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book_n	call_v	way_n	write_v	1,688	5	5.2221	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07688	The carpenters rule, or, a booke shewing many plain waies, truly to measure ordinarie timber, and other extraordinarie sollids, or timber with a detection of sundrie great errors, generally committed by carpenters and others in measuring of timber; tending much to the buyers great losse. Published especially for the good of the Companie of Carpenters in London, and others also; ... By Richard More carpenter.	More, Richard, carpenter.	1602 (1602)	STC 18075; ESTC S101895	34,355	60

at the left side and the inches and parts of an inch in A C D         ½ 1 12   8   2 6   4 9 ⅗ 3 4   3 5 1 7 4 3   2 8 5 2 4 ⅘ 2 2 2 11 6 2   1 10 1 7 7 1 8 4 7 1 7 ⅕ 8 1 6 1 4 16 17 9 1 4 1 3 3 19 10 1 2 ⅖ 1 2 ¾ 11 1 1 1 11 1 ½ 12 1     11 ½ 13   11 1 13   10 ⅔ 14   10 2 7   9 ⅞ 15   9 ⅗   9 2 7 16   9   8 ¾ 17   8 ½   8 ⅕ 18   8   7 ⅘ 19   7 4 7   7 ⅓ 20   7 ⅕   7 1 41 21   6 6 7   6 5 7 22   6 ½   6 ⅜ 23   6 ¼   6 ⅛ 24   6   5 ⅞ 25   5 ¾   5 11 17 26   5 ½   5 3 7 27   5 ⅓   5 2 9 28   5 1 7   5 1 10 29   5   4 ⅞ 30   4 ⅘   4 5 7 the broder row at the right side thereof Note also that where as you sée in the fractions sometimes one pricke sometimes two prickes that when one pricke stands before the fractions it signifies a littellesse and two prickes a little more Now if that the breadth of the boord be a certaine number of inches and one halfe inch then is the length of a foote ouer against those number of inches in the colum vnder D. But because an example will giue more light then many words otherwise Therefore suppose the boord to be 11 inches broade then finde 11 in the row AB and ouer against it in the colum C you shall sée 1.1 and 1 11 which is one foote one inch and one eleuenth part of an inch But if the boord were 11 inches and ½ broad then séeke the length of a foote ouer against that 11 in the colum D and it is 12 inches and ½ So if the breadth of the boord were 25 inches and ½ looke for 25 in the row AB and ouer against it in the colum D you shall sée fiue inches and fiue seauenth parts of an inch And let this suffice for the Table of boord-measure The Table of Timber-measure IN the row AB is set downe the squares of Timber from one inch to 30 inches Ouer against euery one of these in the colum vnder C is set downe the length of a foote in féete and inches and parts of an inch The féete are set downe in the row at the left hand of this columas farre as the squares doe yeld a foote and the inches and parts of an inch are set downe in the row towards the left hand of the same colum But if the squares of the péece of timber be any number of inches betwéene 1 and 10 and an od halfe inch more then ouer against those number of inches in the colum vnder D you shall finde the length of a foote in féete inches and parts of an inch the féete standing as in the other colum in the row at the left side thereof and the inches parts of an inch in the row at the right side The reason why I added those halfe inches from 1 to 10 is because in measuring of Timber by deducting the lost square as is set down in the fourth chapter of this second part of this booke you shal haue occasion oft times to séeke out the length of a foote for a square of one inch and a halfe two inches and ½ thrée inches and ½ and so forth to ten inches Here farther it is to be noted that whereas you shall finde for the most part before the numerafor of the fractions sometimes one pricke sometimes two prickes that one pricke doth signifie somewhat lesse and two prickes doth signifie somwhat more This I haue noted as Master Digges hath also don though it matters not whether such more or lesse were obserued or not séeing no sensible error comes by omitting them A C D         ½ 1 144   64   2 36   23 ½ 3 16   11 9 1 16 4 9   7 1 ⅓ 5 5 9 3 25 4 9 ⅛ 6 4   3 4 8 9 7 2 11 2 7 2 4 ¾ 8 2 3 1 11 12 13 9 1 9 ⅓ 1 7 1 7 10 1 5 2 7     11 1 2 2 7     12 1       13   10 ⅕     14   8 13 16     15   7 ⅔     16   6 ¾     17   6     18   5 ⅓     19   4 25 32     20   4 5 16     21   3 11 12     22   3 4 7     23   3 ¼     24   3     25   2 ¾     26   2 9 16     27   2 ⅜     28   2 ⅕     29   2 1 16     30   1 11 12     An example or two in this case shall not be vnnecessarie If the square of the péece giuen be fiue inches finde fiue in the row AB and ouer against it in the colum of C you shall finde fiue foote nine inches and thrée twentie fiue parts of an inch If the square giuen be thirtéene then ouer against thirtéene you shall finde on the right side of the colum C 10⅕ which is 10 inches and somewhat more then one fift part of an inch if the square giuen be sixe inches and a halfe then ouer against sixe you shall finde the colum D for the length of a foote thrée foote foure inches and somewhat lesse then eight ninth parts of an inch more examples néedes not Enough hath béen said to any that is but of meane capacitie and desirous to learne The end of the second part THE THIRD PART OF THE CARPENTERS RVLE Containing sundrie true waies to measure superficies and sollids or as wee call them Boords and Timber of extraordinarie formes CHAPTER 1. The meaning of certaine tearmes of Geometrie generally vsed in this third part WHen I had written the former part of this booke concerning measuring of ordinarie Timber and Boord and did consider that besides the pleasure there would come some good to Carpenters if they could also measure extraordinarie fourmes I haue therefore thought good to adde this part vnto the other two True it is that Master Digs in his Tectonicon hath not béen silent of the most of these things But because he applies them to measuring of land few or none doe thinke that they belong also to measuring of Timber and therefore my labour I hope is not vnnecessarie though I should but haue repeated the same thing and apply them to our vse without adding any other thing I haue knowne some that would buy whole frames readie wrought by measure but

sure I am that no Carpenter could haue measured it for them without the knowledge of that which is written hereafter And because I shall haue occasion to vse many tearmes of Geometrie by which I may with more ease deliuer and you with more plainnes perceiue my minde in these things I haue therefore set downe the meaning as plainly as I can of some Geometricall tearmes which most serue for our present purpose And in this Chapter I explaine onely those tearmes that generally I vse throughout this whole part and which doe not properly belong to any one chapter The rest I will declare in the beginning of euery chapter as the matter thereof giues occasion But to the matter 1. An Angle is nothing els but a corner made by the méeting of two lines for I speake not of sollid Angles 2. A right Angle which wee call a squire or a square Angle is that whose two lines comprehending or making the Angle stand perpendicular or plumbe the one to the other 3. An oblique Angle which we call beuell or skew is euery angle not being a right angle whether it be greater or lesse or as we say whether it spread or clitch 4. A Superficies is that which hath onely length and breadth and no thicknes at all Here note that whereas we call boords superficies and Timber sollids it is not because a boord is not a sollid for it hath length breadth and thicknes but because we respect not in measuring of them but only their length and breadth 5. A Sollid or a bodie is that which hath length breadth and thicknes 6. Parallels are those lines superficies or sollids that differ euery where alike or are not néerer together in one place then in another 7. A Figure is any kinde of superficies or sollid that is bounded about as Triangles Squares Circles Globes Cones Prismes and the rest 8. The Base of a Figure is any side as wee may say thereof vpon which it may be supposed to stand Or if you take any side of a figure for the ground or bottome or lower part thereof that same is the Base 9. The height of a figure is the length of a Perpendicular or plumme line falling from the top thereof to the base ground or bottome thereof And whether this Perpendicular or plum line fall within or without the figure it makes no matter so as it be neither higher nor lower then the base or bottome CHAP. 2. How to raise and let fall a Perpendicular A Perpendicular line is that which stands plumme vpright vpon another leaning neither the one way nor the other A Perpendicular is said to be raised when a point is giuen in a line from which it must rise It is said to bée let fall when a point is giuen aboue the line from which it must fall Now besides that you may both raise and let fall a Perpendicular by a squire or square there are many waies Geometrically to doe both the one and the other And because there is especiall vse in this third part of letting fall a perpendicular or plumme line from a point giuen as also from an angle in a figure to the base I would not haue men ignorant how to doe the same without a squire which is not alwaies at hand when a rule paire of compasses are And yet I will set downe onely one way of many to auoide tediousnes which is thus Let the point giuen be A the line giuen BC. Open the Cōpasses to any distance conuenient and setting one foote in the point A make an arke or péece of a Circle with the other foote till it cut the line BC twice Those two places of cutting we call Intersections and are here in this example at B and C. Then finde the middle betwéene those two Intersections and from that middle draw a line to the point A which is the point giuen and that line shal be perpendicular or plumbe from the point A to the line B C as was required CHAP. 3. Of a Triangle and a Prisme what they are and how they be measured Triangles are diuers both in respect of their sides and angles and may bee measured diuers waies But let this one way serue for all Multiplie halfe of the base by all the height or perpendicular Or which is all one multiplie all the base by halfe the height or perpendicular and either of the products giues the content of the Triangle Here I pray you remember what I meane by the base and height or altitude according as was she wed in the former Chapter In this figure you may suppose the longest line to be the base and then the prickt line is the height or perpendicular Now note that a Prisme is that whose two opposite plaines or ends be equall like and parallell the other sides being parallelograms that is figures whose opposite sides are equall and whose angles be all right angles So that euery péece of timber may be called a Prisme not being broder at one end then at another of what fashion soeuer it be whether the base or end thereof be of thrée sides as cants or of foure fiue sixe or more sides as other timber and whether the sides be of equall length or of vnequall How to measure any Prisme or péece of timber of whatsoeuer fourme or fashion the base or end thereof is you néede but multiplie the content of the base or end by the altitude or height or as wee call it the length of the péece and the product giues the content thereof This might serue once for all as sufficient to measure sollids or timber whose bases or ends are like and equall so that it néeded not but to teach how to measure euery kinde of base as Triangles Quadrangles c. But yet for plainnes sake I will giue examples of euery forme with some varietie of measuring them when I speake of measuring plaine figures as being their bases 1. Therefore if the base of your Prisme or péece of timber were the said figure A multiplte the content of the Triangle A by the length of the péece and the product giues the content thereof 2. Or els you may measure that Prisme or péece of timber thus Take the whole perpendicular and suppose it to be one side of a squared péece of timber as we call it and take halfe the base for the other side and so measure it by any of the waies taught in the second part of this booke This being vnderstood which is here written the vse hereof is very generall For besides that the Carpenter may measure hereby any canted péece of timber as steps for staires and canted railes and such like the plaisterer also who often worketh by the yard may hereby measure gable-ends and such like fourmes The Glasier hath likewise vse hereof and also it may stand the Mason oft in stead CHAP. 4. What a Parallelogram is and how it is measured A Parallelogram is a figure whose

of such a tapered péece that is take for the breadth of the lost péce halfe the difference of the breadth of both ends and for the thicknes of the lost péce halfe the difference of the thicknes of both ends As for example if the péece be twentie ynches broad and sixtéene ynches thicke at one end and fiftéene ynches broade and twelue ynches thicke at the other end and twentie foure foot long then the last péece is foure foote long two ynches and a halfe broade and two ynches thick for two and a halfe is the halfe of fiue which is the difference of the breadth of both ends and two is the halfe of foure which is the difference of the thicknes of both ends The losse that commeth by this error is to the seller and yet in truth it is such as yéeldeth no profit to the buyer For we lose more by such Timber being imployed to any ordinarie vse then that aduantage by the measure doth come vnto But yet I would not haue workemen to take that way for a true measure which is false neither to be ignorant how such Timber is to be measured if occasion doe offer or if men shall require it In the second and third part of this booke where I shew how to measure Timber I will shew how tapered Timber may be measured from which I will no longer detaine you taking that to be sufficient which I haue written alreadie to shew the grossest of the errors generally committed by Carpenters and others in measuring of Timber The end of the first part THE SECOND PART OF THE CARPENTERS RVLE Wherein is set downe sundrie plaine wayes truly to measure ordinarie Timber and Boord CHAPTER 1. How Boords and planks are ordinarily measured IN the former part of this booke I told you that I had not obserued any maine error in measuring of ordinarie Boord and planke though great fault in buying of wainie boord and planke and measuring it as square And therefore it shall not be needefull to inuent or set downe any new wayes of measuring of them onely it shall suffice to repeate the wayes alreadie in vse ordinarily which are thrée Of which the first is troublesome and therefore rather to be knowne for varietie then vsed in measuring The second is true but longer in doing then the third and therefore I would aduise the third to be followed and vsed Only looke that your Rule be truely made and that diligence be vsed in measuring therewith else there will follow error of necessitie bee the wayes to measure by neuer so exact The first way to measure boord The first way let be this And first note that for this purpose I call an ynch that which is an inch broad and twelue ynches long of which ynches twelue doe make a foote Now if the Boord to be measured be vnder a foote in breadth then reckon how many times twelue of the said ynches you can haue in the whole Boord and so many foote is there in it If the Boord be iust a foote broade then it containes so many foote as it is féete in length But if it be more then a foote broad then measure it as a foresaid as if it were two Boords the one of a foote broade the other so broad as the odde inches remaining then adde their contents together for the content of the whole boord This rule to them that vnderstand it may be fitlier set downe in other words thus Multiplie the number of inches in the breadth by the number of feete in the length then diuide the product by twelue and the quotient shewes the number of féete in the boord The second way is thus Measure the length of the boord The second way to measure boord Then if the same boord be vnder a foote brode draw or set the breadth thereof so many times on the boord as it cōntayneth féete in length and there make a pricke And then so many foote as there are from the beginning to that pricke so many foote doth the boord contayne And if the boord be aboue a foote broade then you may take out the euen féete and measure the remainder as aforesaid and then adde both those together for the content of the whole The third way is this Take the breadth of the boord The third way to measure boord then finde by the Rule what length maketh a foote at that breadth and then sée how many times that length is in the boord and so many foote are in it These I stand not vpon because they are well enough knowne to all men CHAP. 2. How to measure Timber by a certaine way called Drawght-measure THis way may fall out so tedious as that I would not haue troubled either my selfe to write it or you to reade it had it not béen that I would not haue you ignorant of that way which some doe vse in some places of this Land The way is thus This rule aforesaid will hold true for any Timber that is vnder a foote square But if it be aboue a foote square and not aboue two foote square then must you imagine that one quarter thereof is to be measured and therefore take but halfe of each of the two sides and when you haue so cast it vp as if it were but a quarter accoumpt foure times so much for the content of the whole péece But if the péece of Timber be aboue two foote square and not aboue foure foote square then may you imagine that a sixtéenth part thereof is to be measured Which done accoumpt sixtéene times somuch for the content of the whole péece now to take the sixtéenth part you may take a quarter of the breadth and a quarter of the thicknes But this kinde of measure if it fall out in a péece of Timber aboue a foote square is so tedious as that I doe wonder any man would content himselfe with it And yet because I haue set it downe take one note more which is this If the péece to be measured haue any od ynches in the length either at the first or second working then must you hauing drawne the want so many times as there is féete in length adde thereunto such part of the want as the od measure of the length is part of a foote And thus much of Drawght-measure CHAP. 3. How Timber may be measured by Boord measure onely WHen I considered the readines of many men in measuring of boord by one of the thrée former wayes and how spéedily they will cast vp the whole stocke hauing measured one boord by the obseruing of skores tens and fiues therein and withall considering the great error that those men run into in measuring of Timber This moued me to thinke of some course how these men that are so expert in measuring of boord might by the same way measure any square péece of Timber This way though it be true yet it is troublesome and therefore I would wish them