Body the several Bones and their Protuberances and Sinus framing different Articulations of Joints whose motion is made easie by Cartilages and rendred firm as encircled and fastned together by Ligaments By many curious Dissections great discoveries have been lately made in the Body of Man and other Animals much improving the Theory and Praxis of Physick of the Milky Vessels in the Mesentery of the common Receptacle and Thoracick Duct in the middle Apartiment of the Lymphaeducts in the Liver and other parts of the Body of the many Tunicles of the Stomach and Guts and of the Glands and Nervous Compage of the Brain and various Processes and Animal Liquor and of the Carnous Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Heart of the Vesicles of Air and Lobules in the Lungs and of the Glands in the Cutis Mesentery Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles of new Seminal Vessels in them and of many actions and uses of the parts and of the motion of the Chyle Lympha Blood and Nervous Liquor The principal end and accomplishment of Physick is its Praxis relating to Diagnosticks Prognosticks and Therapeuticks which are all derived à parte affecta actione laesa both these are made known by Anatomy whereby we inspect the outward parts and the more inward Recesses the Viscera whose penetrals are discovered by Dissections So that no person can truly deserve the appellative of a Learned and able Physician which is not well versed in Anatomy whose precepts relate to Physiology and are the first rudiments of our Art without which we cannot truly judge the nature of a Disease manifested in the part affected and the actions offended And to this end to promote the Art of Physick which hath been my long Study and Employment I have been concerned in many Dissections of the Body of Man to contribute my Mite to the improvement of Experimental Phylosophy depending upon Anatomy the chief part of Physiology which is much advanced by the Dissections of the Bodies of other Animals as well as that of Man to render his Parts more clear and intelligible So that I have with great Care and Faithfulness laid open various kinds of Creatures to inspect their Viscera which I have ordered to be curiously drawn with a Pensil from the Life in many Schemes beautified with variety of Elegant Figures Engraven in Copper-Plates as so many Monuments of Art and Copies of Nature lively representing the Noble Parts of the Body of Man and other Creatures faithfully recommending them to Posterity that the Republick of Learning may have a recourse to them to revive their Notions gained by great Observation made by Autopsie upon the Bodies of Animals These curious Tables embelished with the Images of various Parts may be termed Natures fine Pictures copied by Art wherein we may read God's most admirable Works as so many Products of His infinite Essence written in fair Characters in the Book of the Creatures composed of divers Volumes disposed in excellent order consisting of several fine Leaves bound up with great Artifice teaching us to know love and adore the Supreme Good the Author of all Being Goodness and Perfection The Following SCHEMES Are Adorned with many FIGURES Representing the VISCERA of MAN and other Animals Engraven in large Copper-Plates Tab. I. A Humane Body opened a a. THe Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which are not perfectly circular α α. The long Fibers passing down the Aspera Arteria β β. The circular Fibers every way surrounding the Aspera Arteria b b. The outward Skin of the Arm being turned back the first and Reticular Coat of the inward Skin appears c c. The Papillae Pyramidales seated in the wrinkles of the Skin are derived from the Nervous Coat and terminate into the Cuticula d d. The Reticular Coat of the Skin being turned up the Nervous appears being composed of long transvers and oblique Filaments e e. The minute Membranous Fibers are derived from the Membrana Musculorum Communis and passing through the Fat and Membrana Adiposa are inserted into the Skin f f. The Nervous Coat being turned back the Glandulous discovereth it self beset with small Glands which are Colatories of the Blood having recourse to the Ambient part of the Body g g g g. Part of the Ribs seated on each side of the Thorax h. The Thymus being fastned in its Base to the Pericardium climbeth up till its top arriveth the highest Rib. ii The right Lobes of Lungs turned toward the right side k k. The numerous divarications of Blood-vessels seated in the Surface of the right Lobes after the manner of Network l l. The left Lobes of the Lungs lifted up that the Heart may appear are beautified with Blood-vessels after a reticular manner m m. The right Auricle of the Heart surrounded with many circular Fibers running Horizontally n n. The Base of the Heart seated exactly in the middle of the Thorax o o. The Cone of the Heart inclining toward the left Pap. p p p p. The Coronary Blood-vessels Enameling the Surface of the Heart q q q. The Diaphragm passing horizontally in an Arch parteth the lowest Apartiment from the middle and hath in its Relaxation a Convex Surface toward the Thorax and a Concave toward the Belly r. The broad suspensory Ligament derived from the Peritonaeum by which the Liver is fastned above to the Midriff s s. The right Region of the Liver turned backward that the Stomach may be discerned t t. The left Region of the Liver being put out of its situation inclineth toward the left Hypocondre u u. The Blood-vessels branching themselves upon the Surface of the Liver after the manner of Network w w. The minute Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Liver x x. The Bladder of Gall which in its natural situation is lodged in the concave part of the Liver α α. The Trunk of the Gastrepiploick Vessels running horizontally over the Caul after the form of an Arch. β β. The Gastrepiploick Vessels sprouting out of the Trunk are branched downward all along the Caul δ δ. The greater Adipose Ducts accompanying the Blood-vessels Υ Υ. †ε ε. The more numerous small Adipose Ducts seated in the Area †of the greater Vessels are branched after the manner of a curious small Network y y. The body of the Stomach appearing upon the turning up the Liver z z. The first Coat of the Stomach Enameled by Blood-vessels Tab. 1. Tab. II. Fig. 1. Represents the Vpper-Lip Cheeks Teeth Palate Uvula of a Man a a. THe transverse Fissures of the Upper-Lip b b. Some part of the Upper-Lip stripped of its Coat wherein the spongy substance of it may be discovered as interspersed with many minute red Glands c c c c. The Fat of the Cheeks cut open wherein are seated many Particles of Fat as in so many Membranous Cells resembling Glands of divers magnitudes and figures d d. The Cheek being cut many small Glands may be discerned accompanying the fleshy parts of the Buccinators
Page 369 Chap. 45. Of the Pathology of the Guts Page 370 Chap. 46. Of the Diseases of the Guts and their Cure Page 375 Chap. 47. Of the Colick Passion Page 379 Chap. 48. Of the Mesentery Page 384 Chap. 49. Of the Diseases of the Mesentery Page 392 Chap. 50. Of the Pancreas Page 398 Chap. 51. Of the Pancreas of Beasts and other Animals Page 403 Chap. 52. Of the Pancreas of Birds and Fish Page 404 Chap. 53. Of the Diseases of the Pancreas Page 405 The Contents of the Third Part of the First Book consisting of Thirty three Chapters Chap. 1. OF the Spleen Page 411 Chap. 2. Of the Spleen of Fish Page 416 Chap. 4. Of the Spleen of Beasts Page 421 Chap. 5. Of the Spleen of Birds Page 422 Chap. 6. Of the Pathology of the Spleen and its Cures Page 423 Chap. 7. Of the Liver Page 428 Chap. 8. Of the Glands of the Liver Page 435 Chap. 9. Of the Lympheducts of the Liver Page 439 Chap. 10. Of the Lympha or Liquor contained in the Lympheducts Page 441 Chap. 11. Of the Pathology of the Lympheducts and Lympha Page 444 Chap. 12. Of the Liver of Beasts Page 447 Chap. 13. Of the Liver of Birds Page 449 Chap. 14. Of the Liver of Fish Page 451 Chap. 15. Of the Bladder of Gall Page 453 Chap. 16. Of the Bladder of Gall in other Animals Page 455 Chap. 17. Of the Porus Bilarius Page 457 Chap. 18. Of Choler Page 459 Chap. 19. Of the use of the Liver Page 462 Chap. 20. Of the Pathology of the Liver Page 465 Chap. 21. Of the Glands leaning upon the Kidneys Page 472 Chap. 22. Of the Kidneys Page 473 Chap. 23. Of the Kidneys of Beasts Page 480 Chap. 24. Of the Kidneys of Birds Page 481 Chap. 25. Of the Kidneys of Fish Page 482 Chap. 26. Of the Pathology of the Kidneys and its Cures Page 483 Chap. 27. Of the Stone of the Kidneys Page 488 Chap. 28. Of the Stone of the Kidneys and its Cures Page 493 Chap. 28. Of the Vreters Page 494 Chap. 29. Of the Ureters of other Animals Page 496 Chap. 30. Of the Ureters and their Pathology Page 497 Chap. 31. Of the Bladder of Urine Page 498 Chap. 31. Of the Bladder of Urine in other Animals Page 501 Chap. 32. Of the Pathology of the Bladder of Urine Chap. 33. Of Urine Page 505 The Contents of the Fourth Part of the First Book consisting of Thirty eight Chapters Chap. 1. OF the Parts of Generation in Man Page 511 Chap. 2. Of the Testicles Page 515 Chap. 3. Of the Parastats and deferent Vessels Page 526 Chap. 4. Of the Seminal Vesicles Page 629 Chap. 5. Of the Penis or Yard Page 534 Chap. 6. Of the Seminal Liquor of Man Page 539 Chap. 7. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Beasts Page 542 Chap. 8. Of the Parts of Generation in the Cocks of Birds Page 547 Chap. 9. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Fish Page 548 Chap. 10. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects Page 550 Chap. 11. Of the Diseases of the Scrotum and Testicles of Man Page 552 Chap. 12. Of the Diseases of the Penis and its Cures Page 557 Chap. 13. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman Page 559 Chap. 14. Of the Uterus Page 563 Chap. 15. Of the inward part of the Uterus Page 566 Chap. 16. Of the Ligaments of the Womb Page 573 Chap. 17. Of the Menstruous Flux Page 578 Chap. 18. Of the Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation Page 579 Chap. 19. Of the Fluor Albus or Whites Page 584 Chap. 20. Of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women Page 588 Chap. 21. Of the Deferent Vessels of Women Page 593 Chap. 22. Of Feminine Seed Page 604 Chap. 23. Of the Diseases of the Womb and their Cures Page 608 Chap. 24. Of the Diseases of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women Page 614 Chap. 25. Of the principles and manner of Generation Page 617 Chap. 26. Of the Generation of a Humane Foetus Page 624 Chap. 27. Of the Placenta Uterina Page 630 Chap. 28. Of the Membranes encircling the Foetus Page 635 Chap. 29. Of the Uterus of Beasts Page 639 Chap. 30. Of the Ovaries of Beasts Page 643 Chap. 31. Of the Uterus of Birds Page 644 Chap. 32. Of the Ovaries and Eggs of Birds Page 646 Chap. 33. Of the Generation of a Foetus in Birds Page 648 Chap. 34. Of the parts of Generation in Fish Page 614 Chap. 35. Of the parts of Generation in Insects Page 660 Chap. 36. Of the parts of Generation in Plants Page 664 Chap. 37. Of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants Page 671 Chap. 38. Of the Generation of Plants Page 675 The Contents of the Second Book consisting of Fifty nine Chapters Chap. 1. OF the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts Page 679 Chap. 2. Of the Midriffe Page 684 Chap. 3. Of the Pathology of the Midriff and its Cures Page 689 Chap. 4. Of the Midriffe of greater and less Animals Page 690 Chap. 5. Of the Midriffe of Birds Page 692 Chap. 6. Of the Midriffe of Fish Page 693 Chap. 7. Of the Pleura Page 694 Chap. 8. Of the Thymus Page 697 Chap. 9. Of a Pleurisy Page 700 Chap. 10. Of an Empyema or collection of Matter in the Cavity of the Breast Page 704 Chap. 11. Of the Pericardium or Capsula of the Heart Page 709 Chap. 12. Of the Diseases of the Pericardium and their Cure Page 711 Chap. 13. Of the Pericardium of other Animals Page 713 Chap 14. Of the Heart Page 714 Chap. 16. Of the Auricles of the Heart Page 719 Chap. 17. Of the Ventricles of the Heart Page 721 Chap. 18. Of the Motion of the Heart Page 725 Chap. 19. Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart Page 732 Chap. 20. Of the Motion of the Blood Page 739 Chap. 21. Of the Blood Page 746 Chap. 22. Of the Pathology of the Heart in relation to its substance and Blood passing through it Page 753 Chap. 24. Of intermittent Fevers Page 764 Chap. 25. Of Malignant Fevers Page 762 Chap. 25. The Cures of intermittent Fevers Page 766 Chap. 26. The Cures of continued Fevers Page 767 Chap. 27. Of the Diseases of the Heart and their Cures Page 769 Chap. 28. Of the Hearts of Great Animals Page 773 Chap. 29. Of the Hearts of Birds Page 774 Chap. 30. Of the Hearts of Insects Page 778 Chap. 31. Of the Arteries of the Heart Page 779 Chap. 33. Of the Pathology of the Arteries Page 784 Chap. 34. Of the Veins relating to the Heart Page 787 Chap. 35. The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures Page 790 Chap. 36. Of the Blood-vessels of other Animals Page 793 Chap. 37. Of the Sap-vessels of Plants Page 794 Chap. 38. Of the Lungs Page 796 Chap. 39. Of the Lungs of greater Animals Page 802 Chap. 40. Of the Lungs of Birds Page 804 Chap. 41. Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish Page 806 Chap.
42. Of the Lungs of Frogs Lizards Vipers c. Page 808 Chap. 43. Of the Lungs of Insects Page 809 Chap. 44. Of the Aspera arteria or Wind-pipe Page 810 Chap. 45. Of the Larynx or head of the Windpipe Page 813 Chap. 46. Of the Windpipe of other Animals Page 816 Chap. 47. Of the Windpipe of Birds Page 817 Chap. 48. Of the Windpipe of Fish Page 819 Chap. 49. Of the Windpipe of less perfect Animals Page 820 Chap. 50. Of the Air-vessels of Plants Page 822 Chap. 51. Of Respiration Page 824 Chap. 52. Of the use of Respiration Page 835 Chap. 53. Of a Cough and Consumption Page 838 Chap. 54. Of the Pathology of the Lungs and its Cures Page 841 Chap. 55. Of the Abscess of the Lungs Page 844 Chap. 56. Of the Pthisis or Consumption Page 846 Chap. 57. Of a Cough and Consumption and their Cures Page 849 Chap. 58. Of the spitting of Blood Page 854 Chap. 59. Of an Asthma Page 858 The Contents of the Third Book consisting of Eighty four Chapters Chap. 1. OF the Face 862 Chap. 2. Of the Nose 866 Chap. 3. Of Smelling 871 Chap. 4. Of the Diseases of the Nostrils 873 Chap. 5. Of the Eyes 875 Chap. 6. Of Light in order to Seeing 890 Chap. 7. Of Seeing 895 Chap. 8. Of Diseases of the Eye-lids and their Cures 909 Chap. 9. Of the Diseases of the Glands of the Eyes and their Cures 910 Chap. 10. Of the Diseases of the Muscles of the Eyes 912 Chap. 11. Of the Diseases of the Adnata 913 Chap. 12. Of the Diseases of the Cornea and their Cures 917 Chap. 13. Of the Diseases of the Uvea and their Cures 912 Chap. 14. The Diseases of the watry Humor of the Eye and their Cures 923 Chap. 15. Of the Diseases of the Aranea and the Cristalline and Vitreous Humor and their Cures 926 Chap. 16. Of the Diseases of the Optick Nerves and the Retina and their Cures 927 Chap. 17. Of the Ear 929 Chap. 18. Of Hearing 935 Chap. 19. Of the Diseases of the Ear and its Cures 939 Chap. 20. Of the Hair 942 Chap. 21. Of the Feathers of Birds 945 Chap. 22. Of the Scales of Fish 949 Chap. 23. Of the Hair of Insects 951 Chap. 24. Of the Pericranium 959 Chap. 26. Of the Scull 955 Chap. 27. Of the Sculs of Beasts 966 Chap. 28. Of the Sculs of Birds 968 Chap. 29. Of the Sculs of Fish 970 Chap. 30. Of the Diseases of the Scull and their Cures 973 Chap. 31. Of the Dura Menynx 979 Chap. 32. Of the Pia Mater 986 Chap. 33. Of the Pathology of the Membranes of the Brain 990 Chap. 34. Of the Origen of the Brain 993 Chap. 35. Of the Fabrick and Substance of the Brain 994 Chap. 36. Of the Cortex of the Brain 997 Chap. 37. Of the Animal Liquor 1001 Chap. 38. Of the Animal Spirits 1004 Chap. 39. Of the Corpus callosum 1008 Chap. 40 Of the Ventricles of the Brain 1009 Chap. 41. Of the Choroeidal Plex 1012 Chap. 42. Of the Fornix 1014 Chap. 43. Of the Corpora striata 1015 Chap. 44. Of the Medulla oblongata 1017 Chap. 45. Of the Glandula Pinealis 1020 Chap. 46. De Infundibulo 1022 Chap. 47. De Glandula Pituitaria 1024 Chap. 48. De Rete Mirabili 1027 Chap. 49. De Cerebello 1029 Chap. 50. The Cerebellum of a Man and other Animals 1037 Chap. 51. Of Nerves arising from the Brain within the Scull 1039 Chap. 52. Of Olfactory Nerves of other Animals 1042 Chap. 53. Of the optick Nerves of Man and other Animals 1045 Chap. 54. Of the Motory and pathetick Nerves of the Eyes 1047 Chap. 55. Of the Eighth Ninth and Tenth pair of Nerves and the accessory Nerve 1050 Chap. 56. Of the manner of Sensation 1054 Chap. 57. Of the Chine 1059 Chap. 58. Of the Medulla Spinalis or Pith of the Back 1070 Chap. 59. Of the Nerves sprouting out of the Medulla Spinalis 1079 Chap. 60. Of the Nervous Liquor 1084 Chap. 61. Of the Brain of Beasts 1092 Chap. 62. Of the Brain of Birds 1099 Chap. 63. Of the Brain of Fish 1108 Chap. 64. Of Sleepy Diseases 1125 Chap. 65. Of the Vertigo or Meagrum 1135 Chap. 66. Of the Delirium and Phrenitis 1138 Chap. 67. Of Melancholy 1146 Chap. 68. Of a Mania or Madness 1156 Chap. 69. Of Stupidity and Mopishness 1165 Chap. 70. Of Convulsions and Convulsive Motions 1171 Chap. 71. Of the Falling Sickness 1175 Chap. 72. Of Convulsive Motions of Children 1185 Chap. 73. Of the Palsey 1191 Chap. 77. Of the Scurvey 1202 Chap. 78. Of Osteology 1212 Chap. 79. Of Bones of the upper Jawe 1223 Chap. 80. Of the lower Jawe 1228 Chap. 81. Of the Bones of the Scapula Shoulder or Arms c. 1231 Chap. 82. Of the Clavicle Sternon and Ribs 1244 Chap. 83. Of the Os Innominatum Thigh-bone c. 1251 Chap. 84. Of the Bones of the Thigh Leg c. 1255 DIVERS HYPOTHESES RELATING TO Natural and Experimental PHILOSOPHY Explicatory of several Terms and Notions used in the Subsequent Anatomical Disquisitions CHAP. I. Of the Parts and Dispositions of Humane Bodies described Mechanically under General and Particular Notions CIties have their Suburbs Houses their Porticos Vestments their Fringes Musick its Preludes Plays their Prologues Books their Prefaces Discourses their Prolegomena which are duly premised as fit Preambles to usher them in with the greater advantage of Order and Decorum Truth the end of all our Studies and Learning Truth to which we aspire in a most curious search as perfective of our Understanding is a Divine Ray enlightning our better parts at our First Creation The nature of Simple Verity All Entities in their Transcendental Capacities being so many Emanations holding Conformity with that most Heavenly mind as being several Copies of that great Original The nature of Compound Verity And all truth of Enunciation is founded in simple verity in being represented to our Understanding as truly conformable to the nature of things of which it is a resemblance to our Conceptions The nature of Sciences And all Sciences being of eternal Truth or constituted by abstracted Notions as Universals denuded by our subtle apprehensions from material Circumstances with which all singulars do exist The origen of Sciences is deduced from experience and all Universals in them as Fundamentals Upon which account all Intellectual Knowledg being originally Empirical borroweth its first rise from the ministery of the Senses because all Sciences consist of many Systems made up of Principles and Theorems as so many deductions from sensible things and the most true and clear Philosophy is experimental as confirmed by the plain suffrages and evident testimonies of our Senses Whereupon Anatomy is most assistant to propagate and refine Natural Philosophy Anatomy propagates and refineth Natural Philosophy by making inspection into the inward recesses of Humane Bodies and of other Animals to pry into the great secrets of Nature speaking the
of thin Transparent Substance and of a sweetish taste inclining somewhat to Subacide and is endued with Fermentative disposition as it is a serous and saline part of the Blood impraegnated with volatil saline Particles derived from Nervous Liquor transmitted into the body of the Pancreas and mixed with serous Particles which are conveyed by a common Duct into the Intestines where it meeteth with the Chyle in which it raiseth an Effervescence in it by which it is exalted and refined by defaecating the pure parts from the impure Another Humour and that noble too The fourth Ferment is the nervous Liquor exalting the Intestine Motion of the Chyle and Blood may be stiled the Nervous Liquor impraegnated with Animal Spirits and Volatil Saline and Aereal Particles whose spirituous and elastic body doth much assist Fermentation in the production of Chyle and Blood by relaxing the Compage of Alimentary and Vital Liquor and in reducing the contrary Aliments in these Heterogeneous Bodies into action whence ariseth an Effervescence of these Liquors commonly stiled Fermentation This Animal Juice associateth with that limpid Liquor in the Salival Glands where it is very much enobled by its spirituous active Ingeny and giveth a farther improvement to the serous Liquor of the Blood which exuding the inward Coat of the Stomach giveth a farther digestion of the Aliment and entereth into society with the Juice of the Pancreas by rendring it more spirituous and active to impart a greater attenuation to the Chyle in the Intestines From whence it being transmitted Chyle is impregnated with nervous Liquor in the Glands of the Mesentery into the Mesenteric Glands doth there embody with the Animal Juice which giveth it a greater exaltation and maketh it more fit to enter into alliance with the Blood in the Subclavian Veins and Ventricles of the Heart and substance of the Lungs where it giveth impraegnation to the Blood as much contributing to its Intestine Motion The Succus Nervosus also communicates a power to the serous Liquor of the Blood to be exalted in the Cortical Glands of the Brain in reference to the formation of Animal Liquor and Spirits And in the Viscera The Viscera are colatories of the Blood the Spleen Liver and Kidneys these noble Colatories of the Blâ—â—d the Nervous Liquor is ministerial to the Purple Liquor and by enlarging its Pores giveth it a disposition of Secretion which is lastly accomplished by Percolation made by various Cavities of different kinds of Vessels which I shall endeavour more clearly to set forth in Treating of Secretion and Percolation of Liquors CHAP. IV. Of the Fermentative Power of Aethereal and Aereal Particles advancing the Chyle and Blood of Humane Bodies THe most exalted Ferments are Aethereal The highest Ferments are caelestial Emanations which are as quick in Motion as active in Qualities and is most wisely Contrived by that most Glorious Agent by an excellent Aeconomy in the first Constitution of Things that Inferiour Bodies should be acted by the Influences of Superiour whereupon Caelestial Bodies as common Parents in the production of Sublunary Entities do improve their Seminal Vertues by imparting new and more spirituous dispositions to their sluggish Matter So that Aethereal Particles being of a kind of Divine Extract as Emanations of Caelestial Bodies do penetrate into the Minute Pores of solid Substances and the more free passages of Fluid Bodies and their Compages enlarged by a sublimed heat and influences do cause great Expansions in the noble Liquors of Mans Body raising their Fermentation to a great Refinement Subtle Aethereal Particles do easily insinuate themselves into the less Active Bodies Aethereal Particles being of a subtle nature are easily conceived into the bodies of the Alimentary Vital and Nervous Liquors Nutricious Vital and Nervous Liquor And these fine Irradiations being of a Volatil Ingeny have inclination to mount upward toward their former Stations to associate with Similar Substances were they not detained below within the more fixed confinements of Earthy Bodies And seeing all Intestine Motion is celebrated between contrary Agents according to that great Philosopher in his Book De Generatione 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Agere pati sunt contrariorum Aethereal influences propagated from bright Luminaries being thin spirituous Substances do come from above to meet here below with dull Earthy Bodies where they raise disputes in Waters making great Intestine Motions to advance the gross dispositions of inferiour Beings and elevate them to a higher degree of Perfection by somewhat of Assimilation which these lower Bodies do gain by their Converse with the more sublime Aethereal Influences derived from Caelestial bodies Again Bodies suffering great comminutions have their particles dressed with different shapes and sizes else they will be despoiled of all intestine Motion with which they are acted because when many Bodies are endued with an equality of Figures and Magnitudes they cannot long if at all partake of Motion which consisteth in an open Compage of moveable substances by reason their distant parts will soon reduce themselves close to each other produced by an equality of sides which making their nearer applications to each other the intermedial spaces are filled up and the intestine Motion consequently ceaseth So that these minute spirituous Particles flowing from the beams of the Sun and other Planets and Starrs of greater or less Magnitudes are darted into the Pores of all sublunary Bodies whose nimble Motions could produce little or no impressions as Ferments in this lower Orbe if they should meet with liquid Subjects only perforated with streight Pores accommodated with regular Figures by reason they would find no resistance speedily running through these regular Passages and cause little or no Inte-Motion Whereupon these aethereal Particles not consisting of irregular Angles Aethereal Particles made up of regular Angles move with great swiftness in right Lines do naturally stream with the greatest swiftness imaginable in right Lines through all Pores of other Bodies adorned with uniform Figures which give aethereal Influences free passages readily to be transmitted without giving check to their direct course thereby making by reason of their smooth abode little alteration in Bodies penetrated with such inexpressible quickness But the Liquors of Mans Body composed of Heterogeneous Principles are brought by Motion into minute Parts Liquors of Mans Body broken into small particles are endued with divers shapes and Sizes furnished with variety of Magnitudes and Figures holding no exact fitness with each other must needs have empty spaces interceding their sides whereupon they cannot make so near accesses to each other by reason of their disproportioned sides and unequal Angles giving freedom to the minute agitated Parts to play up and down and continue their Motion Whereupon aethereal Influences acted with subtil Particles do insinuate themselves through the secret Passages of our Body in its fluid Parts adorned with numerous Angles and irregular sides which do hinder the over-hasty Motion of Celestial Influences
glands percolating the Blood which is transmitted through the fruitful branches of the Porta The Blood percolated from the bilious mass in the Glands of the Liver and discharged by the excretory Vessels into the Intestines into the substance of the Liver where the blood receiveth a farther percolation in its numerous minute glands in which the bilious parts of the Blood are severed and discharged by divers excretory Vessels into the Vesicula fellea and the Porus bilarius into the Intestines and the purer streined part of the purple Liquor is conveighed into the Branches of the Cava and so transmitted into the Heart The vital Liquor being impelled through the descendent trunk of the Aorta The Blood depurated from watry and saline recrements in the glands of the Kidneys The Blood percolated in the glands seated in the ambient parts of the Body and not received into the Caeliac and Mesenterick Arteries is in some part protruded by the emulgent Arteries into the bodies of the Kidnies in whose small glands the vital Liquor is separated from its watry and saline impurities and the depurated parts of the Blood are returned through the Cava into the right lake of the Heart and afterwards by divers tubes of the Lungs into the left Cistern from whence as the center of the Body the Blood as by greater and less Channels transmitted into the ambient parts of the Body all bestudded with innumerable small glands percolating the Blood and perpetually emitting insensible transpiration and sometimes watry saline Particles upon violent Motions and in great distempers and effervescences of the Blood To the Most HONOURABLE CHRISTOPHER DUKE of ALBEMARLE And EARL of TORRINGTON and CHANCELLOR of the most Famous University of CAMBRIDGE And to Dr. Blithe Vice-Chancellor and to the Professors Heads Fellows and Scholars of Colleges in the said University VNiversities being Nurseries of Piety and Learning have Kings and Nobles for their Nursing Fathers who out of their Generous Inclinations to do Acts of Honor highly to encourage the Republick of Learning have founded Colleges as so many Societies skilful in variety of Arts and Sciences to refine and improve the rough intellectuals and degenerate Morals of illiterate and ill principl'd men In our Illustrious Schools of most vertuous Education are celebrated frequent Devotions wherein the Students do dedicate themselves to the Author of all knowledge and perfection And the Professors and Lecturers do read privately in Societies and publickly in the Schools many Lectures in Logick Natural Philosophy Mathematicks Metaphysicks and several sorts of Tongues and in Divinity as the Consummation of the rest And I am bound in Duty to do Justice without Flattery to our Vniversities having seen many in Foreign Countries that they are the most Famous and Flourishing that ever I had the happiness to see as having the most Magnificent Buildings and the greatest Endowments and number of Learned Professors of Arts and Sciences and Students who have the best method propounded to them of obtaining Learning whereby they are rendred the greatest Proficients in reference to Piety and good Literature accomplishing their Intellectuals and Morals I have had the advantage to see many Vniversities in France Italy and the Low Countries which are very Eminent for the Faculty of Phisick as having many Professors highly versed in the Practical Part who carry the Students as their Associates to their Patients demanding of them what their Diseases are and with what Methods and Medicines they are to be Cured When the Students have given their Judgment the Professors speak their sense in reference both to the state of the Diseases and their Cures And to speak Ingeniously without doing injustice to Foreign Nations I humbly conceive the Phisitians of our Famous Vniversities and the most Renowned College in London are not inferior to any if not the best in point of Theory and Practise And the Members of the Vniversities are not only Masters of Learning but of a Liberal Education too as being Gentlemen as well as Scholars endued with Generous Principles and a most Compleasant humour treating Strangers as well as Friends with all Civility and Kindness imaginable The way of Living of which I have had Experience for many Years is with great Delight and Satisfaction in a most Friendly Converse of Scholars entertaining each other in their younger and disinterest years with kind Looks and pleasant Language as so many expresses of entire Love and most affectionate esteems I have Dedicated this Epistle to both Vniversities as being one in Piety Learning and Education Thus wishing them from my very Heart and Soul that they may flourish in Religion and all Arts and Sciences as long as the Sun and Moon endureth that they may be improved in Gods Service to his Glory which is the Earnest Prayer of Your most Obliged and Obedient Servant SAMUEL COLLINS Anatomical Disquisitions Relating to the Bodies of Men Bruits Birds Fish Insects and Trees A TREATISE OF THE Four Common Integuments And more particularly of those of the LOWER APARTMENT OF A HUMANE BODY The First Book the First Part. CHAP. I. Of the Outward Skin I Account it my Duty upon this great Subject Mans obligation to speak an homage of Wonder and Eucharist to his Maker for his wondrous Works of Humane Body before I Treat of its admirable Artichecture to speak a due homage of Admiration and Eucharist to the most holy Name of the All-wise and Powerful Architect in declaring the great Wonders of his most Glorious Works God blessed for ever God's goodness the only motive to Create the World the First and Supream Beeing as diffusive in Goodness as infinite in Perfection was not pleased that all Being should essentially and solely dwell in Himself Created two noble Fabricks the Heavens and the Earth the one his Throne and the other his Footstool the two great Monuments of his Superlative Grace and Glory full of all variety of his Creatures as so many Emanations of his Essence wonderfully constituted in Weight Number and Measure The admirable Chain of the Creation God's Glory the end of the Creation which is a Scale made of many degrees of Entities one subservient to another is beautified with many fine Links of Entities one inclosing another and all Beginning and Ending in Him their Author and Perfection And all his Creatures do court and serve each other in an excellent Order as Fellow Members of that great Body the Universe for their great Subsistence and Preservation The Inanimates serve the Vegetables the Vegetables the Sensitives the Sensitives the Rational under whose Power and Government they are placed as their Lord and Master and the grand Architect as a Wise and Generous Lord of his numerous Families hath furnished his upper and lower Houses the Heavens and the Earth with all kinds of Housholdstuff and Provisions to entertain Man his Steward and their Master in a great Equipage and Splendour Wherefore Man being ordained to be the great Master-piece
ranks of Animals as Insects and the like are very obscure and imperfect as gradually celebrated with more slowness wherein the whole Body is not moved at once but one part after another with great industry and time which is performed in oblique slender Bodies not supported by the interposition of Articulated Limbs as so many jointed Columns but often Sweeping or Creeping upon some Area with their bare Bellies which in several parts are lifted up and depressed again to the Ground to draw the Body piece by piece from place to place Before we make any farther progress it may seem Methodical to be inquisitive into the nature of this Creeping Motion which may be worth our Time as well as Pains as being a matter of great Curiosity and Wonder to understand the great Works of the Creator in reference to the most Minute Creatures And indeed it is very difficult to apprehend the Method by which Nature proceedeth in the production of Motion relating to Insects which is much different from that of greater and more perfect Animals and is not at all relating to Walking Flying Swimming which require a greater Apparatus of more noble Organs Again the conception of this Motion is perplext in point of its various Modes as Spiral Arch-like c. Thirdly It is difficult to pry into the Nature of it because the Instruments of it are not very obvious to Sense by reason of their smallness imperfection and various confused parts so that some Animals are furnished in order to this Creeping Motion with Bones Joints and Muscles the main Instruments of Motion as Eels and Serpents but in other Animals they are deficient as Leeches and Worms and the like and have neither Bones nor Joints but small Annular Membranes in stead of Bones and straight Fibres in stead of Muscles And now I will take the freedom to offer some requisite Conditions The first motion of Insects is wavelike found in Minute Animals as so many Pillars upon which all Creeping Motion is built The second kind is performed by Spires The first is some immoveable Base or Area upon which this Motion is founded seated without the moved bodies of Animals which are the subjects of Motion and are the second requisite of it and the third and chief are the Machines or instrumental causes of this Motion Local Motion commonly called Creeping The third is effected by Contraction and Extension admitteth a Division into many kinds as so many Modes of it which is sometimes Wavelike diversly celebrated as when the Back is curled above in variety of short Waves which is evident in Leeches and Silk-worms or acted below when Oblong bodies are rendred Crooked part after part successively wherein the Body is moved by degrees by Spire after Spire from Term to Term as in Lampreys Eels Congers But Insects do extend first the fore part of their Bodies and lift up their Heads and afterward contract their hinder Region and so bring it forward toward their Heads and so do gain more ground Aristotle The fourth is made by lesser Arches in his Book De Incessu Animalium addeth a fourth kind of Creeping acted by various Arches and doth not essentially differ from the curled Wavelike Motion which is managed by a kind of lesser Arches And the greater Wavelike Motion is full of Wonder in a kind of Silk-worm which maketh one most eminent Arch with a most crooked Angle seated in the middle of the Back highly elevated from the Earth and other different Silk-worms do make many smaller Incurvations somewhat aemulating Waves of Water one Wave impelling another and receive divers Discriminations of Colours Shape and Size But other Insects acted with many Wavelike Motions are most truly denominated Silk-worms whose Backs are variously acted with many crooked Arches being sometimes lifted up and other times depressed So that all slow Motion wherein the Body is moved part after part as step by step is reducible to Four kinds Spiral Wavelike Archlike and Motion performed by Traction of one part after another by the help of many Minute Muscles or Fibres contracting themselves And we may take our first rise from the Motion of more perfect Creeping Animals The motion of Serpents and Eels is Spiral as being dressed with the better furniture of Organs found in Eels and Serpents which are acted with Spiral Motion consisting of various segments of Circles having not any recourse into each other in order to a perfect Circle but somewhat resemble the Circumvolution and Spires of the Intestines and are not formed by many Bones Articulations or Muscles of the Limbs but by several instruments of Motion appertaining to the Spine which is furnished with great variety of minute carved Bones numerous Joints and many short Muscles which do all act their several parts in the slender Bodies of these long Animals moved by many lateral Incurvations wherein one part is haled after another displayed in Four several Postures The first is that above celebrated by the Muscles elevating the Head and Trunk from the Ground which giveth a prospect of good or ill Accidents to embrace the one and refuse the other The second Posture of Eels and Serpents The second posture of motion is made by Depression in reference to the Motion of Spires is made by Depression as by Muscles by whose Contraction the Body is inclined downward toward the Ground The third Posture of Motion is Lateral made by the alternate Incurvation of one side after another in forming Spires which are accomplished by many Lateral Muscles shortning the parts of the Body by which it is drawn forward little by little according to the nature of Motion in Oblong Bodies resting on many parts of the lower Region which give so many steps to the total Motion of the Body So that the Lateral Motion is produced by the alternate flexions of the Spiral Vertebres inclined sometimes to the right and other to the left side and this Flexion is not made as by the Articulations of more perfect Animals according to Angles but by Arches and Spires formed by many small Muscles imparting Tendons to every Vertebre of the Spine which are bent one after another toward the Head So that the many Muscles belonging to several Articulations being contracted and abbreviated cannot incurvate the whole Spine into one great entire Arch because it would prejudice Motion if each side should be furnished only with one Muscle upon whose Contraction the whole side would be moved with great trouble while the other resteth but the side being divided into many Incurvations is much more readily and nimbly moved to the great ease and pleasure of those Animals And some are appropriated particular Muscles to the Head for the carrying it forward which is thrust onward not by any other Muscles but those of the Spine following each other in different sides and making many small Spires which by divers Muscular Contractions do abbreviate the parts of the Body and carry the
with the Blood which often have recourse by the External Carotides into the minute Conglomerated Glands appertaining to the Mouth and its adjacent parts they are then rendred rough and dry which often happens in Dropsies Scorbutick Distempers and the like wherein the Membranes of the Mouth are put out of Tune and dry and must be reduced to their proper Harmony by Liquors agreeing with the Palate and Membranes the seat of Thirst which are sometimes disaffected with bitter Recrements transmitted from the Stomach through the Gulet into the Cavity of the Mouth in intermittent Fevers and other Distempers and are also mixed with the Blood and impelled into the substance of the Salival Glands spuing out Bilious Humours mixed with Salival Juice into the Mouth CHAP. XXIII The pathologie of the Appetitive Faculty relating to the Stomach THe great Design of Nature in contriving the curious frame of the Stomach and all its Dispositions and Faculties is in order to be Efficients or instruments in the production of Chyle the end and perfection of all the Powers and Operations of the Stomach which are either principal as the Concoctive or instrumental as the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive which are all Ministerial to the Concoctive Faculty The one to sollicite us to Eat and Drink and the other to retain the Aliment and the third to discharge the Excrements as troublesome Guests after the Concoction is Celebrated These Faculties are receptive of many Violations First As the Ministerial the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive are not able to pay their duty to their Superior the Concoctive Power The first Minister in order is the Appetite which is its Monitrix and Remembrancer to court Nature to its advantage of Eating and Drinking And this Handmaid of the Concoctive Faculty is often defective in its Office either when the Appetite is wholly lost or when it is only remiss in paying its obligation to Nature and when it is over-active and diligent in giving a great trouble to the Concoctive Power The first is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines The lost Appetite proceedeth from the ill temper of the Stomach Appetitus Dejectus when the Stomach is despoiled of its appetite of Hunger either when the natural temper of the Ventricle is highly disordered as sometimes by immoderate heat by violent Exercises Fevers or excessive Good Fellowship or when the Tone of the Stomach is spoiled by reason its Fibres have lost their acute Sense either when the Animal Spirits and Succus Nutricius are wholly defective the Brain being obstructed in Apoplexies or exhausted in Diarrhaea's Dysenteries and in Chronick Diseases when little or no Nourishment is received And other times The Appetite is lessened when the Fibres of the Stomach are weakned in cold and moist Distempers and sometimes from the heat of the Air and from viscid Aliment which dulleth the quickoess of the Fibres relating to the Coat of the Stomach the Appetite groweth faint in performance of its Obligation to the Concoctive Power when the Fibres of the Stomach are weak as loosing their vigour in cold and moist Distempers when the Blood transmitted into the substance of the Stomach is oppressed with too large a quantity of potulent watry Particles and the Appetite is rendred faint by a hot and moist indisposition of the Stomach derived from hot and Rainy Weather or else by overmuch indulging our selves in Fat and clammy Meats abounding with Oily and Emplastick Dispofitions wherein the Fibres of the Stomach grow dull in performing their duty of Sensation or when we Caress our selves in overmuch Sleep or Ease which make an overslow motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits into the Fibres of the Stomach or when the Nervous Liquor withdraweth it self from the Fibrous parts of the Ventricle The Appetite groweth faint in too great intensions of the mind in too great intentions of the Mind employing the Animal Spirits in the Brain by reason of great and frequent meditations of the Mind and sometimes sollicitous Thoughts flowing from deep Study and Anxious Cares the Mystresses of disturbed and sometimes distracted Phancies The worst of Distempers that relate to the Stomach The depraved Appetite dependeth upon unnatural Objects as the most unnatural and troublesome are the Appetitus Depravatus Auctus The first is when we long for unkindly Objects incident to Women in the time of Breeding which can give no Aliment but rather a Hurt and disturbance to the Stomach as Chalk Coals Ashes and the like Sennertus in his Third Book and Fifth Chapter De Pica saith He received a Letter from a Renowned Physitian Doctor Nester relating a pleasant History of a great Case in Physick of one Claudius of the Province of Lorrain a Patient of his who pleased himself in unnatural treats of Faetide and nasty Objects of gross Excrements of Animals and Urine mixed with Wine and Ale Bones Hares Feet clothed with Skin and Flix and chewed with his Teeth Pewter Platters Leaden Bullets and other Metals and afterward swallowed them down his Gulet and Eat a whole Calf raw with the Skin and Hair in the space of few Days and two Tallow Candles burning and devoured Fish alive leaping up and down a little before the Eating of them and swallowed down whole two live Mice which frisked up and down his Stomach often biting it for a quarter of an Hour This History is not worthy to be received with Credence but Laughter seeming only to be a great Romance had not its Confirmation been authorized by worthy Doctor Nester and many other Credible Witnesses who were Spectators of his most unnatural entertainments of himself in strange and uncouth kinds of Meat which hold no proportion with most Mens Appetites It is difficult to find out the Cause of this greedy and unkindly Appetite in the Dissection of Dead Bodies Columbus seemeth to give an account of it That ravenous Men have no Gustatory Nerves inserted into their Tongues and Palate which if Granted could only render the cause of a lost Taste and no way give a satisfactory Reason why the Stomach cold admit and Concoct such prodigious sorts of Meat which we might reject as Incredible had not the History been hallowed by the authority of a Learned and honest Doctor The cause of a greedy Appetite may come from a peculiar temper of the Stomach putting its Fibres upon over frequent Contractions and many other authentick Witnesses And the cause of this Voracious Temper proceedeth from a peculiar Constitution of the Stomach giving it a power to Contract its Fibres in order to the assumption of most odd Aliment And sometimes this ravenous Appetite may take its rise from depraved Humours detained in the Body in the suppression of the Menstrua in Women and from ill Habits of Body in Men which having recourse by the Caeliack Artery into the inward Tunicle do wonderfully indispose the Stomach Or this prodigious Appetite may be derived from a
Cepimus an non ex duorum aut trium illorum humorum sibi invicem permixtorum unione Atra Bilis illa emergeret De qua re ut certiores evaderemus Bili è vesicula sua educta Spiritum Vitrioli effudimus atque simul juncta in solis aestu collocavimus unde talis fere ex atro virescens Liquor excitatus est quem primo in tenui Intestino inveneramus Hinc conclusimus praedictum humorem Atram Bilem appellatum non ex hac aut illa parte promanasse sed in duodeno Intestino genitum fuisse Quatenus scilicet Bilis Color naturalis ab acidioris Succi Pancreatici concursu in atrum ad viridem flectentem immutatus fuit As to the Curative part of Diseases of the Pancreas The Cures of Diseases relating to the Pancreas in point of Inflammations Abscesses and Ulcers I refer the Courteous Reader to the former Chapters of the Mesentery and Guts where I have Treated of their Cures As to the defect of Pancreatick Liquor The penury of Pancreatick Juice is repaired by Restoratives proceeding from want of the Serous part of the Blood and Succus Nutricius it doth indicate a quantity of thin Nourishment easie of Digestion as good Broths made with China and other good Suppings of Water-gruel made of Oat-meal or Barley Barley Cream Milk of it self or mixed with proper Milk-water prepared with Snails c. which do repair the decaied Mass of Blood and Succus Nutricius But if the penury of Pancreatick Liquor The want of this Liquor proceeding from the obstruction of the Excretory Duct by clammy Matter denoteth Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines be derived from the obstruction of the Excretory Ducts relating to the Pancreas produced by gross Chyle or some other Viscid Matter it doth denote gentle Purgatives and Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines which do open the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and incide and cleanse the gross clammy Matter stopping the Channel of the Pancreas leading into the Guts And the too large Current of the Liquor belonging to the Pancreas doth indicate a spare Diet which will lessen the serous Recrements of the Blood and Nervous Liquor in the Pancreas The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is allaied by lixivial fixed and volatil Salts The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is countermanded by Lixivial Salts both fixed and volatil and is allaied by the Powders of Coral Crabs-Eyes and Claws prepared Pearl and by Chalybeate and Antiscorbutick Medicines to which may be added in a small quantity drops of Spirit of Harts-Horn Salt Armoniack succinated Urine c. which do mortifie the acidity of the Blood Nervous Liquor and Pancreatick Juice In this case Vomits and Purging Medicines mixed with Antiscorbuticks may be of great efficacy in discharging the acid Particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor by Stool to which may be added Purgative and Diuretick Mineral Waters which do sweeten and evacuate the acid and saline Pancreatick Recrements The End of the Second Part in the First Book To the HONOURABLE Sir JOHN CUTLER BARONET Honoured SIR LOVE being the great instrument of paying our Duty to God in obedience to his Holy Laws and Sanctions and of our Loyalty to the King in the observance of his Sacred Commands and of Charity to our Neighbour in doing him all the good Offices of Friendship Benevolence and Beneficence of which you have given many great instances to our Society Man in his Primitive Estate and Perfection did love the First Infinite and Omnipotent Being as the Supream Good and all other Beings as so many Emanations derived from Him which are more or less to be beloved as they participate greater or less degrees of that Essential Goodness The King resembling God as being a Particle of the Divine Nature and as being his Vicegerent in the Sacred Office of Government is to be treated with most reverential Esteems and most sincere Affection and Obedience We ought to entertain our Neighbour with kind Respects in reference to his Humane Nature as created by God after his Image and with greater love as a Christian redeemed with the Merits of our Blessed Saviour and with our most affectionate Esteems as a Person sanctified by the Holy Spirit and adorned with Heavenly Graces In these several capacities of a Man and a good Christian we are bound to caress you with all degrees of Love and most affectionate Kindness as you are highly our entire Friend Benefactor and Preserver and have loved our Nation and built us a Synagogue And having read many Lectures upon the Body of Man and other Animals Dissected in a stately Theater built at your great charges I Dedicate this part of Anatomy as the Fruits of your Munificence to YOV the worthy Patron and supporter of our Society Your elegant Structure may be styled the Seat of Pallas as it is a kind of Academy of Arts and Sciences wherein our Anatomical Lectures are celebrated by which experimental Phylosophy and the Faculty of Physick and Chyrurgery is advanced by prying into the secrets of Nature manifested by laying open the several apartiments of Bodies relating to various kinds of Animals and more particularly to that of Man whose parts are understood by diligent inspection and illustrated by the parts of other Animals designed and engraven in large Copper-Plates as curious Monuments of the Body of Man and other Creatures and as so many Hieroglyphicks of Nature explained by Notes and Letters which are very conducive to the knowledge of the parts affected and Cures of Diseases tending to the preservation of Health and Life In your Magnificent Fabrick our anniversary Orations are celebrated in which the grateful Commemoration of your Munificent Favours and the great Benefactions of other Royal and Noble Persons is solemnized by speaking in a more peculiar manner our most Humble Duty and Thanks for the high Obligations laid upon us by You our generous Patron and Benefactor Farthermore in your most elegant Edifice you have given us the opportunity of frequent Dissections which may be highly imporved in the discovery of unknown parts Vessels Liquors and their motion of the Body of Man and other Animals Vesalius and Fallopius discover'd the carnous Fibres of the Stomach and Guts as their proper Organs of motion Dr. Harvey the Circulation of the Blood from the Center to the circumference by the Arteries and from the ambient parts of the Body to the Heart by the Veins Dr. Jollife the Lymphaeducts and the motion of the Lympha to the common Receptacle Dr. Glysson and Dr. Wharton found out the motion of the Chyle through two kinds of mesenterick Glands into the common Cystern and Dr. Wharton the true use of the Glands and Malpighius the Glands and fibrous Compage of the Brain as also the Glands of the Liver Spleen and Kidneys and the Lobules and Vesicles of Air in the Lungs and Bartholomeus Eustachius the Vrinary Ducts of the Kidneys and De Graaf the seminal Vessels
ad libidinem eam fortiter stimularet atque sicuti in viris stimulus iste Glande Penis frictione suscitatur seminis transitu ad summum augetur ita in Mulieribus quoque stimulus iste in tentigine seu Clitoridis Glande frictione suscitari seminis transeuntis titillatione ad summum deduci necesse fuit Hinc codem modo ut viris per Veneream Cogitationem ac Clitoridis frictionem copiosi Spiritus Animales una cum Sanguine Arterioso ad obscaenas partes defluunt illas multo gratoque Calore perfundunt ac earum poros valde rarefaciunt sicque Semen eodem Calore attenuatum aliqua sui parte è testibus tubis per Vasa deferentia illa scilicet quae antehac male Ligamenta uteri rotunda fuerunt appellata Eliciunt seu ad Clitoridem Defluxu faciunt per cujus tentiginem summa cum voluptate Extillat The meaning of this Learned Author is that Women as well as Men are gratified with a Venereal appetite seated in the Glans of the Clitoris into which the Semen is conveyed from the Ovaries and Oviducts è Testiculis Tubis Fallopianis as he calleth them through the Round Ligaments as deferent Vessels into the Clitoris to which I make bold to give my answer That I humbly conceive the Round Ligaments not to be Concave and thereupon not fit Organs to convey Seminal Liquor into the Clitoris but if this be granted it will be difficult to apprehend how the Semen should be transmitted out of the Tubae Fallopianae into the Round Ligaments which are affixed to the sides of the bottom of the Womb so that the Semen sliding out of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae into the beginning of the Cavity of the Womb should there stop and not farther fall down into it which is more ready and easie to receive the Seminal Liquor naturally tending downward into a larger Sinus passing in a strait Course than for the Ligaments to admit the semen into small holes if any seated in the sides of the VVomb and above all the Round Ligaments hold no communion or entercouse with the Clitoris as having their Extremities inserted into the Fat covering the Share-bone and no where into the Clitoris so that they cannot convey Liquor into it of which I shall give a more full Discourse when I shall Treat hereafter of the Semen in VVomen Here a Question may arise The motion of the Womb forc'd upwords is improbable How the VVomb can move upward and make its approach near the Liver and Stomach which seemeth to oppose Reason because the broad and round Ligaments do detain it within the Pelvis so that the Uterus cannot move upward in Hysteric Fits as the Antients have conceived and it is not a good Argument by reason the VVomb can move downward as the Ligaments become relaxed and so fall down as oppressed by its own weight that therefore the Vterus should move upward contrary to the nature of solid Bodies except they be forced by some external Cause as the VVomb is driven upward by the bulk of the Foetus distending it by degrees Again The ascent of the VVomb being empty in Hysteric Fits The swelling about the Navil in Hysteric Fits may be judged the distention of the Guts by a Flatus contradicteth Ocular Demonstration by reason VVomen dying of violent Convulsive motions upon Hysteric Fits having been Dissected their VVombs have been found to be confined within the narrow bounds of the Pelvis And the hard Bunch or Globe that is found about the Navil or near the Stomach in Hysteric Fits is not the body of the VVomb but the Guts distended as I humbly conceive by some great Flatus puffing up the Guts in the form of an Egg which is quickly discussed by Spirit of Castor Harts-horn Sal-Armoniac either Simple or Succinated which is the more milde c. CHAP. XVII Of the Menstruous Flux OUr most Gracious Maker and Judge out of his infinite loving kindness to VVoman hath appointed a Monthly Sickness attended with Pain as a frequent Monitrix of her primitive Aberration in the state of Innocence to cause her to make often reflections upon her great Guilt in the glass of Punishment To make repeated Confessions of her fault in Paradise and crave Pardon of her Maker in the Name of the Holy Jesus our Glorious Mediator who once offered himself upon the Cross as an All-sufficient Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole world The Menstruous Flux so much discoursed by Physicians as the cause of divers Diseases in VVoman is very obscure how it is produced in the womb The cause of the Menstruous Flux very obscure and by what ways it is transmitted into the Cavity and whether the Matter of this Flux doth offend in quantity or quality and how the Fluor Albus differeth from a Gonorrhaea which cause many Disputes among Professors of our Faculty Some are of an opinion that the Flux is performed by the Arteries terminating into the Vagina The manner how the Menstruous Flux is performed and others that it is managed by the Arteries ending into the body of the Uterus And I humbly conceive that both Opinions are true by reason the Flux is made both in the Vagina and Body of the womb and principally in the last by reason it hath more numerous and greater Branches of preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries than the Vagina and farthermore if these fruitful Branches did not import Blood into the Glands of the Uterus wherein the gross parts are severed from the more refined and transmitted by the Pores of the inward Coat into the bosom of the womb how could this Flux cause an Abortion which frequently happens in the three or four first Months when the tender Foetus floating in the Uterus as not fastned to it by the interposition of the Placenta is carried with the Flux through the relaxed orifice of the womb into the bearing place and thence out of the confines of the Body The inward Coat of the Uterus is rendred unequal in divers places and especially in the bottom of it which is caused by the terminations of the Excretory Ducts coming from the Glands wherein streams of Purple Liquor flow into the Cavity of the Uterus in the time of the Menstrua and Lochia And as to the time of the Flux of the Menstrua The time of the Menstruous Flux the Professors of our Art have various Sentiments the great Master of Philosophy in his Second and Fourth Book de Generat Animalium consigneth the cause of this Menstruous Flux to the motion of the Moon others attribute it to the great quantity of Blood lodged for the space of a Month in the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Vessels till they are so much solicited by their distention that they discharge the great trouble of the Blood into the Cavity of the Uterus As to the Menstruous Flux it doth not depend upon the Change of the Moon as the
primitive nature is Concreted by the Architectonick Spirit into soft and hard parts of a more or less solid substance making up the Viscera Trunk and Limbs of the Body The third kind of Plastick Vertue belonging to Seminal Liquor The third kind of Plastick Vertue is an Assimilating Power may be named an Assimilating Power whereby the Foetus becometh like its Parents in the outward form of different parts of which Great Hypocrates giveth an account in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as deriving the cause of it from the diverse quality and quantity of Seminal Liquor of both Sexes commixt the greater quantity and nobler quality of Masculine Seed maketh it resemble the Father and the same proportion and qualification of Faeminine Liquor causeth the Embryo to be adorned with the likeness of the Mother but I humbly conceive The Plastick Power is seated in the more Spirituous parts of the Seed as the prime efficient cause in the Formation of the Foetus with the leave of this Great Master of our Faculty this may proceed from other more probable reasons as the first and chief cause may be deduced from the Plastick Power seated in the more spirituous particles of the Seminal Liquor which is the first natural Agent and Principle of the Formation of the Foetus working upon the less active Particles of the mingled Seed in which the innate Spirit taking its rise and origen from their more thin and Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles elaborated by the ambient heat of the Womb is detained within the confines of more gross Particles exalted by the more Spirituous which are the primary efficient cause in the delineation of the parts as giving them their first Rudiments and External form both in the Formation of the Foetus in Man and other Animals This Architectonick Spirit containeth in a small quantity the Idaeas of all parts relating to the whole Body in order to their Formation So that these Spirituous Plastick Seminal Atomes assisted by the Uterine heat do influence the gross and more dull mass of Seed and thereby give it Fermentative dispositions flowing from Elastick Particles of Air and Animal Spirits impregnating the Seminal Matter whence it receiveth Intestine Motion productive of the likeness of external Forms and Distinction of parts in the Foetus resembling those of the Father and Mother The reason of this Plastick Assimilating Power The Seed containeth the Ideas of all parts of the Body resident in the Seminal Matter taketh its rise from the external forms and dispositions of all parts of the Body as it is a select Extract of them made of the Vital and Animal Liquor as its first principles The Blood taketh its Perambulation through the Membranes Ligaments The manner how the likeness of all parts of the Body is conveyed to the Seed Cartilages Bones c. and all other similar parts as also the Viscera Trunk and Limbs to give them Life Heat and Nourishment as the Albugineous Particles of the Blood are received into the innumerable Pores of the Similar and Dissimilar parts Compounded of them into which they are assimilated and become the same with them by Accretion The Serous parts not Assimilated having conversed with the parts of the whole Body in order to Nutrition do borrow their peculiar Disposition and Images Portraictures of the whole Body both in reference to the Face Head Trunk Viscera and Limbs so that these Nutricious parts not Assimilated having penetrated the inward Compage of the whole Body do receive the Signature of their External Form and are reconveyed back to the Heart and from thence impelled through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick and preparing Arteries into the substance of the Testicles where the Albugineous Particles of the Blood having received the Ideal impressions of all parts are severed from the red Crassament and become one principle of the Seminal Matter And the other is the finer part of the Nervous Liquor generated in the ambient parts of the Brain made up of Cortical and Medullary Processes and thence transmitted through all regions by the Fibres of it and afterward some part of the Succus Nutricius is conveyed by the Par Vagum and its Branches and other Animal Liquor is carried through the Fibrous parts of the Medulla Spinalis into the Vertebral Nerves implanted into the Testicles wherein the Nervous Liquor signed with the Images of the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves doth embody with the Albuminous Matter of the Blood signed with the Ideas of other parts through which it passes constitutes the Seminal Liquors of both Sexes which do mutually contribute to the formation and likeness of the Foetus The Seminal Ideas as I humbly conceive are Spirits modelled and configured by those parts from whence they derive their Emanation The Images of the Seed are modelled by the parts through which they pass after the manner of infinite subtile visible Rays expressing the Colours and Images of those Bodies from whence they are reflected In like manner some fine Atoms as so many Effluxes coming out of the small particles of the Body do affect the Spirituous part of the Vital and Nervous Liquor the principles of Seminal Juice by giving them the propriety and figures of the parts through which they pass These Ideal dispositions of Parts seated in the seed of Man and other Animals The Seminal Ideas do not exist Separate do not exist as separate but are coincident to every part of the Semen and again expand themselves in the formation of an Embryo not unlike many visible Rays of Light are coincident into one Looking-glass which are so unfolded afterward that the Eye can distinctly discern the figures and colours of several visibles Objects And from hence it is that every Particle of this Architectonick Spirit in the Seed hath a faculty of forming an Animal by reason the Images of all parts are imprinted upon every particle of the Seminal Liquor which is very conspicuous in Birds by reason the seed of the Cock which is very small in quantity but great in vertue being injected in Coition doth ascend into the Ovary and impregnates every Egg come to maturity with a few Spirituous Particles which being acted with Heat are the efficient cause Delineating every part of the Chicken Here a great doubt may arise how out of the Seed those parts can be formed of which the Parents are destitute before the generation of Foetus by reason no Architectonick Spirit can be derived from them as having no existence in the nature of things To which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this answer That the imagination of the Parent Compensates the defect of parts by reason Women who have lost some Limb do by a strong imagination make such impressions of Figures upon the Spirituous parts of the Seed and thereupon have well formed Children in reference to all their parts as well Modelled as if the Seed had been imprinted with the Images of
may discover a glimpse of a fine Landscip made up of various rivulets of Veins and Arteries †T. 46. F. 1. c c c. The serous vesicles of it in a Doe branched within the Coats in a Doe and upon the surface of the Cortex which is beset with divers vesicles of serous Liquor impregnated with Air of different shapes and sizes beautified with divers unevennesses of rises and falls seated in the Anfractus †T. 46. F. 1. e e e. The Anfractus of the Brain resembled the Intestines The Dura Mater is seated more loose then the other Coat resembling so many minute Intestines passing backward and forward in various Maeanders the allodgments of Vessels The upper vest of the Brain is more free and loose then the other except where it is fastned to it and filleth up every Cavity of the inward Surface of the Skull except the Sinus of the Os Cuneiforme in which the Glans Pituitaria is lodged and the Sinus designed for the reception of the Branches of the Carotis Interna climbing up the sides of the Glans Pituitaria The Crassa Menynx The Situation and Connexion of the Dura Menynx or outward veil of the Brain is situated immediately under the Skull its Convex being contiguous to the Concave Surface of the Skull and is fixed to the Pericranium by membranous Fibres and Vessels transmitted to it through the Sutures and is conjoyned inwardly in its Concave Surface to the Pia Mater by the interposition of Veins and Arteries communicated from the thicker to the finer Membrane of the Brain It admitteth several Perforations for the conveyance of Arteries The Perforations of the Dura Menynx Veins and Nerves to the neighbouring parts and giveth way in the bottom of the Head to the Infundibulum and Spinalis Medulla where it entreth into the Vertebres of the Neck It is compounded of a double Membrane the inward more White and Smooth and the outward facing the Skull is more rough by reason of Fibres The Origen of this Membrane according to Hipocrates by which it is joyned to it Perhaps some may be so curious as to pry into the Origen of this Membrane of which Divine Hipocrates giveth this elegant account in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cerebrum quum minimum habet pinguis plurimum autem viscosi a calido tumeri nequeat sed ductu temporis membranam meningem crassam accepit The Opinion of our Great Master I conceive may be thus illustrated The illustration of the said Opinion The more refined Particles of the seminal Liquor as most spirituous do naturally tend upward And as First in perfection may truly challenge the most eminent place the Apartiment of the Body in which the radical moisture being colliquated by the ambient heat of the Uterus into a Cristalline Humor at first representing limpid Water the rudiment of the Brain The more viscid part of the genital Liquor being unfit to form the substance of the Brain is thrust out to the outward parts where it groweth more indurate till it is turned into a Membrane to confine and preserve the more thin and fluid seminal Liquor unable to govern it self unless immured within the soft embraces of this tender Wall The Dura Meninx deeply insinuateth it self into the top and forepart of the Head into the Interstice of the Two Hemisphaeres The progress of the Dura Menynx and descending toward the Corpus Callosum and ascending again toward the Surface of the Brain maketh an Ingemination and is adorned with Two Processes the upper one parteth the Right side of the Brain from the Left running the length of the Head toward the Nostrils and beginning in a deep Base groweth narrower and narrower till it terminateth into a blunt point taking its Origen near the Cerebellum and afterward groweth less and less till it is inserted into the Os Spongiosum commonly called Crista Galli This Process is styled by the Antients Falx as resembling a Sicle in Figure The Falciforme Process The Figure of the Process upon this account the hinder part of this Process representeth the broad part next the handle of the Sicle and the forepart bounding upon the Crista Galli is the point the upper and Convex part resembleth the back of the Sicle and the Concave the edge The hinder reduplication of this Process of the Dura Mater is thicker and shorter then the fore making a partition between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum it being most thick in these places The use of this Process to keep the Cerebrum and Cerebellum from dashing and compressing each other and for this reason the Fence or party-Wall that mediateth between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum in Dogs Cats Horses Foxes and many other Animals is bony called Os Triangulare to preserve those tender parts from offering violence to each other in great Concussions This Membrane passing between the Brain and the Interstices of the Cerebellum goeth down by one side and climbeth up by the other leaving certain doubles which being closed only above do form divers large Cavities within commonly called Sinus Galen calleth them Meninges 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Sinus of the Brain are Four which Anatomists have described not to be orbicular as other vessels but somewhat depressed and are Four in number the Two first The Two lateral Sinus as they will have it are the lateral which are founded in the short and hinder Process of the Dura Mater and take their rise at the side of the hole of the first Bone of the Occiput and climbing obliquely up till they arrive to the Apex of the Cerebellum where they associate with the Third and Fourth Sinus The general concourse of all the Sinus is called Torcular The general Concourse of all Sinus into one is called Torcular so first styled by Herophilus Out of the association of these two lateral Sinus and Two other the First of them is named the Third Sinus which passeth upward The Third Sinus and Fourth downward The Third and largest of all the Sinus runneth through the middle of the upper Region of the Brain parting the Two Hemisphaeres and is carried the whole length of the Head under the Sagittal Suture and tied to the upper part of the Os Ethmoeides The Fourth Sinus is the most short of them all The Fourth Sinus and tending downward descendeth in a straight course between the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum under the Base of the Brain to the Nates and Glans Pinealis Having in some manner given you a prospect of the several Sinus I shall endeavour to render you an account of their uses Vasorum structuram muneri huic obeundo designarunt Anatomici The uses of the Sinus ut venae ab Arteriorum ductibus membranis cerebro latitantibus sanguinem his refocillandis minus idoneum recipientes in Sinus hosce exonerarent Adeo ut Sinus illi eodem perfungantur penso
them CHAP. XXXII Of the Pia Mater THE Pia Mater is seated immediately under the Crassa Meninx The situation of the Pia Mater facing it with its Convex-Surface and the Brain with its Concave representing it in its orbicular Figure and being every where contiguous to it encircleth it with its tender embraces The Blood-vessels of this Coat and it being a most thin Membrane is adorned with various divarications of Blood-vessels †T. 46. F. 1. g g. insinuating it self into the deep Interstices of the Brain to conserve its soft fluid substance as with Swaths is extended to the Ventricles and is beautified with numerous plexes of Vessels descending from the Crassa Meninx lest the small capillary Veins and Arteries should be broken in their long progress into the inward recesses of the Brain they do lodge themselves within the several Fissures of it clothed with this delicate Membrane as in so many safe Repositories This curious covering is garnished with several bubbles †T. 46. F. 1. l l l. The serous vessels of the Pia Mater filled with serous Liquor impregnated with Air in Man a Calfe Lamb and the like and are lodged in the Vessels running in the Furrows of the Maeanders and the Airy spirituous parts of the Blood exalting it self toward the surface of the Pia Mater And this fine coat doth not only line the deep Interstices of the Brain but so fitly uniteth the tops of its wreathed Partitions that it rendreth its otherwise plain Figure orbicular And this thin Membrane is so closely affixed to the Brain by minute Fibres that it cannot be parted from it to discover the rare divarications of Vessels enameling the surface of the Brain unless a relaxation be made of the Fibrils in a Hydrocephalus Ut tenues Membranae per nescio quos Intestinales cerebri anfractus insinuatio tum exiles venarum arteriarum ramuli per intima cerebri penetralia serpentes clarius innotescant Calvariam pueri Hydrocephalo nuper laborantis serra Coronae instar aperui ad latebras cerebri inspiciendas Fibrillis quarum ope tenui Membrana cerebro arctissime annectitur serosa illuvie relaxatis inde Membrana haec numerosa vasorum sobole stipata a cerebri conjugio divortium patitur flexuosa ejus interstitia tenuiori velo librata jam nuda conspiciantur aliter convalescenti cerebro Membrana haec tenera licet validioribus retinaculis alligata non sine lacerationis metu avellatur Thus I have given a rough draught of the Veins and Arteries whose tender Branches like those of the Ivy about the Barky Tree twine themselves about the Pia Mater to support their weaker Fabrick and how the Pia Meninx is interwoven by them mutually supporting each other and in what manner the various Sanguiducts do overspread the surface of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum in their Intersections Sinus and Cavities with their numerous off-spring which are rarely propagated into the medullary Substance The Uses of the Pia Mater I conceive it now my Duty to give you in some manner a short view of the Uses and Offices of the Pia Mater which Great Galen most elegantly describeth in his Eighth Book and Eighth Chapter De usu Partium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tenuis Meninx cerebrum stabilitur tegit tanquam Connexus vasorum omnium ipsi innitentium and at once covereth and supporteth the great variety of Sanguiducts lodged in it And this Great Author assigneth a further use of this choice Membrane 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quum nuda sit Figura ejus rotunda Sphaerica plana efficitur partibus nimirum ipsius superioribus procedentibus The Figure of the Pia Mater ad latera circumfluentibus The Brain being of a fluid disposition when left to its own freedom and being void of Conduct loseth its former Model is depressed above and swelleth in the middle and outward parts and quitteth its orbicular Figure in which it emulated a kind of Infinity and then the noble Functions of the intellectual and sensitive Faculties are at a stand being amazed at this strange confusion Wherefore the supream Architect hath well provided for this delicate structure of the Brain by enwrapping it within the thick and thinner Vests of the Dura and Pia Mater and above all immured it within the strong Wall of the Skull Another use may be given of the Pia Menynx The Second use of the Pia Mater that it investeth all the deep involutions of the Brain and having though a fine yet solid consistence confineth the volatil Animal Spirits owing their Birth to the exterior parts of the Brain within their proper Cells and Stations The last and not the meanest use of this Membrane is that it serveth as a Fond at once to convey and sustain their Veins and Arteries and nervous Fibres with their fruitful propagations to impart vital Liquor and animal Juyce to give Life Sense and Nourishment to it and to export superfluous Blood thence reconveyed by the Jugulars to the descendent Trunk of the Cava And in the Veins and Arteries lodged in the Membranes of the Brain somewhat is worthy of our remark as well as admiration The Blood-vessels have not their rise and progress as in other parts of the Body that they do not take their rise and progress in the Brain as in other regions of the Body the Veins and Arteries associate themselves in the muscular parts both in the Trunk and Limbs but the vessels of the Brain begin their course from the opposite side and do accost the other Vessels The carotide Arteries climb from the Base of the Skull and creeping through the Membranes send upward a multiplicity of Branches with which the venous Sanguiducts derived from the Sinus and gliding downward do meet with the rising Arteries and upon this account the Arteries and Veins do wonderfully answer one another in their different Divarications while the greater Branches of the Arteries encounter the smaller Veins and the greater Trunks of Veins the smaller Arteries The Arteries of one side of the Brain do inâ—sculate with those of the other Learned Dr. Willis hath made a curious observation of the vessels of the Brain that the carotide Arteries of one side are inosculated with the Arteries of the other and the vertebral Arteries on each side both unite and espouse each other and are inosculated into the hinder carotide Branches and First receive a confederacy with each other before they admit a near union with the vertebral and the frequent inosculations of the carotide Arteries in most Animals are transacted about the lower region of the Skull under the Dura Menynx And this Anastomosis is celebrated in a diverse manner in some it is in the various plexes of Arteries in the Rete mirabili transmitted from one side to the other and in others as it is very remarkable in a Horse between the great Trunks of the soporal Arteries a
more noble Utensil of the Medulla Spinalis as a part of eminent use in reference to Sense and Motion produced by numerous Nerves the out-lets of the pith Another Use of the Spine may be to strengthen the stately pile of Man's Body speaking the Great Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect in keeping its frame in an erect posture The Second Use which giveth it State and Beauty by lifting up our Head as an elegant Orbe the palace of Virtue and Science graced with a fine Frontispiece of the Face seated upon the top of the joynted Column of the Chine framed of many Vertebers wrought in rich carved Works of various Processes A Third Use of the Chine as it is composed of many Joynts is to give the Trunk of the Body the advantage of moving inward The Third Use in bowing or stooping performed by the Musculus Psoas which being much assisted by the weight of the Body and Head the Trunk is brought forward by the Musculi mastoeidei which by their joynt Contraction do bring the straight posture of the Vertebers of the Neck to a kind of Arch by which we speak our consent and reverence The Fourth Use A Fourth Use of the fine System of Vertebers as adorned with many Sinus and Processes is to give entertainment to the Muscles of the Loins Back and Neck in various allodgments and from these numerous Spondyles the said Muscles for the most part have their Originations from and insertions into them And these Vertebers being strong and solid Bodies are the Center of Muscular Motion performed in the Trunk of the Body and Neck and are also the Hypomoclia of the erect posture of the Body which is celebrated by the Tensors of the Loins Back and Neck overpow'ring the weight of the Body till they bring it to an equal ballance The chief part of Pathology concerning the Vertebers of the Spine The Pathology of the Chine is Luxation and principally as most fatal beyond the rest is that of the first Verteber of the Neck wherein the Two Apophyses springing out of the inferior Region of the Occiput start out of their proper Sinus engraven on each side of the Medulla Spinalis The Luxation of the First Verteber caused by some great stroke or fall or some other severe accident whence the upmost Verteber being forced forward out of its proper place compresseth the Spinalis Medulla Larynx and the Musculi Cephalopharyngaei and Sphenopharyngaei and stoppeth the passage of the Aspera Arteria and hinders the Apertion and Dilatation of the Gulet attended with the loss of Sense and Motion afflicting almost all parts of the Body according to Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quod si superiori Spinae parte magis in anteriorem partem inclinatio fiat The cause of the Impotence and Stupor of the whole Body totius corporis impotentia stupor contingit I humbly conceive this to be the ground on which the meaning of this great Oracle of Art was founded Because the Brain is the fountain of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits residing in it whence their streams do flow out of them into the Origen first and afterward into all parts of the Medulla Spinalis whereupon a Luxation being made in the upper Vertebers of the Neck immediately followeth a compression of the beginning of the Spinalis Medulla and the Head of the current of nervous Liquor being dammed up and the influx of Animal Spirits intercepted all the numerous pair of Nerves springing out of the Medulla Spinalis and afterward branched into the Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs of the whole Body grow stupid in Sense and faint in Motion upon a universal relaxation of the Spinal Nerves And the Luxation also of every Verteber of the Neck being near akin to the first The Luxation of the Vertebers of the Neck as running the same fate is accompanied with horrid symptomes of lost Respiration and Deglutition produced by the dislocated Vertebers of the Neck compressing the Aspera Arteria and Aesophagus wherein the Breath Speech and Motion of the Aliment through the Gula are intercepted by a violent crushing the Aspera Artera and by hindring the Contraction of the Musculi Aesophagi But the most common and less dangerous Luxation is that of the Back The Luxation of the Vercebers of the Back which laboureth under diverse kinds wherein the several dislocations of the Spondyles of the Back do hinder the various motions of the Vertebers and happen when they are wrinched out of their proper seats either outwardly inwardly or laterally toward the Right and Left Side caused by violent strokes falls and overmuch inflections of the Back and in Infants by the imprudence of Nurses in over-straight and unequal Swathings and in Women by overmuch Lacing their Bodies In the Dearticulation of the Back called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of Luxation of the Back called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Vertebers are turned out of the proper stations toward the ambient part of the Back which carrying the Origen of the Ribs with the annexed intercostal Muscles outward do hinder their free playing producing a difficulty of Respiration But if the dislocation be made inward named by the Antients 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is more dangerous Another kind of Luxation of the Back styled a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because by compressing the Spinalis Medulla Pleura Lungs the Aorta Vena Cava with the Heart it self it doth intercept the motion of nervous and vital Liquor and according to the various parts compressed produceth a Stupor and Paralysis in some and faintness and want of vitality in others The Luxation of the Verteber of the Loins made inwards But if a Dislocation of the Vertebers of the Loins be made inward there happens a frequent suppression of Urine and other Excrements a coldness of the Feet and Legs which do at last extinguish the purer flame of Life warranted by Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At quibus e casu aut illabente aliquo pondere vertebrae interiorem in partem obliquantur Great Luxations of the Vertebers of the Loins are attended with death and if they be less they are accompanied with suppression of Urine iis quidem plerumque vertebra non adeo multum ab aliis recedit sive vero aut una aut plures multum excesserint hominem velut ante dictum est interimunt cum in anguli non in circuli flexum haec dimotio fiat iis igitur Urina stercus magis quam quibus exteriorem in partem gibbus fit supprimitur pedesque at crura tota magis perfrigeantur potiusque ista quam quae dixi mortem afferunt The Sense of this great Author is as I conceive that upon some slight accident the Verteber is not much displaced but upon a more violent assault one or more Vertebers are much
forced inward out of their proper seats so that the unnatural posture of the Verteber is not semi-circular but angular compressing the Spinalis Medulla and the Peritonaeum with the Ureters lodged in its Duplicature and the neighbouring Intestines giving a check to their peristaltick motion and their protrusion of gross Excrements and the more serous Liquor distilling out of the Ureters into the Bladder CHAP. LVIII Of the Medulla Spinalis or Pith of the Back THE Medulla Spinalis was so entituled by the Antients The Medulla Spinalis hath not the nature of Marrow as I conceive because after a manner it resembleth Marrow as it is contained in the Cavity of the Bones though in truth it doth no way participate the nature of Marrow whence Hipocrates not without reason disclaimeth this Name in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Et propterea neque nomen Medullae ei merito datum fuit cum nulli alteri reliquorum ossium Medullae similis sit The Medulla Spinalis being part of the Brain is of a viscous nature no way consisting of fat oily Particles capable to be melted and resolved as Marrow into a flame though highly acted by an intense Fire but Use being the great Master and Arbitrator of Language I will take the freedom to keep the old appellative The Medulla Spinalis is an elongation of the Medulla oblongata The Medulla Spinalis or Pith of the Back is composed of Four orbicular Processes as best understood so that the Medulla Spinalis or Cerebrum elongatum being a continuation of the Medulla oblongata to its Origen is derived thence as being a Neck or long Process of it but as Bauhinus will have it it is made up of Four orbicular Processes the two greater proceed from the anterior part of the Brain and the other lesser ones from the interior part of the Cerebellum which are united in the Medulla Spinalis contained within the Skull And the pituitous recrements distilling from the Third into the Fourth Ventricle when too much burthened do compresse those tender productions the prime roots of the Medulla intercepting the efflux of the Animal Spirits into the Spine and if the compression be universal it begetteth an Apoplexe but if only of the Processes of one side it produceth a Palsie Learned Bartholine reviveth an old Opinion which Galen refuteth in his Book De usu partium The Medulla Spinalis is not the Origen of the Brain that the Medulla Spinalis is the Origen of the Brain and the Brain is not an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 branched out of the Medulla Spinalis as if that great fluid substance of the Brain should be squeezed through the narrow passage of the Brain into the more large and freer space of the Skull which squeezing the Author conceiveth to be the cause of the many Gyres and Anfractus in the Cortex of the Brain And of the same sense with that of Learned Bartholine The Pith of the Back The Opinion of Malpighius that the Medulla Spinalis is the origination of the Brain is this of ingenious Malpighius asserting the medullary Processes of the Brain to be a Compage made up of many small flattish round Fibres visible in the raw and boiled Brain of Sheep Bullocks and the like but most eminent in the hinder Region of the Medulla Spinalis contained within the Skull from which as from a large collection of Fibres those derive their Origen and are disseminated through the substance of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum and being propagated from the Four reflex appendages of the Medulla variously sport themselves up and down here and there through the inward Recesses and ambient parts of the medullary substance of the Brain till at last they lose themselves with numerous divarications in the Cortex in the Seeling of the Brain and Ventricles the Fibres incline toward the sides and also branch themselves into the Fornix which may be discovered in some greater Fish in which some part of the Fibres which creep over the Ventricles tend upward toward the Cortex and make a decussation with those lower ones of the Fornix These Fibres do not run all in length but making many near approaches to each other seem to be a bundle and then divide again and tending to the sides of the Brain make divers incruciations one with another as is plainly conspicuous in Pisce Carcharia and these in probability may have a continuity with the anterior part of the Medulla Spinalis which Malpighius judgeth to be their principle and after a manner he thus illustrateth in a Cabbage-plant whose stalk in its Skin Cortex and Pith resembleth in some sort the strong Ligamentous The Fibres of the Medulla Spinalis Malpighius illustrateth by a Cabbage and other coats and pulpy substance of the Medulla Spinalis and also out of the stalk sprouteth the orbicular Head of the Cabbage composed of great variety of foliage one being rarely enwrapped within another but it is altogether unlike in Figure and foldings of the diverse foliage to the compage of the Brain in reference to its several Membranes Cortex Corpus callosum Speculum lucidum Fornix Ventricles Medulla oblongata and the other Processes which are so many plicatures of the Brain either finely encircling each other or inclosed at least in some part one within another out of the Cabbage-trunk the succus Nutricius is conveyed by some Sap-vessels both into the substance of the Stalk and by other Fibres into the outward and inward foliage of the Cabbage-Head at once giving nourishment and enlarging their dimensions till they arrive their utmost 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but the motion of Alimentary Liquor in the Fibres of the Brain is performed in a different course the Order being inverted in the Brain from that of the Cabbage in which the Succus nutricius first moveth from below by Fibres upward and in the Brain from above by Fibres downward The manner of conveying alimentary Liquor out of the Medulla Spinalis is different in order from that of a Cabbage the roots of the Plant shoot into small Fibres disseminated in the Earth from whence the Sap being strained through the Skin and Parenchyma of the Cortex as through a Colatory passeth into the lignous Body and Pith and from thence gradually moveth upward made in the vessels by an Appulse because one Particle of the Sap presseth the other forward till it landeth in the Cabbage-head and bedeweth the several enwrapments of Leaves by minute Fibres branched through their whole substance But the motion of the serous Liquor in the Brain is acted in a contrary manner The manner how the serous Liquor is percolated in the Brain as it is transmitted out of the capillary Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain where it is depurated and filtred as per Manicam Hypocratis and then received into the roots of the Fibres there taking their first rise The progress of the nervous Liquor
its Figure The Figure of a Sinus is very various round in the Scapula oblique in the Vertebers and double in the Extremity of one Bone because it receiveth two Protuberancies of another Bone as in the Bones of the Leg and Fingers and resembleth the Letter C in the Cavity of the Ulna into which the Bone of the Shoulder is received And the Circumferences of a hollow Process have divers Appellatives among the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Labra Vmbones Supercilia Orae Labra are so styled Labra are Circular Sinus when Processes being very prominent and the Sinus are engraven after a Circular manner most eminent in deep Sinus although these are found in all Articulations and Commissures of Bones yet are most conspicuous in deep Cavities Whereupon in the Sinus of the Coxendix Supercilia are deep in great Articulations into which the head of the Thigh-bone is received the Supercilia are most deep and prominent that the Sinus being more hollowed might hinder the Luxation of the Thigh-bone The prime use of the Processes of Bones may be for the more convenient Articulation and Commissure of Bones The use of the Processes of Bones as also they are subservient to the Origens and Insertions of Muscles and other parts The most hard and solid Compage of Man's Body called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is not one entire substance but a system of many Bones finely set together in many Joynts made for various motions of the Limbs and Trunk wisely contrived by Nature for many uses one of which and a prime one too is Progressive Motion which is very conducive to health pleasure and converse of our Friends as well as the conduct of our necessary affairs Bones are conjoyned by the benefit of Articulation when one Bone is brought near another by Contiguity or when two Bones are made one by a natural union As Galen hath it in his Book De Ossibus Ait ille 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Modus quo ossa componantur duplex est alia per articulum A double conjunction of Bones one by Articulation and the other by union alia per unionem junguntur Which he explaineth in another place of the said Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Articulus est naturalis ossium Compositio symphysis naturalis unio And the Joynts in manner of Articulation are rendred different by reason of variety of Motion according to the Great Author 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Differentiae articuli duae differunt autem pro motus quantitate One kind of Articulation is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two kinds of Articulation in point of motion the first kind of Articulation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is loose and hath 3 kinds The first is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein the head of one Bone is received into the deep Cavity of another and another is styled by them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first kind hath by reason of its loose Articulation a more manifest motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Compositio manifestum motum habens and hath three kinds The first is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein the head of the Bone protuberant out of a long Neck is received into a deep Cavity in this Articulation the head of one Bone is inserted into one eminent Cavity as it is in the conjunction of the Coxendix with the Iskium and of the Humerus with the Scapula and in the Bones of the Head and Foot with the first Bones of the Digits This kind of Articulation is accommodated with various motions celebrated in different Joynts the Thigh and Arms are endowed with Flexion and Extension and may be drawn inward and outward and seem to make a kind of Rotation but in truth are various successive motions made upward and downward inward and outward which do not amount to a true Circumrotation which is one entire circular motion not constituted of various successive motions which are only found in the Arm and Thigh The second kind of Inarticulation is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein the small head of one Bone being only a little Protuberant The second kind of Articulation is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in which the head of one Bone is received into a shallow Sinus of another as depressed is received into a shallow Cavity of another as if the contiguous Bones were conjoyned as it were in a Plane whereupon it is difficult to distinguish the head of one Bone from the Sinus of the other which kind of Joynt admits only a very obscure motion scarce discernible which appertains to the three inward Bones of the Tarsus contiguous to the Bone resembling a Boat and to the Bones of the Feet conjoyning to the Bones of the Tarsus and to the Clavicle united to the upper Process of the Scapula The third kind of Inarticulation hath the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The third kind of Articulation named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein is mutual Ingress of different Bones which consists in manifest Heads and Sinus not made of one uniform Surface whether Concave or Convex or Plane for this Inarticulation is so constituted wherein there is a mutual ingress of contiguous Bones that the Convex Surface of one Bone insinuates into the Coneave of the other after the manner of Hinges of Doors and Windows from whence this kind of Inarticulation receives its denomination whose Joynts are made by the riveting The reason of the denomination of this Articulation of one Plate within another as the Convex Surface of one is insinuated into the Cavity of the other After this manner the second and third Bone of the four Digits of the Hands and Feet are inarticulated and so is made the Inarticulation of the Thigh-bone with the Bone of the Leg wherein one Bone hath two Heads inserted into one Sinus of the contiguous Bone and the other Bone hath two Sinus parted in the middle by one Protuberance so that the two heads of one Bone do make their ingress into the two Sinus of the other and the Sinus of the one receiveth the head of the other And not different from this is the Conjunction of the Ulna with the Humerus where the Orbicular head of the Ulna is inserted into the Sinus of the Humerus and Nature in this kind much consults the strength of the Joynt to prevent a Luxation in voilent motions by reason not only two Bones do meet in one Joynt but two or three distant Bones do assist each other in a mutual conjunction as in the middle of the Cubitus in point of length lest the Radius should be unnaturally severed from the Ulna Nature hath conjoyned the Radius to the Ulna with a double Joynt So that the Head of the Radius in one part entreth into the Sinus of the Ulna about the bending of the Cubitus and below near the Wrist some little part or head of the
branches of Blood-vessels and more inwardly Embroidered it with various ranks of Muscular Fibres after the manner of Network as so many Organs to give motion life and refinement to the Blood the Fountain Life Thou hast formed the Lungs as an Organ of Respiration a Systeme of divers Pipes and Vessels of Air to improve the Blood by its Nitrous and Elastick Particles and to fan and refresh the Vital Flame by its cold Atomes Thou hast outwardly encircled the highest Apartiments with many common Integuments and chiefly with the Tables of the Skull as with Walls of Ivory and within with finer Membranes stretched out as Curtains and Vails to cover and overshade the bright intelligent Orb of the Brain a white pulpy substance consisting of many Processes beset with many streaks which are a Contexture of many Fibrils resembling rays of Light through which the Emanations of Animal Spirits are diffused In the lower Story of a Humane Body Thou turnest Aliment into Milk in the middle Milk into Blood in the highest its Cristalline part into Animal Liquor enobled by choice Spirits Grant O holy Jesus the Great Physician of Soul and Body that as our natural Life is preserved by these several changes so our spiritual may be raised up by more noble Transmutations that our Reason may be converted into Religion and our Nature into Grace in this World and our Grace into Glory in the World to come through the Lord of Life and Glory To whom with the Father and holy Ghost be all Praise Dominion Eucharist Adoration and Obedience now and for ever Amen To the Right HONOURABLE The Lord CHARLES CHEYNE Vicount of NEWHAVEN My LORD THE great Complaisance and endearing Civility with which your Lordship treateth those who have the Honor of your Acquaintance giveth me the Confidence and you the Trouble of this Paper speaking my Ambition to be farther known to your Lordship in presenting you with my most Humble Duty Place this Sheet before the Preface of the Tables and mean Sentiments which cannot Contribute any thing to the advancement of your great Knowledge All that I can pretend to in this Humble Address to your Lordship in reference to my Boldness is to receive a favourable Pardon as well as an Honourable Protection The intrinsick Honour of your great reality and most amicable Disposition render me highly a Votary to your Lordship for whom I have most Reverential and Affectionate Esteems and shall ever deem my Self very much Honoured to improve my utmost endeavours in your Service Your Lordship hath travail'd through many Countreys beyond the Seas and made many Observations upon the various Governments of several Republicks and Kingdoms and have not only studied Books but Men and have Learned the Virtues and not the Vices of other Nations giving a Lustre to your Honourable Personage and Fortune which you have made very Renowned in great Hospitality by Caressing your Friends with a Noble and Kind Entertainment the high Expresses of your most entire Love which you have much more enobled by your Piety to God in Obedience to his Holy Laws revealed in his Word and in Justice to your Neighbour in the strict observance of his Sanction and Golden Rule in the Gospel Whatsoever ye would that Men should do to you do you to them And in sobriety to your own Person in regulating your Appetites according to the more refined Dictates of rectified Reason And now I cannot conceal your other Moral Perfections as first your great Loyalty and Veneration of the KING our most Gracious Soveraign whom God long preserve with an high Reverence and Duty as Gods Vicegerent And your Lordship hath a high Value and Affection for the Ministers of the Gospel and their Sacred Office and chiefly for the Function of Bishops as Ecclesiastical Governors Instituted by the Holy Apostles that all things in the Church may be done Decently and in Order and to Reform the irregular Lives of unreasonable Men. And your Lordship is not only a Loyal Subject of His Majesty and true Son of the church but a faithful Friend too of which I have had very much experience who study all ways possible in all good Offices of Love and Kindness to promote the Interest and Happiness of your Acquaintance and have a due Resentment of any civilities paid to your Lordship who are very prone upon all occasions to speak your grateful Returns by way of Compensation I have reason to believe I have long presumed upon your Patience for which I humbly beg your Lordships Pardon in recounting your Perfections which I have performed in all sincerity out of a Principle of Justice without any Flattery in propounding you a great Exemplar for others to Love Admire and Imitate My Lord to your Goodness as great in Honour and to your Honour as great in Goodness are Humbly presented this Free-will Offering and the Author and no Votary Can do more then make his Heart an Oblation as Ambitious to bear the Name and Attribute of being My LORD Your Lordships most Obedient And Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS THE PREFACE TO THE TABLES EXperimental Philosophy is highly advanced by the frequent Dissections of the Body of MAN and other Animals which I have performed with all Care and Fidelity that I might inspect the great Secrets of Nature and declare the Wondrous Works of the All-wise and Omnipotent Protoplast who hath made all things in Number Weight and Measure And I humbly conceive the great Use of Comparative Anatomy is to illustrate the Structure Actions and Uses of Man's Body which are sometimes more clear in that of other Animals than in ours as I have discovered in frequent Dissections to my great satisfaction pleasure and admiration Whereupon I procured my worthy Friend Mr. Faithorne an Excellent Artificer if not the Best in the World in this kind to Engrave the opened parts of the Body and Brain of Man and other Animals Designed from the Life Anatomy is well worthy our high Esteems and great Study speaking a great Accomplishment to Learned Persons of this Age as it is very much conducive to the knowledge of our Great and Glorious Maker and of our Selves and other Animals the wonderful Works of His Hands This Learned part of Philosophy declareth the infinite Attributes of the Almighty Creator who inhabiteth the Light of Light whom no Mortal Eye is able to see Face to Face and live Wherefore the All-wise Law-giver in compliance with our Capacity hath given us the Book of the Creatures wherein we may read His great Perfections imprinted in fair Letters His Omnipotent Power Incomprehensible Wisdom and infinite Goodness His first Attribute appears in creating the goodly Fabrick of the greater World containing variety of Excellent Creatures as so many Rays of His most bright Essence made by His Word out of Nothing And Man the Complement of the Creation and Epitome of the Creatures he created after his own Image in Original Righteousness and Dominion over the Creatures In this great
easily Concocted then solid Pottage Water-gruel Panada Oatmeal Caudle and the like do not require so long stay in the Stomach as more solid Meats because they consist as fluid bodies of enlarged Pores as their parts are easily separable one from another in reference to Motion to which they have naturally great inclinations So that the Ferments of the Stomach may obtain a more easie admission through open Pores into the body of Liquid Aliment and as being fluid the Alimentary Liquor is easily severed from the Faeces which are thin in consistence if compared with the more gross Excrements of solid Meats Wherefore liquid kinds of Nourishment admitting an easie solution of their Compage the disserviceable parts are readily parted from the more useful without any great elaboration of the Aliment in which the more Spirituous parts being quickly elevated in Liquid Bodies do speedily attain unto Maturity with a gentle Fermentation of the Stomach On the other side As the solid Meats yield a greater Solid Meats give a more substantial nourishment and require greater Heat to open its more close Pores and more substantial Nourishment so they require a better tempered heat of the Stomach and adjacent Viscera and well disposed Ferments by reason the body of solid Meat is more compact and hath very Minute Pores and therefore asketh a more intense and kindly natural Heat to open its closer pores and Ferments enobled with more refined spirituous Particles in reference to insinuate themselves into the secret passages of solid Meat which upon that account are endued with a small proportion of Liquor so intimately espoused to the solid parts that it can hardly be separated without a more lasting and higher Fermentation of the Stomach extracting with greater time and difficulty the alimentary Tincture which cannot be accomplished without many alterations performed step by step one after another the former being previous to the latter as inducing into the changed Aliment greater and greater Degrees of more and more mature Concoction ending in the production of Chyle a sweet and delicate Elixir of Nature the Materia substrata of Blood and all other alimentary Liquor supporting the Body A Question may now arise Whether the most solid Bodies of Mines Wines being very solid Bodies cannot be Concocted by the too faint Heat and low Ferments of Animals cannot admit a Concoction in the Body of Animals It is a received opinion that an Estrich can as well digest as swallow Iron which I cannot approve as rational because Iron is a solide and compact Body whose integrals are so closely united that they cannot be severed by the faint Heat and the too low Ferments of the Stomach to make impressions in so hard and dry a Body as Iron which being composed of few Sulphureous and most fixed Saline and Earthy parts not diluted with any Liquor cannot admit any Concoction by the too too mild Fermentation of the Ventricle acted with soft and delicate Salts wholly unfit to make a separation of the stubborn parts of Iron which requireth Vitriolick Armoniack and other corrosive Salts to open the compact Bodies of this and other Mines Gesnerus Libro tertio de Historia animalium de Struthiocamelo caput huic aliti exiguum cerebrum fere nullum hinc absque delectu quicquid tetigerit vorat lintea férrum lapides verum haec inconcocta integra in ejus ventriculo manent si nimia fuerint tandem animal ad mortem aut tabem deducunt ut in dissectis apparuit Aldrovandus confirmeth our Opinion that an Estrich cannot digest Iron but after some stay in his Body expelleth it through the Stomach and Intestines and at last out of the Body by the Anus Ait ille ego Struthionem ferrei frustula dum tridenti essem deglutire observavi sed quae inconcocta rursus excernere Prepared Powders and Salts of Steel The corrosive Salts of Steel do precipitate the Acide Juyces of the Body are prescribed upon good grounds to Hyppocondriacal and Scorbutick Persons as most proper Medicines because corrosive Salts do precipitate the Acide Juyces of the Body and thereupon receive some alteration in the Stomach but by reason Minerals though prepared by Art being of a dry and different nature from Animals can no way be so Concocted by the Ferments of the Stomach as to be turned into laudable Aliment A Learned Man is of an opinion Gold may receive such great impressions of the Stomacick Ferments that it may be digested in the carnous Stomachs of Fowle and upon this account Wendelerus scripsit ad Sennertum quod sno experimento in Gallina cui auri folia per mensem devoranda in pectore lineas pure aureas quasi ab artifice inductas observavit ut videre est in libro de consensu dissensu Chymicorum cum Aristotele Galeno But Learned Sennertus being dissatisfied with the Opinion of Wendeler tried the Experiment of Gold in a Hen in which he was not so happy as to have his expectation Crowned with a successful event So that this pleasant Golden Story of Wendelers relating to the dissolving Gold in the Stomach of a Hen and turning it into Aliment and making the Inscription of these Golden Lines in the Breast ended at last in a mere Chymaere much resembling that of the Golden Mountains or pieces of Gold which a Fool fancied in his Purse but in truth were only in his Head The most perfect Metals of Gold Gold passeth through the Stemach and Gut unconcocted and Silver do pass only through the animal fire of the Stomach unconcerned and are transmitted through the Ventricle and Guts without any sensible alteration but more imperfect Minerals as divers kinds of Stones being reduced to Powder do receive divers changes and by various Ferments acting upon them do communicate Saline Particles to the mass of Blood Faulkoners do give out who are very much versed in Manning and Dieting Hawkes Stones received into the Stomachs of Fowl do cleanse them that Stones taken into their Stomachs do cleanse them and render them Healthy and more fit for Flight and it is generally set forth by those who Feed and Fat Fowle that they will loose their Appetites and Health unless they swallow little Stones which do not turn into nourishment but disgorge their Stomachs from some gross Phlegme or filth that oppresseth them as some phancy and in truth do help the breaking the Aliment into small Particles CHAP. XXXI Of the manner of Chylification HAving Discoursed somewhat in the precedent Chapter of the Matter Meat and Drink as the Materia substrata out of which the milky Humour is generated in the Stomach it may now seem agreeable to method to speak a little how Chylification is modelled of the manner how Chyle is produced in the Stomach The Antients have given their Sentiments as Praxagorus Empedocles which Hyppocrates seemeth to back With his Suffrage in his Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sectione Quinta
speaking of a Lientery 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Lientery doth throw off the Meat not putrified and moist not painful whereupon the Body decayeth and a few lines after this great Author doth seem farther to assert this Hypothesis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And therefore when it is produced meaning a Lientery the Meat is cooled and moistened and a quick dismission made of the not putrified Aliment whence this inference may seem to be made that if an ill or rather no Concoction of the Stomach which the Antients called improperly a Lientery or smoothness of the Guts the Meat is over-hastily expelled the confines of the Stomach unputrified whereupon it may be conceived Meat is Concocted in the Stomach-without Corruption and Putrefaction that if the Meat had been longer entertained in the Ventricle it would have acquired a putrefaction But I beg pardon for this apprehension because I conceive we are bound in Duty to receive the sense of the Antients with Candor and then the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being not taken strictly which I humbly conceive was the true sense of our great Master Hyppocrates do signifie Meat unconcocted in which little or no separation of parts was made by natural Heat exciting the Ferments of the Stomach to a Concoction of the Aliment Learned Dr. Highmore seemeth to concur with Hypocrates Dr. Highmore's opinion that Concoction is a putrefaction and separation of parts in his sense relating to the manner of Digestion in his Third Chapter De Ventriculo Verumenimvero nondum nobis constat cur non calore tantum humido hoc est menstruo proprio animae tanquam instrumento opus hoc perficiatur cum coctio nihil aliud sit quam putrefactio partium separatio But notwithstanding it doth not appear to us saith the Learned Author why this Work is not accomplished by moist Heat only as a proper Menstruum the instrument of the Soul when Concoction is nothing else but a putrefaction and separation of parts And this his Assertion concerning the work of Nature he endeavoureth to Illustrate by the operations of Art Adhaec in administrationibus Chymicis hoc solummodo efficiente calore scilicet in corpore humido in particulas corporis insinuante producatur ut in maceratione digestione putrefactione fermentatione quibus operationibus a calore humido mistum aliquo modo dissolvitur vel compage naturali soluta ad artificialem aptius redditur quae operationes in omni separatione vel singulae vel altera earum permittuntur Furthermore This Learned Author affirmeth in Chymical Operations this may be produced by Heat working only in a moist Body insinuating it self into inward recesses of it as in Maceration Digestion Putrefaction and Fermentation by which operations the mixed Body is after a manner dissolv'd in a moist Heat as its natural Compage is loosened which is most fitly resembled to Art whose Administrations either all or one of them are premised in every operation Ingenious Vanhelmont as I humbly conceive being a person of greater Fancy than Judgment granteth the same putrefaction in order to Chylification though upon more improbable terms saying in his Book De Spiritu Vitae page 576. In nobis autem etsi cibus cum potu quadantenus putrescant nimirum ista putredo est modus atque medium transmutandae rei in rem attamen in digestionibus nostris per ejusmodi putrefactionem actionemque fermenti lienari non educitur ex oleribus leguminibus frumentalibus aut pomis spiritibus aquae vitae Siquidem naturae nostrae intentio non est sibi procreare aquam vitae verum longe aliud in nobis est Fermentum quo res resolvuntur in Chylum atque aliud quo res putrescant atque separantur in aquam vitae But though Meat and Drink do after a manner putrify in us to wit that putrefaction is a kind of transmutation of one thing into another yet in our Digestions the Spirit of the Water of Life is not extracted out of Pot-Herbs Pulse Corn Apples by the same putrefaction and action of a Ferment derived from the Spleen because the designe of our Nature is not to procreate for it self a Water of Life but a far different Ferment in us by which things are resolved into Chyle and another by which things do putrify and are separated for the Water of Life Here the witty Author doth plainly hold that Meat and Drink are resolved by putrefaction in reference to Concoction and that the Vital Spirit is not immediately produced out of divers sorts of Aliments in the Stomach by putrefaction and action of the Ferment relating to the Spleen by which the nourishment is resolved into Chyle and another Ferment by which the alimentary Liquor doth putrifie and is separated from the Liquor of Life and here he plainly affirmeth that Meat and Drink are turned into Chyle and Chyle into Blood which he stileth as I conceive the Water of Life by putrefaction telling a little after Tot nempe esse Fermenta Digestiva specifica tot putrefactionum varietate that there are many specifick digestive Ferments as there are distinctions of putrefactions In order to make a Reply to the improbability of this opinion it may be reasonable to give an account of the nature of putrefaction which Aristotle thus defineth lib. 4. meteorum cap. primo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That putrefaction is a corruption of the proper and natural Heat existing in a moist Body by extraneous Heat is Lodged in an ambient Body This definition doth comprehend in it Putrefaction is made in a moist Body by ambient Heat which corrupteth the natural all the terms of a perfect demonstration wherein it doth demonstrate the proper Affection to be in a proper Subject by a proper Cause The proper Subject is a moist Body for nothing is capable of putrefaction but under the notion of moisture and the Cause is ambient Heat which is not only seated in the Elements of Air and Water but in every Body encircling another within its warm embraces which may give a trouble to its inward native Heat by rendring it too intense and unkindly so that in fine putrefaction is a corruption of the natural Heat so far destructive of the material dispositions of the Body that it cannot entertain its more active and noble Principle as its ultimate perfection which is confounded by extraneous Heat Whereupon according to this definition of Aristotle if the natural Heat and inward Principles of the Aliment be corrupted by the ambient Heat of the Stomach and neighbouring parts the viscera and the different operations of the various Ferments corrupting the body of the Nourishment lodged in the Ventricle The putrefaction of the Aliment depraveth the mass of Blood it must necessarily induce such depraved Dispositions into the alimentary Liquor which are inconsistent with the support of the mass of Blood as it is compounded of pure Spirituous Sulphurous and Saline Particles great enemies