd either too high or depress'd too low it would have no such Effect A further Instance of the Efficacy of Languid Motion is That I once obtain'd several pieces of Glass the Textures of which were so peculiar that if the internal Superficies were gently scratch'd obliquely with a Pin they would fly in pieces tho' 6 or 7 times thicker than common Drinking-glasses To shew how much Motion even in Solid Bodies may be promoted by the Strokes of very weak Agents I shall here relate that several Urinals whose Parts were of a peculiar Texture being rubb'd with Sand and Water had their Parts put into such a Degree of Motion as in a little time after to break without any Cause to be observ'd except that precedent Attrition of Sand. To make it evident that the Parts of Solid Bodies which seem to be at Rest may have very powerful Effects I shall add the following Observations First That I have been inform'd by a Famous Jeweller That when he ground Rubies or Saphires or other Precious Stones upon a Mill their Parts would acquire such a degree of Heat as to afford Light like Fire the Light flowing from each being of the same Colour with the Gem it came from And I am likewise inform'd by another that when they have acquir'd a certain degree of Heat the Edges would gape and if the Motion of the Mill was continu'd the Gems would fly in pieces but if it was stopp'd the cold Gem would be whole and entire To this Observation it will not be amiss to add That I once plac'd a Bottle to which was adapted a Glass-stopple in my Window and about a twelve Month after as I was sitting in the Room the Top of the Stopple flew off of its own accord leaving the other Part fast in the Glass but the Parts of Solid Glass will not only fly in pieces of their own accord but I have been inform'd that sometimes in the East-Indies Diamonds themselves are observ'd to burst asunder without the Impression of any Visible Agent THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK II. CHAP. I. Of the Systematical or Cosmical Qualities of Things Qualities proceeding partly from the Influence of outward Agents as well as the Primary Affections of Matter CONSIDERING that the Particular Qualities of Bodies depend on a certain Relation which they have one towards another by which they are adapted to Act or to be Acted on I the rather chuse to call the Qualities consider'd in this Chapter Systematical or Cosmical Qualities they not being the Effects of those primary Affections of Bodies consider'd barely as such viz. Motion Size and Shape but of Bodies so diversify'd by those primary Affections Acting mutually on one another As Quicksilver is endew'd with a Power to dissolve both Silver and Gold and an Aptitude to be dissolv'd in Aqua fortis So that I would not be understood to mean by Cosmical Qualities such as may be attributed to the mutual Actions and Passions of Bodies plac'd in some imaginary Spaces beyond the World but plac'd in the Universe as now Constituted with a vast Variety of Bodies about them This I have already hinted in the foregoing Chapters of Forms and Qualities and therefore my design in this Chapter is to consider what Qualities a Body may Aquire by the Impressions or Influence of Agents whose Effects are unknown or not taken notice of And though all these Phaenomena which are usually attributed to the Laws of Nature might properly be considered in a Chapter that bears this Title yet since those Agents most concerned in the Effecting of these Phaenomena are either the Stars the subterraneal Parts or the Aether and Atmosphaere we live in I shall wave those and only here consider what is requisite to prove that there are such real Qualities depending on unheeded Agents and the Ordinary Course of Nature Our Notion of Cosmical Qualities grounded on the three following Propositions but before I proceed I shall briefly intimate that our Notion of Cosmical Qualities is grounded upon these three Propositions 1. That some Bodies are altogether inactive till they are acted on and that others are put into Action chiefly by the Influence of these Catholick and unheeded Agents 2. That there are several Bodies which when put into Action are subtle enough to insinuate themselves into the Pores of other Bodies which they are by the Established Laws of Nature forced to act on 3. That an Alteration of the Mechanical Texture of the Body is enough to dispose it or render it unapt to be worked on by those unheeded Agents And these three Propositions I shall endeavour to make out by the following Phaenomena and Experiments To begin then with the first Proposition viz. That some Bodies are altogether inactive till they are acted on and that others are put into Action Proposition the first chiefly by the
BOULTON JOHN HOSKYNS V. P. R. S. Vicesimo Septimo Martii 1699 THE WORKS OF THE HONOURABLE Robert Boyle Esq EPITOMIZ'D VOL. II. BY RICHARD BOVLTON of Brazen-Nose College in Oxford Illustrated with COPPER PLATES LONDON Printed for J. Phillips at the King 's Arms and J. Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-Yard MDCC To His Excellency The Most Illustrious PRINCE CHARLES Duke of BOLTON Marquiss of Winchester Earl of Wiltshire and Baron St. John of Basing the Premier Marquiss of England one of the Lords Justices of the Kingdom of Ireland Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum for the Countys of Dorset and Southampton the Town of Southampton and County of the same Vice-Admiral of Southampton and the Isle of Wight Lord Warden of the New Forest in Hantshire and one of the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy-Council May it please Your Excellency SInce nothing contributes more to the Advancement of Natural Knowledge than the Encouragement of great and eminent Persons not only Custom but Interest hath generally inclined those who employ their time in the pursuit of it to shelter the Fruits of their Labours under the Protection of noble Patrons For as there can be no greater Motives to Virtue and Morality than the Favour of an Omnipotent Power so in the Affairs of this World we are most inclin'd to pursue whatever may deserve the Esteem of great Men or lead us into their Favour And if the Tree of Knowledge flourishes most under the favourable Patronage of Princes the Interest of Learning will at the same time be a good Plea to extenuate my Presumption and a great Argument why I should lay this at your Excellency's Feet For Illustrious SIR whilst amongst the happy Number of His Majestys Favourites we behold Your Excellency dignified with Titles of Honour at the same time we are surprized to see that no Titles can be so great but Your Excellency's Character adds a Lustre to and increases the Dignity of them A character which could I convey it down to future Ages I must be able to represent in the most lively Colours All the Virtues of a good and pious Christian the meek and liberal Temper of a Puissant and Noble Prince the Wisdom of a Counsellour and the Qualifications of one to whose Judgment and Sagacity the Administration of the Government of a Kingdom hath been in a great measure committed by the most Judicious and Sagacious of Kings But Illustrious SIR since the draught of so Noble a Character as Your Excellency's is too hard a Task for a Pen better qualified than mine I have sufficient reason to decline it and shall rather reflect on the Happiness of this Kingdom whilst so Great a King hath made choice of so Wise a Counsellor and the great Felicity of the Commonwealth of Learning whilst under the Patronage of so Illustrious a Prince as the Duke of BOLTON and particularly on my own Happiness under Your Excellency's Protection which is the more augmented by this opportunity of professing my self Most Illustrious SIR Your Excellency's Most Humble and Devoted Servant Richard Boulton THE PREFACE TO THE READER THE candid Acceptance of the former Volume and the favourable Approbation of the Learned having given the Booksellers sufficient Encouragement to proceed in Printing the two subsequent Volumes there is no need that I should on their part enlarge on the Subject of the Preface annexed to the first Volume to shew the Usefulness of the Design since the general Consent of the Learned hath already put that beyond Doubt Therefore having laid down the Reasons why I proceeded in such a Method as I have placed the Subjects in in the first Volume in the latter end of that Preface I shall without encreasing the bulk of this Volume with a long Preface briefly subjoyn the Rationale of this And First The first Volume ending with an Epitomy of the Honourable Author's first Continuation of Physico-Mechanical Experiments I have begun this with some Experiments belonging to that first Continuation and to them I have subjoyn'd his second Continuation to which by reason of some affinity betwixt particular Experiments that Treatise and another delivered in another Tract I have added a Chapter of Observations on Animals included in Vacuo and another relating to the same Subject out of the Philosophical Transactions And because these Observations engage our Thoughts in several things relating to the precedent Phaenomena of the Vacuum Boylianum and may remind us of what he bath delivered of the Spring and Weight of the Air I have in the next place laid down his Animadversions on Mr. Hobbes Problemata de Vacuo his Discourse of Attraction by Suction and what he hath deliver'd concerning the Barometer in the Philosophical Transactions And forasmuch as in all his Physico-Mechanical and other Experiments already deliver'd and tryed in Vacuo Boyliano we have several instances of the Rarefaction and Condensation of the Air c. hopeing it would help some to a seasonable Reflection on what was before delivered I have added what he hath taught concerning the admirable Rarefaction of the Air and the Duration of its Spring as also concerning its Condensation and admirable different Extension when rarified and compressed And since these Subjects renew our Considerations concerning the Spring of the Air I have added further a Chapter of the Weakened Spring of the Air out of the Philosophical Transactions And because the Spring and weight of the Air and their Effects are not the only Qualities and Considerations to be taken notice of in the Atmosphere from those I proceed to deliver what he hath Taught concerning Hygroscopes and their Utilities as also what he hath writ of the Efficacy of the Airs Moisture And because there are several Qualities in the Air which not only affect our outward Senses but have a manifest Influence on the Mass of Humours which circulate in our Bodies and on whose Tempers the Preservation or Distempers of a human Body depends I have added what he hath deliver'd concerning the Salubrity and Insalubrity of the Air whose variations in Temperature alter the Constitution of the Humors of our Bodies And since we are not only affected by manifest Qualities of the Air but also by occult ones I have laid down what our Author hath said on that Subject and since Magnetical and Electrical Qualities are generally accounted Occult ones I have added his Tracts on those Subjects And to conclude the Third Book I have added his General History of the Air which I have therefore placed the last relating to that Element because it consists of several Fragments which belong to several of the preceding Subjects or bear a relation to some others which follow concerning Colours Tasts and Odours And having thus ended the Third Book the Fourth contains those Subjects which have a more immediate Relation to the Outward Senses and are considered as their Objects which I therefore for distinction sake place together Of which what our Author
hath delivered concerning the Mechanical Production of Tasts Odours and Colours I have laid down in this Volume and shall proceed to the remaining Objects of our Senses in the Third Volume where I shall give a short Account of the Method I take in that and in the mean time subscribe my self the candid Readers Very humble Servant R. Boulton London Octob. 13. 1699. Vol. II. Plate 1 Fig 1. pag. 4. Fig 3. pag. 5. Fig 4. pag 6. Fig 2. pag. 2. Vol. II. Plate 2. Fig 4. p 14 Fig 1. p 8. Fig 5 p 17. Fig 3. Fig 2. p 14. Vol. II. Plate 3. Fig 2. p 22. Fig 1 p 21. Vol. II. Plate .4 Fig 3. p 27. .29 Fig 4. p 29 p 23. Fig 1. Fig 2. p 25. Plate .5 Vol. II. Fig 1. p 32. Fig 5. p 485. Fig 3. p 32. Fig 2. p 32. Fig 4. p 33. Plate .6 Vol II. Fig 1 p 33. Fig 3. p 35. Fig 5. p 366. Fig 2 p 34. Fig 4. p 365. Plate .7 Vol II. Fig 1. p 35. Fig 2. p 37. Fig 4 p 374 Fig p 334 THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK III. CHAP. I. Experiments touching the Spring and Weight of the Air c. THE Bulk of the former Volume forbidding that I should add any more of the Experiments concerning the Air 's Spring and Weight I shall now proceed to lay down what our Author hath further deliver'd in his first Continuation of Experiments relating to that Subject EXPERIMENT I. The Cause of the Ascension of Liquors in Syringes is to be derived from the Pressure of the Air. AS in the Experiments recited in the former Volume it appear'd that the Pressure of the External Air occasions the Difficulty of drawing up the Sucker of a Syringe so I shall now shew that the Pressure of the External Air upon the Surface of the Water in which the Syringe is immersed causes it to ascend when the Sucker is drawn up TRYAL I. Having cemented a Glass Pipe to the lower End of a Syringe and immersed the lower End of that Pipe in a Viol which contain'd Mercury we tyed the Sucker of the Syringe to the Stopple which is in the Cover of the Receiver and having conveighed it into such a Receiver as Fig. 2. Plate 1. Represents See Plate 1. Fig. 2. we observ'd that upon drawing up the Sucker the Mercury did not in the least ascend till the Air was let into it and then it ascended up to the Top of the Glass Tube And this Experiment being varied by drawing the Sucker up an Inch before the Receiver was exhausted the Mercury rose to the Top of the Glass Tube tho' it did not in the least rise when the Sucker was drawn up as high again after the Receiver was exhausted And in trying this Experiment it was further to be noted that when the Receiver was exhausted it was as difficult to raise the Sucker as when the End of the Syringe was stopped the remaining Air which was able to keep the Sucker from rising being unable to raise the Mercury TRYAL II. Being a Prosecution of the former The former Tryal being again repeated besides what we observed in that Experiment we further noted that a considerable Weight being tyed to the Syringe to keep it steady and firm the Mercury did not rise till we permitted the Air to return again into the Receiver tho' the Sucker was raised two Inches But lest the Phaenomena exhibited by these Experiments should be influenced by the Air contain'd in the Glass Pipe I caus'd the Pipe to be fill'd with Spirit of Wine and immersed it in a Viol which contain'd the same Liquor tinged with Cocheneel and observ'd that tho' when the Receiver was exhausted the Liquor afforded Bubbles plentifully and at the Top seemed to boyl yet it did not ascend in the least notwithstanding the Sucker was raised two Inches and a half But when the Air was let into the Receiver again it ascended into the Body of the Syringe which appeared by the small Quantity of Spirit remaining in the Bottle in which the Glass Tube was immersed EXPERIMENT II. An Attempt to discover the Motion of Aether in the Exhausted Receiver HAving instead of the Glass Tube mention'd in the former Experiment provided a crooked one of Brass See Plate 1. Fig. 1. such as the first Figure represents and joyn'd a Glass Tube to the shorter Leg with Cement we caus'd Weights to be fixed to the Top of the Sucker to depress it speedily when occasion required This Syringe was fixed to a Pedestal to keep it firm and to hinder it from tottering and a Feather was likewise fixed with Cement to the lower End of the Syringe so that the small End was placed above the Orifice of the crooked Tube All which being conveyed into a Receiver and the Pump set on Work we observ'd that the Sucker by the help of the Turning-Key being often elevated and permitted to fall again the Feather was gradually less shaken with what was forced out of the Syringe as the Receiver was more and more exhausted till at the last the Feather did not seem in the least to be moved before Air was again let in and then it was blown up as before In which Experiment we observ'd that as the Cavity of the Receiver was more or less exhausted the Descent of the Sucker was accordingly quickened so that had there been a Substance finer than Air in the Receiver the Blast would have been greater as the Descent of the Sucker was swifter We tryed the same Experiment a second time contriving to draw up the Sucker higher than we did before but the Event was no more satisfactory than the former But that I might be informed what Quantity of Air was drawn out every Exsuction as well as when the Feather was more or less shaken by the Wind thrown out of the Syringe I made use of a Glass Tube such as Figure the Third represents See Plate 1. Fig. 3. instead of the former Brazen One and the one End being immersed in a Jar and placed in the Receiver as the Air was pumped out several Bubbles broke through the Water out of the Pipe but External Air getting in at a Leak the Water was pressed up into the Pipe again nevertheless upon an Exsuction of that Air it again subsided yet yielded so many Bubbles that we could not conveniently make any further Observations till the Receiver having stood still for some time the Water was freed from Air and then tho' the Pump was set on Work till the Gage discovered the Receiver to be very well exhausted yet we could not discern that any Bubbles were forced through the Water in the Bottom of the Tube by frequently elevating and depressing the Sucker for tho' there appear'd a few in the Top of the Water yet we judged that those rather proceeded from some aery Particles lodging in the Pores of the Water But what was most Remarkable
prius de eadem ab eo interrogatus quod tum certior aliis de hâc pluvia factus esset tanquam testis oculatus ut qui aliquos horum pisciculorum videram confirmavi is porro ingeniosissime summâque veri specie nodum ita solvit ut diceret hos pisciculos unà cum aquis furentium ventorum gyro in turbinem actis evectos esse nubes è quibus non procul inde pondere rursus suo relapsi fuerint in vicinam terram TITLE XLVII Promiscuous Experiments and Observations of the Air. TITLE XLVIII Desiderata in the History of the Air and Proposals towards supplying them THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK IV. CHAP. I. Experiments and Observations about the Mechanical Production of Tastes THAT Taste which is Quality of a Body by which it is enabled to cause such a Sensation upon our Sensory may be caus'd by the Peculiar Size Shape Motion and mechanical Texture of a Body will appear from the following Instances whether they be simple or compound Bodies EXPERIMENT I. To divide a Body almost Insipid in two Bodies of very strong and very different Tastes Two Corrosives obtain'd from an insipid Body SAlt Petre refin'd tho' almost an Insipid Body distill'd by the way of Inflammation or by the Help and Addition of a Tastless Clay will yield a nitrous Spirit so sharp and corrosive that it will dissolve Metals and a corrosive fixt Salt different in Taste from the former and this will dissolve Substances that the other will not work upon and precipitate several Metals and other Concretes out of those Solutions made of them by the Spirit EXPERIMENT II. Of two Bodies The one highly Acid and Corrosive and the other Alkalizate and Fiery to produce a Body almost insipid An insipid Body produc'd from two Cirrosives IF a sufficient Quantity of Spirit of Nitre be dropp'd upon the fixt Nitre made per Deliquium till it is satiated upon a gentle Evaporation it will afford a Salt Petre and I have often obtain'd the like from Spirit of Nitre and Salt Petre which new Taste I am apt to believe proceeds from the new Figure and Size of the component Parts which they acquire upon a mutual Attrition in the Preparation For as the Prismatical Figure of Salt of Nitre by being broke and render'd more minute may have a more free Access to the Organ of Taste and by it's new figur'd Angles be able to corrode it these again uniting and forming Prisms may become as inoffensive to the Taste as before So Wedges may be made of a piece of Iron and those again united after a convenient Manner may form blunt pieces of Iron again and tho' a Stick cut in two be inoffensive enough to the Hand yet if violently broken the ragged Ends will be apt to prick into the Flesh EXPERIMENT III. Of two Bodies the one very bitter and the other extremely salt to make an insipid Substance An Insipid obtain'd from a bitter and saline Body IF strong Brine made of Salt and Water be cast upon Crystals of Silver dissolv'd in Aq. Fort. or Spirit of Nitre the dry'd Mixture being brought to Fusion in a Crucible and kept in that state a competent time will afford a tough Luna Cornea insipid which will not easily dissolve in more powerful Menstruums than Spittle PROPOSITION IV. Of two Bodies the one very sweet and the other salter than Brine to obtain an insipid Mixture An Insipid obtain'd from a sweet and a salt Body IF a just Proportion of Spirit Sal Armon or Urine be cautiously pour'd on a Solution of Minium in Vinegar or Saccharum Saturni dissolv'd in a proper Menstruum if the Taste be not destroy'd by the Mixture it will by being dry'd and flux'd as in the foregoing Experiment EXPERIMENT V. Of an Insipid and Soure one to make a Substance more bitter than Aloes A Bitter obtain'd from an insipid and a sour Body WHich is done by dissolving a sufficient Quantity of Silver in Aq. Fortis to satiate the Menstruum which if it be filtrated and it 's superfluous Moisture abstracted it will yield Crystals more bitter and no wonder since if one touch the Powder of the Crystals with ones Finger or Nail it would so stain them that it cannot easily be remov'd EXPERIMENT VI. Of an insipid Body and a highly corrosive one to make a Substance as sweet as Sugar A sweet Body obtain'd from a corrosive and an insipid IF good Aq. Fortis be put upon Minium and kept together in a gentle Heat till the Menstruum is satiated it will be as sweet as Saccharum Saturni but the Ingredients must be both good EXPERIMENT VII Of obtaining without Addition from the sweetest Bodies Liquors corrosive enough to dissolve Bodies A corrosive obtain'd from a sweet Body SUgar distill'd in a Retort will yield a red Spirit which being rectify'd will come over clear and colourless And the Caput mortuum will be altogether insipid The Spirit is of a very penetrant Taste and tho' taken to be a homogeneous Body yet I have found it to consist of two Spirits one of which would dissolve Copper Yet these sour Spirits being incorporated with Minium would acquire a saccharine Sweetness part of which they will dissolve in Digestion And a like Spirit to this may be obtain'd from Hony EXPERIMENT VIII To divide a Body bitter in the highest Degree into two Substances the one extremely sowre and the other perfectly insipid A sowre and an insipid obtain'd from a bitter Substance THis is done by distilling Crystals of Luna in a Retort with a strong fire in a Sand Furnace by this means the Spirits being driven away unite into an Acid corrosive Menstruums leaving an insipid Substance behind them EXPERIMENT IX To produce Variety of Tastes in one insipid Body by associating it with divers Menstruums Divers Tastes produc'd in an insipid IF Zinke be dissolv'd in Aq. Fortis Aq. Regis Oyl of Vitriol Spirit of Nitre Spirit of Salt distilled Vinegar Spirit of Sal Armon or of Urine it will by a Conjunction with those sapid Bodies so alter their Textures as to produce a different Alteration in the Tastes of each EXPERIMENT X. To produce Variety of Tastes with one Memstruum by associating it with insipid Bodies Various Tastes caus'd by an insipid AQua Fortis with refin'd Silver will produce a Bitter with Lead a saccharine sweet Taste with Tin a different Taste tho' not odious with Copper an abominable Taste with Mercury and Iron bad Tastes of different kinds It will likewise produce different Tastes with Tin Glass Antimony Brass Emery and Zinke EXPERIMENT XI Of two Liquors the one highly corrosive and the other very pungent and not pleasant to compose a Body of a pleasant and Aromatick Taste An Aromatick obtain'd from two corrosives MIX gradually an Ounce of good Aq. Fortis or Spirit of Nitre with an equal Quantity of inflammable
the Grounds and Excellency of CORPUSCULAR PHILOSOPHI HAVING in the Preface given the Reader an Account of the following Sheets I shall by way of Introduction represent the Grounds and Excellency of the Corpuscular Philosophy as deliver'd by our Author And first It hath this to recommend it above all other Systems of Philosophy That it teaches us not as the Doctrin of the Epicureans does that the World was made in an Infinite Vacuum by a Casual Concourse of Atoms nor as the Cartesians That Matter first put into Motion by GOD convened into a World as now constituted by Laws Mechanical only but it allows the Omnipotent Creator a greater share in the Works of his Hands teaching that the Motions of the small Parts of Matter which compose the Universe were guided by that Wise Architect who when he had constituted the World establish'd the Laws of Nature So that we only endeavour to explain those as now constituted and how they are Mechanically carry'd on In doing of which it accounts for the several Phanomena of Nature by Principles more intelligible and clear than the Doctrin of the Peripateticks since it is much more easily understood what I mean by Motion or Rest Size Shape Order Situation and a Contexture of the Parts of Matter than by fanciful Ideas represented by the Doctrin of Privation Substantial Forms and their Eduction c. Nor hath our Hypothesis a less Advantage over the Hypostatical Principles of the Chymists since it accounts for several Phaenomena which they are at a loss in as Eclipses of the Sun which are brought on and remov'd by a Local Motion of the Interfering Body and those others concern'd in the Phaenomenon Or to use another Instance it is easily understood that the Image of a Man cast into the Air by a Concave Spherical Looking-glass are more Naturally accounted for by a Refraction of the Rays of Light than any Hypostatical Principles But besides the Intelligibleness of our Principles it is a farther Recommendation that none are more Primary than Matter and Motion which is the first General Affection of it nor can any be more simple None more Primary because had the same Parts of Matter been always in the same Place they could not be diversify'd therefore Motion was primarily necessary Nor could any be more simple because neither could be divided into Parts of a different Denomination since all Matter is equally Matter and all Motion must bear the same Title consider'd barely as Motion And as none can be more Simple and Primary so none can be more Comprehensive since Motion Size Figure Order and Texture may be diversify'd thousands of ways and as whole Libraries are made of Twenty-four Letters so the several Phaenomena of Nature may be explain'd by the several Varieties of Textures and other Differences arising from the various Changes our Principles are subject to Nor are the most Obvious Phaenomena of Nature alone explain'd by our Hypothesis but those Qualities esteem'd Occult ones since the Particles which are concern'd in such Compositions as abound with occult Qualities are subject to the same Laws and capable of the like manner of Action tho' their Parts are so Minute as to make their Modus Operandi indiscernible But what is still more an Advantage in our Hypothesis is that it flies not to an unknown Power as a Plastick one or an Anima Mundi whose Operation is not known but gives us a Mechanical Account of Things for the former gives no more Satisfaction than if one were told that a Watch tells the Hours of the Day because made by such a Man whereas the true Reason is because the Parts so plac'd together are in Motion And the same Instances may serve to shew us the Deficiency of the Hypostatical Principles Besides Ingredients by a bare mixture being able to effect nothing nor able to work upon each other without Motion those Principles themselves appear to be only different Modes of Matter vary'd by our Hypothesis To conclude There is not any one Phaenomenon which any Hypothesis is able to explain but a more Intelligible Account may be given by the following Plate .1 Vol. III. Fig 1. p 39. 4. p. 17 Fig 5 p 317. Fig 6. p 37. Fig 2 p 37. Fig 7. p 3◠Fig 3 p 36. p 314. p 314. p 314. p 314. Plate .2 Vol. III. p 281. Fig 1. Fig 2. p 285 Fig 3. p 285. Fig 4. p 288. Fig 5. p 290. Fig 6. p 293. Fig 8. p 295. Fig 7. p 294. Plate .3 Vol. III Fig 1. p 296 Fig 2. p 296. Fig 3. p 297. Fig 4. p 297. Fig 5 p 299. Fig 6. Fig 7. p 301. Fig 8. Plate .4 Vol. III. Fig 1. p 303 p 303. Fig 2. p 305 Fig 3. Fig 4. p 305. Fig 5. p 307. p 309 Fig 6. Fig 7. p 309. Fig 8. p 310. Plate .5 Vol III. Fig 1. p 329. THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED An Appendix to BOOK IV. CHAP. I. Of the Mechanical Production of Cold. TO make it appear That Heat and Cold Experiments concerning the Mechanical Origin of Cold. which are generally esteemed two of the most active Qualities may be mechanically produced or destroyed by a bare change of Texture or by Alterations otherwise mechanically brought on without the assistance of the Peripatetick Doctrine of Substantial Forms or the Hypostatical Principles of the Chymists I shall subjoin the following Experiments EXPERIMENT I. A solution of Sal-Armoniac Having dissolv'd Sal-Armoniack in four times its quantity of Water whilst the Mixture was a stirring and the Salt dissolving the Water acquir'd such a degree of Coldness as to congeal Water with which the Bottle was wet on the outside into Ice but after a Dissolution of that Salt the Coldness gradually declin'd EXPERIMENT II. To try whether the Coldness which the former Mixture acquir'd did not rather proceed from the Effect which the Water had on the saline Parts than on the Dispersion of those Saline Parts through the Water I immerg'd a Thermoscope in Water which was so warm as to make the Spirit of Wine ascend but the same Thermoscope being removed into Powder of Sal-Armoniac warm it ascended much faster yet the Weather-glass being conveyed into the Liquor again and the Salt poured into it it speedily began to subside and sunk a Division and ¼ below the Mark it stood at in cold Water remaining at that Station a considerable time And the same Experiment succeeded when tryed a second time EXPERIMENT III. Having immersed a Thermoscope in Spirit of Salt I pour'd Spirit of fermented Urine leisurely upon it and observ'd that the Mixture by a mutual Conflict growing hot A Thermoscope immers'd in a Mixture of Spirit of Salt and fermented Urine sensibly raised the Spirit of Wine which being done and a Salt obtained from the evaporated Mixture not much unlike Sal-Armoniack it was carefully dried and being put into Water in which a Thermoscope was placed upon its dissolution
Mace as with Oyl of Cinamon yet upon further Tryals I found that it succeeded And to what hath been deliver'd on this Subject I shall further add when the Noctiluca was wholly consum'd to a Caput Mortuum that as soon as it was turned with the other side upwards it would immediately take Fire a-fresh THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK V. PART I. CHAP. I. New Experiments of the Positive or Relative Levity of Bodies under Water Arguments against the Positive Levity of emerging Bodies WHEN any Body that is lighter in Specie than Water is immersed in it and upon the removal of that force which depressed it it rises again it is usually attributed to the Positive Levity of that Body but since the instance of Wood emerging is that which is usually offered as an Argument to it I shall answer That Wood being a Body full of Pores except some which will not swim in Water and upon that account specifically lighter than Water the Water by the Pressure of that which is incumbent getting betwixt the Superficies of the Vessel and the Body immersed causes it to rise the Water which succeeds it in its place making a more powerful Pressure against it than its Specifick Gravity enables it to resist And that Bodies Specifically lighter than Water will be thus buoyed up by it will appear from the Hydrostatical Paradoxes hereafter to be laid down And tho' it be usually urged that the Bodies imimmersed are too closely contiguous to the bottom of the Vessel for the Water to insinuate themselves betwixt yet from the following Experiment it will appear that were the contiguous Surfaces so close the positive Levity of the Wood would not be able to raise it for two black Marbles being so exactly polished as to be as contiguous as possibly they might we tyed a Bladder full of Air to the uppermost and then causing them both to be immersed in Water the positive Levity of the Bladder would not cause the Bladder to rise but as soon as by a servant the uppermost Marble was gradually slipped half off the Polished Surface of the lowest the Water which before was not able to insinuate it self betwixt the Surfaces of the contiguous Marbles and to separate them presently caused the Bladder to rise with a considerable swiftness and force above the Surface of the Water Which Event that it did not depend on Nature's abhorrency of a Vacuum is evident since that would have an equal force when the Polished Surfaces were wholly contiguous the Power of Nature's abhorrency of a Vacuum being held by its Assertors to be unlimited And that it was not the heaviness of the upper Marble nor want of lightness in the included appeared since when the Surfaces of the polished Marbles were not contiguous the Bladder was able to lift up a weight of six or seven pound besides the Marble And to shew that the Bladder might be raised by the Pressure of the Water according to the laws of Hydrostaticks usually buoying up Bodies Specifically lighter than it self having pressed out the greatest part of the Air contained in a Bladder I tyed a piece of Iron to it and immersed it in a wide-mouth'd Glass which was so deep that the Bladder was totally immersed and yet not far below the Surface of the Water and this being convey'd into our Pneumatick Engine when by exhausting the Air part of the Pressure was taken off the Air in the Bladder expanding it self and takeing up more Room in the Water and consequently becoming so much more Specifically lighter and the resistance of the Water which endeavours to buoy it up becoming respectively greater it was together with the suspended weight raised to the Surface of the Water and continued there till the outward Air was let in again and then the Air being contracted into its former dimensions it subsided again In which Experiment the positive Levity of the Air was not varyed but only its relative and respective weight in reference to its proportion of Water And that Rarefaction alters not the positive Levity of Bodies may appear from the following Experiment for having oyled a Bladder and when the Air was expressed tyed it to the neck of a Vial I found that in the exhausted Receiver tho' the Air in the Vial was so far expanded as to fill the whole capacity of the Bladder yet the Vial neither rose higher nor subsideded lower when the Air was drawn out or let in again CHAP. II. New Experiments about the Pressure of the Air 's Spring on Bodies under Water The Pressure of the Air 's Spring on Bodies under Water TO shew that the Spring and Weight of the Air hath manifest effects on Bodies separated from an immediate contact by the Interposition of Water I shall subjoyn the following Experiments EXPERIMENT II. We luted the neck of a Vial which was capable of containing above a point of Water upon that pipe which conveys Air out of the Receiver into the Pump which being done we whelmed over this Receiver our large one and having poured in a sufficient quantity of Water we closed it up with the Turn-key that no Air might get out that way and then the Air being exhausted out of the Vial if flew into a great many peices the sides of the Glass being not able to resist the Pressure of the Air that lay upon the Surface of the Water in the large Receiver EXPERIMENT II. The greatest part of the Air being squeezed out of a Bladder and the Bladder tyed to a weight which kept it something below the Surface of Water contained in a wide-mouth'd Glass this being convey'd into a Receiver the Air in the Bladder expanded as the Air on the Superficies of the Water was extracted EXPERIMENT III. A Brass Plug being fitted to a Cylinder which was closed with a Plate of the same Metal at one end we put a Bladder half blown into the Cylinder and placing the Plug upon it with a weight of a Conical figure upon that we poured so much Water into the Receiver in which it was placed as covered the top of the Conical weight but left the Ring which was fixed to the top of it and which was fastned to the Turn-key by the help of a string and things being thus ordered when the Air above the water was considerably exhausted the Spring of the Air in the Cylinder raised the Plugg and Weights a considerable height tho' the whole weight amounted to twenty eight pounds EXPERIMENT IV. A Glass Vial being closed with Cement and immersed in a deep Brass Cylinder of Water this was convey'd into our Receiver and when the Air which pressed upon the Water was drawn off the Vial in the bottom of the Water was violently shattered in pieces by the Spring of the included Air for want of a sufficient Pressure of the Air incumbent on the Water to resist the force of that Spring EXPERIMENT V. To shew that the Expansion
100 to 1. C    Coral red 129 ¼ 80 ¼ 2 63 100 to 1. Crystal 256 140 2 21 100 to 1.  Weight In Air in Gr. In Water in Grains Proportion Cornelian 148 103 3 29 100 to 1. Calculus humanus 2570 1080 1 72 100 to 1. Coco-shell 331 85 1 34 100 to 1. Native Crabs Eyes 77 ½ 36 ½ 1 89 100 to 1. Crabs Eyes Artificial 90 ½ 54 2 48 100 to 1. Calx of Lead 138 ½ 123 8 94 100 to 1. Copper Stone 65 ½ 49 ½ 4 09 â—â—0 to 1. Common Cinnabar 802 702 8 1 50 to 1. Cinnabar of Antimony 197 169 7 3 100 to 1. Cinnabar Native 197 171 7 57 100 to 1. Coral White 336 204 〈◊〉 54 1002 to 1. Another piece fine 139 85 2 17 100 to 1. Calculus humanus 302 97 1 47 100 to 1. Copper Ore 1436 1090 4 15 100 to 1. Copper Ore Rich 413 314 4 17 100 to 1. Cinnabar Native very sparkling 226 194 7 6 100 to 1. G    Gold Ore not Rich brought from the East Indies 1100 682 2 63 109 to 1. Another Lump of the same 1151 717 2 65 100 to 1. Granati Minera 217 147 3 1 10 to 1. Granate Bohemian   4 36 100 to 1. H Weight In Air in Gr. In Water in Grains Proportion Haematites English 1574 1156 3 76 100 to 1. I    Ivory 173 2 83 1 91 100 to 1. L    Lapis Manati 450 293 2 26 100 to 1. A Fragment of the same 218 ½ 123 2 29 100 to 1. Another 345 197 2 33 100 to 1. Another from Jamaica 2011 1127 2 27 100 to 1. Lapis Lazuli one piece 385 256 2 98 100 to 1. Lead Ore 686 590 7 14 100 to 1. Another    Lapis Calaminaris 477 380 4 92 100 to 1. Lapis Judaicus 261 ½ 164 2 69 100 to 1. M    Marcasites 814 631 4 45 100 to 1. Another from Stalbridge 243 189 4 ½ to 1.  Weight In Air in Gr. In Water in Grains Proportion Another more shining than ordinary 287 227 4 18 100 to 1. Mercury reviv'd from Ore    Manganese a piece 321 230 3 13 100 to 1. Mineral Cornish like a shining Marcasite 145 129 9 6 100 to 1. O    Osteocolla 195 108 2 24 100 to 1. Ore Silver choice from Saxony 458 366 4 9â— 100 to 1. Another Piece 1120 960 7 to 1. Ore Lead from Cumberland Rich 1872 1586 1 â— 54 100 to 1. R    Rhinoceros horn 8563 4260 1 99 100 to 1. Rock-Chrystal another Piece 256 140 2 20 100 to 1. S    Saphir     Weight In Air in Gr. In Water in Grains Proportion Seed-Pearl    Sulphur vive 371 185 2 to 1. Germane very fine 306 152 1 98 100 to 1. Slate Irish 779 467 2 49 100 to 1. T    A Piece of Talc like Lapis Amianthus 596 334 2 28 100 to 1. Talc Venetian 802 508 2 73 100 to 1. Talc Jamaican 1857 1238 3 to 1. New English Tin Ore Mr. Huberts 812 613 4 8 100 to 1. Tin Ore black Rich. 1293 984 4 18 100 to 1. Another piece Choice 2893 2314 5 to 1. Tutty a piece 104 83 5 to 1. Tin-glass 468 419 9 56 100 to 1. V    Vitrum Antimonii per se 357 ½ 282 ½ 4 76 100 to 1. Vitriol Engl. a very fine piece 1093 512 1 â—8 100 to 1. Vnicorns horn a piece 407 195 1 91 100 to 1. THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK V. PART II. CHAP. I. An account of a strangely Self-moving Liquor communicated in the Transactions of November 26. 1685. Of a Self-moving Liquor AN Ingenious Mathematician having mixed several Ingredients in an Earthen Pot over Coals the matter took fire and began to blaze furiously which obliged him to stiffle the flame and remove it from the fire and when it was cold he several times successively and at some distance of time observed that the Liquor moved variously and briskly and some seeds being thrown upon it they formed a sort of scum part of which being removed and the Liquor placed in a warm Laboratory I observed the following Phaenomena 1. The scum which remained on it being broke part would be carryed to the left hand and part to the right by the motion of the Liquor 2. When it came from under the scum it moved very briskly as if its motion upwards had been checked by it 3. The Liquor consisting partly of Oyl and partly of Bituminous Ingredients their motion might not only be the better discerned but some of those Oyly Parts rising up to the top of the Liquor would diffuse themselves orbicularly and form a great Halo adorned with the vivid colours of a Rain-Bow and these would continue till they lost themselves successively under the scum 4. The motions of this Liquor were frequently Vortical which appeared by the motion of some Parts of the scum And the Liquor all this while was actually Cold. 5. Some of this Liquor being poured into a Cylindrical Glass it moved not as before but being poured into a shallow wide-mouth'd Glass it moved more briskly and variously than before in the Earthen Vessel 6. It moves more briskly or slow as the Weather varies in temper and in all hath continued its motion ten days and it continued this motion when poured out of a Vial into a convenient Glass seven or eight weeks after but very languidly and soon began to slacken its motion in point of swiftness and from the first to the last time this Liquor was observed to move it was about five Months CHAP. II. Of the preserving of Birds and other small Faetus's Of preserving Birds c. IN order to make Observations about young Faetus's I preserved Chickens taken out of the Shell at several times and on several days after Incubation by keeping them in Spirit of Wine to which I sometimes added Spirit of Sal-Armoniack prepared with Quick-lime and that the Liquor might not be discoloured I usually remove them twice into fresh Spirits before I design to preserve them in it CHAP. III. A Conjecture concerning the the Bladders of Air found in Fishes Communicated in the Transactions of May 25. 1675. Of the Bladders of Fishes TO shew whether a Fish moves in the Water by expanding or by a constriction of himself and whether the Bladder within him be contracted and expanded according to the several depths he swims at we contrived the following Experiment viz. To put several Fishes into a Bolt-head filled with Water and whose Stem is drawn out very fine and sealed up when filled with Water for if when the Fish sinks the Water in the small Tube subsides we may conclude he contracts himself and if when he rises the Water rises also we may conclude that
Country near Armsterdam a sort of Mercury in the custody of a Farmer which was of a Golden colour throughout and would if put upon the fire in a proper Vessel precipitate in the form of a red Powder And I am likewise told by a Judicious Physician that he saw in the possession of a Stranger a sort of Mercury whose small Globules were of a green colour CHAP. X. Various Observations about Diamonds Observations about Diamonds DIamonds being not only the most Noble but Valuable amongst Gems it may be worth our while to consider them a little and to relate what Observations I have been able to make about them And I. It is observed that Diamonds are so much harder than other Bodies that they require a greater force to cut and polish them than other Gems II. It is observed by one who hath long dealt in Diamonds that those which are now brought over are much softer than those of the old Rock III. The Tradition is false that Diamonds cannot be cut without being softened in Goats Blood the contrary being found by Diamond cutters and an Experienced Diamond-cutter hath informed me that he uses to polish Diamonds with the dust which he obtains by pounding of boared Diamonds in an Iron Mortar IV. Tho' it be a general received Opinion that Diamonds have a weight proportionable to their Solidity yet I find amongst my Experiments that a Diamond being weighed Hydrostatically in Wattr was to its proportion of that Liquor as 2 22 23 to 1 so that it did not equal its treeble proportion of Water in weight V. I am informed that if Diamonds be Cloudy sometimes one as big again as a Pea will be at least four grains heavier than another of an equal size VI. The natural shape of Diamonds is uncertain since most of them which we see are only broken pieces whose figures are very irregular yet I have seen some which seemed to consist of Triangles terminating in solid Angles and I am told by one who cuts a great number that those which are of a regular Figure are usually four corner'd VII It is observed that in Diamonds there is a regular tendency of Fibers or thin Plates which lye parallel to each other which may be called the grain of them which way they may easily be divided tho' not against that grain without difficulty VIII As to the colour of Diamonds tho' it generally be so well known as not to need to be described yet in the East-Indies some have been observed to be of a pale blue colour And Monsieur Tavernier says he hath seen one of a very red colour and a Relation of mine wore a Diamond in a Ring which was of a Golden yellow besides which varieties of colours I have observ'd one amongst a great many in the East-India House whose colour was green IX And I have seen a Diamond brought from the East-Indies which had six Triangular sides and a Cavity in one of them in which Diamond the Fibers might easily be discerned And the Merchant to which this belonged told me he had seen one brought from Borneo which before it was Polished was black tho' after it appeared to be a clear Stone X. To conclude this Chapter I shall add the following Relation which will contenance what I have elsewhere related viz. That the Virtue of Gems may probably arise from Metalline Tinctures incorporated with the matter of them whilst it was soft and fluid the Observation is that having applyed a Load-stone to a small Diamond which was pretty dull it would not only be taken up by it but would at a considerable distance leap up to it To these Observations I shall only add that there are several other Observations which are scattered up and down my Writings which I shall not repeat here they properly enough belonging to those writings THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED BOOK V. PART III. CHAP. I. Of the Original and Virtue of Gems Of the Original of Gems THO' I am far from believing that Gems are endowed with so many Medicinal Virtues as are usually ascribed to them yet I believe they may have considerable Effects on Humane Bodies which Virtues they may receive from the Intermixture of Mineral and Metalline Parts whilst they were in a fluid form And that precious Stones have once been in a fluid form may be argued hence viz. First from their Diaphaneity fluid Bodies being more apt to have their Parts ranged in an order requisite to transparency than solid Bodies as Silver dissolved in Aqua Fortis and Lead in Spirit of Vinegar not only become transparent but may form Diaphanous Crystals Secondly from their External figure it being usual for Bodies to form more regularly and curiously shaped Crystals when in a fluid than a solid Ambient substance for which Reason if a Glass-Bottle be filled with a Solution of Nitre and the Water hath been pretty well consumed by boiling the Salt will shoot into a Mass whose side next the Glass answers the form of it but that next the Water will be set with Prismatical Crystals of a Nitrous figure And I have seen Indian Granates taken out of a lump of Heterogeneous matter some of whose Surfaces were Triangles others Paralellograms c. according the figures of the Cells they were contained in And I have seen not only Bristol Stones but Cornish Diamonds curiously shaped like Crystals of salt Petre And I have likewise seen Rubies very Geometrically shaped and amongst other Rarities a Diamond whose Surface consisted of several Triangular Planes which contained several lesser within them which for the most part met at a Point and formed an obtuse solid Angle And I have observed that most Diamonds have angular and determinate shapes And in favour of the Hypothesis already laid down I shall add that precious Stones being dissolved in a Particular Menstruum they shoot into Crystals like those of Nitre but insipid And I have observed that tho' Bristol Stones have on the upper part six smooth sides which were so cut as to represent six smooth Triangles which terminate like those of a Pyramid in a Virtex yet the lower Part which was next the matter it adhered to made it appear less transparent and conformable in figure to the Cavity of its womb this is more remarkably evident when clusters of these Crystals grow out of one Mineral lump And to this I shall further add that I have seen a Mass which consisted of two flat Parallel Cakes which seemed to be composed of a dirty kind of Crystalline substance and out of each Cake there grew towards the other a great number of Stones which having a little space about them were regularly shaped and of the colour of a German Amethyst And I have a Stone which consists of four Parts the lowest being like a flake of coarse Stone only adorned here and there with very minute glittering Particles as if of a Metalline Nature over this is spread