Selected quad for the lemma: book_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
book_n	chapter_n	king_n	write_v	1,602	5	5.9350	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68614	The unbishoping of Timothy and Titus. Or A briefe elaborate discourse, prooving Timothy to be no bishop (much lesse any sole, or diocæsan bishop) of Ephesus, nor Titus of Crete and that the power of ordination, or imposition of hands, belongs jure divino to presbyters, as well as to bishops, and not to bishops onely. Wherein all objections and pretences to the contrary are fully answered; and the pretended superiority of bishops over other ministers and presbyters jure divino, (now much contended for) utterly subverted in a most perspicuous maner. By a wellwisher to Gods truth and people.	Prynne, William, 1600-1669.	1636 (1636)	STC 20476.5; ESTC S114342	135,615	241

but a meere Preist to wit in the want or defect of Bishops All the Archbishops Bishops Archdeacons and Clergy of England in their Booke intituled The institution of a Christian man subscribed with all their hands and dedicated to King Henry the 8. An. 1537. Chapter of Orders and King Henry the 8. himselfe in his Booke stiled A necessary ●rudition for any Christian man set out by authority of the Statute of 32. H. 8. c. 26. approoved by the Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Netherhowse of Parliament prefaced with the Kings owne Royall Epistle and published by his speciall commaund in the yeare 1543. in the chapter of Orders expresly resolve that ●reists and Bishops by Gods Law are one and the same and that the power of ordination and excommunication belongs equally to them both Learned Martin Bucer in his Booke of recalling and bringing into use againe the lawfull ordination of Ministers and of the office of Pastors in his Scripta Anglicana written here in England p. 254. 255. 259. 291. 292. 293. and on Math. 16. layes downe these Conclusions First That the power of ordination rests principally and originally in Christ himselfe Prince of Pastors Secondly That this power is secondarily and derivately in the whole Church whose consent is requisite in the election and ordination of Ministers Thirdly That the actuall power of Ordination and imposition of hands belongs as well to Presbyters as to Bishops that they ought to joyne with the Bishop in the laying on hands and that Timothy was ordained by the Presbyters Fourthly That Bishops and Ministers have the power of imposition of hands in them onely instrumentally not originally as servants to the whole Congregation Fif●ly That the examination and ordination of Ministers ought to be made publikely in the Church where they are elected to be Ministers before all the Congregation All which he prooves by sundry Scriptures and Histories Peter Martyr his coaetaman Regius professor in the ●niversity of Oxford in the dayes of King Edward the 6. in his Commentary upon the 2. Kings 2. 23. and in his Common places printed at London Cum Privilegio An. 1576. Class 4. Loc. 1. Sect. 23. p. 849. writes thus The Papists cannot object grievous sinnes against the Ministers of the Gospell but they oppose onely some slight that I say not ridiculous thinge they say that our Pastors have no imposition of hands and thence they indeavour to conclude that they are not to be reputed just Governours of the Church and that the Congregations which are taught and governed by them are no true Churches but Conven●●cles of rev●lters And this they say as if the imposition of hands were so necessary that without it there can be no ministry in the Church when notwithstanding Moses consecrated Aaron his Brother and his Children offering divers kindes of Sacrifices on which no man formerly had layd on hands Lik●w●se Iohn the Baptist brought in a new right of Baptisme and administred it to the Iewes when as yet no hands had beene layd upon him and hee himselfe had beene baptised of no man Paul also called by Christ in his journey did not presently goe to the Apostles that they might lay hands upon him but hee taught in Arabia for 3. yeares space and ministred to the Churches before that hee went up to the Apostles his Antecessors as himselfe witnesseth in his Epistle to the Galathians We reject not the imposition of hands but retaine it in many Churches which if we receive not from their Bishops we are not to be blamed for it for they would not conf●rre it on us unlesse wee would depart from sound Doctrine and likewise bind our selves by O●th to the Roman Antichrist In which words hee resolves First That the imposition of hands is no such essentiall part of a Ministers ordination but that it may be omitted and that those who are elected and lawfully called to the Ministery by the suffrage of the whole Church and people are Ministers lawfully called and ordained without this Ceremony Secondly That the imposition of hands belongs to Ministers as well as Bishops and that those who are ordained Ministers in the reformed Churches where they have no Bishops onely by the laying on of hands of other Ministers are lawfully ordained Thirdly That this position that the power of ordination belongs onely to Bishops that those are no true Ministers who are ordained without a Bishop is but a vaine ridiculous Popish Cavill Our Prelates therefore should be ashamed to ground both their owne and Titus his Episcopall Hierarchie upon it Learned Doctor Whitaker writing against Bellarmine saith that this text of the 1. Tim. 4. 14. makes very much against the adversaries For from this place wee understand that Tim●thy receiveth imposition of hands from the Elders who at that time governed the Church by a common Councell and against Duraeus hee argues thus Luther Zwinglius Oecolampadius Bucer and others were Presbyters and Presbyters by Gods Law are the same with Bishops therefore they might lawfully ordaine other Pres●yters Doctor Fulke in his Confutation of the Rhem●sh Testament Annot. on Tit. 1. Sect. 2. and Doctor Willet in his Synopsis Papismi the 5. generall Controversie quaest 3. part 2. write thus Although in the Scripture a Bishop and an Elder is of one order and authority in preaching the word c. yet in government by ancient use of speech hee is onely called a Bishop which is in the Scripture called cheife in governement to whom the ordination or consecration by imposition of hands was allwayes principally committed Not that imposition of hands belongeth onely to him for the rest of the Elders that were present at ordination did lay on their hands or else the Bishop did lay on his hands in the name of the rest We differ from the Papists in this They affirme that not principally and cheifly but solely and wholly the right of consecrating and giving Orders appertaineth unto Bishops But concerning the power of giving Orders we say that though it were cheifly in the Apostles yet the Pastors and Elders together with them layd on their hands Acts. 13. 3. 4. and as S. Paul speaketh of his laying on of hands 2. Tim. 1. 6. so hee maketh mention of imposition of hands by the Eldership 1. Tim. 4. 14. And the Rhemists on that place mislike not the practise of their Church that their Preists doe lay on their hands together with the Bishop upon his head that is to be ordained What else doth this signifie but that they have some interest in ordaining together with the Bishop The 4. Councell of Carthage Can. 3. Decrees thus Let all the Preists that are present hold their hands next to the Bishops hand upon the head of him that is to be ordained Againe Can. 14. of the same Councell The Bishop must not give orders but in the presence and assembly of the Clergy By this then it is manifest that imposition of hands doth not wholly and

THE VNBISHOPING OF TIMOTHY AND TITVS OR A briefe elaborate Discourse prooving Timothy to be no Bishop much lesse any sole or Diocaesan Bishop of Ephesus nor Titus of Crete and that the power of ordination or imposition of hands belongs Iure Divino to Presbyters as well as to Bishops and not to Bishops onely Wherein all Objections and Pretences to the contrary are fully answered and the pretended superiority of Bishops over other Ministers and Presbyters Iure Divino now much contended for utterly subverted in a most perspicuous maner By a Wellwisher to Gods truth and people Matthew 15. 13. Every plant which my heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted out Chrysostom Opus imperfectum in Matth. Hom. 35. Quicunque desideraverit Primatum in terra inveniet in Coelo confusionem ut jam in ter servos Christi non sit de Primatu certamen In the Yeare M.DC.XXXVI To the Reader CHristian Reader what that Oracle of wisedome hath registred Proverb 13. 10. Onely by pride cometh contention was never more really verified in any one particular then in the Prelates whose ambitious windy tumor and overswelling pride as in al former ages so in this hath filled the whole Christian world with warres with civill dissensions and the Church it selfe with endlesse schismes controversies contentions which else would never had existence The pretended primacy of the great Pontificall Bishop of Rome what tumults battles warres treasons rebellions murders martyrdomes hath it ingendred on the one hand what disputes bookes of controversie and paper-battles on the other What innumerable Schismes Treatises which the endoubted parity of Ministers and Bishops Iure Divino had prevented have the Prelates pretended superiority by divine institution over Presbyters and their fellow-Ministers produced in all ages Churches especially in our owne which from the first glimmerings of the Gospell in Iohn Wiclifes dayes till now hath beene more or lesse disquieted with this unhappy controversie which being raked up in the ashes for a space by reason of our Bishops waiving of their divine right which not onely Archbishop Anselme Richardus Armachanus and Bishop Peacocke of old but likewise Bishop Tonstall Bishop Stokesly Bishop Hooper Bishop Iewell Bishop Alley Bishop Pilkington yea Archbishop Whitgift himselfe and Bishop Bridges to omitt all others have since them publikely disclaimed confessing Bishops and Presbyters lure Divino to be allone equall and the same and the Statutes of 37. H. 8. c. 17. 1. Ed. 6. c. 2. 1. 2. Mariaec 8. 1. Eliz ab c. 1. for ever judicially in full Parliament resolved against yet our present ambitious Prelates studying to surmount their predecessors not onely in worldly pompe and power derived from their indulgent Soveraigne but likewise in spirituall Iurisdiction claimed from God himselfe though they have neither time nor care to preach pray or doe him any Episcopall service being wholly taken up with secular offices and affaires and unable to serve God for serving his incompacible enemies Mamōn and the world have lately blowne abroade the coales and resuscitated the violent flames of this contention afresh by a new ambitious claime of all their Episcopall Soveraignity and Iurisdiction Iure Divino even in the High Commission Court it selfe in the late censure of Doctor Bastwicke for a Booke written onely against the Pope and Italian Bishops without any reflection upon them as all men then conceived and therefore wondred at till their magnifying of the Church of Rome as a true Church in that Censure of his and some late licensed Pamphlets their Antichristian and Papall proceedings against Gods truth Ministers Ordinances and the late authorizing of Doctor Pocklingtons Sunday no Sabbath by the Archbishop of Canterburies owne Chaplaine Master Bray which expressly avers that our Arch-bishops and Bishops can and doe lineally derive their Pedigree and Succession from Peter and the Popes of Rome hath since in structed the ignorant people that Popes Italian and English Bishops are in truth all members of the same body whelpesof the same litter branches of the same tree and our present Prelates the Pope of Romes owne lineally discended sonnes so as they could not but be sensible of and highly offended if not actually lashed wounded with their fathers scourge Flagellum Pontificis Episcoporum Latialium being a whip for them as well as for the Italian Prelates Now because in that late Censure of theirs they all founded the divine right of their Episcopall Superintendency and Dominion over their Fellow-Pres byters onely on the examples of Timothy and Titus whom they then new consecrated Diocaesan Bishops over Ephesus and Crete 1608. yearely after their decease though Christ and Paul himselfe had never done it in their life times and on a supposed divine Monopoly of conferring Orders and imposing hands appropriated by God himselfe to Diocaesan Bishops distinct in Iurisdiction power and degree from Ministers and Presbyters I have therefore here for the future quie●●●ing of this much agitated controversie confined my discourse within the lists of such questions not formerly fully debated by any in the English tongue that I have met with by the discussion whereof I have I suppose so shaken these rotten pillars and undermined these sandy foundations of their high-towring over-swelling Hierarchy as that I have left them no divine prop or groundworke to support it longer so as it must now certainly for any stay is left it in Scripture come tumbling downe headlong to the very ground and me thinkes I heare the fall of it allready sounding in my eares unlesse with speed they wholly quit these false foundations and bottom their Prelacy and Iurisdiction onely on his Majesties Princely favour not Gods or Christs divine institution which because they have so lately judicially disclaimed in open Court and even at this present execute all Acts of Episcopall Iurisdiction by their owne inherent power without any speciall Commission from his Majesty under his greate Seale keeping their Courts visitations and making out all their citations proces excommunications probate of wils Letters of administration c. in their owne names and under their owne Seales as if they were absolute Popes and Monarches contrary to the Statutes of 25. H. 8. c. 19. 26. H. 8. c. 1. 37. H. 8. c. 17. 1. Ed. 6. c. 2. 1. Eliz. c. 1. 8. Eliz. c. 1. their Oath of Supremacy and their High-Commission it selfe which might teach them another lesson as that it confines them to doe all things by his Majesties speciall Commission in his name and under his Seale when they are all there joyned together much more therefore when they are divided in their severall Dioces and because they have blotted out Caesars Image and superscription his Armes and royall Title out of their Courts proces and all ecclesiasticall proceedings and inserted onely their owne in leive thereof that so they may appeare to all the world to be no longer

Bishop when hee was but ordained a Minister And that famous Gregory Nazianzen three hundred and seventy yeares after Christ in his 9. 13. 15. 21. and 28. Orations p. 262. 357. 368. 479. as Elias Cretensis in his Commentary on those places testifieth useth the words Bishops and Presbyter reciprocally stiling Bishops Presbyters and Presbyters Bishops making them all one by divine institution and different onely by humane invention which difference hee heartily wisheth were abolished himselfe voluntarily resigning his Bishopricke of Constantinople to be take himselfe to a more private and retired life The Fathers therefore thus promiscuously using the name Bishop and Presbyter stiling Bishops Presbyters and Presbyters Bishops and making both of them one and the same by divine institution their stiling of Timothy and Titus Bishops of Ephesus and Crete is no argument or proofe at all that they were Diocaesan or sole Bishops of those places or that they had or any Bishops now have by divine institution any Episcopall Iurisdiction and preeminence over other Presbyters or Ministers or were superior to them in order dignity or degree Fourthly The Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which we English a Bishop signifies properly nothing else but an Overseer Survayor Superintendent or Administrator and is oft times applyed both by Greeke Authors and the Septuagint Greeke Translators to secular offices Hence † Homer stiles Hector the Bishop of the City In the Verses of Solon in Demostenes Pallas is called the Bishop of Athens Plutarch in the life of Numa stiles Venus the Bishop over the dead and hee there makes mention of a Bishop of the Vestall Virgins Suidas records that in the Athenian Republike those who are sent to the Cityes under their Jurisdiction to oversee the affaires of their Companions were called Bishops Cicero in his seaventh Booke to Atticus writes thus Pompey will have mee to be the Bishop of all Compagnia and the Maritine Coastes to whom the choise and summe of the businesse may be referred And in the Pandects the Clerkes of the Markets are called Bishops The Septuagint Numb 13. read the Bishops of the Army 4. Kings 11. they read the Bishops who are over the Army and the Bishops over the howse of the Lord. Where Watchmen Guardians and Overseers are called Bishops 2. Chron. 34. The Overlookers of the Workemen are stiled Bishops Iudges 9. Zebul is called Abimeleches Bishop in the Greeke which we now English his Officer So Num. 4. 16. The office of Eliazar in the Tabernacle of the Lord and the function of Judas Psalm 109. 8. is tormed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Bishopricke by the Septuagint and so expresly stiled by the Holy Ghost himselfe and Englished by us Acts. 1. 20. His Bishopricke let another take yea Constantine the greate as ‡ Eusebius records in his life inviting some Bishops to a Feast called himselfe a Bishop in their presence uttering these words You sayth hee are Bishops within the Church but I am constituted of God a Bishop without the Church Our New Translators Acts. 20. 28. render the Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the title which hee gives to the Elders of the Church of Ephesus Overseers Luke 19. 44. The time of Gods visitation and overthrow of Ierusalem is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Luke 1. 6. 7. 8. c. 7. 16. Heb. 2. 6. The Greeke word which we translate hath visited us is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whence the day of Gods gracious visitation of his people to convert them to him in mercy is called by the Holy Ghost 1. Pet. 2. 12. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The day of visitation yea our very visiting of sick persons prisoners Orphanes and Widdowes is termed by Christ and the holy Ghost himselfe though a meere act of charity humility and Christian duty not of Jurisdiction and Lordly Prelacy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Math. 25. 36. 43. and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iam. 1. 27. to visit or to play the Bishops part and duty which the meanest Christian yea women though uncapeable of sacred orders may doe and ought to performe as well as any others So intermedling with other mens affaires or couetting of any other mens offices of what condition soever is termed by the Apostle 1. Pet. 4. 15. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the playing as it were the Bishop in another mans Dioces Yea every Ministers feeding and taking the oversight of his proper flock is stiled the doing of a Bishops office and those Presbyters who doe thus are not onely said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. Pet. 5. 21. that is men executing the office and duty of a Bishop but likewise stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is true and proper Bishops a name given onely to Presbyters and none but they in holy Scripture Acts. 20. 28. Phil. 1. 1. Titus 1. 7. and to Christ himselfe who is stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Bishop of our Soules 1. Pet. 2. 25. but not to any Apostle Euangelist Diocaesan or other Prelate none such being particularly termed a Bishop ●hroughout the whole New Testament The Fathers make Bishops and Overseers all one deriving the very name of a Bishop from a Greeke verbe which signifieth to overlooke watch ward or take care off Hence Augustine writes thus Hee did keepe hee was carefull hee did watch as much as hee could over those over whom hee was set And Bishops doe thus For therefore an higher place is set for Bishops that they may superintend and as it were keepe the people For that which in Greeke is called a Bishop that in Latine is interpreted a Superintendent because hee overseeth because hee seeth from above For like as an higher place is made for the vineyard keeper to keepe the vineyard so an higher place also is made for the Bishops And a perilous account is to be rendred of this high place unlesse we stand therein with such an heart that we may be under your feete in humility and pray for you that hee who knowes your mindes hee may keepe you because wee can see you entring and going out but yet we are so farre from seeing what you thinke in your heartes that we cannot so much as see what you doe in your howses How therefore doe we keepe you like men as much as we can as much as we have received We keepe you out of the office of dispensation but we will be kept together with you we are as Pastours to you but under that Pastor Christ we are sheep together with you we are as teachers to you out of this place but under that one Master wee are Schollers with you in this Schoole If we will be kept by him who was humbled for us and is exalted to keepe us let us be humble Those set themselves before Christ who will be high here where hee was humble Let them therefore be humble here if they will be exalted there where hee is exalted In another place hee

writes thus For this cause the Apostle saith Hee that desires a Bishopricke desires a good worke Hee would expound what a Bishopricke is it is a name of labour not of honor For it is a Greeke word and derived from hence that hee who is made an Overseer overseeth those over whom hee is set namely by taking care of them For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is over but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is intention overseeing or care therefore if we will render 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine we may say it is to play the Superintendent that hee may understand that hee is not a Bishop who delights to be over others but not to profit them On which words Ludovicus Vives thus Comments The name of a Bishop is derived either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to consider or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth the same and to visit Whence S●idas saith there were some sent from the Athenians to the Cities under them who should looke into their affaires and these were called Bishops that is as it were Overseers or Visitors and Observers In Holy Scriptures a Bishop is commonly called a Watchman as in Ezekiel 3. 17. c. 33. 2. 6. 7. and in Hosea 5. 1. The Lord complaineth that the Bishops were made a snare on Mizpah or in the watch tower and a net spread upon Tabor as if hee had spoken of the Bishops of this age who lay snares in their Bishoprickes and large nets to catch many but not with thinne holes or threades least the gift should swim thorough yea now it is so provided by the diligence and wits of certaine men that without evasion of this Law a Bishopricke may not onely be lawfully desired but likewise bought and sold S. Chrysostome in his 10. Hom. upon the 1. Tim. S. Hierom in his Epistle to Evagrius Beda on the 1. Pet. 2. 25. Anselme on Phil. 1. 1. Aquinas secunda secundae Qu. 184. Art 6. Petrus de Palude de Potest Coll. Apostol Art 1. all cited by Bishop Iewell in the Defense of the Apologie of the Church of England part 6. c. 2. Divis 1. p. 523. and S. Bernard also de Consideratione ad Eugenium l. 2. 3. joyntly resolve that a Bishop is nothing else but a Superintendent Watchman or Overseer and that hee is called a Bishop from hence that hee overseeth survaieth or watcheth over others with which all other ancient and moderne writers whether forraigne or domestique Papists or Protestants accord Heare onely Doctor Iohn Ponet Bishop of Winchester in his Apology against Doctor Martin in defence of Preists mariage c. 4. 5. p. 44. 52. 53. 54. who as hee there expresly reckons up Popes Cardinals BISHOPS Preists Monkes Canons Friers c. to be the Orders of Antichrist taxing them likewise severely and comparing them with the Eustathian heretickes for refusing to weare usuall garments and putting upon them garments of strange fashions to vary from the common sort of people in apparell So hee thus determines of the name Bishop and Superintendent And further whereas it pleaseth Martin not onely in this place but also hereafter to est at the name of Superintendent hee sheweth himselfe bent to condemne all things that be good though in so doing ●ee cannot avoyd his open shame Who knoweth not that the name Bishop hath so beene abused that when it was spoken the people understood nothing else but a great Lord that went in a white Rochet with a wide shaven Crowne and that carrieth an oyle boxe with him where hee used once in 7. yeare riding about to confirme children c. Now to bring the people f●●m this abuse what better meanes can be d●v●s●d then to teach the people their error by another word out of the Scriptures of the same signification which thing by the terme superintendent would in time have beene well brought to posse For the ordinary paines of such as were called superintendents should have taught the people to understand the duty of their Bishop which you Papists would faine have hidden from them And the word Superintendent being a very Latine word made English by use should in time have taught the people by the very Etymology and proper signification what things was meant when they heard that name which by this terme Bishop could not so well be done by reason that Bishops in the time of Popery were Overseers in name but not indeed So that their doings could not teach the people their names neither what they should looke for at their Bishops hands For the name Bishop spoken amongst the unlearned signified to them nothing lesse then a preacher of Gods word because there was not nor is any thing more rare in any order of Ecclesiasticall persons then to see a Bishop preach whereof the doings of the Popish Bishops of England can this day witnesse but the name superintendent should make him ashamed of his negligence and afraid of his idlenes knowing that S. Paul doth call upon him to attend to himselfe and to his whole flock of the which sentence our Bishops marke the first pecce right well that is to take heed to themselves but they be so deafe they cannot hearken to the second that is to looke to their flock I deny not but that the name Bishop may be well taken but because the evilnes of the abuse hath marrid the goodnesse of the word it cannot be denied but that it was not amisse to joyne for a time another word with it in his place wherby to restore that abused word to his right signification And the name superintendent is such a name that the Papists themselves saving such as lack both learning and wit cannot finde fault withall For Peresius the Spaniard and an Archpapist out of whom Martin hath stolen a great part of his Booke speaking of a Bishop saith Primum Episcopi munus nomen ipsum prae se fert quod est spperintendere Episcopus enim Superintendens interpreta 〈…〉 visitans aut supervidens c. That is to say The cheife office of a Bishop by interpretation signifieth a Superintendent a Visitor or an Overseer Why did not Martin as well steale this peece out of Peresius as hee did steale all the common places that hee hath for the proofe of the Canons of the Apostles and of Traditions in his second and third Chapters Martin in the 88. leafe is not ashamed in his Booke to divide the significations of the termes Bishop and Superintendent as though the one were not signified by the other But it may be that Martin as the rest of the Popish Sect would not have the name of Superintendent or Minister used least that name which did put the people in remembrance of sacrificing and bludsapping should be forgotten Since therefore this Title B●shop is thus promiscuously used both in prophane and Christian writers and in the Scripture it selfe for any Officer Overseer Survayer Superintendent Watchman Guardian Pastor or Keeper