swelling of the Coddes and yard and glistereth like vnto a slikt paper which comes sudainly and is round and light so that there be not another humour adioyned with it This is to be cured with Carnificatiues as Oleum nucum Oleum Anethinum Costinum c. and there may be added to of Séeds and hearbes as Semen anisi Carui Faeniculi Agni casti Ruta Calaminta Origani c. Hernie Humorale HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likwise in the cods whiche is ingendred of humors hot and colde not muche declining from his naturall habite which may lye betwéen Scrotum and Dartos or betwéen heritroydes and Dartos or onely within heritroydes as for the causes signes and curation are like to other Apostumes Now that I haue declared the definition causes and signes of hernies it shall not be amisse to expound in few woords those parts which must be opened when any of these kindes must be cured by handy operation and this is tobe noted first that the Testicles are couered with three Tunicles the first of them takes his originall of the skin is called Scrotum or pursse the second which takes his originall of the PeretoneuÌ„ and is called Dartos the third whiche is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes these two last doo not onely couer the Testicles but also the Spermatike vessels aswell they whiche bring the substance where with the Sperme is made which are named Preparans as theÌ„ which bring the Sperme to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling the which goes vp to Osepubis The declaratioÌ„ of the waights and mesures vsed in Chirurgery HEer gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain waights and mesures for the better vnderstaÌ„ding of this book of Galens and all other of his woorks to the end that yung Studients in this art should haue none occasion of let froÌ„ the perfit vnderstanding of it and first I wil shew you how they were called in the olde time of the Greekê also of the Romains and as neer as I can how muche euery one dooth contain according to our measure And as for the names of the simples I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were for by the searching of their english names the Reader shall very much profit and another cause is that I would not haue euery ignorant asse to be made a Chirurgian by my Book for they would doo more harme with it then good First Mina which the Gréeks call Mna there are of diuers sortes for some are Romain others Attique others Egiptienne others Alexandrine but Romains is according to Paulus Aegineta and Galens 16. vnces The pound according to the Romains is 12. vnces The Attique and Egiptienne is .16 vnces The vnce whiche is the 12. parte of a pound is 8. Drams Deunx is 11. vnces which are .264 Scrupples that is 2. third partes and 1. fourth parte of a pound Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound that is to say 10. vnces and 240. Scrupples Vitruuius in his third Booke saith that it is the measure of ten Inches Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound which is 230. Scrupples Vitruuius in his Book afore said dooth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches Bis is 2. third partes which is 8. vnces and 240. Scrupples Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelf parte that is 7. vnces and 168. Scrupples Selibra is half a pound or Semis and 144. Scrupples Quincunx is 5. vnces Triens is the 3. parte of a pound which is 4. vnces and 120. Scrupples Quadrans is the 4. parte of a pound which is 3. vnces and 72. Scrupples Sextans is the 6. part of a pound whiche is 2. vnces and 48. Scrupples Vnsia is to say an vnce whiche is 8. Drams Semiuncia is half an vnce Denarius or Drachma is the 8. parte of an vnce and is 3. Scrupples which the Gréeks call Grammata that is xxiiij letters in the Gréek and the vnce hath as many Scrupples as the Gréek hath letters Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all waights as an introduction and is 2. Oboles an Oboles is 2. Siliques and a Silique 2. Chalces the Chalces is 8. Graines The pound of liquid things as Wine Oile and such like was in Roome measured by a vessel of Horne whiche had xij rundels about it and euery one of them did signifie an vnce and was called a mesured pound Galen makes mention in his first book Decom medic secundum genera in the making of the white plaister Amphora of the Italy measure dooth contain 72. pound of Oile and of Wine 80 and of Hunny 108. the Hunny is the 4. parte more heuyer then is the wine and the half more then Oile The Ceranium is of Wine and Vinagre 80. pound and of Oile 72. pound and of Hunny 120. pound The Vrne is of wine vinagre 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Hunny 60. pound The Conge is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound of Oil 9. pound and of Hunny 15. pound The Sestier is of Wine and Vinagre 1. pound 8. vnces of Oil 1. pound and of Hunny 2. pound The Hemine is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Cotile is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Acetabule is of Wine and Vinagre .18 Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. Scrupples of Oile 18 Drams and of Hunny 20. Drams The Cheme is of wine Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oile 3. Drams and of Hunny 5. Drams The end of waights and measures of the auncient writers ¶ Faults escaped in the Printing ¶ Note wheras you finde this letter a that dooth signifie the first side of the leaf and this letter b the second side In the first page read the third Book of Galen of the composition of medicines in general Then in the first page of the Epistle to the Reader the xij xvi lines for iudications read indications In the 11. leaf a. the xiij and xiiij lines read drachmas for drachmas Opoponacis for Apoponax In the 14. leaf a. and the xix line read the sixth he dooth for he dooth vi loose In the 26. leaf a. and the vi line read Maron for Maron And in the xij line of the same read phou idest for phoud est In the 27. leaf a. the xviij line red the childes pareÌ„ts did send for Galen for did send him to Galen In the 30. leaf a the first line read Paps or Brests for Dugs In the 31. leaf a. the iiij and v. line leue out the whole and sound partes In the 33. leaf b. the xv line read Olei mirtiles for Olei mirh In the 36 leaf a. the iij. line read bowing for lowing In the 38. leaf a. the xvi line read no apostume in the groin then acording for Apostume according In the 41. leaf a the iiij line read qualitie for qualtitie And in b. the xxiij line read wouÌ„d potions for wunted potions Fo. 47. line .6 read is none other thing Gentle Reader I shall most hartely desire thee that if in the reading this work other faults you finde then heer is noted not rashly to coÌ„demne the Author for assure your self that by his wil none should haue escaped and though the Printer be neuer so careful yet in the printing some wil escape Vale FINIS Imprinted at London at the long Shop adioyning vnto Saint Mildreds Church in the Pultrie by Iohn Alde ¶ Octostichon Ioannis Banisteri Nottinghamiensis medicae Chirurgicae artis professoris in laudem medicinae Miramur crebro medicos molimine claros corpora praeceptis nostra iuuare suis Eccé quót assidué scribuÌ„t hinc inde libellos in laudes artis docte Galene tuae Hanc et maiores hanc et coluere minores hijs confert magna parte Bakerus opem Cuius ab ingenio prodit vigilique labore vtilis iste liber dignus ipse legi Hanc artem docuit vasto qui presidet orbi saepius hanc laudat filius ipse dei Haec visum caecis mutis parat ista loquelam hac audit surdus claudus et hac graditur Hac redit in vitam vitali lumine cassus viuere qua vidi qui moriturus erat huic ergo faueaÌ„t iunctis vmbonibê° omnes et simul huic himnos voce stiloque ferant ¶ Tetrastichon eiusdem in librum Bakeri ¶ Mistica magnoperé quicunque Chirurgica huc debes posita saepe venire mora Hac studij fructus doctissima multa videbis captas abdita quae longo delituere die At nunc sic lucent vt si laudare pararem in mare tunc videar fuÌ„dere ineptus aquas Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen atque aliqua semper parte superstes eris Gulielmi Clowei Chirurgi Londoniensis carmen encomiastichon ad suum studiosum Georgium Bakerum Laudibus egregiis efferri pulchra solebant nec praeclara sua laude carere decet Quantos idcirco poscat Bakerus honores hoc opere exacto dicito musa mihi Te tua sedulitas transfert ad laudis honoreÌ„ Et tua te virtus inclyta ad astra vehit Tu magni Hippocratis reseras tu tecte Galeni A tantis ad nos nobile ducis opus Anglia quas fraudes tibi nunc smalkaldia ferret Bakeri clarum si latuisset opus Ergo quisquis Apollinias sectabitur artes Bakerum celebret nocte dieque meum G Good cause of prayse you doo deserue E euertly to set foorth O Olde woorks of Fathers wise and graue R report dooth showe is troth G Giue foorth the same with spéedynes E encline your whole indeuer B Beholde you not what praise it is A a man to liue for euer K Knowing that so the wise doo wright E earth though they truely be R Reuiue again by Books in sight who so wil read may sée ê™ William Clowes Chirurgian
Art and open some good rule to the releef of my countreymen I haue aduentured to interpret one small work of the fatherly both Phisition and Chirurgion Galen which I iudged moste necessary for our time hauing ioyned the same with other treatises no lesse fruteful then profitable Which woork although it agreeth nether with the dignity of your noble name nor paraduenture is answerable to your honours oppinion and expectaon of me and whiche I must needs confesse is superfluous to your honour who can bothe read and vnderstand the same in the first tungs wherein the Authors haue written yet be cause other may be releued therby I thought I might bothe easely obtain pardon and also be bolde to vse your honours patronage in this behalf seeing the same your honours curtesye and clemencye is vsually extended to all men which doth not vse to esteem such gifts as this according to the value but accepting willingly the good meaning of the person Thus beseeching your honour to take in good parte this testimony of my thankfull hart suche as it is I beseech also the Immortall God to vpholde the renown of your Honours name in the noble linage of your noble Progenitors Your Honours humble and obedient Seruant George Baker To the Reader THere are two instruments aswel in Surgery as in all other Arts whereby a man is directed to the scope or purpose which he intendeth namely reason and experience Reason is occupyed about method and method as Galen in the first book De methode medendi teacheth is a contrary thing to experience rashely made and at aduenture and procéedeth a sure way taking iudications of the complexion of the body of the nature of the deseased parte of the causes and differences of the diseases and so orderly passeth frō iudication to iudication applying apt remedyes such as certain experience hath taught to haue vertue correspondent to such purpose as learned method prescribeth til at lēgth helth which is the scope and end of the art be obtained By this discription of method ye may sée plainly and distinctly the vse and necessitie bothe of reason and experience but héer must you vnderstand by reason such learned iudgement as procedeth by discretion and certain knowledge of the iudications abooue mentioned and afterwards maketh apt choise of experiments Experience also wherof Galen speaketh is a thing of more perfection then the rude obseruations of vndiscrete pratisers of our time but if they would read Galen his second book De simplicium medicamentorium facultatibus cap. x. they should learn better what appertained to experience how they try and examin their medicins and to iudge truely of their vertues And reason applyed to true method is the cause of certaintie in Phisick or Chirurgiry so on the other parte when it is vsed at randon without discretion and not deriued from true iudication but as fantasies doo féed the idle brain it is a thing as Galen witnesseth ful of great daunger And therfore he wished the vnlearned practisers of his time rather to vse the experience which they knew warely then to busy them selues with deuising euery man a method after his owne way which thīg passed their capacitie Such was the method of Thessalus before Galens time and such is the method of Paracelsus in our time but what peril did insue of the rash method of Thessalus is by Galen in sundry places declared and how great harme hath béene doon and dayly is committed by the Paracellistes both learned Erastus and Desenius with others doo witnesse by their writings and dayly experience it self teacheth And although the common practizers doo by their experience he le many diseases yet as Galen saith in the same first Book of his method they thē selues must néeds confesse that the ende of their labour dependeth vpon the pleasure of fortune For sithens experiēce is but the obseruation or remembrance of the successe had in particuler things as Galen him self defineth it and that neither art nor science consisteth in particularities it must néeds folow the naked experience maketh no art And then for asmuch as those which be healed are healed either by art or by chaunce then it must néeds folowe that those which cure by experience without method doo heal by chaūce and not by art and therfore are they wel termed of Galen to await the pleasure of Fortune Thus maist thou loouing Reader perceiue what great difference there is betwixt him that cureth artificially obseruing the learned method and order and the vnskilful practizer which after some fantastical deuise bred in the braine of the vnlearned or by vndiscrete experyence procedeth to the same So far dooth the one of these differ frō the other as light from darknes knowledge from ignoraunce order from confusion and to conclude certaintie from vncertaintie or blinde chaunce Now let the sick man be iudge whether is for him the more safetie tobe heled orderly artificially and surely or to depēd vpon the hasard of blinde Fortune happy or not happy at aduenture whether yea or nay But if ye beleeue Hipocrates Age re foeliciter est agere prudenter et agere infoeliciter est agere imprudenter to be happy is to be skilful and to deale vnluckely is to deale vnskilfully Therfore haue many obseruations of the dayly practises of many men perceiuing yea almoste dayly great errours committed in many things concerning mine art of Chirurgery for lack of true method and that moste of all in the wounds of ioints and Sinewes or Sinewy or musculous places whiche require peculter distinct method order of cure from the cōmon wounds of other fleshly places and the same béeing more painful and for the greatnes of the accidents which folowe them béeing of far more daunger doo require therefore the greater care more artificiall handling then any other I haue therfore for looue I bere to my facultie which I wish void of infamy and for the harty desire I bere to the profit of such as be hurt and diseased indeuoured to set foorth some thing in our english tung as those which are willing to learn might therby be instructed and directed to the true method and trade of curing the said wounds of Sinowes c. And as Aristotle requireth in Philosophy the same I think also in Chirurgery moste necessary Vt exempla sunt non chaerilia sed homerica that is not to folowe the practise of bunglers or the vnskilful sort but to learne at the best learned Then for asmuch as Galen by the Iudgement of the learned of all nations hath excelled all other that haue writen in Phisick but cheefely in his method I thought good to translate into our natiue tung his third Booke of the composition of medicines accordīg to places wherin bothe learned abundantly he teacheth the curing of these wounds whiche my labour taking for the furtherance of such as be willing to learne to doo wel if it be on thy parte moste loouing Reader
rest of the cure you shall finish it in such order as hath been shewed before in the wouÌ„ds of the hed but if it chauÌ„ce that the wound be very great and that there be loce bones which must be had out you shall apply a tent in the lower parte of the wound for feare lest the wound should shut vp to soon and by that meanes might fall to some inconuenience Therfore you shall keep in the tent til such time as you haue taken out all such things as is against nature ¶ Of wounds made with Hargubush and thrusts with Swoords Pikes and such other like FIrst it is necessary to stay the flux of blood as before hath béene said in wounds of the hed then wash the wouÌ„d with the foresaid wine and wipe it very clene And if it fortune that the wouÌ„d perce through the member you shall tent bothe sides of the wound according to the length therof to the end that you may purge the wound of Contusion or brused blood which might remain in it so to be drest twise a day And you shall dresse bothe sides of the wound as before hath béen said bothe in the washing and anointing And if it be so that the wound perce through the body you shall tye the tent with a threed lest it should slip into the body and so anoy the Patient And also day by day as occasion shall serue to shorten the Tent. Of svvellings and Apostumations IN what part of the body soeuer ther chaunce any Apostume or swelling whether that it wil come to matter or resolue you shall hathe the greeued place with the aforesaid wine being warmed and lay theron linnen clothes béeing steped in the said wine and wrong a good breadth round about the place as before hath béen said And if you see that it resolue apply the sayd Oile and wine vntil such time as it be whole And if it come to suppuration you shall vse it as before hath béen taught ¶ For the Hemerhoids YOu shall wash them with the foresaid wine and then apply your Oil with linnen clothes as afore said and pvon that your prepared Wine For colde Gouts FIrst you shall anoint all the whole greeued place with the said Oil then apply linnen clothes vpon that béeing steped in scalding water and wrung very hard This doon thrée or foure times shall cease the pain ¶ For Cankers IF the Canker be not opened the washing with the said Wine and the pledgets stéeped in the said Oil and applyed wil cause him to opeÌ„ and when be is opened you shall prosecute the cure as afore hath béen said For pain in the Raines YOu shall anoint the Raines very wel with the said Oil from the ridge of the back to the belly then vpon that apply a linnen cloth béeing steped in séething water and wrung hard as before hath been said vpon that again great pledgets of Towe and you shall wrap his legges very warme with hot clothes and let him lye down vpon his bed and couer him warme then wil he begin to swete which sweate wil be an occasion of his helth ¶ For olde Vlcers YOu shall first cut the lips of the Vlcer with a very sharp Razur then wash it very wel with the foresaid wine and so finish the rest of the cure as before hath béen said Finis ¶ Galenes third Book of the composition of medicens GAlen the father and light of Phisick séeing the great abuse whiche was in his time in the curing of wounds and hurts of Nerues or Sinewes thought it necessary in this his third Book of the composition of medicens generally to intreate and write the method or maner of curing wounds in the Nerues or Sinewye partes which cure before Galenes time was much abused and many patients suffered bothe terrible torments with losse of their limmes and also gréeuous conuolsions and painful cramps not without dauÌ„gerous feuers and great putrifaction hastening vntimely death So that there was none that had the perfect cure therof for at the beginning they vsed conglutinatiue and knitting medicins The errors which haue been vsed before Galens time which they ought not to haue doon And if there chaunced any inflamation then they fomented the afflicted place with hot water and applyed Cataplasmus of whete meale boyled with Hedraelaeum that is to say Oil and water boyled togither in the which was a great error and contrary to all true method for in so dooing the diseased parte quickly corrupted and came to putrifaction by reason of vnnatural heat and to much moisture Hot and moist ingeÌ„dreth putrifaction and corruption which are the onely and cheefest causes of putrifaction Neuerthelesse it dooth not followe that at all times drying cooling things ought tobe vsed because that the colde is an enemy to the Sinewes Hip. lib. 5 Aphoris 20. as Hippocrates testifieth wherfore there must be vsed drying things tempered with mode rate heat or at the least more declyning to heat then to colde which ought tobe of a suttle and percing substance for heate alone dooth not ingender putrifaction except it be mixt with abuÌ„dant moisture And after these things béeing well considered there must be diligent regarde whether the Sinew be vncouered or not Method for the cure of Nerues for if the sinew be vncouered the medicen ought not to be so strong for in such a case gentle and milde medicens are most meet where the Sinew is bare otherwise it wil bring moste perrillous accidents These medicens that are héer rehersed are of a thin suttle substance or nature as Succus cerenaeus The qualities and faculties of Simples which must be vsed in these medicens Succus medicus Sagapenum of the East Euphorbium of the West and the iuce of Tithimales Of minerals or medicens which are found in the Earth some be very suttle as AphromtruÌ„ id est Nitri spuma the frothy parte of Nitrum which easely wil dissolue or be melted in water Like wise these are suttle Nitrum beronicum and Asia Petra the floure of which among all earthly medicens is the most suttle Of metalls Lorpin and Sulphur be both suttle and hot After these Misy verdigrece and Chalcitis a mineralls of Lime the which be very hot and somewhat astringaunt Therfore in the compounding of suche suttle medicamentê we commonly burn or at the least wash and such like to mitigate the sircenes of their corosiue fretting nature as Chalcitis And next to this are placed Spodium Pompholix Psoicum Chrisocolla medicens of suttle substance without any smarting heate And of the like qualities are Succus laurinus and Cedrinus that is to say the iuce of Bayes and Cedre Neuerthelesse the Bay is not so suttle as the Cedre And of the like qualities and kindes is the licour or water of Lixiuii whiche the Greeks call Stacta and yet Oile of Cedron is of a greater and more excellent vertue although that the said Lixiuii be