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say_v be_v the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n but_o if_o the_o conveniency_n be_v observe_v it_o will_v not_o seem_v impertinent_a c._n for_o all_o the_o leader_n be_v in_o front_n therefore_o be_v they_o call_v leader_n because_o they_o precede_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v it_o make_v both_o a_o gallant_a show_n and_o that_o rank_a be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o edge_n of_o our_o battle_n not_o only_o serve_v to_o hew_v a_o sunder_o and_o rend_v a_o piece_n the_o force_n of_o our_o enemy_n but_o also_o stand_v as_o a_o assure_a bulwark_n of_o defence_n before_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n that_o follow_v and_o it_o be_v well_o note_v by_o 13._o leo_n that_o the_o multitude_n of_o commander_n in_o orderly_a division_n both_o signify_v that_o there_o be_v many_o worthy_a and_o valiant_a man_n in_o the_o army_n and_o be_v a_o mean_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n in_o great_a obedience_n and_o to_o give_v undoubted_a effect_n to_o all_o direction_n of_o what_o quality_n and_o disposition_n 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number_n to_o the_o tetrarchy_n with_o who_o suidas_n agree_v give_v 2._o tetrarchy_n to_o a_o taxis_fw-la and_o say_v it_o consist_v of_o 128_o man_n the_o commander_n of_o the_o taxis_fw-la be_v call_v a_o taxiarch_n as_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o tetrarchy_n be_v a_o tetrarch_n here_o i_o be_o to_o note_v by_o the_o way_n that_o the_o interpreter_n of_o xenophon_n translate_v taxiarcha_n the_o commander_n of_o a_o cohort_n where_o be_v taxis_fw-la in_o the_o straight_a signification_n can_v be_v take_v for_o a_o cohort_n because_o a_o cohort_n differ_v much_o in_o number_n have_v in_o it_o at_o the_o least_o 500_o and_o odd_a man_n where_o the_o taxis_fw-la when_o it_o be_v great_a have_v no_o more_o than_o 128._o and_o c._n polybius_n say_v plain_o that_o spira_n be_v the_o greek_a word_n that_o full_o express_v the_o roman_a cohort_n 4_o a_o syntagma_n the_o word_n come_v of_o syntasso_n or_o syntatto_n to_o place_v together_o and_o a_o syntagma_n be_v a_o body_n compound_v of_o many_o part_n artificial_o put_v together_o c._n but_o it_o may_v be_v take_v for_o anymore_o in_o the_o army_n 391._o diodorus_n report_v of_o dionysius_n the_o elder_a that_o after_o he_o have_v divide_v his_o whole_a army_n which_o have_v in_o it_o 30000_o into_o three_o part_n he_o employ_v two_o against_o the_o carthaginian_a camp_n in_o diverse_a manner_n himself_o take_v the_o syntagma_n or_o three_o part_n which_o consist_v of_o mercenary_a soldier_n and_o lead_v against_o that_o quarter_n of_o the_o camp_n which_o have_v the_o engine_n 31._o aelian_a also_o use_v the_o word_n diverslie_o for_o he_o call_v the_o whole_a army_n by_o the_o name_n of_o syntagmata_fw-la in_o the_o plural_a number_n and_o sometime_o syntagma_n in_o the_o singular_a and_o further_o give_v the_o same_o name_n to_o a_o file_n mâ—cos_fw-la suidas_n likewise_o discribe_v the_o length_n of_o a_o phalange_n say_v it_o be_v the_o first_o rank_n syntagma_n of_o file_n leader_n which_o stretch_v forth_o in_o a_o right_a line_n from_o wing_n to_o wing_n whereby_o appear_v that_o which_o the_o logician_n affirm_v which_o i_o touch_v before_o that_o there_o be_v more_o thing_n than_o name_n of_o thing_n and_o that_o fit_a name_n can_v be_v give_v to_o all_o the_o name_n that_o have_v be_v give_v by_o antiquity_n to_o express_v the_o several_a body_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v retain_v by_o we_o as_o proper_a enough_o to_o signify_v the_o thing_n they_o mean_v neither_o be_v we_o to_o vary_v from_o they_o unless_o we_o ourselves_o can_v invent_v better_o the_o syntagma_n that_o aelian_n here_o mention_v be_v frame_v of_o two_o taxi_n that_o be_v of_o 16._o file_n &_o of_o 256_o man_n the_o commander_n of_o it_o be_v name_v a_o syntagmatarch_n and_o where_o he_o add_v it_o be_v call_v of_o some_o a_o xenagy_n we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o 10._o xenagos_n be_v he_o among_o the_o grecian_n that_o have_v the_o command_n of_o a_o band_n of_o stranger_n as_o he_o that_o levy_v stranger_n be_v call_v b._n xenologos_n and_o the_o band_n itself_o be_v call_v a_o xenagy_n why_o the_o syntagma_n shall_v have_v the_o appellation_n of_o xenagy_n i_o can_v divine_v unless_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o it_o be_v about_o the_o number_n whereof_o stranger_n make_v their_o company_n that_o serve_v among_o the_o grecian_n and_o i_o think_v and_o shall_v till_o better_a information_n that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v call_v a_o xenagy_n mention_v hereafter_o have_v that_o name_n likewise_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n now_o of_o all_o the_o body_n in_o this_o chapter_n mention_v there_o be_v none_o that_o come_v so_o near_o the_o company_n use_v at_o this_o day_n as_o do_v the_o syntagma_n for_o except_v that_o our_o number_n differre_fw-la and_o be_v in_o diverse_a place_n more_o or_o less_o the_o office_n of_o each_o be_v alike_o you_o have_v in_o
of_o the_o horse_n in_o general_n chap._n 20_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_n of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n 21_o of_o chariotts_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o ruler_n chap_n 23._o the_o name_n of_o the_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n 24._o of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n 25._o of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n and_o of_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 26._o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 27._o of_o counter_a march_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v chap._n 28._o of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o broadfronted_a phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n chap._n 30._o of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n 31._o the_o manner_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n 32._o of_o close_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n &_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n 33._o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n 34._o of_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n 35._o of_o march_v of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o coelembole_n and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o coelembole_n chap._n 36._o of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n 37._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v amphistomus_fw-la chap._n 38._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 39_o of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 40._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n 41._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v himoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n 42._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v heterostomus_fw-la chap._n 43._o again_o of_o the_o horsebattaile_n call_v the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o foot_n halfmoon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 44._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n heteromeres_n and_o the_o broad_a front_a foot_n battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 45._o of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 46._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n 47._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n which_o be_v square_a in_o ground_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 48._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v plaesium_n and_o the_o sawefronted_a foot_n battle_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 49._o of_o overfront_v the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o overw_v it_o and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n 50._o of_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n 51._o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n &_o of_o certain_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o chap._n 52_o of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n 53._o the_o manner_n of_o pronounce_v the_o word_n of_o command_v chap._n 54._o the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n and_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o arte._n chap._n i._n homer_n the_o poet_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o least_o we_o read_v of_o that_o have_v the_o skill_n of_o imbattail_v a_o army_n and_o that_o admire_a man_n endue_v with_o that_o knowledge_n as_o appear_v by_o mnestheus_n of_o who_o he_o write_v he_o like_o no_o live_a wight_n be_v find_v nor_o any_o age_n do_v yield_v to_o martial_a troop_n of_o horse_n or_o band_n of_o foot_n in_o bloody_a field_n concern_v homer_n discipline_n military_a the_o work_n of_o stratocles_n &_o of_o 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n in_o our_o time_n be_v to_o be_v read_v 2_o aeneas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n thereof_o at_o large_a publish_v many_o volume_n of_o warfare_n which_o be_v abridge_v by_o 3_o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a likewise_o 4_o pyrrhus_n the_o epirot_n write_v tactic_n and_o his_o son_n 5_o alexander_n and_o clearchus_n and_o pausanias_n and_o 6_o euangelus_n &_o 7_o polybius_n the_o megapolitan_a a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n scipio_n companion_n &_o eupolemus_n and_o 8_o iphicrates_n 9_o possidonius_fw-la also_o the_o stoic_a set_v forth_o the_o art_n of_o war_n &_o many_o other_o some_o in_o introduction_n as_o brion_n some_o in_o large_a tactick_a volume_n all_o which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v and_o yet_o think_v it_o not_o much_o to_o purpose_n to_o mention_v perticulerlie_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o those_o writer_n for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o apply_v their_o stile_n not_o to_o the_o ignorant_a but_o to_o such_o as_o be_v already_o acquaint_v with_o the_o matter_n they_o entreat_v of_o as_o for_o the_o impediment_n which_o present_v themselves_o to_o i_o when_o first_o i_o give_v my_o mind_n to_o the_o study_n of_o this_o art_n as_o namely_o neither_o to_o happen_v upon_o sufficient_a instructour_n nor_o yet_o to_o find_v light_n or_o perspicuity_n enough_o in_o the_o precept_n deliver_v i_o will_v endeavour_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v to_o remove_v out_o of_o other_o man_n way_n and_o as_o often_o as_o word_n shall_v fail_v to_o express_v my_o meaning_n i_o will_v for_o plainness_n sake_n use_v the_o direction_n of_o figure_n and_o pourtraict_n adjoin_v thereby_o the_o view_n of_o the_o eye_n as_o a_o aid_n and_o assistance_n to_o the_o understanding_n &_o withal_o retain_v the_o term_n of_o ancient_a author_n to_o the_o end_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v follow_v this_o book_n for_o a_o introduction_n be_v therein_o exercise_v both_o to_o the_o same_o word_n &_o also_o to_o the_o usage_n of_o thing_n express_v in_o they_o may_v grow_v as_o it_o be_v acquaint_v and_o imagine_v himself_o no_o strange_a when_o he_o come_v to_o read_v their_o work_n by_o which_o way_n by_o i_o prescribe_v i_o make_v no_o doubt_n they_o will_v easy_o be_v understand_v now_o that_o this_o art_n of_o all_o other_o be_v of_o most_o use_n may_v appear_v by_o plato_n in_o his_o book_n of_o law_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o cretan_a law_n giver_n so_o contrive_v his_o law_n as_o if_o man_n be_v always_o praepare_v to_o fight_v for_o all_o city_n have_v by_o nature_n unproclaim_v war_n one_o against_o another_o which_o be_v so_o what_o discipline_n be_v more_o to_o be_v esteem_v or_o more_o avaylable_a to_o man_n life_n than_o this_o of_o war_n note_n it_o seem_v by_o this_o chapter_n that_o the_o author_n that_o have_v of_o ancient_a time_n write_v tactic_n have_v be_v many_o and_o those_o not_o of_o such_o kind_n of_o man_n as_o have_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o contemplation_n alone_o but_o of_o such_o as_o beside_o their_o knowledge_n in_o good_a letter_n have_v be_v actor_n in_o war_n themselves_o &_o which_o be_v more_o principal_a actor_n some_o of_o they_o general_n other_o the_o next_o degree_n to_o general_n howbeit_o there_o be_v none_o here_o mention_v by_o aelian_n who_o work_n be_v extant_a where_o by_o may_v be_v esteem_v the_o inestimable_a loss_n these_o late_a age_n have_v suffer_v in_o be_v deprive_v of_o such_o excellent_a monument_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v so_o term_v they_o without_o offence_n though_o i_o have_v not_o see_v they_o for_o what_o but_o excellent_a can_v proceed_v from_o man_n of_o such_o excellency_n in_o their_o profession_n such_o as_o the_o most_o part_n of_o those_o be_v yet_o for_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v say_v nothing_o as_o find_v little_a remembrance_n of_o they_o in_o ancient_a writer_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v eupolemus_n stratocles_n hermias_n clear_a chus_fw-la pausanias_n albeit_o such_o name_n may_v often_o be_v find_v the_o rest_n be_v special_o mention_v and_o much_o commend_v of_o who_o i_o will_v set_v down_o what_o i_o find_v 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n i_o have_v before_o note_v some_o what_o of_o frontine_n we_o have_v of_o he_o as_o it_o be_v think_v other_o work_n beside_o his_o stratagem_n but_o this_o book_n of_o tactic_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v we_o have_v not_o i_o will_v only_o add_v the_o relation_n of_o â—_o vegetius_n towch_v frontine_n who_o write_v thus_o cato_n the_o elder_a albeit_o he_o have_v be_v both_o invincible_a in_o arm_n and_o often_o general_n of_o great_a army_n believe_v yet_o he_o shall_v more_o profit_v his_o country_n if_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o write_v the_o
discipline_n of_o war_n for_o valiant_a act_n be_v but_o of_o one_o man_n age_n but_o thing_n write_v for_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o state_n endure_v for_o ever_o many_o other_o have_v do_v the_o like_a but_o especial_o frontine_n who_o industry_n herein_o be_v great_o approve_v by_o the_o emperor_n trajan_n 2_o aenaeas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n aenaeas_n be_v mention_v by_o â—_o polybius_n in_o his_o 10._o book_n where_o he_o discourse_v of_o sign_n to_o be_v make_v by_o beacon_n of_o fire_n in_o case_n a_o enemy_n approach_v to_o any_o part_n of_o our_o country_n his_o book_n be_v entitle_v commentary_n of_o the_o office_n of_o a_o general_n as_o polybius_n say_v &_o aelian_n here_o call_v they_o book_n of_o the_o office_n of_o a_o general_n the_o title_n be_v all_o one_o in_o effect_n of_o these_o book_n none_o have_v reach_v to_o our_o age_n but_o one_o alone_a which_o comprise_v precept_n of_o defend_v a_o town_n besiege_v &_o some_o 5._o or_o 6._o year_n ago_o come_v first_o to_o light_n &_o privity_n that_o worthy_a man_n isaac_n casaubon_n the_o learned_a ornament_n of_o his_o country_n and_o of_o england_n so_o long_o as_o he_o live_v there_o be_v the_o setter_n forth_o and_o it_o be_v adjoin_v to_o his_o edition_n of_o polybius_n these_o book_n tactick_a of_o aenaeas_n be_v abridge_v as_o aelian_n say_v by_o 3._o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a plutarchin_v the_o life_n of_o pyrrhus_n tell_v we_o what_o cyneas_n be_v pyrrho_n there_o be_v say_v he_o in_o the_o court_n of_o pyrrhus_n a_o thessalian_a a_o man_n of_o great_a understanding_n &_o who_o have_v hear_v the_o orator_n demosthenes_n seem_v alone_o of_o all_o that_o then_o be_v esteem_v eloquent_a to_o renew_v in_o the_o memory_n of_o the_o hearer_n a_o image_n &_o shadow_n of_o the_o vehemency_n &_o vigour_n of_o his_o utterance_n pyrrhus_n hold_v he_o in_o his_o court_n and_o make_v use_v of_o he_o in_o send_v he_o in_o embassage_n to_o people_n and_o city_n in_o which_o embassage_n he_o confirm_v the_o say_n of_o euripides_n what_o ever_o force_n can_v do_v with_o trenchant_a sword_n the_o same_o or_o more_o be_v wrought_v by_o please_a word_n therefore_o be_v pyrrhus_n wont_a to_o say_v that_o cyneas_n have_v gain_v more_o city_n with_o his_o eloquence_n than_o himself_o with_o arm_n by_o occasion_n whereof_o he_o do_v he_o great_a honour_n &_o employ_v he_o in_o his_o principal_a affair_n 1â—_n tiâ—lly_o speak_v of_o his_o work_n your_o letter_n say_v he_o to_o papyrius_n paetus_n have_v make_v i_o a_o great_a general_n i_o be_v altogether_o ignorant_a of_o your_o so_o great_a skill_n in_o military_a matter_n i_o see_v you_o have_v read_v the_o book_n of_o pyrrhus_n &_o cynaeas_n i_o therefore_o purpose_n to_o follow_v your_o counsel_n this_o yet_o more_o to_o have_v some_o few_o ship_n in_o a_o readiness_n upon_o the_o sea-coast_n they_o say_v there_o be_v no_o better_a armour_n against_o parthian_a horseman_n but_o why_o sport_n we_o you_o know_v not_o with_o what_o a_o 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