it may well bee said he is not humane that is not allured with this obiect The study knowledge and trauel in them as they haue been entertained of great Kings Princes and Potentates without disparagement to their Greatnesse or hinderance to their more serious and weighty Affaires so no doubt vnto all that are capable thereof it is not onely pleasant but profitable by comforting the minde spirits and senses with an harmelesse delight and by enabling the iudgement to conferre and apply helpe to many dangerous diseases It is also an Instructer in the verity of the genuine Plants of the Ancients and a Correcter of the many errours whereunto the world by continuance hath bin diuerted and almost therein fixed by eradicating in time and by degrees the pertinacious wilfulnesse of many who because they were brought vp in their errours are most vnwilling to leaue them without consideration of the good or euill the right or wrong they draw on therewith And for my selfe I may well say that had not mine owne paines and studies by a naturall inclination beene more powerfull in mee then any others helpe although some through an euill disposition and ignorance haue so far traduced me as to say this was rather another mans worke then mine owne but I leaue them to their folly I had neuer done so much as I here publish nor been fit or prepared for a larger as time may suddenly by Gods permission bring to light if the maleuolent dispositions of degenerate spirits doe not hinder the accomplishment But perswading my selfe there is no showre that produceth not some fruit or no word but worketh some effect eyther of good to perswade or of reproofe to euince I could not but declare my minde herein let others iudge or say what they please For I haue alwaies held it a thing vnfit to conceale or bury that knowledge God hath giuen and not to impart it and further others therewith as much as is conuenient yet without ostentation which I haue euer hated Now further to informe the courteous Reader both of the occasion that led me on to this worke and the other occurrences to it First hauing perused many Herbals in Latine I obserued that most of them haue eyther neglected or not knowne the many diuersities of the flower Plants and rare fruits are known to vs at this time and except Clusius haue made mention but of a very few In English likewise we haue some extant as Turner and Dodonaeus translated who haue haue said little of Flowers Gerard who is last hath no doubt giuen vs the knowledge of as many as he attained vnto in his time but since his daies we haue had many more varieties then he or they euer heard of as may be perceiued by the store I haue here produced And none of them haue particularly seuered those that are beautifull flower plants fit to store a garden of delight and pleasure from the wilde and vnfit but haue enterlaced many one among another whereby many that haue desired to haue faire flowers haue not known either what to choose or what to desire Diuers Bookes of Flowers also haue been set forth some in our owne Countrey and more in others all which are as it were but handfuls snatched from the plentifull Treasury of Nature none of them being willing or able to open all sorts and declare them fully but the greatest hinderance of all mens delight was that none of them had giuen any description of them but the bare name only To satisfie therefore their desires that are louers of such Delights I took vpon me this labour and charge and haue here selected and set forth a Garden of all the chiefest for choyce and fairest for shew from among all the seuerall Tribes and Kindreds of Natures beauty and haue ranked them as neere as I could or as the worke would permit in affinity one vnto another Secondly and for their sakes that are studious in Authors I haue set down the names haue bin formerly giuen vnto them with some of their errours not intending to cumber this worke with all that might bee said of them because the deciding of the many controuersies doubts and questions that concerne them pertaine more fitly to a generall History yet I haue beene in some places more copious and ample then at the first I had intended the occasion drawing on my desire to informe others with what I thought was fit to be known reseruing what else might be said to another time worke wherein God willing I will inlarge my selfe the subiect matter requiring it at my hands in what my small ability can effect Thirdly I haue also to embellish this Worke set forth the figures of all such plants and flowers as are materiall and different one from another but not as some others haue done that is a number of the figures of one sort of plant that haue nothing to distinguish them but the colour for that I hold to be superfluous and waste Fourthly I haue also set down the Vertues and Properties of them in a briefe manner rather desiring to giue you the knowledge of a few certaine and true then to relate as others haue done a needless and false multiplicitie that so there might as well profit as pleasure be taken from them and that nothing might be wanting to accomplish it fully And so much for this first part my Garden of pleasant and delightfull Flowers My next Garden consisteth of Herbes and Rootes fit to be eaten of the rich and poor as nourishment and food as sawce or condiment as sallet or refreshing for pleasure or profit where I doe as well play the Gardiner to shew you in briefe but not at large the times and manner of sowing setting planting replanting and the like although all these things and many more then are true are set down very largely in the seuerall bookes that others haue written of this subiect as also to shew some of the Kitchen vses because they are Kitchen herbes c. although I confesse but very sparingly not intending a treatise of cookery but briefly to giue a touch thereof and also the Physicall properties to shew somewhat that others haue not set forth yet not to play the Empericke and giue you receipts of medicines for all diseases but only to shew in some sort the qualities of Herbes to quicken the minds of the studious And lastly an Orchard of all sorts of domesticke or forraine rare and good fruits fit for this our Land and Countrey which is at this time better stored and furnished then euer in any age before I haue herein endeauoured as in the other Gardens to set forth the varieties of euery sort in as briefe a manner as possibly could be without superfluous repetitions of descriptions and onely with especiall notes of difference in leaues flowers and fruits Some few properties also are set downe rather the chiefest then the most as the worke did require And moreouer before euery of
the Sunne in any dry place Double Marigolds also are the most common in all Gardens And so are the French Marigolds that haue a strong heady sent both single and double whose glorious shew for colour would cause any to beleeue there were some rare goodnesse or vertue in them These all are sometimes preserued in the Winter if they bee well defended from the cold But what shall I say to the Queene of delight and of flowers Carnations and Gilloflowers whose brauery variety and sweete smell ioyned together tyeth euery ones affection with great earnestnesse both to like and to haue them Those that were knowne and enioyed in former times with much acceptation are now for the most part lesse accounted of except a very few for now there are so many other varieties of later inuention that troubleth the other both in number beauty and worth The names of them doe differ very variably in that names are imposed and altered as euerie ones fancy will haue them that carryed or sent them into the seuerall Countries from London where their truest name is to be had in mine opinion I will here but giue you the names of some and referre you to the worke ensuing for your further knowledge The red and the gray Hulo The old Carnation differing from them both The Gran Pere The Cambersiue The Sauadge The Christall The Prince The white Carnation or Delicate The ground Carnation The French Carnation The Douer The Oxford The Bristow The Westminster The Daintie The Granado and many other Gilloflowers too tedious to recite in this place because I haue amply declared them in the booke following But there is another sort of great delight and varietie called the Orange tawny Gilloflower which for the most part hath risen from seed and doth giue seed in a more plentifull manner than any of the former sorts and likewise by the sowing of the seed there hath been gained so many varieties of that excellent worth and respect that it can hardly be expressed or beleeued and called by diuers names according to the marking of the flowers as The Infanta The Stript Tawny The Speckled Tawny The Flackt Tawny The Griseld Tawny and many others euery one to bee distinguished from others Some also haue their flowers more double and large than others and some from the same seed haue single flowers like broad single Pinkes the further relation of them viz. their order to sowe encrease and preserue them you shall haue in the subsequent discourse in a place by it selfe Pinkes likewise both single and double are of much variety all of them very sweete comming neare the Gilloflowers Sweete Williams and Sweete Iohns both single and double both white red and spotted as they are kindes of wilde Pinkes so for their grace and beauty helpe to furnish a Garden yet desire not to stand so open to the Sunne as the former Double and single Peonies are fit flowers to furnish a Garden and by reason of their durability giue out fresh pleasure euery yeare without any further trouble of sowing And lastly Hollihocks both single and double of many and sundry colours yeeld out their flowers like Roses on their tall branches like Trees to sute you with flowers when almost you haue no other to grace out your Garden the single and double doe both yeeld seed and yet doe after their seeding abide many yeares Thus haue I shewed you most of the English as well as I did before the Outlandish flowers that are fit to furnish the knots trailes beds and borders of this Garden Roses onely as I said before I reserue to circle or encompasse all the rest because that for the most part they are planted in the outer borders of the quarters and sometimes by themselues in the middle of long beds the sorts or kindes whereof are many as they are declared in their proper place but the White Rose the Red and the Damaske are the most ancient Standards in England and therefore accounted naturall CHAP. VI. The order and manner to plant and replant all the sorts of Out-landish flowers spoken of before as well those with bulbous rootes as others with stringie rootes WHereas it is the vsuall custome of most in this Land to turne vp their Gardens and to plant them againe in the Spring of the yeare which is the best time that may bee chosen for all English flowers yet it is not so for your Out-landish flowers And herein indeede hath beene not onely the errour of a great many to hinder their rootes from bearing out their flowers as they should but also to hinder many to take delight in them because as they say they will not thriue and prosper with them when as the whole fault is in the want of knowledge of the fit and conuenient time wherein they should bee planted And because our English Gardiners are all or the most of them vtterly ignorant in the ordering of these Out-landish flowers as not being trained vp to know them I haue here taken vpon mee the forme of a new Gardiner to giue instructions to those that will take pleasure in them that they may be the better enabled with these helpes I shall shew them both to know how they should be ordered and to direct their Gardiners â—hat are ignorant thereof rightly to dispose them according to their naturall qualities And I doe wishall Gentlemen and Gentlewomen whom it may concerne for their owne good to bee as carefull whom they trust with the planting and replanting of these fine flowers as they would be with so many Iewels for the rootes of many of them being small and of great value may be soone conueyed away and a cleanly tale faire told that such a roote is rotten or perished in the ground if none be seene where it should be or else that the flower hath changed his colour when it hath been taken away or a counterfeit one hath beene put in the place thereof and thus many haue been deceiued of their daintiest flowers without remedy or true knowledge of the defect You shall therefore if you will take the right course that is proper for these kindes of flowers not set or plant them among your English flowers for that when the one may be remoued the other may not be stirred but plant those rootes that are bulbous or round like Onions eyther in knots or beds by themselues which is the best or with but very few English or Out-landish flower plants that haue stringie rootes For you must take this for a generall rule that all those rootes that are like Lillies or Onions are to bee planted in the moneths of Iuly or August or vnto the middle or end of September at the furthest if you will haue them to prosper as they should and not in the Spring of the yeare when other gardening is vsed Yet I must likewise giue you to vnderstand that if Tulipas and Daffodils and some other that are firme and hard rootes and not
hole in the middle for the most part quite thorow when it is taken vp in his due time out of the ground you shall perceiue the scales or cloues of the rootes to bee a little open on the vpperside and close and flat on the vnderside which will direct you which part to set vpward as also that the hole is bigger aboue then it is below The Persian Lilly is almost like vnto the Crowne Imperiall but that the roote thereof is not so flat and that it hath a smaller head at the one part whereby it may be discerned the plainer how to be set The Fritillaria is a small white root diuided as it were into two parts so that many haue doubted as formerly in the Crowne Imperiall what part to set vppermost you shall therefore marke that the two parts of the roote are ioyned together at the bottome where it shooteth out fibres or small stringie rootes as all other sorts of bulbous rootes doe and withall you shall see that betweene the two parts of the roote a small head will appeare which is the burgeon that will spring vp to beare leaues and flowers In the rootes of Anemones there are small round swelling heads easie enough to be obserued if you marke it which must be set vpwards All other sorts of stringie rooted plants and not bulbous or tuberous rooted that lose their greene leaues in Winter will shew a head from whence the leaues and flowers will spring and all others that keepe their greene leaues are to bee planted in the same manner that other herbes and flower-plants are accustomed to be But yet for the better thriuing of the stringie rooted plants when you will plant them let me informe you of the best way of planting and the most sure to cause any plant to comprehend in the ground without failing and is no common way with any Gardiner in this Kingdome that euer I heard or knew which is thus Presuming that the stringie rooted plant is fresh and not old gathered and a plant that being remoued will grow againe make a hole in the ground large enough where you meane to set this roote and raise the earth within the hole a little higher in the middle then on the sides and set the roote thereon spreading the strings all abroad about the middle that they may as it were couer the middle and then put the earth gently round about it pressing it a little close and afterwards water it well if it be in Summer or in a dry time or otherwise moderately thus shall euery seuerall string of the roote haue earth enough to cause it to shoote forth and thereby to encrease farre better than by the vsuall way which is without any great care and respect to thrust the rootes together into the ground Diuers other flower plants are but annuall to bee new sowne euery yeare as the Maruaile of the world the Indian Cresses or yellow Larkes heeles the Flower of the Sunne and diuers other they therefore that will take pleasure in them that they may enioy their flowers the earlier in the yeare and thereby haue ripe seede of them while warme weather lasteth must nurse vp their seedes in a bed of hot dung as Melons and Cowcumbers are but your bed must be prouided earlier for these seeds than for Melons c. that they may haue the more comfort of the Summer which are to be carefully tended after they are transplanted from the hot bed and couered with straw from colds whereby you shall not faile to gaine ripe seed euery yeare which otherwise if you should misse of a very kindly hot Summer you should neuer haue Some of these seedes neede likewise to be transplanted from the bed of dung vnder a warme wall as the Flower of the Sunne and the Maruaile of the world and some others and that for a while after their transplanting as also in the heate of Summer you water them at the roote with water that hath stood a day or two in the Sunne hauing first laid a round wispe of hay or such other thing round about the roote that so all helpes may further their giuing of ripe seede One or two rules more I will giue you concerning these dainty flowers the first whereof is this That you shall not bee carefull to water any of your bulbous or tuberous rooted plants at any time for they all of them do better prosper in a dry ground than in a wet onely all sorts of tuberous rooted Flower deluces vpon their remouall had neede of a little water and some will doe so also to such Tulipas and other bulbous rootes as they transplant when they are in flower and this is I grant in some sort tolerable if it bee not too much and done onely to cause the stalke and flower to abide sometime the longer before they wither but else in no other case to be permitted The second rule is That I would aduise you to water none of your dainty flowers or herbes with any water that hath presently before been drawne out of a well or pumpe but onely with such water that hath stood open in the Sunne in some cisterne tubbe or pot for a day at the least if more the better for that water which is presently drawne out of a well c. is so cold that it presently chilleth killeth any dainty plant be it younger or elder grown wherof I haue had sufficient proofe and therfore I giue you this caution by mine own experience Thus haue I directed you from point to point in all the particulars of preparing planting that belong to this Garden sauing only that yet I would further enforme you of the time of the flowring of these Out-landish plants according to the seuerall moneths in the yeare that euery one may know what flowers euery moneth yeeldeth and may chuse what them liketh best in that they may see hat there is no moneth but glorieth in some peculiar sorts of rare flowers I would likewise rather in this place shew you the true and best manner order to encrease and preserue all sorts of Gilloflowers Carnations then ioyne it with the Chapter of Gilloflowers in the worke following because it would in that place take vp too much roome And lastly I must of necessity oppose three sundry errours that haue possessed the mindes of many both in former and later times which are that any flower may be made to grow double by art that was but single before by nature And that one may by art cause any flower to grow of what colour they will And that any plants may be forced to flower out of their due seasons either earlier or later by an art which some can vse All which being declared I then suppose enough is spoken for an introduction to this worke referring many other things to the seuerall directions in the Chapters of the booke CHAP. VII The seuerall times of the flowring of these Out-landish flowers
The Place They grow in France and Italy the least in Spaine and the Byzantine as it is thought about Constantinople being as is said first sent from thence Iohn Tradescante assured mee that hee saw many acres of ground in Barbary spread ouer with them The Time They all flower in Iune and Iuly and the Byzantine latest as is said before The Names It hath diuers names for the Latines call it Gladiolus of the forme of a sword which the leafe doth resemble The Romanes Segetalis because it groweth in the Corne fields Some call it Victorialis rotunda to put a difference between it and the longa which is a kinde of Garlicke Plinie saith that Gladiolus is Cypirus but to decide that controuersie and many others belongeth to another discourse this being intended only for pleasure Gerrard mistaketh the French kinde for the Italian The Vertues The roote being bruised and applyed with Frankinsense and often of it selfe without it in the manner of a pultis or plaister is held of diuers to be singular good to draw out splinters thornes and broken bones out of the flesh Some take it to be effectuall to stirre vp Venerie but I somewhat doubt thereof For Galen in his eighth Booke of Simples giueth vnto it a drawing digesting and drying faculty 1 Gladiolus Narbonensis The French Corne Flagge 2 Gladiolus Italicus The Italian Corne Flagge 3 Gladiolus Byzantinus Corne Flagge of Constantinople 4 Palma Christi was The great male handed Satyrion 5 Orchis Hermaphroditica candida The white Butterflie Orchis 6 Orchis Melitias siue apifera The Bee flower or Bee Orchis 7 Deus Caninus flore purpurante Dogges tooth Violet with a pale purplish flower 8 Deus Caninus flore albo Dogges tooth Violet with a white flower CHAP. XXII Orchis siue Satyrium Bee flowers ALthough it is not my purpose in this place to giue a generall history of all the sorrs of Orchides Satyrions and the rest of that kinde yet because many of them are very pleasant to behold and if they be planted in a conuenient place will abide some time in Gardens so that there is much pleasure taken in them I shall intrude some of them for curiosities sake to make vp the prospect of natures beautifull variety and only entreate of a few leauing the rest to a more ample declaration 1. Satyrium Basilicum siue Palma Christi mas The greater male handed Satyrion This handed Satyrion hath for the most part but three faire large greene leaues neare vnto the ground spotted with small blackish markes from among which riseth vp a stalke with some smaller leaues thereon bearing at the toppe a bush or spike of flowers thicke set together euery one whereof is made like a body with the belly broader belowe then aboue where it hath small peeces adioyned vnto it the flower is of a faire purple colour spotted with deeper purple spots and hauing small peeces like hornes hanging at the backes of the flowers and a small leafe at the bottome of the foote-stalke of euery flower the rootes are not round like the other Orchides but somewhat long and flat like a hand with small diuisions belowe hanging downe like the fingers of a hand cut short off by the knockles two alwayes growing together with some small fibres or strings aboue the heads of these rootes at the bottome of the stalke 2. Satyrium Basilicum siue Palma Christi faemina The female handed Satyrion This female Satyrion hath longer and narrower leaues then the former and spotted with more and greater spots compassing the stalke at the bottome like the other this beareth likewise a bush of flowers like vnto the other but that each of these haue heads like hoods whereas the former haue none in some they are white with purple spots and in others of a reddish purple with deep or darke coloured spots the roots are alike 3. Orchis Hermaphroditica candida The white Butterflie Orchis The rootes of this kinde take part with both the sorts of Orchis and Satyrium being neither altogether round nor fully handed and thereupon it tooke the name to signifie both kindes the leaues are two in number seldome more being faire and broad like vnto the leaues of Lillies without any spot at all in them at the toppe of the stalke stand many white flowers not so thicke set as the first or second euery one being fashioned like vnto a white Butterflie with the wings spread abroad 4. Orchis Melitias siue apifera The Bee flower or Bee Orchis This is a small and lowe plant for the most part with three or foure small narrow leaues at the bottome the stalke is seldome aboue halfe a foote high with foure or fiue flowers thereon one aboue another hauing round bodies and somewhat flat of a kind of yellowish colour with purple wings aboue them so like vnto an honey Bee that it might soone deceiue one that neuer had seene such a flower before the roots are two together round and white hauing a certaine muccilaginesse or clamminesse within them without any taste almost at all as all or the most part of these kindes haue 5. Orchis Sphegodes Gnats Satyrion The leaues of this Orchis are somewhat larger then of the Bee flower the stalke also somewhat higher the flowers are fewer on the toppe but somewhat larger then of the Bee flowers made to the resemblance of a Gnat or great long Flie the rootes are two round bulbes as the other are 6. Orchis Myodes Flie Orchis The Flie Orchis is like vnto the last described both in leafe and roote the difference is in the flower which is neither so long as the Gnat Satyrion nor so great as the Bee Orchis but the neather part of the Flie is blacke with a list of ash-colour crossing the backe with a shew of legges hanging at it the naturall Flie seemeth so to bee in loue with it that you shall seldome come in the heate of the day but you shall finde one sitting close thereon The Place These grow in many places of England some in the Woods as the Butterflie and the two former handed Satyrions others on dry bankes and barren balkes in Kent and many other places The Time They flower for the most part in the beginning or middle of May or thereabouts The Names Their seuerall names are expressed in their titles so much as may suffice for this discourse The Vertues All the kindes of Orchis are accounted to procure bodily lust as well the flowers distilled as the rootes prepared The rootes boyled in red Wine and afterwards dryed are held to bee a singular good remedie against the bloody Fire CHAP. XXIII Dens Caninus Dogs tooth Violet VNto the kindes of Orchides may fitly be ioyned another plant which by many is reckoned to be a Satyrium both from the forme of roote and leafe and from the efficacy or vertue correspondent thereunto And although it cannot be the Satyrium Erythronium of Dioscorides as some would entitle it for that as I haue shewed
very thicke and double flowers that is many horned or crooked hollow leaues set together and are not so large as the leaues of the single flowers The variety of colours in this double kinde is as plentifull or rather more then in the single for of these there is party coloured blew and white and spotted very variably which are not in the single kinde and also a very deepe red very thicke and double but a smaller flower and lesse plentifull in bearing then many of the other double sorts These double kindes doe giue as good seede as the single kindes doe which is not obserued in many other plants 3. Aquilegia inuersis corniculis Double inuerted Colombines These Colombines are not to be distinguished eyther in roote leaues or seed from the former the flowers onely make the difference which are as double as the former but that the heeles or hornes of these are turned inward and stand out in the middle of the flowers together there is not that plentifull variety of colours in this kinde as there is in the former for I neuer saw aboue three or foure seuerall colours in this kinde that is white purplish reddish and a dun or darke ouerworne purplish colour These double flowers doe likewise turne into pods bearing seede continuing his kind and not varying into the former 4. Aquilegia Rosea Rose Colombines The leaues and other parts of this kinde of Colombine differ little or nothing from the former the diuersitie consisteth likewise in the flowers which although they stand in the same manner seuerally vpon their small stalkes somewhat more sparingly then the former doe yet they haue no heeles or hornes eyther inward or outward or very seldome but stand sometimes but with eight or tenne smooth small plaine leaues set in order one by one in a compasse in a double rowe and sometimes with foure or fiue rowes of them euery one directly before the other like vnto a small thick double Rose layd open or a spread Marigold yet sometimes it happeneth that some of these flowers will haue two or three of the first rowes of leaues without any heele and the rest that are inward with each of them a peece of a small horne at them as the former haue the colours of these flowers are almost as variable and as variably mixed as the former double kindes This likewise giueth seede preseruing his owne kinde for the most part 5. Aquilegia degener Degenerate Colombines This kinde of Colombine might seeme to some to bee but a casuall degeneration and no true naturall kinde happening by some cause of transplanting or otherwise by the art of man but I haue not so found it in that it keepeth and holdeth his own proper forme which is like vnto the double Rose Colombine but that the outermost row of leaues are larger then any of the rest inwardes and is of a greenish or else of a purplish greene colour and is not altogether so apt to giue good seed like the former The Place The single kindes haue beene often found in some of the wooddy mountaines of Germany as Clusius saith but the double kindes are chiefly cherished in gardens The Time They flower not vntill May and abide not for the most part when Iune is past and in the meane time perfecteth their seede The Names Costaeus doth call this plant Pothos of Theophrastus which Gaza translateth Desiderium Dalechampius vpon Athenaeus calleth it Diosanthos or Iouis flos of Theophrastus who in his sixth Booke and seuenth Chapter reckoneth them both that is Diosanthos and Pathos to be Summer flowers but seuerally Dodonaeus Leoherba and Gesner Leontostomium Fabius Columna in his Phytobasanos vnto whom Clusius giueth the greatest approbation referreth it to the Isopyrum of Dioscorides All later Writers doe generally call it eyther Aquileia Aquilina or Aquilegia and we in English generally I thinke through the whole Countrey Colombines Some doe call the Aquilegia rosea Aquilegia stellata The starre Colombine because the leaues of the flowers doe stand so directly one by another besides the doublenesse that they somewhat represent eyther a Rose or a Starre and thereupon they giue it the name eyther of a Starre or Rose The Vertues Some in Spaine as Camerarius saith vse to eate a peece of the roote hereof 1 Aquilegia simplex The single Colombine 2 Aquilegia flore multiplici The double Colombine 3 Aquilegia versicolor The party coloured Colombine 4 Aquilegia inuersis corniculis The double inuerted Colombine 5 Aquilegia Rosea siue Stellata The Rose or the Starre Colombine 6 Thalictrum Hispanicum album White Spanish tufts fasting many dayes together to helpe them that are troubled with the stone in the kidneyes Others vse the decoction of both herbe and roote in wine with a little Ambargrise against those kinds of swounings which the Greekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The seede is vsed for the iaundise and other obctructions of the liuer Clusius writeth from the experience of Franciscus Rapard a chiefe Physician of Bruges in Flanders that the seede beaten and drunke is effectuall to women in trauell of childe to procure a speedy deliuerie and aduiseth a second draught thereof should be taken if the first succeede not sufficiently CHAP. XLVII Thalictrum Hispanicum Spanish Tufts or Tufted Colombines FRom among the diuersities of this plant I haue selected out two sorts for this my garden as hauing more beautie then all the rest leauing the other to be entreated of where all in generall may be included I haue in this place inserted them for the likenesse of the leaues only being in no other part correspondent and in a Chapter by themselues as it is most fit Thalictrum Hispanicum album White Spanish tufted Colombines These plants haue both one forme in roote leafe and flower and therefore neede but one description The leaues are both for colour and forme so like vnto Colombines leaues although lesser and darker yet more spread and on larger stalkes that they may easily deceiue one that doth not marke them aduisedly for the leaues are much more diuided and in smaller parts and not so round at the ends the stalkes are round strong and three foote high at the least branching out into two or three parts with leaues at the seuerall ioynts of them at the toppes whereof stand many flowers which are nothing but a number of threads made like vnto a small round tuft breaking out of a white skinne or leafe which incloseth them and being vnblowne shew like vnto little buttons the colour of these threds or tufts in this are whitish with yellow tips on them and somewhat purplish at the bottome hauing a strong but no good sent and abiding in their beautie especially if they grow in the shade and not too hot in the sun a great while and then fall away like short downe or threds the seed vessels are three square containing small long and round seede the rootes are many long yellow stringes which endure
or mixt coloured flowers being of a pale reddish colour flaked with white not alwaies downeright but often thwart the leaues some more or lesse then others the marking of them is much like vnto the Chrystall these also as well as others will be greater or smaller and of greater or lesse beauty then others Caryophyllus Silesiacus plumatus The Feathered Tawny is more rare to meete with then many of the other for most vsually it is a faire large flower and double equalling the Lumbard red in his perfection the colour hereof is vsually a scarlet little deeper or paler most curiously feathered and streamed with white through the whole leafe Caryophyllus Silesiacus punctatus The Speckled Tawny is of diuers sorts some bigger some 1 Heroina Radolphi florum Imperatoris Princessa dictus Master Tuggie his Princesse 2 Caryophyllus Oxoniensis The French or Oxford Carnation 3 Caryophyllus Westmonasteriâ—nsis The Gallant or Westminster Gilloflower 4 Caryophyllus Bristoliensis The Bristow 5 Caryophyllus Chrystallinus The Chrâ—stall or Chrystalline 6 Caryophyllus Sabaâ—diâ—â—â— striatâ—â— The stript Sauadgâ— 7 Caryophyllus Granatensis maximus The Granpere or greatest Granado 8 Caryophyllus paramanus The Dainty 9 Caryophyllus Silesâ—acus maximus 〈◊〉 Ioanâ—â—â— Iohn Witty his great tawny Gilloflower 10 Caryophyllus Silesiacus striatus The stript Tawny 11 Caryophyllus 〈◊〉 aemulus The marbled Tawny 12 Caryophyllus roseus rotundus magistri Tuggie Master Tuggie his Rose Gilloflower lesse some more and some lesse spotted then others Vsually it is a deepe scarlet speckled or spotted with white hauing also some stripes among the leaues Caryophyllus roseus rotundus Magistri Tuggie Master Tuggie his Rose Gilloflower is of the kindred of these Tawnies being raised from the seede of some of them and onely possessed by him that is the most industrious preseruer of all natures beauties being a different sort from all other in that it hath round leaues without any iagge at all on the edges of a fine stamell full colour without any spot or strake therin very like vnto a small Rose or rather much like vnto the red Rose Campion both for forme colour and roundnesse but larger for size The Place All these are nourished with vs in Gardens none of their naturall places being knowne except one before recited and the yellow which is Silesia many of them being hardly preserued and encreased The Time They flower not vntill the heate of the yeare which is in Iuly vnlesse it be an extraordinary occasion and continue flowring vntill the colds of the Autumne checke them or vntill they haue wholly out spent themselues and are vsually encreased by the slips The Names Most of our later Writers doe call them by one generall name Caryophyllus sativus and flos Caryophylleus adding thereunto maximus when wee meane Carnations and maior when we would expresse Gilloflowers which name is taken from Cloues in that the sent of the ordinary red Gilloflower especially doth resemble them Diuers other seuerall names haue beene formerly giuen them as Vetonica or Betonica altera or Vetonica altilis and coronaria Herba Tunica Viola Damascena Ocellus Damascenus and Barbaricus Of some Cantabrica Plinij Some thinke they were vnknowne to the Ancients and some would haue them to be Iphium of Theophrastus wherof he maketh mention in his sixth and seuenth Chapters of his sixth booke among Garland and Summer flowers others to be his Dios anthos or Ioâ—â—â— flos mentioned in the former and in other places We call them in English as I said before the greatest kindes Carnations and the others Gilloflowers quasi Iuly flowers as they are seuerally expressed The Vertues The red or Cloue Gilloflower is most vsed in Physicke in our Apothecaries shops none of the other being accepted of or vsed and yet I doubt not but all of them might serue and to good purpose although not to giue so gallant a tincture to a Syrupe as the ordinary red will doe and is accounted to be very Cordiall CHAP. LXX Caryophylli siluestres Pinkes THere remaine diuers sorts of wilde or small Gilloflowers which wee vsually call Pinkes to be entreated of some bearing single and some double flowers some smooth almost without any deepe dents on the edges and some iagged or as it were feathered Some growing vpright like vnto Gilloflowers others creeping 1 Caryophyllus siluestris simplex The vsuall single Pinke 2 Caryophyllus multiplex siluestris Double Pinkes 3 Cariophyllus siluestris plumamarius Feathered or iagged Pinkes 4 Caryophyllus Stellatus Starre Pinkes 5 Caryophyllus reâ—ens Matted Pinkes 6 Caryophyllus mediterraneus The great Thistle or Sea Gilloflower 7 Caryophyllus mâ—rinus The ordinary Thistle or Sea Cushion or spreading vnder the toppe or crust of the ground some of one colour some of another and many of diuers colours As I haue formerly done with the Gilloflowers so must I doe with these that are entertained in our Gardens onely giue you the descriptions of some three or foure of them according to their variety and the names of the rest with their distinctions 1. Caryophyllus minor siluestris multiplex simplex Double and single Pinkes The single and double Pinkes are for forme and manner of growing in all parts like vnto the Gilloflowers before described sauing onely that their leaues are smaller and shorter in some more or lesse then in others and so are the flowers also the single kindes consisting of fiue leaues vsually seldome six round pointed and a little snipt for the most part about the edges with some threads in the middle either crooked or straight the double kindes being lesser and lesse double then the Gilloflowers hauing their leaues a little snipt or endented about the edges and of diuers seuerall colours as shall hereafter be set downe and of as fragrant a sent especially some of them as they the rootes are long and spreading somewhat hard and wooddy 2. Caryophyllus plumarius Feathered or iagged Pinkes The iagged Pinkes haue such like stalkes and lâ—â—ues as the former haue but somewhat shorter and smaller or grasse-like and of a whitish or grayish greene colour likewise the flowers stand in the like manner at the toppes of the stalkes in long round slender greene huskes consisting of fiue leaues very much cut in on the edges and iagged almost like a feather of a light red or bright purple colour with two white threads standing in the middle crooked like a horne at the end and are of a very good sent Some of these haue not those two crooked threads or hornes in the middle but haue in their stead many small threads not crooked at all the seedes of them all are like vnto the seedes of Gilloflowers or the other Pinkes that is small blacke long and flat the rootes are small and wooddy likewise 3. Caryophyllus plumarius albus orbe rubro siue Stellatus Starre Pinkes Of this kinde there is another sort bearing flowers almost as deeply cut or iagged as the former of a faire white colour hauing a ring or circle of red about the bottome
much vsed in winter as a sallet herbe with great delight but the curld Endiue is both farre the fairer and the tenderer for that purpose CHAP. XXIX Spinachia siue Olus Hispanicum Spinach SPinach or Spinage is of three sorts yet some doe reckon of foure accounting that herbe that beareth no seede to be a sort of it selfe when it is but an accident of nature as it falleth out in Hempe Mercury and diuers other herbes two that bear prickly seed the one much greater then the other the third that beareth a smooth seede which is more daintie and noursed vp but in few Gardens The common Spinach which is the lesser of the two prickly sorts hath long greene leaues broad at the stalke and rent or torne as it were into foure corners and sharpe pointed at the ends it quickly runneth vp to stalke if it be sowen in the Spring time but else if at the end of Summer it will abide all the winter green and then suddenly in the very beginning of the Spring runne vp to stalke bearing many leaues both below and at the toppe where there doth appeare many smal greenish flowers in clusters and after them prickly seede The other greater sort that hath prickly seede is in all things like the former but larger both in stalke leafe and seede The smooth Spinach hath broader and a little rounder pointed leaues then the first especially the lower leaues for those that grow vpwards vpon the stalke are more pointed and as it were three square of as darke a greene colour as the former at the seuerall ioynts of the stalkes and branches stand clustering many small greenish flowers which turne into clusters of round whitish seede without any prickles at all vpon them the roote is long white and small like vnto the other with many fibres at it If it be often cut it will grow the thicker or else spindle vp very thinly and with but few leaues vpon the stalke The Vse of Spinage Spinage is an herbe fit for sallets and for diuers other purposes for the table only for it is not knowne to bee vsed Physically at all Many English that haue learned it of the Dutch people doe stew the herbe in a pot or pipkin without any other moisture then it owne and after the moisture is a little pressed from it they put butter and a little spice vnto it and make therewith a dish that many delight to eate of It is vsed likewise to be made into Tartes and many other varieties of dishes as Gentlewomen and their Cookes can better tell then my selfe vnto whom I leaue the further ordering of these herbes and all other fruits and rootes of this Garden For I intend only to giue you the knowledge of them with some briefe notes for their vse and no more 1 Malua crispa French Mallowes 2 Endiuia Endiue 3 Cichorium Succory 4 Spinachia Spinach 5 Lactuca crispa Curld Lettice 6 Lactuca parula An open Lettice 7 Lactuca capitata vulgaris Ordinary cabbage Lettice 8 Lactuca capitata Romana The great Romane cabbage Lettice 9 Lactuca agâ—â—ina Corne Sallet or Lambes Lettice CHAP. XXX Lactuca Lettice THere are so many sorts and so great diuersitie of Lettice that I doubt I shall scarce be beleeued of a great many For I doe in this Chapter reckon vp vnto you eleauen or twelue differing sorts some of little vse others of more being more common and vulgar and some that are of excellent vse and seruice which are more rare and require more knowledge and care for the ordering of them as also for their time of spending as some in the spring some in summer others in autumne and some being whited for the winter For all these sorts I shall not neede many descriptions but only shew you which doe cabbage and which are loose which of of them are great or small white greene or red and which of them beare white seeds and which of them blacke And lastly I haue thought good to adde another Sallet herbe which because it is called Lambes Lettice of many or Corne Sallet of others is put in only to fill vp a number in this Chapter and that I must speake of it and not that I thinke it to be any of the kindes of Lettice All sorts of Lettice after a while that they haue closed themselues if they bee of the Cabbage kindes or otherwise being loose and neuer closing send forth from among the middle of their leaues a round stalke in some greater in others lesser according to their kinde full of leaues like vnto the lower branching at the toppe into sundry parts whereon grow diuers small star-like flowers of a pale yellowish colour after which come seede eyther white or blackish as the plant yeeldeth whereat hangeth some small peece of a cottony doune wherewith the whole head is stored and is carried away with the winde if it be not gathered in time the roote is somewhat long and white with some fibres at it and perisheth quickely after the seede is ripe The Romane red Lettice is the best and greatest of all the rest For Iohn Tradescante that first as I thinke brought it into England and sowed it did write vnto mee that after one of them had been bound and whited when the refuse was cut away the rest weighed seuenteene ounces this hath blacke seede The white Romane Lettice is like vnto it hauing long leaues like a Teasell it is in goodnesse next vnto the red but must be whited that it may eate kindly the seede hereof is white The Virginia Lettice hath single and very broade reddish leaues and is not of any great regard and therefore is kept but of a few it beareth blacke seede The common Lumbard Lettice that is loose and another kinde thereof that doth somewhat cabbage haue both white seedes The Venice Lettice is an excellent Cabbage Lettice and is best to bee sowen after Midsummer for lateward Lettice they be sometimes as great as the crowne of a mans hatt the seede hereof is white and groweth to be of a meane height Our common Cabbage Lettice is well known and beareth blacke seede The curld Lettice which is open and differeth but little from Endiue beareth black seede Another sort of curld Lettice doth cabbage and is called Flanders Cropers or Cropers of Bruges this groweth lowest and hath the smallest head but very hard and round and white while it groweth the seed is blacke A kinde of Romane Lettice is of a darke green colour growing as low as the Venice Lettice and is an excellent kinde bearing blacke seede And lastly our winter Lettice is wonderfull hardy to endure our cold It is but single and must be sowen at Michaelmas but will be very good before any of the other good sorts sowen in the Spring will be ready to be vsed and beareth white seed To instruct a nouice for I teach not a Gardiner of knowledge how to gather his seede that it may be good is in this manner
they may not creepe vp on the branches but if that doe not helpe or you will not vse it you must be carefull to finde out their hill and turne it vp pouring in scalding water either in Summer but especially if you can in Winter and that will surely destroy them I haue spoken of Earwigs in the first part of this worke entreating of the annoyances of Gilloflowers and therefore I referre you thereunto yet one way more I will here relate which some doe vse and that is with hollow canes of halfe a yard long or more open at both ends for them to creepe in and stucke or laid among the branches of your trees will soone drawe into them many Earwigs which you may soone kill by knocking the cane a little vpon the ground and treading on them with your foote Snailes must be taken with your hands and that euerie day especially in the morning when they will be creeping abroad Moales by running vnder your trees make them lesse fruitfull and also put them in danger to be blowne downe by leauing the ground hollow that thereby the rootes haue not that strength in the ground both to shoote and to hold that otherwise they might haue Some haue vsed to put Garlicke and other such like things into their holes thinking thereby to driue them away but to no purpose others haue tryed manie other waies but no way doth auaile anie thing but killing them either with a Moale spade or a trappe made for the purpose as manie doe know and they must bee watched at their principall hill and trenched round and so to be caught Birds are another enemie both to your trees and fruit for the Bullfinch will destroy all your stone fruit in the budde before they flower if you suffer them and Crowes c. when your Cherries are ripe for the smaller birds Lime twigs set either neare your trees or at the next water where they drinke will helpe to catch them and destroy them And for the greater birds a stone bowe a birding or fowling peece will helpe to lessen their number and make the rest more quiet or a mill with a clacke to scarre them away vntill your fruit be gathered Some other annoyances there are as suckers that rise from the rootes of your trees which must be taken away euerie yeare and not suffered to growe anie thing great for feare of robbing your trees of their liuelihood Barke bound is when a tree doth not shoote and encrease by reason the barke is as it were drie and will not suffer the sappe to passe vnto the branches take a knife therefore and slit the barke downe almost all the length of the tree in two or three places and it will remedy that euill and the tree will thriue and come forward the better after Barke pilled is another euill that happeneth to some trees as well young as old either by reason of casuall hurts or by the gnawing of beasts howsoeuer it bee if it bee anie great hurt lay a plaister thereon made of tallow tarre and a little pitch and binde it thereto letting it so abide vntill the wound bee healed yet some doe only apply a little clay or loame bound on with ropes of hay The Canker is a shrewd disease when it happeneth to a tree for it will eate the barke round and so kill the very heart in a little space It must be looked vnto in time before it hath runne too farre most men doe wholly cut away as much as is fretted with the Canker and then dresse it or wet it with vinegar or Cowes pisse or Cowes dung and vrine c. vntill it be destroyed and after healed againe with your salue before appointed There are yet some other enemies to an Orchard for if your fence be not of bricke or stone but either a mudde wall or a quicke set or dead hedge then looke to it the more carefully and preuent the comming in of either horse or kine sheepe goates or deere hare or conie for some of them will breake through or ouer to barke your trees and the least hole almost in the hedge will giue admittance to hares and conies to doe the like To preuent all which your care must be continuall to watch them or auoide them and to stoppe vp their entrance A dogge is a good seruant for many such purposes and so is a stone bowe and a peece to make vse of as occasion shall serue But if you will take that medicine for a Canker spoken of before which is Cowes dung and vrine mixed together and with a brush wash your trees often to a reasonable height will keepe hares and conies from eating or barking your trees Great and cold windes doe often make a great spoile in an Orchard but great trees planted without the compasse thereof as Wall-nuts Oakes Elmes Ashes and the like will stand it in great stead to defend it both early and late Thus haue I shewed you most of the euils that may happen to an Orchard and the meanes to helpe them and because the number is great and daily growing the care and paines must be continuall the more earnest and diligent lest you lose that in a moment that hath been growing many yeares or at the least the profit or beauty of some yeares fruit CHAP. IX The manner and way how to plant order and keepe other trees that beare greene leaues continually THe way to order those trees that beare their leaues greene continually is differing from all others that doe not so for neyther are they to bee planted or remoued at the time that all other trees are set nor doe they require that manner of dressing pruining and keeping that others doe And although many ignorant persons and Gardiners doe remoue Bay trees and are so likewise perswaded that all other trees of that nature that is that carry their greene leaues continually may bee remoued in Autumne or Winter as well as all other trees may bee yet it is certaine it is a great chance if they doe thriue and prosper that are set at that time or rather it is found by experience that scarce one of ten prospereth well that are so ordered Now in regard that there be diuers trees and shrubs mentioned here in this booke that beare euer greene leaues wherein there is very great beauty and many take pleasure in them as the ordinary Bay the Rose Bay and the Cherry Bay trees the Indian Figge the Cypresse the Pine tree the Mirtle and dwarfe Boxe and many others I will here shew you how to plant and order them as is fittest for them For in that they doe not shed their greene leaues in winter as other trees doe you may in reason be perswaded that they are of another nature and so they are indeede for seeing they all grow naturally in warme Countries and are from thence brought vnto vs we must both plant them in a warmer place and transplant them in a warmer time then
them much and often and keepe them lowe in comparison of the other way fastening them to pearches or poles to hold them vp And according to that fashion many haue aduentured to make Vineyards in England not onely in these later daies but in ancient times as may wel witnesse the sundrie places in this Land entituled by the name of Vineyards and I haue read that manie Monasteries in this Kingdome hauing Vineyards had as much wine made therefrom as sufficed their couents yeare by yeare but long since they haue been destroyed and the knowledge how to order a Vineyard is also vtterly perished with them For although diuers both Nobles and Gentlemen haue in these later times endeauoured to plant and make Vineyards and to that purpose haue caused French men being skilfull in keeping and dressing of Vines to be brought ouer to performe it yet either their skill failed them or their Vines were not good or the most likely the soile was not fitting for they could neuer make anie wine that was worth the drinking being so small and heartlesse that they soone gaue ouer their practice And indeede the soile is a maine matter to bee chiefly considered to seate a Vineyard vpon for euen in France and other hot countries according to the nature of the soile so is the rellish strength and durabilitie of the wine Now although I think it a fruitlesse labour for any man to striue in these daies to make a good Vineyard in England in regard not only of the want of knowledge to make choise of the fittest ground for such Vines as you would plant therupon but also of the true maner of ordering them in our country but most chiefly aboue all others that our years in these times do not fal out to be so kindly and hot to ripen the grapes to make anie good wine as formerly they haue done yet I thinke it not amisse to giue you instructions how to order such Vines as you may nourse vp for the pleasure of the fruit to eate the grapes being ripe or to preserue and keepe them to bee eaten almost all the winter following And this may be done without any great or extraordinarie paines Some doe make a lowe wall and plant their Vines against it and keepe them much about the height thereof not suffering them to rise much higher but if the high bricke or stone wals of your Garden or Orchard haue buttresses thereat or if you cause such to bee made that they bee somewhat broade forwards you may the more conueniently plant Vines of diuers sorts at them and by sticking down a couple of good stakes at euery buttresse of eight or ten foot high aboue ground tacking a few lathes acrosse vpon those stakes you may therunto tye your Vines carry them theron at your pleasure but you must be carefull to cut them euery year but not too late and so keepe them downe and from farre spreading that they neuer runne much beyond the frame which you set at the buttresses as also in your cutting you neuer leaue too many ioynts nor yet too few but at the third or fourth ioint at the most cut them off I doe aduise you to these frames made with stakes and lathes for the better ripening of your grapes for in the blooming time if the branches of your vines bee too neare the wall the reflection of the Sunne in the day time and the colde in the night doe oftentimes spoile a great deale of fruit by piercing and withering the tender foot-stalkes of the grapes before they are formed whereas when the blossomes are past and the fruit growing of some bignesse then all the heate and reflection you can giue them is fit and therefore cut away some of the branches with the leaues to admit the more Sunne to ripen the fruit For the diuers sorts of grapes I haue set them downe in the Booke following with briefe notes vpon euerie of them whether white or blacke small or great early or late ripe so that I neede not here make the same relation again There doth happen some diseases to Vines sometimes which that you may helpe I thinke it conuenient to informe you what they are and how to remedy them when you shall be troubled with any such The first is a luxurious spreading of branches and but little or no fruit for remedie whereof cut the branches somewhat more neere then vsuall and bare the roote but take heed of wounding or hurting it and in the hole put either some good old rotten stable dung of Horses of else some Oxe blood new taken from the beasts and that in the middle of Ianuarie or beginning of Februarie which being well tempered and turned in with the earth let it so abide which no doubt when the comfort of the blood or dung is well soaked to the bottome by the raines that fall thereon will cause your Vine to fructifie againe Another fault is when a Vine doth not bring the fruit to ripenesse but either it withereth before it be growne of any bignesse or presently after the blooming the place or the earth where such a Vine standeth assuredly is too cold and therefore if the fault bee not in the place which cannot bee helped without remouing to a better digge out a good quantity of that earth and put into the place thereof some good fresh ground well heartned with dung and some sand mixed therewith but not salt or salt water as some doe aduise nor yet vrine as others would haue and this will hearten and strengthen your Vine to beare out the frut vnto maturitie When the leaues of a Vine in the end of Summer or in Autumne vntimely doe turne either yellow or red it is a great signe the earth is too hot and drie you must therefore in stead of dung and sand as in the former defect is said put in some fresh loame or short clay well mixed together with some of the earth and so let them abide that the frosts may mellow them And lastly a Vine sometimes beareth some store of grapes but they are too many for it to bring to ripenesse you shall therefore helpe such a Vine which no doubt is of some excellent kinde for they are most vsually subiect to this fault by nipping away the blossomes from the branches and leauing but one or two bunches at the most vpon a branch vntill the Vine be growne older and thereby stronger and by this meane inured to beare out all the grapes to ripenesse These be all the diseases I know doe happen to Vines for the bleeding of a Vine it seldome happeneth of it selfe but commeth either by cutting it vntimely that is too late in the yeare for after Ianuarie if you will be well aduised cut not any Vine or by some casuall or wilfull breaking of an arme or a branch This bleeding in some is vnto death in others it stayeth after a certaine space of it selfe To helpe this inconuenience some haue
many spoakie rundels of yellow flowers the Common I meane doth turne into a darke grayish flat seede and the Sweete into larger and yellower the roote is great long and white and endureth diuers yeares The Vse of Fenell Fenell is of great vse to trimme vp and strowe vpon fish as also to boyle or put among fish of diuers sorts Cowcumbers pickled and other fruits c. The rootes are vsed with Parsley rootes to be boyled in broths and drinkes to open obstructions The seed is of much vse with other things to expell winde The seede also is much vsed to be put into Pippin pies and diuers 1 Petrosolinum Parsley 2 Atium Smallage 3 Foeniculum Fenell 4 Anethum Dill. 5 Myrrhis siue Ceâ—efolium magnum Sweete Cheruill 6 Cerefolium vulgare Common Cheruilâ— other such baked fruits as also into bread to giue it the better rellish The sweete Cardus Fenell being sent by Sir Henry Wotton to Iohn Tradescante had likewise a large direction with it how to dresse it for they vse to white it after it hath been transplanted for their vses which by reason of the sweetnesse by nature and the tendernesse by art causeth it to be the more delightfull to the taste especially with them that are accustomed to feede on greene herbes CHAP. XXV Anethum Dill. DIll doth much growe wilde but because in many places it cannot be had it is therefore sowne in Gardens for the vses whereunto it serueth It is a smaller herbe then Fenell but very like hauing fine cut leaues not so large but shorter smaller and of a stronger and quicker taste the stalke is smaller also and with few ioynts and leaues on them bearing spoakie tufts of yellow flowers which turne into thinne small and flat seedes the roote perisheth euery yeare and riseth againe for the most part of it owne sowing The Vse of Dill. The leaues of Dill are much vsed in some places with Fish as they doe Fenell but because it is so strong many doe refuse it It is also put among pickled Cowcumbers wherewith it doth very well agree giuing vnto the cold fruit a pretty spicie taste or rellish It being stronger then Fenell is of the more force to expell winde in the body Some vse to eate the seed to stay the Hickocke CHAP. XXVI Myrrhis siue Cerefolium maius vulgare Sweet Cheruill and ordinary Cheruill THe great or sweete Cheruill which of some is called Sweete Cicely hath diuers great and faire spread winged leaues consisting of many leaues set together deeply cut in the edges and euery one also dented about very like and resembling the leaues of Hemlockes but of so pleasant a taste that one would verily thinke he chewed the leaues or seedes of Aniseedes in his mouth The stalke is reasonable great and somewhat cornered or crested about three or foure foote high at the toppe whereof stand many white spoakie tufts of flowers which change into browne long cornered great seede two alwaies ioyned together the roote is great blackish on the outside and white within with diuers fibres annexed vnto it and perisheth not but abideth many yeares and is of a sweete pleasant and spicie hot taste delightfull vnto many The common Cheruill is a small herbe with slender leaues finely cut into long peeces at the first of a pale yellowish greene colour but when the stalke is growne vp to seede both stalkes and leaues become of a darke red colour the flowers are white standing vpon scattered or thin spread tufts which turne into small long round and sharpe pointed seedes of a brownish blacke colour the roote is small with diuers long slender white strings and perisheth euery yeare The Vses of these Cheruils The common Cheruill is much vsed of the French and Dutch people to bee boyled or stewed in a pipkin eyther by it selfe or with other herbes whereof they make a Loblolly and so eate it It is vsed as a pot-herbe with vs. Sweete Cheruill gathered while it is young and put among other herbes for a sallet addeth a meruellous good rellish to all the rest Some commend the greene seedes sliced and put in a sallet of herbes and eaten with vinegar and oyle to comfort the cold stomacke of the aged The roots are vsed by diuers being boyled and after eaten with oyle and vinegar as an excellent sallet for the same purpose The preserued or candid rootes are of singular good vse to warme and comfort a cold flegmaticke stomack and is thought to be a good preseruatiue in the time of the plague CHAP. XXVII Malua Crispa French Mallowes THe curld or French Mallow groweth vp with an vpright greene round stalke as high vsually as any man whereon from all sides grow forth round whitish greene leaues curld or crumpled about the edges like a ruffe else very like vnto an ordinary great Mallow leafe the flowers grow both vpon the stalke and on the other branches that spring from them being small and white after which come small cases with blacke seede like the other Mallowes the roote perisheth when it hath borne seede but abideth vsually the first yeare and the second runneth vp to flower and seede The Vse of French Mallowes It is much vsed as a pot-herbe especially when there is cause to moue the belly downward which by his slippery qualitie it doth helpe forward It hath beene in times past and so is to this day in some places vsed to be boyled or stewed eyther by it selfe with butter or with other herbes and so eaten CHAP. XXVIII Imtubum Succorie and Endiue I Put both Succorie and Endiue into one chapter and description because they are both of one kindred and although they differ a little the one from the other yet they agree both in this that they are eaten eyther greene or whited of many Endiue the smooth as well as the curld beareth a longer and a larger leafe then Succorie and abideth but one yeare quickely running vp to stalke and seede and then perisheth whereas Succorie abideth many years and hath long and narrower leaues somewhat more cut in or torne on the edges both of them haue blew flowers and the seede of the smooth or ordinary Endiue is so like vnto the Succorie that it is very hard to distinguish them asunder by sight but the curld Endiue giueth blackish and flat seede very like vnto blacke Lettice feede the rootes of the Endiue perish but the Succorie abideth The Vse of Succory and Endiue Although Succorie bee somewhat more bitter in taste then the Endiues yet it is oftentimes and of many eaten greene but more vsually being buried a while in sand that it may grow white which causeth it to lose both some part of the bitternesse as also to bee the more tender in the eating and Horace sheweth it to be vsed in his time in the 32. Ode of his first Book where he saith Me pascunt Oliuae me Cithorea leuesque Maluae Endiue being whited in the same or any other manner is