Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
book_n	day_n	see_v	write_v	2,867	5	5.0971	4	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16508	The arte of shooting in great ordnaunce Contayning very necessary matters for all sortes of seruitoures eyther by sea or by lande. Written by William Bourne.	Bourne, William, d. 1583.	1587 (1587)	STC 3420; ESTC S109410	64,220	106

whereby they should atteine it for all the proofes that haue beene made as yet by Englishmen are no proofe but altogether to cause them that did see the proofe to committe further errour as touching the distance vnto the marke or hitting the length of the marke CHAPTER 6. What a degree is c. FUrthermore wheras this book is namâ— The Arte of shooting in great Ordnaunce so in like manner I thinke it conuenient to shew you what the word Arte meaneth or signifieth which is the describing of a way or methode how to atteyne to the certayntie of any matter Which as hitherunto I haue not seen any such book althogh it hath been very neer two hundred yeeres since the first inuentioÌ„ of Ordnaunce and excepte there bee any better booke in some mens hands such as I haue not seene as it is like ynough that there may be there is no Arte in any of them yet I haue seene a number of bookes that haue beene written concerning Ordnance but surely they that wrote theÌ„ were not seene in any part of y e Mathematical science neither good Machanisians but in respect vtterly voyd of any science in comparison no good order described in the shooting of Ordnaunce to knowe what distance the shotte is deliuered from the peece neyther haue they knowen what instruments haue meaned And although they haue named degrees in their bookes yet it appeareth vnto me that they haue not knowledge what a degree signifieth for that they haue named a Quadrant a Triangle and other food and foolish by names Wherefore they that haue written those bookes that the GuÌ„ners haue amongst them were vtterly vnlearned in any manner of science which were in the beginning in the time of King Henry y e eight made by Flemmings for in the wars in those daies the King sent ouer into Flaunders and those parts thereabout to haue Gunners to serue him in the warres the Gunners haue no other bookes but such as were written by them wherefore I do thinke it good to shew vnto you what a degree is A degree is a parte or deuision of a whole circle into 360. equall parts as the the auncient fathers aforetime haue taught and especially in Astronomy And it is very profitable for Gunners to knowe the vse of them The Quadrant that they doe occupie is the fourth part of a circle deuided into 90. equall parts according vnto y e fourth part of the Heauens for the zeneth or pricke in the Heauens ouer the Crowne of your head downe to the Horizon is deuided into 90. equall partes according vnto the Quadrant As for example If there were a perpendicular line let downe out of the Heauens vnto the earth then should the earth be a right line and make a square angle vnto the furthest parte of the Horizon that you can see and so passe vnto the Heauens as doth the Quadrant and then the best of the Rander is 45. of these deuisions called degrees as some mens opinion hath been and that is half 90. and the said 45. degrees be the best of the Rander in some cases and that is with the winde but otherwise it is not as it is further declared in the 5. Chapter And for better example I haue placed this figure CHAPTER 7. Howe to make a shotte vpon the right line and also to know how much ground any peece of Ordnaunce doth driue or conuey the shot at the mount of euery degree of the Rander FUrthermore any peece of Ordnaunce being truly disparted as is declared in the fourth Chapter they may know at al times how for to shoote iust vnto the mark especially within point blank point blanke is the direct fleeing of the shot without any descending from the mouth of the peece vnto the mark y e mouth of the peece to stand directly with the Horizon so that it be vpon a plaine and leuell ground as far as y e peece may cast hytting any thing that standeth directly as hygh as the mouth of the peece laying the hollowe or concauitie of the peece against the thing that you doe shoote at c. And to shoote at anye marke vppon the right line you shall doe it by this meanes your peece being truely disparted and the dispart sette vppon the mouth of the peece bringe the middle of the tayle of the peece to the toppe of your disparte vppon the mouth of the peece and the marke that you doe shoote at all three vppon one right line by the sight of one of your eyes and then foreseeing that the peece standeth vppon a leuell grounde and the one wheele to bee as nimble as the other this doone there is no doubte but you may shoote as neere the marke with a Cannon as with a Hargabus or Caliuer This is most certaine Therefore it is very necessary to know how far any peece wil conuey the shot vpon the right line that is somewhat hard to do for there is seldome any grounde but is higher in one place than in another and then if the peece should bee layd close vnto the ground it woulde graze before that it were at the end of the right line and then if the peece be in her carriage the shotte will not graze before that it were descended as much as the height of the carriage And for to set vp any thing certaine at the end of the right line it were too tedious therefore in my opinion this is one of the best wayes in the finding what distance any peece conuayeth or driueth the shotte vppon the right line or any degree of the Rander as thus Repaire vnto a very leuell ground as a plaine marrish that is iust water leuell and then to finde the right line or point blanke rayse a butte or banke in that plaine grounde and then sette vppe a marke the iust height of the peece that lyeth in the carriage and take a quadrant with a rule fast thereunto and put the rule into the mouth of the peece and coyne the breech of the peece vp and downe vntill the plummet hang at the corner of the Quadrant and then shall the Concauitie of the peece lye right with the Horyzon neyther higher nor lower then shoote off the peece against the butte if the shotte bee vnder the marke it is more then the right line then you must bringe the peece neerer vnto the butte banke or marke but if it be the iust height of the marke then remooue the peece farther off from the marke and so remoouing the peece for wardes and backwardes you shal finde the true right line of the peece By this order you may trye the true right line of all manner of peeces of Ordnaunce And whereas the opinion of diuers Gunners is the one contrarie vnto the other some holding an opinion that the longer peece doth ouershoote the shorter and some that the shorte doth ouershoote the longer the troth is that the longer peece doth shoote further than the

when that the nighte was come and the same very darke and the mornyng very foggy or that they could not see the walles of the Towne yet they battered the walles of the Towne as perfitely all the night and as well as though it had bin by day for euery time y t they had charged all their peeces they did this first they did plome the mouth of the peece and likewise at the taile of the peece right vppon the line that was vnder y e peece right vpon the mark and then they toke their Quadrant and put their rule into the mouth of the peece theÌ„ koined the tayle of the peece vp and downe till that the plummet line did fall vpon that degree and place that it did before the nighte and that was at one degree and a quarter iust and thus when they had laid all their peeces then they shotte them off and charged them agayne and so contiuÌ„ed all the night long And so in this manner they may in like case handle the two side batteries but and if that it chance that the battering peeces doe lie vppon hygher ground than the place that is battered then y e rule that is fastned must be vnto that place wheras the plommet is made fast vnto for that the degrees goeth downewards towardes the lower ground as you may see by these two figures CHAPTER 25. How to plant OrdnauÌ„ce by night to batter the walles of any Towne or displace any Ordnaunce in any Bulwarkes or any such other like as well by night as by day YEt furthermore there maye be meanes founde that if there be any Ordnaunce placed that doth damage or hurte you and that you maye not come at it by no meanes in the daye for to displace their Ordnaunce but vnto your greate hurt and losse both of men and Ordnaunce yet you may displace them by nighte neere as well as by day both for to place youre Ordnaunce in the night and also for to shoote perfitly vnto the place in the night although the nighte bee neuer so darke and then if that you doe see cause when that you haue beaten or displaced theyr Ordnaunce you maye carye awaye youre Ordnaunce before it is daye as thus First prepare an Astrolobe the larger the better and then two stakes or pinnes of yron like to a foote long or there aboutes according vnto your discretion and also a sledge or beetle to driue those stakes or pinnes into the grounde and then viewing the grounde meete for the purpose a reasonable distance from the place that you doe meane to beate in the nighte goe into that place in the daye tyme and firste where you doe meane for to lay your Ordnaunce there dryue in one of youre stakes and then in lyke manner goe backawardes about twentye foote and stande so that you maye see the marke that you doe meane to shoote at ouer the toppe of the sticke that you haue dryuen and then there in that very place dryue your other stake and then goe a little backewardes more and viewe whether that the two stakes stand as one right line vnto the marke and if that they doe not you maye amende them and sette them ryghte then take youre Astrolobe and holde that vppon youre thombe by the ringe and then turne youre Athilleyday or Rule wyth the two sightes that is on the backe side of the Astrolobe vppe and downe tyll that you maye see that place that you doe meane to shoote at thorough the two syghtes of the Athilleyday holdyng that vppe before youre eyes winking wyth one of youre eyes standing at that place where you doe meane for to place youre Ordnaunce that is betweene the two stakes then looke vppon the Athilleyday or Rule wyth the two sightes at what degree and place that the ende doth pointe vnto then remeÌ„mber to write that degree and place it in some Booke or Table for that it is finished then in the nyghte you may bring your Ordnaunce vnto that place between the two stakes and then place one of your peeces righte betweene the two stakes and then take a threed or line and make that fast vnto the two stakes and that shall lay the peece right vpon the marke And then for to place the rest they must doe this First on the one side measure out iust how many foote you doe meane to lay your peeces in distance asunder then from the line of the stake measure it truly and there make a marke or driue a stake and then at the other end at that certayne distance there in like manner driue another stake then betweene those two stakes place another peece and then make a line fast vnto those two stakes and that in like maner shal lay the peece right vppon the marke and then you may place another peece vppon the other side of the peece and so forth And then when your Ordnaunce is all charged then plome the middle of the mouth of the peece right vpon the line vnderneth the peece and then in like manner the middle of the taile of the peece to be plomed that it stand right ouer the line vnderneath the peece and then take your Quadrant with the rule fastned vnto it and put the rule into the mouth of the peece and then koyne the peece vp and downe till the plommet line do fall vpon that degree and place that the Athilley day did pointe vnto vppon the Astrolobe and that shall giue the peece the true height of the marke As for example suppose this after the breach in the wall of the Towne was made sautable there the flanckes lay so that they coulde not come neere vnto the breache neyther could they plant their Ordnaunce for to displace those flanckes but that they shoulde bee beaten from their Ordnaunce to their great losse and hinderance therefore firste they prepared an Astrolobe of the largest sort two pinnes of yron made sharp at the endes to goe into the ground and then they caused an assaulte to be giuen vnto the contrary side of the towne and whilest they helde them play there then two or three chose out thyr grouÌ„d meete for their purpose and ther droue one pinne and then they went backe twenty foote and right against that pinne they droue another pinne so eueÌ„ that the two pinnes and the place of the bulwarke where the flankers lay were all there vpon one right line and then one of theÌ„ tooke the Astrolobe hanging it perpendicularly vpright then they turned the Athilley day vp and downe till hee mighte see thorough both the sightes the very place that the flanckers lay and then they departed and wente their way and looked vpon what degree the poynte of the Athilley day stoode vpon and found it to be vpon iust two degrees and a halfe and that they wrote in a booke for remembrance and then after a night or two when they saw their time the nighte being very darke then they carried three

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