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book_n	certain_a	time_n	write_v	2,136	5	5.3068	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54729	The first book of architecture, by Andrea Palladio. Translated out of Italian: with an appendix touching doors and windows, by Dr Le Muet architect to the French King: translated out of French by G.R. Also rules and demonstrations, with several designs for the framing of any manner of roofs either above pitch or under pitch, whether square or bevel, never published before. With designes of floors of variety of small pieces of wood, lately made in the pallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerset-House; a curiosity never practiced in England before; Quattro libri dell'architettura. English	Palladio, Andrea, 1508-1580.; Le Muet, Pierre, 1591-1669. Divers traictez d'architecture pour l'art de bien bastir. aut; Richards, Godfrey.	1668 (1668)	Wing P205; ESTC R220416	50,205	249

eight thereof are made the Coronna and the moulding The Astragal or Rondeau above the Frize is a third of one of the said six parts and that which remaines between the Coronna and the Astragal is left for the Scotia In the other Invention the Archetrave marked H is divided into four parts and of three and ½ is made the height of the Frize and five the height of the Cornice The Archetrave is divided into eight parts five of them are for the plain of the Archetrave and three for the Cimatium which is divided into seven parts of one is made the Astragal and the rest are divided into eight parts three of which are for the Scima Reversa three for the Scotia and two for the Orlo or Regula The height of the Cornice is divided into six parts and ¾ of three are made the Scima Reversa The Dentells and the Ouolo the Scima Reversa hath as much Projecture as it is thick the Dentells are two of three parts of their height and the Ouolo three of four parts Of the ¾ is made the Scima Reversa between the Scima Recta and the Coronna And the three other parts are divided into seventeen nine make the Scima Recta and the Orlo or Regula and eight the Coronna This Cornice hath much Projecture as it hath thicknesse as all the other aforesaid Here followes designes of Doores and Windowes according to the five Orders of Andrea Palladio and are the same which are in the Louvre in Paris A Doore and windwe acccording to the Tuscan Order A Doore and windowe according to the Dorick Order A Dovre and windowe according to the Dorick Order A Doore according to the Lonick Order A Doore according to the Corinthian Order The Corinthian Capitel CHAP. XXXVIII Of Chimnies in Halls Chambers Studies and Wardrobes and of their Proportions HAll-Chimnies ought to be within work fix or seven foot and in great Buildings unto eight between the two Jaumes and 't will be convenient to make their Funnels in the thickness of the wall if possibly it can be if not they must be set in a place where they may correspond to those of the Chambers the which spreads it self but little in the middle as it hath been said and if it be possible it must be so disposed that the Chimney be seen in the front by them that shall enter into the Hall Their height must be four foot and ½ to five at most from the bottom of the Plate-band to the Mantle-tree they must project two foot and half or three foot at most from the wall unto the mantle-tree The Jaumes must be from eight to twelve inches in breadth and in great Buildings even to 24 or more according to that Order of Architecture with which they are to be adorned CHAP. XXXIX Of Chamber-Chimnies and of their Proportions CHamber-Chimnies must have in breadth five and ½ or six foot and in great Buildings unto seven and must be placed as I have said before because of the place of the bed Their height must be four foot or four and ½ from the Mantle-tree or Plate-band their Projecture must be two foot or two and ½ from the back to the Fore-sides of the Jaumes CHAP. XL. Of the Chimnies in Studies and Wardrobes CHimnies in these Rooms must be four foot four and ½ or five foot at most in breadth Their height from the Mantle-tree must be like to that above of four foot and ½ and also their Projecture two foot or two and ½ from the back CHAP. XLI Of Funnels of Chimnies FVnnels of Chimnies must be carried thorow the Roofe and above the ridge three foot four or five foot at most that they may carry the smoak into the Air. You must take care that they be not made neither too wide nor too narrow for if they be too wide the wind will drive back the smoak into the Room and will not permit it freely to ascend and pass forth And in Funnels too narrow the smoak not having free passage is repulsed and returnes backwards Therefore 't is that Chamber-Chimnies are not made narrower then ten or eleven inches nor broader then fifteen which is the ordinary depth of Funnels of great Kitchin Chimnies by reason of the great fire that is made therein And for their breadth they must be four or five foot at most within the work from the place where the brest ends unto the top of the Funnel Now the said brest reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Sieling or pitch of the Arch alwayes diminishing within the work until you come to the measures of depth and breadth before mentioned And from thence arising unto the end of the Funnel it must be carried up as even as you can possibly for failing in this it often happens the smoak is offensive CHAP. XLII What is to be observed in making Chimnies and the fashion which was practised among the Ancients THe Jaumes and Mantle-trees of Chimnies must be curiously wrought for rustick work doth not appear well unlesse it be in very great Buildings for the Reasons aforesaid The Ancients to heat their Chambers did serve themselves in this manner They made their Chimnies in the middle with Columns or Corbeaux which bore up the Archetrave upon which were the Funnels of the Chimnies which conveyed away the smoak of which kind one may be seen at Bay near the Piscine of Nero and one which is not far from Civita Vecchia and when they would not have Chimnies they made in the thicknesse of the wall pipes or funnels thorow which ascended the heat of the fire which was under the Chamber and was conveyed forth through certain vents and conducts which was on the top of the funnels Much like this the Trenti Gentlemen of Venice in the Summer refreshed their Chambers at Costoza their Country dwelling For in that place there are great Mountaines in which are certain great Caves which in times past were Quarries which I suppose Vitruvius meanes in his second Book where he treates of Stone In these Caves are ingendred extream coole winds which these Gentlemen caused to be brought into their house through certain Subterranean vaults and by the meanes of certain truncks like to those whereof I have spoken before make them to run thorow all the Chambers opening and shutting them at pleasure to take more or lesse of Air according to the time and season And this place would be wonderful were it only for this great Commodity neverthelesse that which renders it yet more admirable and worthy to be seen in the prison of the wind which is a certain Chamber under ground made by the most Noble Seignieur Trenti and by him called Aeola where many of those trunks and conducts of wind are discharged And to render it beautiful and worthy of this name he hath given it he hath spared neither care nor charge CHAP. XLIII Of Staire-Cases and their divers manners and the numbers and greatnesse of their

or good part of Marble or some other great stones I think it convenient in this place to acquaint you what the Ancients did in such cases For we may observe in their work that they were so diligent in joining their stones together that in many places their connexion can scarcely be perceived And besides the Beauty Firmnesse and Duration of the Fabrick is very much to be regarded And for as much as I can understand they first squared and wrought the sides of the stones which were to be placed one upon the other leaving the other sides rough and so used them whereupon the edges of the stones were beyond the square and might manage them better and more variously attempt to place them right without danger of breaking then if they had been squared on all sides before For when the edges are made square or less then square they are very weak and subject to accidents In this manner they made all buildings rough or as one may say rustick And that being done they go on working and polishing the face of the stone which is to be seen It is true that the Roses which are between the Modilions and other such like ornaments of the Cornich could not commodiously be done when the stones were fixed therefore they made them while they were on the ground This is well attested by many ancient buildings where may be seen many stones rough and unpolished The Arch by the old Castle in Verona and all other the Arches and buildings there were done in the same manner which is easily made out by one curious in observing the marks of their Tools that is to say the manner how the stones were wrought The pillars of Trajan and Antonine in Rome were so made nor could they otherwise have so exactly joyned the stones that might so closely meet where they go cross the heads and other parts of the figures And the same may be said of the other Arches which are there And if the works were very great as the Arena of Verona the Amphitheatre of Pola and the like to save charge and time which they would have required they wrought only the Imposts of the Arches Capitells and the Corniches and the rest they left Rustick having only regard to the fair front of the building But in Temples and other buildings which required curiosity they spared no pains in the working them and glazing and smoothing even the very fluces of the Columns and polishing them diligently Therefore in my judgment you should not make Walls of Brick in the Rustick manner much less Mantles of Chimnies which require curious work For besides the unhandsomness 't will happen that they will split and divide asunder which naturally ought to be intire But according to the greatness and quality of the building you may make them Rustick or Polite And in a work that requires altogether neatness we need not do as the Ancients used with Reason and necessitated by the greatness of their works CHAP. XI Of the Diminution of Walls and of their parts IT is to be observed that by how much the higher the Walls are so much the narrower they must be Therefore that part which is above ground is to be one half thinner then the foundation and the second story a half brick thinner then the first and so continue till you come to the top of the building but with discretion that it be not too weak The middle of the upper Wall ought to fall direct to the middle of the Lower that so all the Walls be in a Pyramidal form But if you would make a superficies or face of a Wall above directly over that below it must be on the inner part because the raftrings of the Floors the Vaults and other supporters of the building may not suffer the Wall to fall or give way The discharged part which is on the outside must be supplyed with a Border or Corniche incompassing the whole building which will be an ornament and fastning to the whole Fabrick The Angles because they partake of both sides and are to keep them upright and fast together must be very strong and held with long hard stones as it were with armes Therefore the Windows and Apertures must be as far from them as may be or at least so much space must be left between the Aperture and the Angle as is the breadth of the Aperture Having spoken of meer Walls 't is convenient to passe to the ornaments the greatest whereof are the Columns when they are meetly placed and have fair proportion to the whole Fabrick CHAP. XII Of the Five Orders used by the Ancients FIve were the Orders among the Ancients that is to say the Tuscan Dorick Ionick Corinthian and Composita which ought to be so disposed in the building that the strongest be set lowest for then 't will be more capable to bear the weight and the building will have a more sure foundation Wherefore they alwayes place the Dorick under the Ionick the Ionick under the Corinthian and the Corinthian under the Composita the Tuscan as being rude seldom is used above ground unlesse in a building of one order onely as in Town-houses or in vast buildings as Amphitheaters and such like where being many orders this instead of the Dorick is placed under the Ionick and if you leave out one of them and place for example the Corinthian immediately over the Dorick which may be done according to the Rule aforesaid provided alwayes that the more solid be the lowest I shall set down particularly the measures of each of these Orders not so much according to the Doctrine of Vitruvius as according to my own observations in Ancient buildings But first I shall say those things which belong to all in general CHAP. XIII Of the swelling of Columns and their diminutions of Inter-columns and Pillasters COlumns of every Order must be so formed that the upper part must be lesser then the lower and the middle somewhat thick In diminishing it must be observed that by how much longer the Columns are so much the less must they be diminished in regard that the height of it self works the effect of diminishing by the distance Therefore if the Column be 15 foot high the Diametre of the Column below must be divided into 6½ parts and the Diametre thereof above shall be 5½ of those parts If from 15. to 20. the Diametre below must be divided into 7 parts and 6½ must be the thickness of the upper part So likewise those which are from 20. to 30. the Diametre below must be divided into 8 parts and 7. must be the Diametre of the upper part and so the Columns which are higher are to be diminished proportionably by their several parts as Vitruvius shews in his Second Chapter of his Third Book But how the swelling is to be made in the middle we have no more to shew from him then a bare promise and therefore many have written variously