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so_o close_o that_o he_o may_v have_v no_o time_n to_o rally_v and_o to_o force_v he_o out_o of_o his_o strong_a hold_n before_o he_o recover_v breath_n to_o gather_v strength_n but_o we_o shall_v find_v not_o only_a hannibal_n defective_a in_o this_o so_o important_a a_o duty_n of_o a_o great_a captain_n but_o many_o of_o the_o roman_n themselves_o even_o against_o this_o carthaginian_a arch-enemy_n of_o they_o livy_n inform_v we_o in_o his_o twenty_o seven_o book_n that_o at_o canusiâ—m_n marcellus_n beat_v roman_n not_o always_o practise_v by_o the_o roman_n he_o hannibal_n get_v to_o his_o camp_n and_o in_o the_o night_n time_n march_v out_o of_o it_o marcellus_z not_z pursuing_z he_o get_v work_n enough_o to_o do_v with_o he_o afterward_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o twenty_o nine_o book_n that_o the_o consul_n sempronius_n and_o proconsul_n licinius_n fight_v with_o the_o same_o hannibal_n in_o the_o brâ—tian_a country_n and_o defeat_v he_o but_o they_o not_o 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body_n of_o foot_n it_o be_v the_o easy_a motion_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o can_v be_v sudden_o do_v and_o therefore_o be_v dangerous_a if_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o to_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o motion_n three_o if_o all_o the_o three_o countermarche_n laconian_a macedonian_a and_o chorâ—an_n three_o three_o be_v of_o very_o little_a use_n and_o great_a danger_n in_o the_o infantry_n as_o i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v appear_v in_o one_o of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n than_o i_o suppose_v it_o will_v be_v easy_o grant_v that_o the_o use_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o be_v as_o little_a and_o the_o danger_n as_o great_a in_o body_n of_o cavalry_n four_o that_o i_o conceive_v wheeling_n a_o more_o proper_a motion_n and_o more_o easy_a four_o four_o for_o the_o horse_n than_o for_o the_o foot_n it_o be_v a_o motion_n that_o have_v be_v much_o use_v by_o horse_n in_o fight_n for_o unless_o in_o wheel_v they_o be_v charge_v in_o 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as_o be_v never_o put_v in_o execution_n here_o he_o assume_v to_o himself_o to_o speak_v what_o he_o please_v to_o the_o disgrace_n of_o christian_a soldier_n and_o very_o little_a to_o his_o own_o reputation_n listen_v a_o little_a to_o his_o word_n adeste_fw-la mei_fw-la deuce_n date_n vestras_fw-la leges_fw-la quid_fw-la mussatis_fw-la a_o nullâ—_n an_fw-mi paucae_fw-la illa_fw-la ipsae_fw-la quae_fw-la sunt_fw-la irrite_n &_o pro_fw-la nullis_fw-la profecto_fw-la ita_fw-la vivitur_fw-la libido_fw-la pro_fw-la lege_fw-la est_fw-la jurisque_fw-la locum_fw-la sibi_fw-la vindicat_fw-la ensis_fw-la furta_fw-la quis_fw-la hodie_fw-la punit_fw-la imo_fw-la quis_fw-la raptus_fw-la &_o codes_o stupra_fw-la &_o adulteria_fw-la inter_fw-la facinora_fw-la militaria_fw-la censentur_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la poscant_fw-la aliquam_fw-la coronam_fw-la take_v it_o in_o english_a come_v hither_o say_v he_o you_o captain_n
â—fficere_fw-la nequeat_fw-la war_n say_v he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v among_o artifices_fw-la nay_o it_o be_v so_o horrible_a a_o thing_n that_o nothing_o can_v make_v it_o honest_a but_o extreme_a necessity_n or_o true_a charity_n well_o i_o shall_v be_v content_a to_o take_v what_o he_o grant_v and_o that_o be_v that_o war_n sometime_o be_v honest_a and_o if_o so_o i_o think_v he_o must_v grant_v that_o those_o who_o manage_v that_o honest_a war_n and_o those_o be_v soldier_n may_v be_v sometime_o honest_a and_o therefore_o not_o more_o detestable_a than_o hangman_n nor_o do_v i_o think_v any_o sober_a man_n endue_v with_o any_o reasonable_a proportion_n of_o solid_a judgement_n though_o he_o have_v never_o hear_v of_o the_o name_n of_o jesus_n christ_n but_o will_v ready_o grant_v that_o war_n be_v the_o great_a scourge_n of_o mankind_n shall_v not_o be_v begin_v till_o either_o our_o own_o extreme_a necessity_n or_o the_o love_n and_o charity_n we_o owe_v to_o our_o 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man_n have_v beside_o
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so_o wander_v and_o so_o little_a constant_a to_o himself_o that_o i_o go_v away_o from_o he_o and_o those_o who_o comment_n on_o he_o as_o ignorant_a of_o some_o point_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n as_o when_o i_o meet_v with_o either_o he_o or_o they_o i_o be_o not_o guilty_a nor_o shall_v be_v of_o so_o great_a presumption_n as_o to_o fix_v any_o blemish_n on_o a_o person_n who_o name_n have_v be_v hold_v for_o so_o many_o age_n in_o so_o much_o reputation_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v think_v first_o we_o have_v not_o all_o he_o write_v on_o that_o subject_n though_o excuse_v excuse_v his_o treatise_n seem_v to_o be_v full_a and_o next_o that_o when_o print_v first_o appear_v in_o the_o world_n some_o paper_n of_o his_o have_v be_v too_o careless_o piece_v together_o and_o that_o perhaps_o put_v in_o several_a chapter_n which_o shall_v have_v be_v in_o one_o hence_o may_v come_v his_o frequent_a tautology_n and_o a_o close_o make_v to_o a_o paragraph_n to_o which_o the_o 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they_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o tribe_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o second_o punic_a war_n but_o in_o the_o macedonian_a the_o consul_n have_v the_o election_n of_o they_o two_o year_n after_o that_o war_n be_v end_v livy_n inform_v we_o the_o tribe_n resume_v their_o former_a liberty_n and_o elect_v their_o tribune_n the_o manner_n in_o which_o the_o tribune_n or_o colonel_n elect_v their_o soldier_n be_v elect_v how_o the_o legion_n be_v elect_v this_o every_o tribe_n divide_v its_o man_n that_o be_v fit_a for_o service_n by_o four_o of_o the_o first_o four_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o first_o legion_n choose_v one_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n choose_v the_o second_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o three_o legion_n choose_v the_o three_o and_o the_o four_o man_n fall_v to_o the_o lot_n of_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o four_o legion_n of_o the_o second_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o of_o the_o three_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o three_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o and_o of_o the_o four_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o four_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o and_o so_o again_o alternative_o till_o the_o legion_n be_v all_o complete_a and_o the_o election_n for_o all_o the_o four_o legion_n as_o equal_o make_v as_o possible_o it_o can_v be_v those_o who_o be_v elect_v be_v not_o always_o tirones_fw-la or_o novitiate_v for_o many_o of_o they_o have_v serve_v in_o the_o war_n before_o but_o be_v still_o oblige_v to_o be_v enroll_v at_o new_a levy_n if_o elect_v till_o they_o have_v serve_v out_o that_o time_n that_o be_v appoint_v and_o what_o that_o be_v shall_v be_v immediate_o tell_v you_o those_o who_o be_v levy_v for_o the_o foot_n service_n be_v ordinary_o divide_v into_o four_o class_n in_o the_o first_o be_v the_o most_o experiment_a and_o be_v call_v triarii_n in_o the_o second_o those_o of_o the_o strong_a body_n and_o have_v the_o 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yet_o be_v he_o not_o at_o the_o pain_n to_o give_v we_o so_o perfect_a a_o description_n of_o they_o as_o other_o author_n have_v do_v he_o tell_v we_o of_o shield_n and_o that_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n have_v shield_n but_o speak_v not_o of_o their_o form_n nor_o bigness_n distinction_n a_o nice_a distinction_n there_o be_v some_o and_o among_o they_o achilles_n terduzzi_n who_o make_v a_o difference_n between_o a_o shield_n and_o a_o target_n and_o it_o be_v this_o the_o first_o be_v of_o a_o round_a figure_n and_o the_o second_o of_o a_o long_a angular_a or_o oval_n if_o so_o we_o must_v conclude_v those_o use_v by_o the_o roman_n to_o have_v be_v target_n and_o no_o shield_n in_o regard_n they_o be_v ordinary_o four_o foot_n long_o and_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a but_o notwithstanding_o this_o nice_a distinction_n i_o shall_v use_v the_o word_n promiscuous_o and_o call_v the_o roman_a target_n a_o shield_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o there_o be_v a_o allowance_n of_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n between_o the_o roman_a file_n and_o that_o the_o breadth_n of_o their_o shield_n cover_v two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o that_o ground_n we_o must_v conclude_v there_o be_v but_o one_o half_a foot_n leave_v for_o they_o first_o to_o throw_v their_o javelines_n or_o dart_n and_o then_o to_o present_v the_o point_n of_o their_o sword_n against_o their_o enemy_n and_o their_o shield_n be_v so_o near_o each_o other_o and_o their_o body_n so_o strong_o defend_v by_o they_o and_o their_o other_o armour_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n they_o either_o give_v or_o receive_v a_o charge_n courageous_o for_o vegetius_n say_v well_o in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n that_o those_o who_o be_v expose_v naked_a to_o receive_v wound_n must_v think_v more_o of_o fly_v than_o fight_v and_o in_o the_o end_n of_o that_o same_o chapter_n he_o say_v that_o he_o who_o have_v his_o head_n and_o breast_n well_o arm_v be_v not_o afraid_a of_o 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legion_n do_v when_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o perseus_n and_o his_o macedonian_a phalange_n for_o at_o those_o time_n they_o lean_v and_o rest_v themselves_o on_o their_o shield_n they_o make_v also_o good_a use_n of_o those_o point_n by_o push_v and_o thrust_v with_o they_o at_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o come_v to_o any_o close_a medley_n many_o and_o almost_o all_o nation_n beside_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n make_v use_v of_o shield_n especial_o the_o gaul_n and_o german_n who_o peradventure_o have_v the_o use_n of_o they_o before_o the_o roman_n be_v a_o nation_n of_o shield_n either_o in_o battle_n or_o at_o the_o take_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n be_v shield_n a_o tortoise_n oâ—_n shield_n compose_v that_o figure_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n because_o it_o resemble_v that_o animal_n which_o cover_v itself_o within_o its_o shell_n and_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o it_o the_o first_o be_v frame_v thus_o the_o first_o rank_n cover_v their_o 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ordain_v to_o storm_n run_v to_o the_o assault_n and_o so_o either_o enter_v or_o break_v down_o place_n for_o other_o to_o enter_v this_o i_o believe_v be_v practise_v often_o in_o their_o play_n on_o the_o amphitheatre_n and_o indeed_o it_o be_v more_o to_o be_v use_v in_o jest_n than_o in_o earnest_n for_o great_a stone_n throw_v down_o by_o the_o defendant_n will_v easy_o have_v break_v the_o tortoise-shell_n and_o then_o melt_a lead_n boil_a oil_n or_o scald_a water_n all_o ordinary_o practise_v on_o such_o occasion_n by_o the_o ancient_n will_v to_o my_o sense_n either_o soon_o have_v kill_v or_o chase_v away_o the_o tortoise_n itself_o it_o be_v my_o opinion_n that_o when_o the_o roman_n march_v and_o no_o enemy_n in_o sight_n of_o they_o they_o carry_v their_o headpiece_n at_o their_o girdle_n and_o their_o shield_n within_o cover_n on_o their_o back_n my_o reason_n be_v caesar_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o the_o gallic_a war_n say_v that_o the_o nervian_o give_v he_o so_o 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we_o read_v of_o no_o such_o custom_n scipio_n aemilianâ—s_v who_o destroy_v carthage_n make_v much_o use_n of_o bowman_n against_o the_o numantine_n and_o without_o they_o if_o you_o will_v believe_v vegetius_n he_o think_v he_o can_v not_o overmaster_v that_o valorous_a enemy_n the_o emperor_n justinian_n make_v a_o singular_a good_a use_n practice_n a_o good_a practice_n of_o some_o of_o his_o archer_n which_o be_v this_o he_o cause_v they_o to_o put_v on_o such_o defensive_a arm_n as_o his_o legionary_n wear_v and_o mix_v they_o together_o these_o bowman_n pour_v shower_n of_o arrow_n on_o the_o enemy_n before_o their_o heavy_a arm_v can_v come_v within_o distance_n either_o to_o cast_v their_o javelin_n or_o draw_v their_o sword_n yea_o the_o near_o they_o be_v the_o more_o mischief_n they_o do_v and_o when_o they_o come_v to_o a_o close_a medley_n they_o quit_v the_o bow_n and_o take_v they_o to_o their_o sword_n how_o great_a use_n be_v make_v of_o auxiliary_a bowman_n by_o 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to_o the_o senate_n and_o people_n of_o rome_n to_o be_v obedient_a to_o their_o commander_n and_o not_o to_o desert_v their_o standard_n or_o ensign_n this_o or_o the_o like_a oath_n be_v exact_v by_o the_o several_a tribune_n of_o every_o man_n under_o their_o command_n but_o i_o must_v inform_v my_o reader_n that_o this_o public_a and_o judiciary_n swear_v fidelity_n be_v not_o practise_v by_o the_o roman_n till_o the_o second_o punic_a impose_v when_o first_o impose_v war._n for_o livy_n witness_v in_o his_o 22_o book_n that_o before_o that_o time_n no_o oath_n be_v require_v of_o the_o public_a officer_n either_o of_o state_n or_o militia_n only_o the_o foot_n soldier_n in_o every_o century_n and_o the_o horseman_n in_o every_o decurio_fw-la be_v accustom_v to_o promise_v and_o swear_v one_o to_o another_o not_o to_o fly_v one_o from_o another_o or_o to_o desert_n the_o service_n but_o after_o hannibal_n invasion_n a_o formal_a and_o solemn_a rise_n it_o be_v rise_n oath_n be_v impose_v which_o i_o believe_v have_v its_o first_o rise_n from_o the_o oath_n which_o publius_n cornelius_n scipio_n at_o that_o same_o time_n both_o swear_v himself_o and_o force_v other_o young_a gentleman_n who_o after_o the_o rout_n of_o cannae_n be_v prepare_v to_o leave_n italy_n to_o swear_v in_o these_o word_n i_o swear_v with_o all_o my_o heart_n that_o i_o shall_v not_o desert_v the_o republic_n nor_o suffer_v any_o other_o roman_n to_o desert_n it_o if_o willing_o i_o fail_v in_o this_o then_o may_v the_o great_a and_o best_a jupiter_n inflict_v on_o i_o my_o house_n family_n and_o good_n the_o worst_a of_o evil_n this_o swear_v and_o mark_v be_v call_v the_o military_a sacrament_n sacrament_n sacrament_n after_o which_o the_o soldier_n be_v enroll_v and_o enter_v in_o pay_n neither_o be_v it_o lawful_a for_o a_o roman_a to_o fight_v with_o a_o enemy_n till_o he_o have_v take_v the_o oath_n and_o if_o he_o kill_v a_o enemy_n before_o he_o swear_v fidelity_n he_o be_v to_o be_v punish_v as_o a_o manslayer_n the_o word_n sacrament_n be_v by_o the_o father_n in_o the_o primitive_a time_n borrow_v from_o the_o militia_n to_o signify_v the_o initiation_n and_o holy_a mystery_n of_o the_o militant_a church_n polybius_n tell_v we_o likewise_o that_o the_o soldier_n at_o the_o time_n of_o their_o enrol_a swear_v to_o obey_v all_o the_o command_v of_o the_o consul_n and_o of_o all_o officer_n under_o he_o he_o say_v likewise_o that_o when_o they_o come_v to_o be_v encamp_v another_o oath_n be_v oath_n another_o oath_n exact_v not_o only_o from_o the_o soldier_n but_o all_o that_o follow_v or_o belong_v to_o the_o camp_n whether_o bond_n or_o free_n master_n or_o servant_n not_o to_o steal_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o the_o leaguer_n and_o that_o if_o they_o find_v any_o thing_n by_o chance_n they_o shall_v bring_v it_o to_o one_o of_o the_o tribune_n other_o oath_n be_v likewise_o swear_v sometime_o voluntary_o by_o the_o soldier_n oath_n rash_n oath_n with_o mutual_a consent_n sometime_o impose_v by_o some_o of_o the_o commander_n most_o whereof_o be_v rash_a or_o vain_a particular_o one_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o return_v from_o battle_n without_o victory_n as_o livy_n in_o his_o second_o book_n inform_v we_o and_o caesar_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n of_o the_o gallic_a war_n say_v that_o the_o horseman_n desire_v that_o it_o may_v be_v declare_v by_o a_o solemn_a oath_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v return_v either_o to_o his_o parent_n wife_n or_o child_n who_o do_v not_o charge_v twice_o through_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v agree_v on_o all_o be_v force_v to_o swear_v and_o in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n he_o tell_v we_o how_o labienus_n swear_v never_o to_o desert_n pompey_n but_o to_o share_v with_o he_o in_o all_o his_o fortune_n the_o like_a do_v keep_v a_o oath_n ill_o keep_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n this_o oath_n be_v swear_v at_o pharsalia_n and_o be_v ill_o keep_v for_o both_o pompey_n desert_v his_o army_n and_o be_v desert_v by_o all_o those_o who_o have_v swear_v to_o stand_v by_o he_o chap._n iu._n of_o sieges_n and_o defence_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n and_o of_o the_o great_a engine_n and_o machine_n use_v in_o they_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_n the_o several_a way_n by_o which_o town_n castle_n and_o fort_n in_o our_o modern_a do_v the_o ancient_n expugn_v town_n as_o we_o do_v be_v of_o war_n as_o they_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o twenty_o four_o chapter_n of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o modern_a militia_n be_v take_v be_v all_o use_v by_o the_o ancient_n for_o gunpowder_n have_v only_o augment_v the_o violence_n and_o fury_n of_o the_o battery_n and_o furnish_v we_o with_o more_o fearful_a and_o mortal_a dart_n than_o the_o man_n of_o old_a be_v acquaint_v
shoot_v as_o some_o say_v balist_n balist_n dart_n lance_n yea_o spear_n of_o thirty_o foot_n long_o but_o other_o say_v that_o it_o throw_v only_o great_a weight_n and_o stone_n vegetius_n give_v it_o only_a power_n to_o throw_v dart_n nor_o do_v he_o at_o all_o mention_n the_o catapult_n which_o some_o author_n say_v shoot_v catapult_n catapult_n very_o great_a stone_n and_o of_o it_o all_o other_o ancient_a writer_n take_v notice_n and_o they_o be_v by_o they_o clear_o distinguish_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o philip_n the_o last_o king_n of_o macedon_n except_o one_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o echinum_fw-la have_v ambulatory_a tower_n and_o upon_o they_o say_v polybius_n in_o his_o nine_o book_n he_o have_v catapult_n and_o a_o platform_n beside_o for_o balist_n and_o in_o his_o four_o book_n he_o say_v that_o the_o sinopian_o being_n destitute_a of_o all_o necessary_n get_v abundance_n of_o rich_a gift_n send_v to_o they_o by_o several_a and_o that_o particular_o the_o rhodian_o send_v they_o beside_o many_o other_o necessary_n four_o catapult_n with_o engineer_n to_o manage_v they_o and_o more_o clear_o in_o his_o five_o book_n he_o say_v that_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o palâ—_n philip_n have_v both_o catapult_n and_o balist_n the_o diversity_n of_o judgement_n of_o author_n concern_v these_o two_o great_a engine_n be_v this_o vegetius_n say_v the_o balist_n throw_v only_a dart_n and_o lance_n ammianus_n who_o be_v vegetius_n his_o contemporary_a and_o both_o a_o great_a soldier_n and_o a_o great_a engineer_n speak_v only_o of_o stone_n for_o that_o engine_n valerius_n maximus_n and_o vitruvius_n both_o of_o they_o great_a architector_n affirm_v that_o stone_n be_v the_o proper_a missile_n of_o machine_n difference_n among_o author_n concern_v these_o two_o machine_n balist_n and_o that_o catapult_n throw_v dart_n lance_n and_o spear_n polybius_n a_o great_a captain_n in_o that_o cite_a place_n at_o palae_n say_v philip_n balist_n and_o catapult_n throw_v 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father_n master_n make_v use_v of_o one_o of_o they_o at_o gaza_n and_o curtiâ—s_n in_o his_o second_o book_n say_v that_o alexander_n have_v one_o of_o they_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o mazacus_n in_o india_n which_o seem_v so_o wonderful_a to_o the_o barbarian_n that_o they_o think_v some_o deity_n or_o more_o than_o humane_a strength_n do_v assist_v that_o magnanimous_a prince_n one_o of_o these_o tower_n which_o julius_n caesar_n erect_v against_o a_o town_n of_o the_o nervian_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o wrought_v a_o contrary_a effect_n for_o the_o defendant_n laugh_v and_o flout_v at_o it_o as_o a_o thing_n make_v to_o no_o purpose_n since_o it_o can_v not_o hurt_v they_o at_o such_o a_o distance_n till_o they_o see_v it_o begin_v to_o move_v towards_o their_o wall_n and_o then_o they_o begin_v to_o have_v other_o thought_n all_o these_o machine_n be_v ordinary_o make_v in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v to_o be_v use_v but_o if_o the_o general_n conceive_v that_o at_o the_o 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pleasure_n concern_v mine_n countermure_n or_o retrenchment_n you_o may_v see_v a_o little_a more_o in_o the_o twenty_o four_o discourse_n of_o the_o modern_a art_n of_o war._n chap._n v._o of_o the_o military_a exercise_n duty_n burden_n march_n and_o work_v of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n the_o roman_a soldier_n be_v levy_v and_o arm_v and_o have_v swear_v fidelity_n we_o be_v in_o the_o four_o place_n to_o see_v how_o they_o be_v train_v and_o exercise_v and_o first_o we_o will_v take_v all_o the_o help_n vegetiâ—s_n vouchsafe_v to_o give_v we_o and_o assure_o you_o will_v think_v he_o speak_v very_o full_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o exercise_n exercise_n the_o sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o exercise_n when_o i_o tell_v you_o that_o he_o have_v bestow_v upon_o that_o affair_n alone_o eleven_o full_a chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n to_o wit_n the_o 9_o 10_o 11_o 12_o 13_o 14_o 15_o 16_o 17_o 18_o and_o 19_o chapter_n wherein_o often_o than_o once_o he_o tell_v we_o one_o 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to_o carry_v five_o heavy_a exceed_o heavy_a day_n meat_n and_o twelve_o pallisadoe_n it_o be_v true_a his_o march_n be_v but_o short_a the_o territory_n of_o rome_n be_v then_o of_o no_o great_a extent_n and_o yet_o you_o will_v think_v the_o roman_n have_v be_v but_o at_o that_o time_n raw_a boy_n if_o you_o observe_v what_o follow_v scipio_n africanus_n the_o young_a who_o destroy_v carthage_n cause_v every_o one_o of_o his_o foot_n soldier_n to_o carry_v provision_n for_o thirty_o day_n and_o seven_o stake_n wherewith_o to_o pallisado_n his_o camp_n câ—sar_n say_v that_o afranius_n poâ—pâ—ys_n legate_n in_o spain_n cause_v his_o soldier_n to_o carry_v meat_n for_o twenty_o five_o day_n beside_o stake_n the_o famous_a consul_n marius_n intend_v a_o reformation_n of_o the_o roman_a discipline_n in_o his_o time_n corrupt_v thereby_o to_o make_v himself_o more_o able_a to_o overcome_v the_o cimbrian_o and_o teutones_n who_o have_v invade_v the_o roman_a empire_n with_o a_o deluge_n 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build_a temple_n theatre_n castle_n tower_n and_o bath_n their_o drain_n marsh_n cut_v out_o channel_n causey_v way_n and_o pave_v street_n all_o which_o be_v the_o work_n of_o peace_n who_o can_v read_v without_o admiration_n of_o their_o work_n and_o fortification_n in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n as_o particular_o either_o caesar_n circumvallation_n at_o alesia_n circumvallation_n caesar_n circumvallation_n which_o he_o make_v both_o exceed_o broad_a and_o high_a wonderful_o strong_a with_o tower_n and_o castle_n well_o pallisadoe_v both_o before_o he_o and_o behind_o he_o the_o first_o to_o besiege_v vercengentorix_n within_o the_o town_n the_o second_o to_o defend_v himself_o against_o the_o unite_a force_n of_o all_o the_o gaul_n who_o he_o know_v be_v prepare_v to_o come_v and_o raise_v the_o siege_n a_o work_n of_o sixteen_o mile_n circumference_n or_o those_o work_n of_o his_o at_o dirrachium_n whereby_o he_o have_v almost_o besiege_v pompey_n both_o strong_a and_o better_o 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and_o practise_v it_o who_o learn_v it_o not_o from_o navius_n or_o any_o other_o roman_n in_o the_o world_n lipsius_n think_v that_o in_o caesar_n time_n there_o be_v no_o velite_n and_o i_o be_o content_a to_o be_v of_o his_o opinion_n for_o though_o it_o be_v certain_a enough_o that_o when_o caesar_n live_v there_o be_v in_o the_o roman_a army_n slinger_n darter_n and_o archer_n all_o which_o be_v velites_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v say_v these_o be_v but_o auxiliary_n for_o after_o the_o socii_fw-la or_o ally_n be_v make_v burgess_n of_o rome_n and_o that_o rome_n itself_o be_v mistress_n not_o only_o of_o all_o italy_n but_o many_o other_o place_n of_o the_o world_n and_o so_o can_v for_o her_o money_n get_v mercenary_n when_o she_o please_v it_o be_v probable_a the_o roman_n make_v no_o election_n but_o of_o heavy_a arm_v or_o legionary_n but_o the_o reason_n lipsius_n give_v for_o his_o opinion_n will_v not_o prove_v the_o thing_n it_o be_v this_o caesar_n sometime_o interline_v 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of_o any_o part_n of_o it_o but_o all_o of_o they_o and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o have_v the_o command_n of_o the_o whole_a legion_n but_o to_o shun_v both_o confusion_n and_o contention_n they_o command_v about_o a_o month_n by_o turn_n for_o polybius_n in_o his_o five_o book_n inform_v we_o that_o two_o tribune_n have_v the_o command_n for_o one_o month_n alternative_o his_o meaning_n certain_o be_v two_o tribune_n in_o a_o consular_a army_n in_o which_o there_o be_v two_o legion_n of_o roman_n beside_o ally_n and_o tribune_n military_a tribune_n that_o be_v still_o one_o tribune_n for_o every_o legion_n and_o so_o the_o tribune_n have_v their_o turn_n if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o polybius_n suppose_v that_o the_o army_n stay_v in_o the_o field_n but_o six_o month_n and_o ordinary_o they_o stay_v no_o long_o and_o sometime_o not_o so_o long_o yet_o we_o find_v that_o sometime_o they_o stay_v abroad_o all_o the_o winter_n over_o the_o first_o practice_n whereof_o be_v at_o the_o 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troop_n let_v we_o see_v how_o polybius_n will_v help_v we_o in_o all_o or_o in_o any_o of_o these_o in_o his_o six_o book_n he_o say_v in_o old_a time_n two_o hundred_o horse_n be_v assign_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o these_o be_v elect_v after_o the_o foot_n be_v levy_v but_o in_o his_o horseman_n election_n of_o the_o horseman_n own_o time_n and_o long_o before_o it_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v appoint_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o be_v elect_v before_o the_o foot_n and_o elect_v they_o be_v not_o by_o the_o consul_n or_o tribune_n as_o the_o foot_n be_v but_o by_o the_o censor_n this_o be_v all_o polybius_n say_v of_o their_o election_n out_o of_o history_n we_o find_v that_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v all_o of_o the_o equestral_a dignity_n that_o be_v gentleman_n yet_o in_o ancient_a time_n they_o serve_v on_o horse_n buy_v at_o the_o public_a charge_n and_o when_o any_o of_o they_o commit_v gross_a fault_n their_o horse_n be_v take_v from_o they_o which_o be_v just_o 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of_o the_o duty_n of_o their_o horseman_n their_o guard_n and_o watch_n and_o of_o their_o pay_n polybius_n speak_v not_o much_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o of_o each_o of_o they_o in_o their_o proper_a place_n he_o speak_v a_o little_a of_o the_o distance_n between_o troop_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v treat_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o interval_n the_o same_o polybius_n aver_v that_o the_o three_o hundred_o horse_n levy_v or_o elect_v vegetius_n first_o difference_n between_o polybius_n and_o vegetius_n for_o each_o legion_n be_v divide_v into_o ten_o troop_n every_o one_o whereof_o consist_v of_o thirty_o rider_n which_o make_v up_o complete_o three_o hundred_o horse_n here_o polybius_n and_o vegetius_n differ_v the_o last_o allow_v thirty_o two_o horseman_n to_o a_o troop_n and_o the_o first_o but_o thirty_o for_o certain_o in_o company_n of_o so_o small_a a_o number_n two_o make_v a_o considerable_a difference_n out_o of_o these_o thirty_o rider_n say_v polybius_n three_o prafecti_n be_v choose_v by_o who_o he_o tell_v not_o but_o let_v we_o suppose_v by_o the_o consul_n or_o some_o of_o the_o tribune_n he_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o command_n of_o the_o troop_n in_o his_o absence_n he_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n have_v it_o and_o he_o not_o be_v present_a the_o three_o do_v officiate_v these_o three_o choose_v three_o other_o to_o be_v agminis_fw-la or_o turmae_fw-la coactores_fw-la for_o so_o casaubon_n render_v it_o in_o latin_n the_o first_o elect_v praefectus_fw-la be_v call_v turmae_fw-la ductor_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o other_o two_o be_v call_v decuriones_fw-la and_o i_o suppose_v one_o of_o they_o carry_v the_o vexillum_fw-la or_o banner_n though_o polybius_n tell_v we_o nothing_o of_o it_o and_o yet_o it_o shall_v not_o have_v be_v omit_v since_o every_o troop_n have_v a_o standard_n now_o by_o this_o reckon_n of_o polybius_n so_o weak_a a_o troop_n be_v but_o a_o caporalship_n and_o he_o who_o command_v it_o but_o a_o caporal_n the_o two_o other_o decurion_n but_o leader_n of_o file_n and_o the_o three_o agminis_fw-la coactores_fw-la but_o bringer_n up_o for_o we_o do_v not_o find_v that_o any_o one_o of_o they_o be_v supernumerary_a but_o the_o contrary_a that_o all_o of_o they_o be_v member_n of_o the_o troop_n and_o elect_v out_o of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o thirty_o so_o that_o without_o those_o six_o polybius_n his_o turmae_fw-la be_v but_o twenty_o four_o strong_a nor_o shall_v you_o find_v that_o any_o great_a pay_n be_v allow_v to_o any_o of_o these_o six_o than_o to_o the_o other_o four_o and_o twenty_o and_o this_o difference_n be_v also_o to_o be_v observe_v between_o polybius_n and_o vegetius_n that_o the_o first_o speak_v of_o three_o decurion_n and_o as_o many_o sub-decurions_a the_o last_o only_o of_o one_o decurion_n nor_o difference_n second_o difference_n indeed_o do_v i_o find_v at_o all_o any_o warrant_n in_o history_n for_o vegetius_n his_o thirty_o two_o rider_n since_o all_o agree_v that_o for_o most_o part_n three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v with_o each_o legion_n and_o these_o three_o hundred_o divide_v into_o ten_o turmas_fw-la which_o make_v thirty_o for_o each_o troop_n but_o we_o shall_v examine_v how_o he_o dispose_v of_o these_o two_o supernumery_n rider_n when_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o his_o legion_n how_o deep_a or_o how_o many_o in_o file_n these_o troop_n be_v none_o of_o our_o tactic_n we_o deepness_n of_o the_o roman_a horse_n not_o tell_v we_o direct_o write_v no_o more_o than_o they_o do_v of_o the_o depth_n or_o the_o height_n of_o the_o foot_n a_o inexcusable_a oversight_n for_o without_o the_o knowledge_n of_o that_o we_o can_v neither_o know_v nor_o guess_v what_o ground_n a_o maniple_n cohort_n troop_n or_o legion_n can_v or_o may_v take_v up_o vegetius_n give_v we_o some_o ground_n to_o conjecture_v that_o in_o his_o opinion_n the_o foot_n be_v eleven_o in_o file_n for_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o 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sell_v by_o the_o treasurer_n and_o then_o proportionable_o divide_v among_o all_o according_a to_o every_o order_n a_o good_a order_n man_n quality_n a_o centurion_n receive_v double_a that_o which_o a_o soldier_n get_v a_o horseman_n triple_a and_o a_o tribune_n quadruple_a so_o that_o they_o who_o fight_v in_o the_o field_n and_o they_o who_o stay_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o camp_n they_o who_o storm_v a_o town_n and_o they_o who_o stand_v in_o reserve_n share_v all_o alike_o in_o the_o booty_n the_o roman_n give_v all_o their_o proviant_a to_o their_o army_n in_o corn_n and_o do_v not_o trouble_v themselves_o to_o make_v it_o either_o into_o meal_n or_o bread_n and_o in_o their_o strict_a discipline_n baker_n be_v all_o banish_v from_o their_o camp_n and_o the_o soldier_n order_v to_o grind_v their_o corn_n themselves_o hand_o mill_n or_o quern_n be_v allow_v they_o for_o that_o use_n and_o thereafter_o to_o bake_v their_o own_o bread_n many_o time_n they_o take_v not_o the_o pain_n to_o do_v either_o the_o one_o nor_o the_o other_o but_o boil_v their_o wheat_n with_o a_o little_a salt_n and_o so_o eat_v it_o up_o for_o pottage_n they_o use_v to_o carry_v with_o they_o drink_v their_o ordinary_a meat_n and_o drink_v lard_n or_o bacon_n or_o some_o other_o fat_a wherewith_o they_o smear_v their_o bread_n a_o little_a bottle_n with_o vinegar_n they_o bear_v also_o about_o with_o they_o with_o a_o very_a small_a quantity_n whereof_o they_o give_v a_o relish_n to_o their_o water_n which_o be_v their_o ordinary_a drink_n though_o wine_n be_v not_o forbid_v they_o for_o mahomet_n have_v then_o not_o intoxicate_v the_o world_n with_o his_o doctrine_n nor_o discharge_v the_o use_n of_o the_o juice_n of_o the_o grape_n which_o cherish_v the_o heart_n of_o god_n and_o man._n the_o roman_a soldier_n then_o drink_v wine_n for_o it_o be_v allow_v they_o when_o convenient_o it_o can_v be_v get_v though_o drunkenness_n be_v a_o crime_n seldom_o hear_v of_o among_o 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exercise_v strict_a discipline_n appoint_v their_o soldier_n to_o take_v their_o dinner_n stand_v marry_o sit_v they_o dine_v stand_v and_o sup_v sit_v they_o permit_v they_o to_o sit_v at_o supper_n and_o i_o conceive_v this_o be_v but_o a_o very_a sober_a courtesy_n to_o suffer_v a_o man_n who_o be_v weary_a with_o toil_n the_o whole_a day_n to_o sit_v down_o to_o his_o supper_n at_o night_n beside_o all_o this_o the_o roman_a soldiery_n have_v reason_n to_o expect_v a_o donative_n from_o triumph_n donative_n at_o triumph_n their_o victorious_a general_n when_o they_o enter_v the_o imperial_a city_n in_o triumph_n this_o custom_n be_v very_o commendable_a for_o the_o largess_n give_v to_o they_o incite_v other_o to_o carry_v themselves_o gallant_o against_o a_o enemy_n since_o they_o see_v that_o in_o some_o measure_n they_o will_v be_v sharer_n with_o the_o chief_a commander_n both_o in_o honour_n and_o profit_n what_o be_v give_v at_o that_o time_n to_o the_o common_a soldier_n be_v a_o rule_n to_o the_o officer_n for_o a_o centurion_n get_v double_a a_o horseman_n triple_a and_o a_o tribune_n quadruple_a scipio_n the_o african_a at_o his_o magnificent_a entry_n into_o rome_n give_v four_o hundred_o ass_n to_o every_o soldier_n some_o say_v but_o forty_o if_o the_o first_o it_o be_v noble_a enough_o and_o no_o more_o neither_o for_o it_o will_v have_v amount_v but_o to_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n sterling_a if_o the_o last_o it_o be_v contemptible_a for_o it_o signify_v but_o half_a a_o crown_n lucius_z aemilius_z who_o subvert_v the_o macedonian_a monarchy_n give_v at_o his_o triumph_n to_o every_o soldier_n one_o hundred_o sesterce_n which_o may_v be_v about_o fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o proportionable_o to_o the_o centurion_n horseman_n and_o tribune_n but_o beside_o the_o evil_a effect_n which_o many_o of_o the_o consul_n avarice_n produce_v their_o ambition_n to_o bring_v in_o great_a sum_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o the_o treasury_n and_o their_o vanity_n to_o give_v their_o army_n donative_n at_o their_o triumph_n set_v they_o on_o to_o the_o commit_v many_o insolence_n perfidious_a unjust_a and_o disavowable_a plunder_n and_o cruelty_n which_o make_v the_o name_n of_o some_o of_o the_o brave_a of_o they_o infamous_a to_o posterity_n take_v one_o instance_n instar_fw-la omnium_fw-la of_o that_o same_o aemilius_z i_o just_a now_o speak_v of_o the_o desire_n he_o have_v to_o bring_v the_o vast_a treasure_n of_o king_n perseus_n and_o all_o he_o have_v scrape_v together_o in_o macedon_n into_o the_o roman_a treasury_n and_o withal_o to_o give_v a_o donative_n to_o his_o army_n at_o action_n a_o detestable_a action_n his_o triumph_n tempt_v he_o and_o the_o temptation_n prevail_v with_o he_o to_o plunder_v the_o whole_a town_n of_o epirus_n the_o people_n whereof_o be_v no_o enemy_n nor_o ever_o have_v wrong_v the_o roman_a state_n and_o this_o execrable_a act_n he_o do_v under_o trust_n the_o inhabitant_n 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moiety_n of_o the_o donative_n that_o be_v a_o bag_n for_o every_o cohort_n and_o a_o eleven_o bag_n there_o be_v in_o which_o every_o soldier_n cast_v something_o once_o a_o month_n and_o that_o be_v reserve_v for_o the_o burial_n of_o those_o soldier_n who_o be_v able_a to_o leave_v nothing_o for_o their_o interment_n a_o very_a laudable_a custom_n for_o the_o burial_n of_o the_o dead_a be_v ever_o in_o all_o nation_n in_o high_a request_n dead_a burial_n of_o the_o dead_a truce_n for_o some_o day_n or_o hour_n to_o inter_v the_o slay_v be_v seldom_o or_o never_o refuse_v by_o the_o most_o imbitter_v enemy_n hannibal_n bestow_v burial_n on_o his_o enemy_n marcellus_n and_o his_o brother_n asdrubal_n at_o the_o desire_n of_o scipio_n bury_v those_o roman_a tribune_n who_o he_o have_v kill_v in_o battle_n and_o justin_n in_o his_o six_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o
polybius_n be_v what_o polybius_n be_v be_v a_o soldier_n in_o greece_n and_o as_o himself_o witness_v in_o his_o eleven_o book_n be_v a_o commander_n in_o the_o achaean_n army_n under_o philopamon_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n against_o machanidas_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemâ—n_n who_o be_v there_o overthrow_v and_o kill_v he_o be_v long_o after_o that_o a_o great_a favourite_n yea_o a_o counsellor_n of_o that_o scipio_n who_o be_v sometime_o call_v africanus_n minor_n and_o sometime_o numantinus_n because_o he_o end_v the_o carthaginian_a and_o numantine_a war_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o both_o city_n there_o be_v some_o reason_n why_o scipio_n shall_v be_v kind_a to_o polybius_n because_o his_o natural_a father_n lucius_n aemilius_n for_o this_o scipio_n be_v but_o the_o adopt_a grandchild_n of_o the_o great_a africanus_n be_v the_o author_n of_o carry_v many_o hundred_o achaean_o prisoner_n to_o rome_n for_o no_o reason_n but_o suspicion_n among_o who_o polybius_n 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three_o batallion_n oblige_v to_o kneel_v on_o their_o right_a knee_n till_o either_o the_o other_o two_o class_n retire_v to_o they_o or_o that_o the_o general_n command_v they_o to_o rise_v and_o advance_v these_o he_o say_v be_v never_o more_o than_o six_o hundred_o though_o the_o legion_n chance_v to_o be_v four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o as_o many_o time_n it_o do_v and_o for_o this_o we_o must_v take_v his_o word_n before_o the_o triarii_n stand_v the_o principes_fw-la man_n in_o the_o flower_n of_o their_o age_n and_o before_o they_o the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n they_o be_v the_o young_a and_o raw_a of_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_v each_o of_o these_o two_o batallion_n consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o and_o all_o the_o three_o be_v alike_o arm_v except_o that_o the_o triarii_n instead_o of_o pila_fw-la carry_v short_a spear_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v sufficient_o already_o so_o you_o see_v all_o polybius_n legion_n the_o polybâ—â—â—_n legion_n his_o heavy_a arm_a amount_v to_o three_o thousand_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o be_v say_v he_o velites_n and_o these_o he_o say_v be_v levy_v of_o the_o poor_a and_o most_o inconsiderable_a sort_n of_o the_o people_n nor_o do_v i_o find_v that_o he_o divide_v these_o twelve_o hundred_o velite_n into_o three_o squadron_n one_o whereof_o shall_v stand_v behind_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_v of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantry_n and_o yet_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o sieur_n de_fw-fr preissack_n will_v father_n this_o upon_o polybius_n but_o indeed_o in_o my_o judgement_n he_o leave_v the_o light_a arm_a to_o be_v dispose_v of_o in_o the_o flank_n van_n or_o rear_n as_o the_o general_n conceive_v they_o may_v be_v most_o useful_a he_o appoint_v his_o legion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o thirty_o maniple_n suppose_v still_o the_o heavy_a arm_a each_o maniple_n to_o consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n to_o every_o century_n he_o allow_v a_o ensign_n and_o a_o centurion_n who_o he_o permit_v to_o choose_v his_o sub-centurion_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v the_o number_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o velite_n may_v alter_v according_a to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o legion_n but_o not_o the_o triarii_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v with_o every_o legion_n but_o say_v not_o that_o they_o make_v a_o part_n of_o every_o legion_n these_o three_o hundred_o horse_n he_o divide_v into_o ten_o turm_n or_o troop_n and_o officer_n they_o as_o i_o have_v show_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o cavalry_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v marshal_v where_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a thought_n they_o may_v do_v best_a service_n and_o now_o we_o have_v the_o polybian_a legion_n no_o word_n here_o for_o all_o this_o how_o deep_a that_o be_v how_o many_o in_o file_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n or_o what_o or_o how_o much_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o distance_n between_o file_n or_o rank_n or_o yet_o how_o great_a the_o interval_n be_v between_o the_o several_a maniple_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n or_o what_o between_o the_o class_n themselves_o or_o between_o the_o several_a troop_n of_o horse_n a_o great_a oversight_n for_o of_o all_o these_o we_o be_v force_v to_o hear_v other_o man_n conjecture_n and_o make_v use_n of_o our_o own_o as_o we_o shall_v offer_v to_o do_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o distance_n and_o interval_n of_o the_o several_a body_n and_o batallion_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o horse_n before_o we_o proceed_v to_o our_o conjecture_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a first_o to_o know_v what_o this_o word_n interval_n proper_o signify_v and_o how_o it_o be_v take_v in_o both_o ancient_n and_o modern_a fortification_n town_n castle_n and_o camp_n be_v defend_v not_o only_o with_o rampart_n of_o earth_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n but_o also_o with_o great_a log_n or_o stake_n of_o timber_n which_o we_o call_v palliâ—adoes_n these_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o language_n call_v valli_n and_o i_o suppose_v thereafter_o the_o rampart_n itself_o get_v the_o vallum_n vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n name_n of_o vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n hence_o perhaps_o our_o wall_n these_o stake_n be_v and_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n long_o and_o short_a the_o first_o stand_v straight_o up_o from_o the_o ground_n the_o second_o have_v the_o one_o end_n of_o they_o fix_v in_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o other_o lie_v on_o it_o to_o hinder_v a_o approach_n to_o it_o distinguish_v by_o the_o german_n by_o several_a name_n for_o they_o call_v the_o long_a stake_n palliâ—adoes_n and_o the_o short_a one_o stoccado_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o sharp-pointed_a at_o both_o end_n the_o ground_n earth_n or_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n between_o two_o pallisadoe_n or_o stoccado_n be_v proper_o call_v a_o interval_n but_o it_o be_v borrow_a and_o appropriate_v to_o what_o interval_n what_o any_o distance_n between_o body_n great_a and_o small_a yea_o to_o the_o space_n that_o be_v between_o one_o time_n and_o another_o a_o interval_n of_o time_n be_v now_o language_n proper_a enough_o and_o physician_n borrow_v it_o and_o call_v a_o intermit_a ague_n febris_n intervallata_n a_o intervalled_a favour_n what_o distance_n or_o interval_n there_o be_v between_o roman_a rank_n and_o between_o tell_v deepness_n of_o the_o file_n not_o tell_v file_n between_o several_a body_n of_o either_o their_o horse_n or_o foot_n no_o ancient_a author_n have_v clear_v to_o we_o but_o leave_v we_o to_o grope_v in_o the_o dark_a nor_o can_v we_o well_o guess_v at_o they_o till_o we_o condescend_v how_o many_o in_o file_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n be_v marshal_v i_o tell_v you_o before_o that_o vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n vegetius_n by_o vegetius_n of_o his_o second_o book_n seem_v to_o make_v the_o foot_n eleven_o deep_a because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o he_o order_v a_o contubernium_fw-la of_o soldier_n to_o manage_v a_o carrobalist_n and_o that_o he_o say_v consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o vegetius_n his_o file_n be_v precise_o eleven_o no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o say_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n draw_v up_o in_o six_o rank_n will_v take_v up_o so_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n will_v prove_v that_o the_o roman_a foot_n be_v draw_v up_o six_o deep_a and_o so_o for_o vegetius_n we_o know_v not_o the_o deepness_n of_o either_o the_o roman_a foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o will_v we_o be_v one_o jot_n the_o wise_a for_o polybius_n for_o the_o discourse_n he_o have_v in_o his_o twelve_o book_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o horse_n polybius_n nor_o by_o polybius_n eight_o in_o file_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o roman_a militia_n for_o
horse_n and_o to_o make_v short_a hear_v he_o once_o for_o all_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o history_n it_o be_v agree_v and_o conclude_v say_v he_o that_o the_o army_n shall_v consist_v of_o two_o part_n confederate_n these_o than_o be_v the_o latin_n and_o the_o hernick_n and_o one_o three_o part_n citizen_n if_o these_o instance_n evince_v not_o the_o rashness_n of_o that_o assertion_n that_o the_o ally_n be_v never_o strong_a than_o the_o roman_n than_o livy_n have_v base_o cozen_v we_o but_o vegetius_n will_v perhaps_o bring_v polybius_n to_o support_v he_o who_o in_o his_o six_o book_n say_v the_o ally_n foot_n be_v for_o most_o part_n equal_a with_o the_o roman_a foot_n but_o their_o horse_n be_v double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n to_o this_o i_o answer_v first_o that_o by_o this_o account_n the_o ally_n be_v strong_a than_o the_o roman_n their_o horse_n be_v double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o equal_a strength_n second_o what_o if_o polybius_n have_v say_v that_o both_o vegetius_n and_o defend_v polybius_n defend_v machiavelli_n aver_v quandoque_fw-la bone_fw-la dormitâ—â—_n homerus_fw-la and_o indeed_o if_o he_o have_v say_v so_o much_o he_o have_v nod_v to_o the_o height_n of_o a_o perfect_a sleep_n and_o may_v have_v be_v say_v to_o have_v dream_v three_o he_o say_v not_o that_o the_o foot_n be_v always_o of_o equal_a number_n but_o ut_fw-la plurimum_fw-la for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o i_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o that_o too_o and_o last_o if_o he_o have_v mean_v they_o be_v always_o of_o a_o like_a strength_n he_o have_v foul_o contradict_v himself_o for_o in_o his_o second_o book_n he_o have_v these_o word_n before_o hannibal_n say_v he_o invade_v italy_n the_o roman_n levy_v against_o the_o gaul_n four_o legion_n each_o consist_v of_o five_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o foot_n which_o be_v twenty_o thousand_o eight_o hundred_o foot_n and_o for_o every_o legion_n three_o hundred_o horse_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o and_o of_o the_o ally_n say_v he_o be_v raise_v thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o two_o thousand_o horse_n and_o in_o that_o same_o book_n he_o say_v that_o the_o roman_a preparation_n i_o suppose_v against_o hannibal_n amount_v to_o seven_o hundred_o thousand_o foot_n and_o twenty_o thousand_o horse_n a_o three_o part_n whereof_o consider_v the_o sense_n of_o that_o time_n can_v not_o be_v roman_n and_o yet_o say_v this_o historian_n hannibal_n invade_v they_o with_o few_o more_o than_o twenty_o thousand_o man_n to_o vegetius_n i_o shall_v say_v particular_o that_o when_o he_o aver_v the_o roman_n suffer_v auxiliary_n vegetius_n wrong_v in_o the_o number_n of_o auxiliary_n not_o their_o auxiliary_n to_o exceed_v their_o own_o strength_n he_o do_v not_o remember_v what_o livy_n tell_v he_o in_o his_o twenty_o five_o book_n how_o châ—iâ—â—_n scipiâ—_n trust_v to_o the_o aid_n of_o thirty_o thousand_o celtiberian_a auxiliary_n be_v 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colour_n or_o a_o lance_n or_o the_o shake_n of_o a_o spear_n by_o a_o consul_n or_o general_n but_o these_o be_v agree_v on_o before_o the_o fight_n begin_v and_o be_v either_o give_v to_o the_o whole_a army_n or_o but_o to_o a_o part_n of_o it_o as_o when_o you_o see_v such_o a_o thing_n do_v than_o you_o be_v to_o do_v so_o and_o so_o these_o dumb_a sign_n will_v not_o do_v much_o good_a in_o our_o battle_n where_o the_o smoke_n of_o powder_n will_v render_v many_o of_o they_o imperceptible_a and_o now_o the_o battle_n be_v end_v and_o the_o roman_n be_v either_o victorious_a or_o have_v lose_v the_o day_n if_o the_o first_o they_o be_v to_o pursue_v the_o enemy_n to_o his_o camp_n victory_n to_o pursue_v a_o victory_n or_o clear_o out_o of_o the_o field_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o to_o follow_v he_o
we_o can_v tell_v how_o the_o vâ—lites_n march_v leave_v we_o again_o to_o our_o conjecture_n certain_o if_o the_o whole_a six_o book_n of_o polybius_n his_o history_n be_v extant_a and_o if_o some_o parcel_n of_o it_o be_v not_o lose_v as_o i_o shrewd_o suspect_v there_o be_v he_o forget_v himself_o when_o he_o forget_v to_o tell_v we_o where_o and_o how_o the_o roman_a light_n arm_v who_o make_v up_o more_o than_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o infantry_n march_v for_o to_o tell_v we_o as_o lipsius_n do_v that_o they_o march_v where_o the_o consul_n appoint_v they_o be_v to_o tell_v we_o just_a nothing_o for_o neither_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n nor_o horse_n march_v where_o they_o please_v but_o where_o the_o general_n order_v they_o yet_o it_o be_v a_o probable_a and_o a_o very_a rational_a conjecture_n that_o the_o velite_n march_v near_a that_o place_n where_o the_o enemy_n be_v whether_o that_o be_v in_o the_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n of_o the_o army_n since_o they_o be_v by_o their_o skirmish_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n but_o i_o fear_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n we_o shall_v have_v more_o grope_v before_o we_o find_v the_o quarter_n where_o they_o lodge_v observe_v that_o the_o legion_n of_o both_o the_o roman_n and_o socii_fw-la do_v change_v van_n and_o rear_n daily_o by_o turn_n i_o have_v tell_v you_o before_o the_o roman_a ambulatory_a march_n be_v twenty_o italian_a mile_n in_o four_o hour_n and_o the_o cursory_a twenty_o five_o but_o i_o suppose_v without_o baggage_n and_o with_o it_o twenty_o mile_n be_v vnius_fw-la diei_fw-la justum_fw-la iter_fw-la the_o just_a march_n of_o a_o army_n for_o one_o day_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o quarter_a encamp_a and_o castrametation_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n after_o a_o long_a and_o it_o may_v be_v a_o hard_a and_o tedious_a march_n it_o will_v be_v time_n to_o village_n quarter_a iâ—_n town_n and_o village_n lodge_v our_o consular_a army_n and_o lodge_v it_o must_v be_v in_o town_n and_o village_n or_o in_o the_o field_n if_o in_o the_o first_o they_o have_v nothing_o to_o demand_v from_o their_o host_n but_o bed_n and_o lodging_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v for_o all_o they_o spend_v in_o meat_n drink_n or_o fire_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o legate_n and_o precedent_n of_o province_n cause_v they_o to_o furnish_v the_o army_n as_o they_o march_v through_o their_o jurisdiction_n out_o of_o the_o public_a magazine_n which_o be_v discount_v from_o their_o wage_n by_o the_o treasurer_n or_o cause_v the_o country_n people_n to_o bring_v in_o provision_n of_o all_o kind_n as_o to_o open_a market_n where_o they_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o soldier_n for_o ready_a money_n at_o the_o ordinary_a rate_n of_o the_o country_n in_o which_o the_o army_n chance_v to_o be_v the_o contravener_n and_o disobeyer_n of_o order_n be_v severe_o punish_v the_o way_n in_o which_o officer_n and_o soldier_n use_v to_o be_v quarter_v in_o house_n to_o avoid_v strife_n between_o they_o and_o their_o host_n be_v this_o the_o whole_a house_n be_v as_o equal_o divide_v as_o may_v be_v into_o three_o part_n whereof_o the_o master_n of_o the_o house_n choose_v the_o first_o the_o soldier_n the_o second_o and_o the_o three_o and_o last_o return_v to_o the_o host_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n have_v two_o three_o when_o the_o army_n be_v to_o be_v quarter_v in_o the_o field_n which_o we_o call_v encamp_v encamp_v soldier_n hard_a labour_n in_o encamp_v and_o which_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n castrametation_n and_o fortification_n the_o common_a soldier_n have_v a_o hard_a labour_n than_o in_o their_o day_n march_v in_o regard_n beside_o the_o measure_n the_o ground_n they_o be_v to_o fortify_v the_o camp_n with_o ditch_n rampart_n and_o pallisado_n and_o to_o pitch_v the_o tent_n of_o all_o their_o commander_n and_o cleanse_v their_o quarter_n before_o they_o get_v leave_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o own_o tent_n or_o hut_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o castrametation_n which_o be_v one_o part_n of_o encamp_v after_o the_o roman_a way_n we_o be_v to_o borrow_v all_o our_o light_n from_o polybius_n and_o our_o own_o conjecture_n for_o vegetius_n speak_v but_o very_o little_a of_o it_o and_o that_o little_a be_v in_o very_o general_a term_n but_o for_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n we_o be_v more_o oblige_v to_o vegetius_n than_o polybius_n the_o first_o spend_v five_o full_a chapter_n on_o encamp_v to_o wit_n the_o twenty_o first_o twenty_o second_o twenty_o three_o twenty_o four_o and_o twenty_o five_o of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o either_o for_o fear_v that_o he_o have_v forget_v something_o in_o all_o these_o chapter_n or_o else_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n to_o refresh_v his_o own_o or_o our_o memory_n he_o fall_v again_o to_o his_o castrametation_n in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n the_o sum_n of_o all_o he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n will_v amount_v to_o this_o castrametation_n sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o castrametation_n he_o lament_v that_o in_o his_o time_n the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o fortify_v camp_n be_v wear_v out_o for_o want_v whereof_o say_v he_o we_o have_v know_v many_o roman_a army_n afflict_v by_o the_o sudden_a incursion_n of_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n beside_o say_v he_o if_o they_o be_v worsted_n in_o any_o battle_n have_v no_o camp_n to_o retire_v to_o they_o fall_v by_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o sword_n unrevenged_a like_a brute_n neither_o do_v the_o enemy_n make_v a_o end_n of_o kill_v they_o till_o he_o be_v weary_a of_o pursue_v they_o he_o say_v the_o army_n be_v to_o encamp_v where_o it_o may_v have_v store_n of_o fuel_n wood_n water_n and_o fodder_n where_o the_o air_n be_v wholesome_a and_o free_a from_o marsh_n and_o if_o it_o be_v to_o stay_v any_o time_n it_o must_v be_v well_o look_v to_o that_o no_o hill_n be_v near_o from_o whence_o a_o enemy_n may_v infest_v it_o and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o inundation_n of_o water_n the_o camp_n be_v to_o be_v of_o such_o a_o extent_n that_o neither_o man_n beast_n nor_o baggage_n be_v pinch_v for_o want_v of_o room_n nor_o must_v it_o be_v so_o large_a but_o that_o the_o fortification_n of_o it_o in_o all_o its_o circumference_n may_v be_v sufficient_o defend_v by_o the_o man_n that_o be_v within_o it_o this_o be_v all_o he_o say_v of_o castrametation_n as_o to_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n he_o tell_v we_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n of_o it_o in_o the_o twenty_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n and_o it_o be_v short_o this_o that_o there_o be_v three_o several_a sort_n or_o way_n of_o fortify_v a_o camp_n first_o if_o there_o be_v but_o little_a danger_n the_o rampart_n shall_v be_v make_v but_o three_o foot_n high_a suppose_v above_o the_o line_n and_o this_o rampart_n be_v to_o be_v make_v of_o turf_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o place_n where_o the_o ditch_n shall_v be_v and_o the_o camp_n and_o of_o fortify_v the_o camp_n loose_a earth_n of_o the_o same_o the_o which_o ditch_n shall_v be_v nine_o foot_n broad_a and_o seven_o deep_a and_o this_o be_v call_v fossa_n tumultuaria_fw-la or_o a_o ditch_n sudden_o cast_v up_o and_o it_o seem_v be_v use_v when_o the_o army_n be_v to_o stay_v but_o a_o night_n or_o two_o and_o no_o enemy_n near_o it_o thus_o far_o vegetius_n be_v clear_a but_o in_o describe_v the_o other_o two_o way_n of_o fortify_v he_o be_v extreme_o confuse_a both_o in_o his_o first_o and_o three_o book_n but_o if_o i_o guess_v right_a at_o his_o meaning_n he_o intend_v to_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o second_o way_n of_o fortification_n be_v when_o a_o imminent_a danger_n of_o a_o enemy_n appear_v than_o the_o ditch_n be_v nine_o foot_n deep_a and_o twelve_o broad_a and_o the_o rampart_n above_o the_o line_n four_o foot_n high_a use_v three_o when_o they_o find_v themselves_o in_o the_o great_a hazard_n the_o rampart_n be_v plant_v about_o with_o these_o stake_n and_o palisado_n s_o which_o the_o soldier_n be_v obligeâ—_n to_o carry_v about_o with_o they_o so_o that_o reckon_n from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o rampart_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ditch_n it_o be_v thirteen_o foot_n high_a and_o the_o ditch_n itself_o twelve_o foot_n broad_a i_o will_v he_o have_v say_v either_o eleven_o or_o thirteen_o for_o than_o he_o have_v not_o contradict_v himself_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o before_o that_o in_o fortification_n the_o roman_n be_v accustom_a to_o observe_v a_o odd_a number_n the_o turf_n whereof_o the_o rampart_n be_v make_v use_v to_o be_v half_o a_o foot_n deep_a one_o foot_n broad_a and_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o thus_o far_o vegetius_n concern_v the_o fortification_n of_o the_o roman_a
camp_n but_o that_o which_o he_o add_v in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n be_v not_o to_o be_v omit_v that_o all_o general_n who_o encamp_v their_o army_n for_o any_o time_n as_o the_o roman_n do_v frequent_o whole_a summer_n and_o whole_a winter_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v call_v aestiva_fw-la and_o the_o last_o hâ—berna_n shall_v have_v a_o provident_a care_n and_o shall_v make_v it_o their_o great_a work_n that_o not_o only_a fuel_n fodder_n and_o water_n be_v supply_v near_o hand_n but_o that_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n for_o back_n and_o belly_n and_o all_o munition_n may_v be_v bring_v safe_o and_o without_o â—â—peach_n of_o a_o enemy_n to_o their_o quarter_n to_o which_o effect_n if_o there_o be_v not_o fortify_v place_n all_o along_o the_o country_n through_o which_o these_o provision_n be_v to_o be_v transport_v than_o some_o aught_o to_o be_v build_v one_o whereof_o shall_v second_v another_o these_o vegetius_n call_v castle_n castâ—lla_n what_o castâ—lla_n what_o a_o diminutive_a as_o he_o tell_v we_o from_o castra_n the_o ancient_n either_o in_o their_o own_o territory_n or_o in_o those_o of_o their_o conquest_n do_v even_o so_o as_o be_v practise_v to_o this_o day_n and_o that_o be_v they_o build_v fort_n tower_n sconce_n and_o castle_n in_o these_o place_n where_o it_o be_v thoâ—ght_v they_o may_v be_v build_v for_o what_o use_v build_v most_o useful_a either_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o country_n from_o the_o sudden_a eruption_n of_o ill_a affect_a neighbour_n or_o to_o put_v such_o a_o restraint_n oâ—_n the_o inhabitant_n themselves_o as_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o rebellion_n for_o this_o purpose_n long_o and_o strong_a wall_n be_v sometime_o build_v with_o excessive_a cost_n and_o labour_n we_o may_v yet_o see_v some_o relic_n of_o severus_n wall_n build_v for_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o britain_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n the_o castle_n which_o they_o intend_v to_o keep_v constant_o guard_v be_v for_o most_o part_n build_v round_o of_o thick_a and_o strong_a wall_n to_o resist_v the_o battery_n of_o the_o ram_n and_o if_o they_o have_v curtain_n these_o be_v â—â—anked_v a_o l'antique_a with_o round_a turret_n these_o castilia_n the_o roman_n call_v also_o burga_n i_o know_v not_o whether_o they_o borrow_v fort._n burg_n a_o latinâ—_n and_o a_o german_a word_n signify_v a_o fort._n the_o word_n from_o the_o german_n or_o the_o german_n from_o they_o for_o the_o old_a dutch_a word_n burg_n yet_o in_o use_n signify_v a_o strength_n hold_v fort_n or_o castle_n many_z of_o they_o be_v build_v by_o the_o roman_n in_o germany_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v to_o be_v see_v at_o this_o day_n the_o governor_n of_o these_o castle_n or_o fort_n be_v call_v custode_n &_o magistri_fw-la burgorum_n which_o at_o first_o be_v only_o commit_v to_o they_o during_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o consul_n and_o emperor_n afterward_o by_o the_o liberality_n and_o bounty_n of_o prince_n these_o keeper_n be_v make_v hereditary_a governor_n and_o long_o after_o the_o castle_n and_o burg_n themselves_o with_o many_o fair_a land_n belong_v to_o they_o were_z give_v to_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n in_o property_n for_o ever_o to_o hold_v they_o in_o vassalage_n hence_o come_v the_o name_n of_o castâ—lâ—â—ns_n a_o title_n of_o great_a honour_n and_o profit_n in_o poland_n castellan_n castellan_n where_o they_o enjoy_v it_o but_o for_o life_n the_o king_n have_v the_o disposal_n oâ—_n it_o afterward_o hence_o the_o title_n of_o burggrave_n in_o germany_n which_o in_o the_o language_n of_o that_o country_n be_v of_o great_a honour_n than_o the_o title_n oâ—_n a_o earl_n which_o in_o dutch_a be_v simple_o grave_a and_o that_o dignity_n of_o burggrave_n to_o this_o day_n be_v there_o very_o honourable_a and_o keep_v by_o the_o great_a prince_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n as_o a_o addition_n and_o that_o no_o burggrave_n burggrave_n small_a one_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o great_a title_n as_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v the_o hereditary_a burggrave_n of_o nuremburg_n in_o process_n oâ—_n time_n village_n hamlet_n and_o little_a town_n be_v build_v beside_o these_o burg_n many_o whereof_o be_v become_v great_a and_o famous_a city_n which_o keep_v yet_o their_o denomination_n from_o the_o burg_n or_o castle_n beside_o which_o they_o be_v at_o first_o edify_v such_o as_o strasburg_n augsburg_n nuremburg_n wirtsburg_n lunenburg_n neramburg_n haâ—burg_n and_o many_o other_o and_o as_o at_o the_o first_o building_n these_o castle_n or_o burg_n the_o keeper_n be_v call_v magistri_fw-la burgâ—rum_fw-la so_o to_o this_o day_n the_o principal_a magistrate_n and_o mayor_n of_o city_n be_v call_v burgomaster_n the_o roman_a soldier_n have_v finish_v the_o fortification_n of_o their_o camp_n be_v next_o to_o be_v lodge_v within_o it_o i_o be_o afraid_a it_o will_v not_o contain_v they_o all_o yet_o let_v we_o see_v how_o polybius_n will_v accommodate_v his_o consular_a army_n for_o we_o have_v do_v with_o vegetius_n it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o that_o tribune_n whole_a lot_n or_o turn_v it_o be_v to_o officiate_v for_o the_o legion_n to_o go_v before_o no_o doubt_v with_o a_o guard_n and_o some_o centurion_n with_o he_o to_o take_v up_o ground_n for_o the_o camp_n and_o to_o measure_v out_o all_o the_o several_a quarter_n of_o it_o which_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o comprehend_v we_o shall_v divide_v the_o roman_a camp_n into_o two_o but_o not_o equal_a part_n these_o be_v call_v the_o upper_a and_o the_o low_a part_n division_n of_o the_o roman_a camp_n into_o two_o part_n part_n in_o the_o upper_a lodge_v the_o consul_n the_o treasurer_n the_o legate_n the_o evocati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n and_o extraordinary_n of_o the_o ally_n the_o lodging_n of_o the_o tribune_n and_o prâ—fecti_n be_v also_o there_o and_o in_o it_o be_v the_o marketplace_n and_o a_o large_a place_n to_o receive_v stranger_n in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v quarter_v all_o the_o four_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o ally_n in_o several_a maniple_n and_o all_o the_o troop_n of_o horse_n of_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o the_o tribune_n who_o measure_v the_o camp_n first_o choose_v ground_n for_o the_o prâ—tâ—rium_n pavilion_n pratâ—rium_n or_o consul_n pavilion_n that_o be_v the_o consul_n pavilion_n and_o tent_n and_o allow_v for_o it_o two_o hundred_o foot_n square_a the_o superficial_a measure_n whereof_o be_v eight_o italian_a mile_n for_o multiply_v two_o hundred_o by_o two_o hundred_o the_o product_n will_v be_v forty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o these_o make_v eight_o mile_n and_o no_o doubt_n himself_o his_o friend_n servant_n and_o baggage_n may_v be_v well_o enough_o accommodate_v in_o such_o a_o compass_n of_o ground_n that_o ground_n be_v mark_v with_o a_o white_a flag_n and_o all_o the_o other_o quarter_n with_o red_a one_o and_o here_o be_v please_v to_o observe_v that_o the_o roman_n keep_v constant_o one_o way_n of_o castrametation_n they_o be_v so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o it_o that_o no_o soon_o any_o of_o the_o army_n see_v by_o the_o white_a flag_n where_o the_o consul_n be_v to_o lodge_v but_o every_o one_o know_v how_o to_o go_v straight_o to_o that_o quarter_n that_o be_v design_v for_o he_o as_o well_o say_v polybius_n as_o citizen_n know_v how_o to_o go_v to_o their_o house_n after_o they_o enter_v any_o of_o the_o port_n upon_o both_o hand_n of_o the_o praetorian_a be_v the_o quarter_n of_o the_o treasurer_n and_o legate_n for_o the_o first_o be_v allow_v two_o hundred_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o a_o hundred_o in_o depth_n for_o each_o legate_n a_o hundred_o foot_n long_o and_o fifty_o deep_a to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o euâ—cati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n lipsius_n and_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o camp_n who_o be_v quarter_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o roman_a camp_n siâ—ur_n de_fw-fr prâ—issack_n follow_v he_o allow_v eighty_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o eight_o in_o breadth_n and_o to_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o evocati_fw-la eighty_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o a_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o in_o breadth_n perhaps_o they_o gather_v this_o out_o of_o polybius_n but_o i_o be_o very_o sure_a notwithstanding_o any_o of_o their_o assertion_n to_o the_o contrary_a the_o number_n of_o the_o evocati_fw-la be_v uncertain_a for_o they_o be_v voluntary_a sometime_o evocati_fw-la evocati_fw-la more_o sometime_o few_o and_o so_o not_o definite_a one_o and_o the_o same_o measure_n of_o ground_n can_v not_o always_o and_o at_o all_o time_n be_v allow_v to_o they_o but_o all_o these_o be_v thus_o quarter_v on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o pratâ—rium_n there_o be_v a_o street_n of_o one_o hundred_o foot_n broad_a which_o traverse_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o name_n whereof_o be_v forget_v between_o which_o street_n and_o the_o
a_o sight_n by_o proclamation_n give_v they_o three_o day_n to_o live_v before_o their_o death_n shall_v be_v resolve_v on_o by_o he_o but_o in_o vain_a for_o a_o of_o they_o dispatch_v themselves_o except_o such_o as_o be_v by_o force_n bond_n and_o chain_n compel_v to_o live_v you_o may_v read_v their_o lamentable_a tragedy_n in_o polyâ—â—â—_n his_o sixteenth_o book_n and_o in_o the_o thirty_o first_o of_o titus_n livius_n nor_o do_v the_o roman_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n give_v better_o quarter_v one_o to_o another_o war_n romans_z cruel_a to_o prisoner_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n except_o câ—sar_n than_o they_o do_v to_o stranger_n pâ—â—â—â—ius_n kill_v those_o soldier_n of_o câ—sar's_n who_o he_o find_v in_o his_o camp_n though_o câ—sar_n spare_v those_o of_o peâ—â—eiâ—s_n and_o send_v they_o back_o to_o he_o sciplâ—_n pompey_n father-in-law_n put_v aâ—_n those_o of_o câ—sar's_n party_n to_o death_n who_o he_o take_v prisoner_n syâ—â—â—_n after_o all_o his_o victory_n very_o cruel_o put_v eight_o thousand_o roman_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o the_o great_a hostelery_n near_o the_o city_n after_o they_o have_v yield_v to_o his_o mercy_n nor_o do_v aâ—gustus_n keep_v himself_o within_o the_o limit_n of_o mercy_n when_o he_o think_v it_o fit_a at_o one_o time_n to_o sacrifice_v three_o hundred_o roman_a knight_n to_o appease_v the_o incense_a ghost_n of_o his_o great_a uncle_n julius_n câ—sar_n but_o it_o may_v be_v say_v these_o have_v that_o pretence_n which_o all_o civil_a war_n carry_v along_o with_o it_o and_o that_o be_v that_o all_o who_o oppose_v either_o of_o the_o two_o party_n be_v rebel_n to_o the_o state_n whether_o the_o party_n be_v for_o the_o lawful_a and_o supreme_a authority_n or_o against_o it_o and_o therefore_o to_o say_v no_o more_o of_o their_o civil_a war_n i_o find_v they_o extreme_a cruel_a in_o their_o war_n with_o hannibal_n to_o their_o own_o soldier_n which_o that_o great_a carthaginian_a have_v take_v prisoner_n fabiâ—s_v the_o dictator_n who_o save_v the_o roman_a state_n make_v a_o agreement_n with_o hannibal_n for_o the_o exchange_n and_o ransom_n of_o prisoner_n of_o a_o like_a quality_n and_o for_o every_o one_o of_o those_o who_o after_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v be_v supernumerary_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v â—eaâ—_n eight_o pound_n sterling_n at_o one_o exchange_n there_o be_v two_o hundred_o â—orty_fw-la seven_o more_o roman_n than_o carthaginian_n hannibal_n demand_v their_o ransom_n fabius_n send_v to_o avarice_n romanâ—enates_n â—enates_z avarice_n the_o senate_n for_o it_o who_o base_o refuse_v the_o money_n and_o disow_v the_o agreement_n what_o can_v the_o good_a old_a man_n fabius_n do_v but_o send_v his_o son_n to_o rome_n and_o sell_v a_o part_n of_o his_o patrimony_n and_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o hannibal_n which_o be_v near_o two_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_n a_o vast_a sum_n in_o those_o day_n but_o they_o deal_v worse_o with_o those_o of_o their_o own_o man_n who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n at_o cannae_n who_o they_o injustice_n it_o be_v cruelty_n and_o injustice_n will_v neither_o ransom_n out_o of_o the_o public_a pâ—rse_n nor_o suffer_v the_o prisoner_n themselves_o or_o their_o friend_n to_o ransom_n out_o of_o their_o private_a fortune_n and_o estate_n and_o though_o the_o senate_n flatter_v themselves_o by_o call_v this_o act_n of_o their_o own_o magnanimous_a yet_o since_o there_o be_v no_o justice_n in_o it_o it_o can_v carry_v no_o generosity_n along_o with_o it_o for_o if_o these_o captive_n roman_n misbehave_a themselves_o in_o the_o battle_n the_o senate_n be_v bouâ—d_v in_o honour_n to_o ransom_n they_o and_o punish_v they_o themselves_o and_o not_o suffer_v they_o to_o rot_v in_o prison_n with_o their_o capital_a enemy_n assure_o this_o action_n want_v for_o neither_o avarice_n nor_o cruelty_n for_o strange_a it_o be_v thus_o to_o punish_v common_a soldier_n and_o yet_o to_o send_v out_o some_o principal_a senator_n to_o meet_v and_o compliment_v their_o hare-brained_a conful_n teremiâ—â—_n vaâ—â—_n and_o thank_v he_o that_o he_o have_v not_o despair_v of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o yet_o by_o his_o obstinate_a and_o inexcusable_a folly_n he_o have_v bring_v the_o commonwealth_n to_o the_o very_a brink_n of_o destruction_n and_o why_o may_v not_o hannibal_n have_v use_v these_o roman_a prisoner_n as_o livy_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n tell_v we_o the_o roman_n use_v some_o thousand_o of_o the_o tarquinian_a prisoner_n unjust_a a_o merciless_a act_n of_o the_o roman_n yet_o not_o unjust_a of_o who_o they_o choose_v 358_o of_o the_o prime_a nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n all_o these_o they_o first_o whip_v well_o with_o rod_n and_o then_o strike_v off_o their_o head_n in_o the_o great_a marketplace_n of_o rome_n and_o present_o after_o put_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prisoner_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o cold_a blood_n though_o this_o be_v a_o very_a merciless_a act_n yet_o by_o the_o law_n of_o war_n they_o may_v do_v it_o and_o so_o may_v hannibal_n have_v do_v to_o their_o prisoner_n and_o true_o i_o do_v not_o see_v how_o he_o can_v be_v oblige_v to_o â—eed_v those_o who_o their_o own_o master_n will_v not_o ransom_n let_v we_o hear_v what_o opinion_n polybâ—â—s_n have_v of_o prisoner_n of_o war_n who_o be_v a_o grave_a use_v polybius_n his_o opinion_n how_o prisoner_n of_o war_n may_v be_v use_v historian_n a_o great_a statesman_n and_o a_o good_a captain_n in_o his_o second_o book_n speak_v of_o aristomachuâ—_n who_o be_v a_o prisoner_n of_o war_n be_v torture_v to_o death_n he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n that_o neither_o antigonâ—â—_n king_n of_o macedon_n nor_o aratus_n praetor_n of_o the_o achâ—ans_n can_v be_v call_v cruel_a for_o put_v a_o captive_n to_o death_n with_o torment_n for_o though_o aristomachus_n have_v not_o deserve_v that_o usage_n otherwise_o yet_o they_o may_v have_v do_v all_o to_o he_o that_o be_v donâ—_n â—ure_n belli_n for_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o war_n give_v the_o conqueror_n power_n to_o use_v his_o prisoner_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o the_o same_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o mantimans_fw-la who_o be_v just_o punish_v for_o their_o abominable_a perfidy_n and_o ingratitude_n in_o slaughter_v those_o achaans_n who_o be_v send_v to_o preserve_v they_o he_o say_v express_o that_o though_o they_o have_v commit_v no_o such_o wickedness_n nor_o any_o other_o crime_n at_o all_o yet_o the_o victor_n in_o war_n jure_fw-la belli_n may_v have_v either_o kill_v they_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n or_o sell_v they_o for_o slave_n at_o his_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o he_o but_o this_o power_n of_o victorious_a prince_n or_o general_n over_o the_o good_n person_n and_o live_v of_o their_o prisoner_n be_v limit_v and_o restrain_v by_o treaty_n parley_n treaty_n treaty_n capitulation_n and_o article_n to_o the_o strict_a observance_n whereof_o simple_o and_o without_o fraud_n or_o ambiguity_n all_o man_n of_o what_o station_n rank_n or_o quality_n whatsoever_o or_o of_o what_o religion_n or_o persuasion_n soever_o be_v he_o jew_n or_o gâ—mile_n grâ—cian_n or_o barbarian_a christian_a or_o mahometan_a be_v tie_v because_o faith_n and_o promise_n treaty_n article_n and_o promise_n shall_v be_v faithful_o kepâ—_n no_o enemy_n to_o be_v trust_v in_o time_n of_o treaty_n be_v the_o sacred_a and_o indissoluble_a bond_n which_o maintain_v humane_a society_n and_o whosoever_o break_v they_o on_o any_o pretence_n shall_v be_v look_v on_o as_o a_o monster_n and_o not_o as_o a_o man._n in_o the_o time_n of_o treaty_n both_o party_n who_o treat_v aught_o to_o be_v careful_a that_o a_o cessation_n of_o arm_n be_v agree_v on_o and_o sign_v by_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a of_o both_o force_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o field_n town_n castle_n or_o garrison_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v on_o their_o guard_n for_o fear_v of_o â—oul_a play_n or_o some_o unexpected_a rapture_n of_o the_o treaty_n for_o both_o in_o ancient_n and_o 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so_o much_o a_o admirer_n of_o a_o sling_n that_o he_o do_v not_o at_o all_o wonder_n that_o david_n kill_v goliath_n with_o one_o of_o they_o nor_o shall_v i_o wonder_v either_o if_o lipsius_n can_v assure_v i_o that_o the_o giant_n helmet_n do_v not_o cover_v his_o forehead_n but_o if_o it_o do_v as_o probable_o it_o do_v and_o that_o his_o head-piece_n be_v proportionable_a to_o the_o coat_n of_o mail_n he_o have_v on_o his_o body_n as_o probable_o it_o be_v than_o i_o shall_v say_v david_n can_v slinger_n david_n a_o good_a slinger_n not_o kill_v he_o with_o pebble-stone_n cast_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n without_o a_o miracle_n for_o the_o stone_n that_o can_v pierce_v such_o a_o head-piece_n require_v a_o great_a force_n than_o david_n and_o twenty_o of_o the_o strong_a israelites_n be_v master_n of_o and_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v assist_v from_o above_o upon_o this_o whole_a business_n of_o arm_n i_o think_v it_o be_v well_o for_o lipsius_n that_o he_o be_v take_v up_o with_o more_o 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advance_v he_o must_v quit_v those_o shelter_n and_o the_o sudden_a and_o quick_a his_o march_n be_v the_o less_o hurt_n he_o shall_v receive_v from_o the_o enemy_n ordnance_n but_o i_o think_v it_o be_v very_o fair_a that_o lipsius_n be_v so_o modest_a that_o he_o do_v not_o prefer_v the_o ancient_a catapult_n and_o balist_n to_o the_o modern_a artillery_n and_o i_o wonder_v much_o he_o do_v it_o hot_a in_o the_o four_o place_n he_o bring_v embattel_v or_o marshal_n army_n on_o the_o embattel_v four_o embattel_v stage_n and_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n prefer_v the_o roman_a yet_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o wherein_o the_o modern_a be_v deficient_a and_o this_o be_v not_o so_o fair_a deal_n as_o may_v have_v be_v expect_v from_o such_o a_o man_n as_o lipsius_n but_o i_o be_o only_a to_o trace_v he_o in_o his_o own_o step_n and_o that_o which_o he_o say_v on_o this_o subject_a amount_n to_o this_o he_o first_o say_v he_o will_v let_v we_o see_v the_o velite_n fight_n and_o retire_v in_o who_o room_n he_o have_v the_o hastati_fw-la they_o be_v weary_a go_v back_o to_o they_o succeed_v the_o principes_fw-la who_o not_o prevail_v retire_v then_o the_o triarii_n who_o be_v say_v he_o the_o veteran_n and_o the_o chieftain_n take_v the_o work_n in_o hand_n and_o they_o can_v but_o prosper_v yet_o he_o who_o write_v this_o can_v but_o know_v for_o all_o this_o that_o both_o the_o roman_a velite_n their_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la have_v be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n often_o than_o once_o all_o these_o thing_n have_v be_v already_o sufficient_o speak_v of_o but_o i_o wonder_v who_o can_v tell_v lipsius_n that_o modern_a general_n have_v not_o their_o reserve_v as_o well_o as_o the_o roman_n have_v sure_a in_o his_o own_o time_n if_o he_o have_v but_o inquire_v after_o it_o he_o may_v have_v learn_v that_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n and_o prince_n of_o parma_n divide_v their_o army_n into_o van_n battel_n and_o rear_n and_o what_o be_v the_o 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such_o secret_n in_o the_o next_o place_n he_o cry_v up_o the_o roman_a manner_n of_o embattel_v for_o place_v say_v he_o their_o cavalry_n on_o the_o wing_n or_o horn_n that_o their_o foot_n shall_v not_o be_v surround_v nor_o their_o battle_n out-winged_a what_o folly_n be_v this_o in_o he_o inadvertency_n lipsius_n his_o inadvertency_n to_o appropriate_v that_o to_o the_o roman_n which_o be_v a_o ordinary_a custom_n with_o other_o ancient_n it_o may_v be_v before_o rome_n be_v a_o city_n and_o it_o be_v strange_a he_o do_v not_o know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o all_o army_n since_o the_o downfall_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n but_o i_o must_v come_v near_o he_o and_o say_v that_o this_o be_v a_o defect_n very_o oft_o in_o the_o roman_a militia_n to_o marshal_v their_o army_n so_o that_o it_o can_v not_o save_v they_o from_o be_v surround_v by_o a_o numerous_a enemy_n in_o regard_n they_o draw_v up_o so_o many_o body_n one_o behind_o another_o and_o those_o body_n be_v marshal_v so_o deep_a in_o file_n that_o their_o army_n can_v not_o especial_o consular_a army_n have_v a_o large_a front_n the_o best_a mean_n in_o a_o champaign_n where_o there_o be_v no_o advantage_n of_o hill_n rivers_n ditch_n or_o marsh_n to_o be_v expect_v to_o save_v a_o army_n from_o be_v out-winged_a when_o lipsius_n write_v this_o it_o seem_v he_o forget_v that_o at_o cannae_n the_o roman_a horse_n do_v so_o little_o hinder_v the_o foot_n to_o be_v surround_v that_o the_o not_o embattel_v defect_n in_o the_o roman_a manner_n of_o embattel_v advert_v to_o it_o lose_v they_o the_o day_n for_o asarubal_n have_v beat_v aenilius_fw-la on_o the_o right_a wing_n fall_v on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o legion_n while_o they_o fight_v in_o front_n with_o hannibal_n his_o foot_n and_o rout_v they_o and_o if_o lipsius_n distrust_n livy_n in_o this_o relation_n let_v he_o look_v on_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o own_o polybius_n and_o there_o he_o will_v find_v that_o xantippus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a with_o a_o army_n of_o carthaginian_n who_o have_v be_v often_o beat_v and_o baffle_v before_o and_o a_o few_o mercenary_a laconian_n rout_v the_o roman_a army_n where_o the_o consul_n regulus_n be_v take_v only_o by_o outw_v it_o and_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n of_o their_o infantry_n by_o which_o say_v the_o author_n cogebatur_fw-la factâ—_n conversione_n cum_fw-la iis_fw-la dimicare_fw-la he_o be_v force_v by_o face_v to_o the_o rear_n to_o fight_v with_o they_o that_o be_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n five_o and_o last_o he_o compare_v the_o ancient_n suppose_v still_o roman_a and_o modern_a three_o five_o in_o discipline_n which_o he_o divide_v into_o three_o militia_n in_o their_o discipline_n and_o this_o he_o divide_v into_o three_o part_n duty_n exercise_n and_o law_n i_o shall_v trace_v he_o in_o all_o the_o three_o and_o first_o he_o subdivide_v duty_n into_o three_o these_o be_v private_a service_n to_o officer_n watch_n and_o public_a serviâ—â—â—_n first_o duty_n subdivide_v private_a serviâ—â—â—_n work_n as_o to_o the_o first_o he_o say_v private_a service_n to_o superior_n a_o ither_o cease_v or_o be_v voluntary_a he_o be_v right_a they_o be_v voluntary_a yet_o no_o soldier_n now_o will_v refuse_v to_o do_v any_o honest_a service_n to_o his_o captain_n or_o any_o officer_n either_o above_o or_o under_o he_o and_o lipsius_n know_v the_o roman_a soldier_n be_v no_o slave_n and_o why_o shall_v christian_n soldier_n be_v slave_n as_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o duty_n which_o be_v watch_n and_o guard_n he_o confess_v there_o be_v some_o show_n of_o watch_n watch_n they_o in_o the_o modern_a militia_n not_o to_o be_v contemn_v for_o so_o i_o interpret_v his_o word_n which_o be_v aliqua_fw-la nec_fw-la improba_fw-la apud_fw
case_n but_o de_fw-fr grot_n in_o the_o same_o place_n former_o cite_v take_v a_o liberty_n to_o himself_o to_o impertinent_a grotius_n impertinent_a render_v the_o profession_n the_o trade_n or_o the_o art_n of_o a_o soldier_n not_o only_o impious_a but_o most_o contemptible_a detestable_a and_o despicable_a let_v we_o hear_v he_o in_o his_o own_o language_n parum_fw-la quod_fw-la svam_fw-la vendunt_fw-la necem_fw-la say_v grotius_n nisi_fw-la &_o aliâ—râ—m_fw-la sâ—pe_v innocentium_n vendâ—rent_a â—anto_fw-la carnifice_fw-la detestabiliores_fw-la quanto_fw-la pâ—jus_fw-la est_fw-la sinâ—_n causâ_fw-la quà m_fw-la ex_fw-la causa_fw-la occidere_fw-la sicut_fw-la antisthâ—nes_n dicebat_fw-la carnificâ—s_fw-la tyrannis_fw-la â—ssâ—_n sanctiores_fw-la quod_fw-la illi_fw-la nocentes_fw-la high_a innocent_n interficerent_fw-la it_o be_v no_o matter_n say_v he_o if_o soldier_n sell_v only_o their_o own_o life_n or_o rather_o their_o own_o death_n but_o they_o sell_v also_o the_o life_n of_o 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