certain_a mode_n of_o a_o trinity_n in_o which_o they_o feign_v three_o god_n at_o length_n to_o counite_a into_o one_o deity_n of_o this_o also_o the_o spanish_a epistle_n make_v mention_n in_o these_o word_n they_o have_v notice_n of_o the_o gospel_n because_o in_o the_o province_n of_o peking_n among_o other_o idol_n there_o be_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o man_n which_o have_v three_o head_n and_o they_o look_v one_o towards_o the_o other_o and_o the_o chineses_n say_v that_o it_o signify_v that_o all_o three_o of_o they_o have_v but_o one_o will_n and_o desire_n and_o a_o little_a after_o he_o say_v there_o be_v another_o image_n of_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o woman_n with_o a_o child_n in_o her_o arms._n father_n martin_n martinius_n report_v that_o he_o have_v see_v in_o many_o image_n the_o print_n or_o footstep_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n in_o the_o province_n of_o fokien_n and_o he_o also_o assert_v that_o he_o behold_v ancient_a cross_n and_o the_o image_n of_o the_o bless_a 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from_o a_o certain_a philosopher_n who_o flourish_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o confutius_n they_o feign_v that_o his_o mother_n bear_v he_o eighty_o year_n in_o her_o womb_n wherefore_o he_o be_v call_v lanzu_n that_o be_v the_o old_a philosopher_n this_o opinion_n promise_v paradise_n unto_o those_o that_o be_v make_v up_o of_o soul_n and_o body_n and_o they_o hang_v up_o in_o their_o temple_n the_o effigy_n of_o certain_a person_n who_o they_o fable_n to_o have_v soar_v up_o unto_o the_o heaven_n they_o prescribe_v method_n of_o exercise_n to_o attain_v the_o same_o which_o consist_v in_o uâ—rious_a rite_n and_o certain_a prayer_n also_o in_o potion_n by_o which_o and_o with_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o god_n they_o promise_v a_o long_a life_n it_o be_v the_o peculiar_a office_n of_o the_o priest_n of_o this_o sect_n by_o impious_a prayer_n to_o exorcise_v devil_n out_o of_o house_n which_o they_o attempt_v by_o affix_v on_o the_o wall_n the_o horrid_a shape_n of_o daemon_n 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all_o sort_n of_o idol_n but_o to_o clear_v this_o first_o as_o the_o egyptian_n and_o grecian_n believe_v certain_a deity_n to_o preside_v over_o the_o universe_n so_o unto_o these_o do_v the_o chineses_n build_v mystical_a temple_n these_o they_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o egyptian_n pacify_v and_o attract_v with_o various_a rite_n and_o ceremony_n the_o second_o argument_n that_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o chineses_n be_v borrow_a or_o derive_v from_o the_o egyptian_n be_v so_o manifest_a that_o no_o person_n can_v in_o the_o least_o doubt_n or_o question_v the_o same_o and_o it_o be_v this_o that_o unto_o this_o very_a day_n there_o be_v find_v temple_n dedicate_v unto_o mars_n venus_n fortune_n peace_n the_o oreades_n or_o nymph_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o other_o god_n common_a both_o to_o the_o grecian_n and_o egyptian_n as_o the_o ichnography_n of_o the_o metropolitan_a city_n of_o nank_v in_o china_n no_o less_o elegant_o than_o exact_o imprint_v on_o chinesian_a 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or_o apollo_n the_o temple_n dedicate_v to_o the_o precedent_n of_o the_o wood_n or_o diana_n the_o altar_n of_o heaven_n the_o altar_n of_o the_o earth_n ceres_n the_o altar_n of_o the_o god_n of_o rain_n the_o altar_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bird_n these_o be_v so_o agreeable_a to_o the_o grecian_a and_o egyptian_a deity_n that_o all_o their_o idolatry_n seem_v to_o have_v make_v a_o voyage_n thence_o into_o china_n the_o three_o argument_n be_v that_o beside_o their_o letter_n in_o which_o they_o come_v very_o near_o the_o hieroglyphic_n of_o the_o egyptian_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o my_o oedipus_n they_o have_v the_o same_o ceremony_n it_o be_v receive_v for_o truth_n on_o all_o hand_n that_o the_o egyptian_n always_o adore_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o pyramid_n with_o a_o certain_a divine_a honour_n the_o tract_n of_o which_o sort_n of_o worship_n continue_v in_o china_n for_o they_o have_v also_o pyramid_n which_o they_o call_v chinees_n and_o hold_v they_o in_o so_o great_a veneration_n that_o no_o person_n dare_v undertake_v any_o thing_n till_o such_o time_n as_o he_o have_v perform_v his_o devotion_n there_o i_o shall_v allege_v petrus_n jarricus_fw-la as_o a_o witness_n of_o this_o matter_n who_o in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o indian_a history_n publish_v in_o french_a chap._n 51._o speak_v of_o they_o have_v these_o word_n follow_v beside_o these_o wooden_a idol_n there_o be_v other_o which_o they_o call_v chinees_n make_v for_o workmanship_n in_o the_o fashion_n of_o pyramid_n within_o which_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a kind_n of_o white_a ant_n or_o emmet_n which_o discover_v not_o themselves_o without_o but_o have_v their_o little_a cabin_n or_o lodge_n within_o so_o that_o none_o know_v from_o whence_o they_o receive_v their_o nourishment_n the_o idolater_n stand_v much_o in_o fear_n of_o these_o chinees_n insomuch_o that_o when_o they_o buy_v a_o slave_n they_o first_o bring_v he_o before_o some_o one_o of_o these_o pyramid_n with_o a_o wine-offering_a or_o other_o thing_n which_o they_o present_v unto_o it_o supplicate_v the_o idol_n that_o if_o he_o shall_v run_v away_o he_o will_v cause_v the_o serpent_n lizard_n and_o tiger_n to_o kill_v and_o devour_v he_o whereupon_o the_o poor_a slave_n be_v so_o fearful_a that_o although_o they_o be_v ill_o use_v by_o their_o master_n yet_o do_v they_o never_o presume_v to_o forsake_v they_o from_o which_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o chineses_n borrow_a all_o these_o foppery_n from_o the_o egyptian_n persian_n and_o other_o who_o as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o my_o oedipus_n worship_v a_o stone_n or_o rock_n terminate_v in_o a_o cone_n or_o a_o pyramid_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o deity_n but_o for_o the_o novizonian_a pyramid_n hear_v father_n martinius_n who_o in_o his_o atlas_n fol._n 57_o thus_o describe_v they_o in_o the_o province_n of_o foquien_v say_v he_o be_v
and_o to_o that_o end_n and_o purpose_n in_o the_o first_o place_n you_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o old_a chinese_n character_n or_o letter_n differ_v very_o much_o from_o those_o in_o present_a use_n for_o at_o first_o the_o chineses_n characterise_v their_o meaning_n in_o a_o kind_n of_o hierogly_a phick_n shape_n as_o of_o fourfooted_a beast_n creep_v creature_n fish_n herb_n bough_n of_o tree_n rope_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v various_o make_v and_o contrive_v as_o the_o fancy_n of_o the_o user_n think_v meet_v but_o after-age_n by_o a_o long_a series_n of_o time_n and_o a_o constant_a practical_a use_n thereof_o find_v a_o great_a confusion_n in_o such_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o differ_v creature_n and_o herb_n imitate_v the_o form_n of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o character_n make_v or_o add_v some_o little_a point_n and_o line_n about_o they_o to_o distinguish_v they_o one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v reduce_v they_o into_o better_a order_n and_o a_o less_o number_n and_o those_o be_v the_o letter_n they_o use_v at_o present_a of_o the_o old_a chinese_n character_n there_o be_v to_o be_v see_v seventeen_o sort_n the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a be_v invent_v by_o the_o emperor_n tohias_n and_o compose_v of_o dragon_n and_o snake_n most_o strange_o interweave_v one_o within_o another_o and_o cast_v into_o several_a form_n for_o this_o reason_n the_o book_n which_o the_o same_o emperor_n tohias_n write_v of_o astrology_n be_v call_v the_o book_n of_o dragon_n but_o at_o this_o time_n those_o character_n be_v quite_o wear_v out_o of_o use_n in_o the_o country_n the_o second_o sort_n be_v frame_v out_o of_o several_a thing_n belong_v to_o husbandry_n and_o use_v by_o the_o chinese_n emperor_n xinnung_n in_o all_o treatise_n concern_v tillage_n the_o three_o sort_n consist_v of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o bird_n fumhoan_n and_o be_v invent_v by_o the_o emperor_n xanhoan_n who_o have_v likewise_o write_v a_o particular_a book_n of_o bird_n in_o these_o character_n the_o four_o sort_n of_o old_a character_n be_v compile_v out_o of_o oyster_n and_o small_a worm_n the_o five_o of_o several_a sort_n of_o root_n of_o herb_n and_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o form_n the_o ancient_a chineses_n have_v write_v several_a book_n the_o six_o sort_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o claw_n of_o cock_n and_o hen_n and_o other_o fowl_n and_o invent_v by_o king_n choam_n the_o seven_o be_v compose_v of_o tortoise-shell_n and_o have_v for_o their_o first_o founder_n the_o emperor_n yoo_z the_o eight_o be_v show_v in_o small_a bird_n and_o parrot_n the_o nine_o in_o herb_n and_o bird_n the_o ten_o be_v of_o co_n invent_v only_o for_o a_o token_n of_o remembrance_n the_o eleven_o be_v of_o star_n the_o twelve_o of_o several_a other_o letter_n serve_v for_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n to_o the_o thirteen_o belong_v the_o letter_n you_o can_v chi_fw-mi cien_fw-fr tao_n the_o character_n of_o the_o fourteen_o sort_n be_v call_v the_o letter_n of_o rest_n mirth_n knowledge_n darkness_n and_o clearness_n the_o fifteen_o sort_n be_v of_o fish_n the_o sixteen_o sort_n be_v not_o yet_o know_v to_o we_o in_o europe_n nor_o indeed_o to_o any_o beside_o themselves_o and_o not_o to_o all_o they_o neither_o the_o seventeen_o sort_n be_v use_v in_o seal_v up_o of_o letter_n and_o write_v of_o superscription_n that_o the_o reader_n may_v more_o clear_o understand_v the_o matter_n i_o will_v set_v down_o some_o of_o the_o old_a character_n with_o those_o now_o in_o use_n as_o for_o example_n the_o character_n number_v with_o the_o figure_n 1._o signify_v with_o the_o ancient_a chineses_n a_o mountain_n or_o hill_n at_o present_a as_o the_o number_n 2._o do_v express_v the_o sun_n be_v demonstrate_v former_o by_o a_o round_a circle_n or_o ring_n with_o a_o speck_n in_o the_o middle_n as_o the_o number_n 3._o declare_v but_o now_o it_o be_v express_v as_o in_o number_n 4._o a_o dragon_n be_v former_o depict_v with_o the_o figure_n as_o be_v express_v in_o number_n 5._o but_o now_o as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o figure_n number_n 6._o a_o sceptre_n with_o one_o eye_n as_o be_v express_v in_o number_n 7._o signify_v former_o the_o king_n name_n but_o now_o it_o be_v show_v with_o the_o figure_n as_o in_o number_n 8._o a_o bird_n hen_n or_o cock_n be_v former_o express_v in_o full_a shape_n and_o posture_n as_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o number_n 9_o and_o 11._o but_o at_o present_a those_o creature_n be_v describe_v as_o in_o number_n 10._o and_o 12._o but_o the_o chineses_n at_o present_a use_n no_o more_o such_o character_n to_o express_v the_o form_n of_o any_o such_o thing_n but_o only_o some_o certain_a line_n and_o mark_n which_o however_o different_a in_o form_n in_o some_o sort_n obscure_o resemble_v the_o character_n of_o the_o ancient_n which_o represent_v the_o shape_n of_o thing_n for_o a_o clear_a demonstration_n of_o the_o character_n in_o use_n at_o present_a among_o the_o chinese_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o insert_v one_o of_o the_o figure_n mark_v with_o the_o letter_n m._n out_o of_o nine_o several_a line_n or_o mark_v the_o chinese_n character_n of_o these_o time_n be_v compose_v so_o that_o by_o add_v or_o omit_v of_o one_o line_n or_o mark_n another_o signification_n proper_o arise_v for_o example_n a_o straight_a line_n as_o by_o the_o figure_n a_o upon_o the_o left_a side_n of_o this_o print_n signify_v one_o or_o the_o first_o with_o a_o line_n draw_v through_o it_o as_o at_z b_o denote_v ten_o and_o with_o a_o line_n underneath_o it_o as_o at_o c_o it_o signify_v earth_n with_o another_o put_v over_o the_o downright_a line_n as_o the_o figure_n d_o it_o speak_v king_n with_o a_o point_n on_o the_o right_a side_n as_o by_o the_o figure_n e_o it_o signify_v a_o pearl_n but_o such_o a_o point_n on_o the_o left_a side_n as_o at_o figure_n f_o signify_v to_o live_v last_o with_o a_o point_n upon_o the_o head_n of_o it_o as_o at_o figure_n g_o it_o signify_v lord_n now_o though_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o empire_n use_v several_a character_n in_o their_o language_n yet_o in_o speak_v there_o seem_v to_o be_v little_a or_o no_o difference_n in_o they_o all_o their_o word_n sound_v alike_o notwithstanding_o the_o difference_n of_o form_n and_o signification_n in_o write_v and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o there_o be_v no_o language_n which_o have_v so_o many_o double-meaning_a word_n as_o the_o chinese_n be_v only_o distinguish_v by_o some_o sound_n or_o expression_n in_o use_n among_o themselves_o out_o of_o the_o double_a signification_n of_o these_o word_n there_o arise_v a_o great_a inconvenience_n for_o no_o person_n can_v transcribe_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o that_o language_n which_o be_v read_v unto_o he_o nor_o can_v any_o book_n be_v understand_v by_o hear_v another_o read_v it_o because_o the_o double_a meaning_n and_o various_a sound_n of_o the_o word_n can_v be_v distinguish_v by_o the_o ear_n and_o be_v only_o to_o be_v know_v by_o the_o sight_n or_o not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v understand_v so_o that_o it_o often_o happen_v in_o common_a discourse_n that_o they_o be_v necessitate_v to_o put_v their_o mind_n in_o write_v else_o one_o can_v understand_v the_o other_o what_o he_o mean_v though_o he_o speak_v very_o clear_a and_o plain_a this_o double_a meaning_n be_v in_o some_o sort_n take_v away_o by_o five_o several_a sound_n now_o in_o use_n which_o yet_o be_v very_o hard_a to_o be_v distinguish_v so_o that_o many_o time_n very_o great_a mistake_n happen_v between_o those_o that_o have_v not_o be_v use_v to_o these_o sound_n from_o the_o very_a cradle_n a_o italian_a tell_v a_o chinese_n that_o in_o europe_n there_o be_v ship_n to_o be_v see_v as_o big_a as_o mountain_n he_o give_v the_o word_n wherewith_o he_o will_v have_v denote_v a_o ship_n the_o same_o sound_n that_o express_v a_o tile_n upon_o the_o house_n the_o chinese_n take_v it_o according_a to_o the_o sound_n seem_v to_o admire_v very_o much_o his_o say_v and_o at_o length_n begin_v to_o laugh_v at_o he_o as_o though_o he_o have_v tell_v they_o incredible_a thing_n ask_v he_o withal_o to_o what_o use_n they_o put_v a_o tile_n of_o such_o bigness_n and_o say_n that_o it_o must_v have_v be_v a_o very_a large_a oven_n that_o can_v bake_v such_o a_o tile_n by_o which_o appear_v how_o necessary_a it_o be_v and_o withal_o how_o infinite_o troublesome_a it_o be_v both_o to_o stranger_n and_o native_n to_o learn_v these_o difference_n of_o sound_n and_o pronunciation_n or_o to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o the_o jesuit_n therefore_o who_o be_v send_v to_o propagate_v the_o gospel_n in_o china_n have_v find_v out_o five_o point_n of_o five_o mark_n which_o they_o put_v over_o every_o word_n and_o thereby_o know_v
inhabit_v and_o in_o the_o eight_o part_n line_n 18._o he_o say_v that_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o gold_n be_v gather_v out_o of_o these_o mountain_n and_o divers_a sort_n of_o precious_a stone_n and_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a monarch_n that_o rule_v over_o these_o country_n all_o which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o great_a cham_n as_o marcus_n paulus_n venetus_n a_o eye-witness_n in_o his_o first_o book_n chap._n 64._o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n depart_v from_o the_o province_n of_o egriaia_n towards_o the_o east_n the_o way_n lead_v unto_o tenduc_n it_o be_v better_a to_o read_v it_o tanchut_v now_o tanchut_n be_v a_o kingdom_n of_o tartary_n which_o comprehend_v many_o other_o kingdom_n as_o the_o kingdom_n of_o lasa_n or_o that_o which_o the_o tartar_n call_v barantola_n the_o kingdom_n of_o nethel_n tibeth_n maranga_n and_o other_o as_o i_o shall_v show_v anon_o together_o with_o the_o desert_n kalmack_n which_o be_v bound_v by_o the_o wall_n of_o 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into_o 10_o digit_n where_o of_o 9_o be_v equivalent_a to_o our_o geometrical_a foot_n some_z special_a remark_n take_v out_o of_o athanasius_n kircher_n antiquity_n of_o china_n part_n vi_o of_o the_o hieroglyphical_a character_n of_o the_o chinese_n there_o be_v no_o nation_n so_o barbarous_a but_o they_o have_v some_o way_n to_o manifest_v their_o conception_n one_o to_o another_o but_o above_o other_o the_o chineses_n have_v the_o most_o significant_a character_n the_o first_o inventor_n of_o which_o be_v fohi_n about_o three_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n as_o their_o record_n say_v who_o form_v divers_a figure_n draw_v from_o animal_n bird_n reptile_n fish_n herbage_n plant_n tree_n and_o abundance_n of_o other_o thing_n so_o that_o according_a to_o the_o numerous_a variety_n of_o the_o product_n of_o nature_n and_o her_o several_a resemblance_n such_o and_o so_o infinite_a be_v their_o character_n which_o though_o the_o modern_a chineses_n teach_v by_o experience_n 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discovery_n of_o the_o syro-chinesian_a monument_n by_o who_o first_o make_v public_a martin_n atlas_n pag._n 44._o at_o what_o time_n the_o christian_a faith_n enter_v into_o china_n the_o creaticâ—â—_n of_o all_o thing_n the_o fall_n of_o adam_n the_o incarnation_n of_o the_o son_n of_o god_n the_o excellency_n of_o the_o christian_a law_n the_o description_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o judea_n according_a to_o the_o chinese_n geographer_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o law_n of_o christ_n the_o building_n of_o church_n presbyter_n john_n where_o he_o inhabit_v belor_n a_o most_o high_a mountain_n why_o the_o emperor_n of_o the_o aloyssine_n be_v call_v presbyter_n john_n the_o king_n of_o barantola_n adore_v as_o a_o god_n where_o presbyter_n john_n reside_v 〈…〉_z the_o dâ—scription_n of_o hancheu_fw-la or_o quâ—nsai_n the_o voyage_n of_o benedict_n go_v for_o the_o discovery_n of_o cathay_n a_o description_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o china_n the_o habit_n of_o thâ—_n tartar_n of_o kalmack_n the_o ridiculous_a worship_n of_o the_o great_a lama_n the_o high_a mountain_n langur_n the_o voyage_n of_o father_n amatus_fw-la chesaud_n the_o voyage_n of_o m._n paulus_n venetus_n the_o time_n of_o mahomet_n come_v into_o the_o world_n the_o great_a cham_n convert_v to_o christianity_n the_o letter_n of_o haolon_n to_o the_o k._n of_o france_n the_o present_n of_o st._n lewis_n king_n of_o france_n to_o the_o gâ—â—at_a cham._n the_o various_a change_n of_o the_o christian_a law_n in_o china_n the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o nobility_n of_o china_n receive_v the_o law_n of_o christ._n the_o emperor_n vumly_n when_o he_o have_v slay_v his_o wife_n and_o daughter_n hang_v himself_o many_o noble_a chinese_n convert_v to_o the_o christian_a religion_n the_o inscription_n of_o the_o church_n of_o the_o father_n of_o the_o society_n of_o jesus_n the_o original_n of_o the_o chinesian_a astronomy_n our_o father_n appoint_v to_o correct_v the_o calendar_n by_o the_o emperor_n edict_n the_o error_n of_o the_o chinese_n in_o geography_n the_o emperor_n habit_n the_o three_o sect_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o first_o sect._n the_o second_o sect._n the_o three_o sect._n
respect_n sina_n in_o their_o language_n signify_v a_o most_o brave_a and_o famous_a country_n other_o oppose_v will_v have_v this_o kingdom_n to_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n chincheu_o because_o these_o people_n drive_v only_o a_o constant_a trade_n by_o sea_n to_o most_o place_n of_o asia_n so_o that_o the_o portuguese_n and_o indian_n by_o leave_v out_o the_o same_o letter_n of_o the_o word_n chincheu_o may_v easy_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o china_n but_o those_o be_v in_o a_o very_a great_a error_n that_o will_v have_v the_o word_n china_n to_o be_v derive_v from_o a_o certain_a word_n cinch_n which_o by_o the_o chinese_n be_v very_o much_o use_v the_o falseness_n of_o this_o assertion_n will_v clear_o appear_v from_o hence_o in_o that_o the_o chinese_n who_o trade_n with_o the_o indian_n or_o portuguese_n to_o those_o place_n and_o go_v with_o their_o ship_n to_o india_n use_v on_o the_o score_n of_o civility_n and_o kind_a respect_n to_o greet_v each_o other_o in_o their_o mother_n tongue_n not_o with_o the_o name_n of_o cinch_n but_o siam_fw-it now_o that_o which_o appear_v to_o i_o to_o be_v a_o most_o probable_a truth_n among_o the_o various_a opinion_n of_o writer_n be_v that_o which_o the_o jesuit_n martinus_n martinii_n a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n and_o skill_n in_o the_o antiquity_n of_o china_n have_v assert_v in_o the_o six_o book_n of_o his_o history_n of_o china_n the_o word_n whereof_o be_v as_o follow_v i_o shall_v not_o say_v he_o let_v this_o pass_v unmentioned_a which_o seem_v to_o i_o most_o likely_a that_o not_o only_o by_o the_o indian_n but_o also_o by_o stranger_n the_o name_n china_n take_v rise_v and_o original_n from_o the_o generation_n family_n or_o branch_n of_o cina_n who_o govern_v in_o china_n in_o the_o 246._o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n so_o that_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o call_v it_o china_n but_o rather_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sinen_n or_o cinen_n for_o in_o the_o time_n of_o those_o king_n which_o proceed_v from_o this_o branch_n the_o name_n of_o siner_n be_v first_o make_v know_v by_o stranger_n and_o especial_o by_o the_o indian_n by_o the_o indian_n the_o name_n of_o china_n afterward_o come_v into_o use_n and_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o portuguese_n after_o the_o conquest_n of_o india_n for_o this_o family_n of_o cina_n govern_v over_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o siner_n who_o live_v towards_o the_o west_n and_o continual_o have_v war_n with_o foreiner_n when_o afterward_o the_o court_n or_o seat_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v plant_v there_o receive_v the_o name_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o china_n this_o family_n of_o cina_n be_v rise_v to_o the_o high_a pitch_n of_o all_o prosperity_n prove_v after_o a_o great_a invader_n of_o other_o territory_n insomuch_o that_o it_o seem_v no_o wonder_n that_o stranger_n and_o remote_a nation_n have_v the_o name_n of_o cina_n so_o frequent_a among_o they_o and_o though_o the_o sineses_n call_v this_o far_a part_n of_o asia_n or_o cina_n by_o several_a name_n according_a to_o the_o govern_v family_n that_o happen_v to_o change_v yet_o however_o foreiner_n do_v reserve_v the_o first_o name_n which_o they_o hear_v and_o this_o be_v my_o opinion_n concern_v the_o original_a of_o the_o name_n sina_n and_o according_a to_o this_o assertion_n the_o first_o letter_n of_o the_o word_n ought_v to_o be_v write_v not_o with_o a_o saint_n but_o with_o a_o c._n all_o china_n be_v former_o divide_v by_o the_o chinese_n emperor_n xunus_n into_o 12_o province_n china_n afterward_o the_o emperor_n yva_n who_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o government_n after_o the_o death_n of_o xinus_fw-la about_o 260_o year_n before_o the_o incarnation_n of_o our_o saviour_n reduce_v all_o china_n into_o nine_o province_n which_o only_o at_o that_o time_n comprehend_v the_o northern_a part_n of_o china_n and_o have_v for_o their_o confine_n the_o river_n kiang_n but_o after_o that_o they_o have_v conquer_a the_o southern_a part_n by_o degree_n and_o somewhat_o civilise_v the_o inhabitant_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o china_n be_v divide_v into_o 15_o province_n among_o these_o also_o they_o reckon_v the_o province_n of_o leaotung_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o west_n of_o peking_n where_o the_o great_a wall_n begin_v and_o the_o hanging-island_n of_o corea_n both_o which_o pay_v tribute_n to_o the_o emperor_n there_o be_v several_a other_o island_n beside_o which_o pay_v also_o tribute_n among_o which_o the_o island_n haman_n be_v the_o chief_a lie_v in_o the_o sea_n over_o against_o the_o province_n of_o quangsi_n among_o the_o island_n which_o be_v tributary_n to_o this_o kingdom_n be_v also_o account_v the_o island_n formosa_fw-la which_o the_o chineses_n call_v lieukieu_o and_o situate_v over_o against_o the_o province_n of_o foken_n and_o also_o the_o island_n cheuxan_n over_o against_o the_o province_n of_o chekiang_n a_o very_a famous_a place_n for_o trading_n but_o of_o this_o more_o at_o large_a hereafter_o six_o of_o the_o 15_o province_n verge_n upon_o the_o sea_n as_o peking_n xantung_n kiangnan_n or_o nank_v cheaiang_n foke_v and_o quantung_v from_o hence_o towards_o the_o north_n lie_v the_o midland_n country_n as_o quangsi_n kiangsi_fw-la huquang_n honan_n and_o xansi_fw-fr and_o towards_o the_o west_n the_o other_o four_o xensi_fw-la sucheu_fw-la queicheu_o and_o junnan_n last_o this_o empire_n which_o comprehend_v 15_o kingdom_n be_v also_o divide_v into_o the_o south_n and_o north-china_n south-china_n the_o tartar_n call_v the_o kingdom_n of_o mangin_n and_o north-china_n the_o kingdom_n of_o catay_n in_o the_o first_o be_v nine_o kingdom_n and_o in_o the_o last_o six_o or_o eight_o if_o you_o will_v reckon_v among_o they_o the_o kingdom_n of_o leaotung_n and_o the_o hanging-island_n of_o corea_n by_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v it_o do_v clear_o appear_v how_o far_o those_o be_v mistake_v who_o write_v of_o another_o empire_n beyond_o china_n which_o they_o call_v catay_n as_o likewise_o of_o several_a town_n as_o quinsey_n cambalu_n and_o many_o other_o fiction_n whereas_o in_o truth_n beyond_o the_o great_a wall_n no_o other_o people_n live_v but_o tartar_n who_o have_v no_o fix_a abode_n but_o wander_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n in_o wagon_n and_o so_o travel_v from_o place_n to_o place_n as_o may_v be_v find_v at_o large_a in_o the_o write_n of_o those_o who_o have_v sufficient_o confute_v this_o great_a error_n and_o mistake_v as_o virgantius_fw-la and_o martinus_n martinii_n in_o his_o atlas_n of_o china_n among_o the_o rest_n the_o jesuit_n have_v likewise_o find_v by_o experience_n that_o beyond_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n no_o monarchy_n of_o catay_n be_v to_o be_v find_v insomuch_o that_o the_o same_o people_n who_o we_o call_v chineses_n be_v by_o the_o persian_n call_v cataians_n this_o same_o mistake_n have_v be_v likewise_o sufficient_o and_o learned_o confute_v with_o undeniable_a argument_n by_o the_o most_o learned_a jacob_n gool_n a_o person_n of_o extraordinary_a knowledge_n in_o all_o art_n of_o literature_n and_o especial_o in_o the_o oriental_a language_n and_o at_o present_a arabic_a professor_n in_o the_o university_n of_o leyden_n in_o his_o appendix_n to_o the_o atlas_n of_o china_n the_o kingdom_n of_o china_n be_v so_o enclose_v with_o several_a island_n and_o on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n with_o sea_n that_o it_o seem_v almost_o to_o be_v foursquare_a only_o two_o great_a mountain_n thrust_v themselves_o out_o towards_o the_o sea_n which_o in_o the_o chinese_n language_n be_v call_v tung_n the_o one_o lie_n by_o the_o town_n of_o ningpo_n from_o whence_o you_o may_v sail_v in_o 40_o hour_n to_o the_o island_n of_o japan_n the_o other_o great_a hill_n be_v in_o the_o province_n of_o xantung_n near_o to_o the_o town_n of_o tengoheu_o china_n situate_v in_o the_o far_a part_n of_o asia_n situation_n border_n towards_o the_o east_n south_n and_o west_n upon_o the_o great_a indian_a sea_n and_o be_v call_v tung_n by_o the_o chinese_n which_o signify_v easterly_a and_o on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o ninche_n and_o nicolhan_n by_o that_o famous_a wall_n which_o be_v make_v by_o those_o of_o china_n against_o the_o invasion_n of_o the_o tartar_n high_a up_o towards_o the_o north_n it_o have_v for_o frontier_n the_o kingdom_n of_o taniju_n and_o a_o wilderness_n call_v samo_n which_o separate_v the_o north_n side_n of_o this_o china_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o samahan_n and_o cascar_n upon_o the_o other_o province_n situate_v towards_o the_o south_n join_v the_o kingdom_n of_o prester-iohn_n geo_n which_o by_o the_o chinese_n be_v call_v by_o one_o common_a name_n sifan_n as_o also_o tibet_n laos_n and_o mien_n likewise_o china_n reach_v as_o far_o as_o brangale_n and_o to_o some_o part_n of_o tartary_n and_o the_o mountain_n of_o damascus_n which_o
silver_n and_o the_o feather_n of_o several_a bird_n very_o artificial_o mingle_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o colour_n none_o be_v suffer_v to_o wear_v any_o of_o these_o silk_n call_v dragon-silk_n but_o the_o emperor_n and_o his_o courtier_n this_o province_n furnish_v the_o court_n likewise_o with_o 80_o hundred_o 4_o thousand_o and_o 91_o truss_n of_o hay_n and_o with_o 4_o hundred_o 44_o thousand_o 7_o hundred_o and_o 69_o weight_n of_o salt_n the_o whole_a revenue_n of_o this_o province_n be_v reckon_v by_o some_o to_o amount_v to_o 15_o million_o of_o crown_n the_o eleven_o province_n of_o fokien_n this_o province_n fokien_n which_o be_v the_o least_o of_o all_o the_o province_n lie_v towards_o the_o east_n southeast_n and_o south_n upon_o the_o great_a indian_a sea_n towards_o the_o south-west_n it_o border_n upon_o quantung_n west_n and_o north-east_n upon_o kiansi_fw-la and_o the_o remain_a part_n upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o chekiang_n in_o this_o province_n be_v eight_o chief_a city_n and_o 48_o small_a city_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o fort_n which_o be_v build_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o harbour_n the_o eight_o chief_a city_n be_v these_o focheu_o civencheu_o changcheu_o kienning_n jenp_a tincheu_o hiughoa_o and_o xaovu_o 1._o focheu_o command_v over_o eight_o city_n focheu_o cutien_n mince_a changlo_n lienkiang_n loyven_v jungfo_n and_o foce_n 2._o civencheu_o command_v over_o seven_o city_n civencheu_o nangan_n hoeigan_n tehoa_n ganki_n tungan_n and_o junchung_a 3._o changcheu_o command_v over_o 10_o city_n changcheu_o changpu_n lugnien_n nance_v changtai_n changp_v pingho_n caogan_n haicing_n and_o ningyang_n 4._o kien_v command_v over_o seven_o city_n kienning_n kieny_v cunggan_n puch_v chingho_n sungki_n and_o xeun_v 5._o jenp_v command_v over_o seven_o city_n jenp_v cianglo_n xa_n yenki_n xunchang_n janggan_n and_o tatien_n 6._o tingcheu_o command_v over_o eight_o city_n tingcheu_o ninghoa_o xanghang_fw-mi vupe_v cinglieu_n tiench_v queihoa_o and_o jungtung_n 7._o hinghoa_n command_v over_o two_o city_n hinghoa_o and_o sienlieu_n 8._o xaovu_o command_n over_o four_o city_n xaovu_o quangee_n tain_v and_o kienning_n in_o the_o province_n of_o fokien_n be_v also_o a_o great_a city_n call_v fon_v which_o command_v three_o city_n fon_v fogan_n and_o ningte_v in_o this_o province_n be_v likewise_o several_a brave_a fort_n and_o town_n for_o trade_n as_o ganhai_n hiamuen_n pumuen_n fon_v tinghai_n muihoa_n xe_n haiku_n vangan_n chungxe_n tungxan_n hivenchung_a and_o jungt_v the_o island_n formosa_fw-la or_o the_o fair_a island_n do_v also_o belong_v to_o this_o province_n as_o likewise_o the_o near_a adjacent_a island_n call_v taiwan_n which_o the_o hollander_n possess_v who_o have_v build_v a_o fort_n there_o call_v new-zealand_n but_o of_o this_o island_n more_o hereafter_o the_o toll_n or_o register-book_n of_o these_o people_n mention_n no_o less_o in_o this_o province_n than_o 5_o hundred_o 9_o thousand_o and_o 2_o hundred_o family_n and_o 18_o hundred_o 2_o thousand_o 6_o hundred_o and_o 77_o fight_a men._n the_o revenue_n of_o this_o province_n consist_v of_o 8_o hundred_o 83_o thousand_o 1_o hundred_o and_o 15_o sack_n of_o salt_n 1_o hundred_o 94_o pound_n of_o fine_a linen_n and_o 6_o hundred_o rowls_n of_o wrought_a silk_n but_o the_o chief_a revenue_n consist_v of_o ship_n which_o pay_v according_a to_o their_o burden_n so_o much_o a_o tun._n the_o thirteen_o province_n of_o quangsi_n quangsi_n be_v the_o thirteen_o province_n quangsi_n and_o border_n towards_o the_o east_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o quantung_n south-west_n upon_o tungk_v or_o ganan_n westward_o upon_o the_o country_n of_o junnan_n towards_o the_o north-west_n upon_o the_o country_n of_o queicheu_fw-la and_o the_o remain_a part_n upon_o huquang_n in_o this_o province_n be_v eleven_o capital_a city_n one_o chief_a garrison_n city_n and_o one_o principal_a city_n the_o 11_o chief_a city_n be_v these_o queilin_n lieucheu_o kingyven_v pinglo_n gucheu_o cincheu_o nanning_n taip_a sume_a chingen_n and_o tiencheu_fw-la 1._o queilin_n command_v over_o nine_o city_n queilin_n hinggan_n lingchuen_n yangso_n jungn_v jungfo_n yning_n cinen_n and_o quonyang_n 2._o lieucheu_o command_v over_o twelve_o city_n lieucheu_o coyung_a loch_a lieuch_v hoaiyven_v yung_n laipin_n siang_n vucve_v pin_n cienkiang_n and_o xangle_v 3._o kingyven_v command_v over_o nine_o city_n kingyven_v tienho_n sugen_n hochi_n hinch_a nanchuen_n lypo_n tunglan_n and_o pangti_n 4._o pinglo_n command_v over_o eight_o city_n pinglo_n cunch_v fuchueu_o ho_o lipu_n siengiu_n juggan_n and_o caop_v 5._o gucheu_o command_v over_o ten_o city_n gucheu_o teng_n yung_n cengki_n hoaicie_n yolin_n pope_n pelieu_n lochuen_n and_o hingye_n 6._o cincheu_o commannd_v over_o four_o city_n cincheu_o pingnan_n quei_z and_o vuce_v 7._o nan_v command_v over_o six_o city_n nanning_n lunggan_n heng_n yunhiang_n xangsu_n and_o sunning_n 8._o taip_v command_v over_o 22_o city_n taip_v gang_v yangli_fw-la vanching_n co_n civenm_v such_v chinyven_v sutung_v kielum_fw-la ming_v xanhia_n kiegan_n luge_v tukie_n cungxen_a junkang_fw-mi loyang_n toll_v lun_n kiang_n and_o lope_n 9_o sume_v command_v over_o five_o city_n sume_v xangxe_n hiaxe_n pingciang_n and_o chung_n 10._o chingan_n have_v no_o city_n under_o it_o command_v nor_o be_v subject_n to_o any_o other_o city_n 11._o tiencheu_o command_v over_o five_o city_n tiencheu_o xanglin_n lung_n queite_n and_o cohoa_n the_o garrison_n city_n be_v sugen_n and_o command_v over_o three_o city_n sugen_n vuyven_v and_o funghoa_n the_o great_a city_n which_o be_v not_o prefer_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o a_o principal_a city_n be_v such_v and_o command_v only_o over_o one_o city_n call_v ching_n there_o be_v some_o other_o city_n in_o this_o province_n as_o sucheu_o sipe_v fulao_n fukang_v funy_n li_n queixum_fw-la and_o hiangun_v the_o fort_n be_v only_o two_o zanglui_n and_o ganiung_a in_o the_o toll_n or_o register-book_n of_o this_o province_n be_v set_v down_o 1_o hundred_o 86_o thousand_o 7_o hundred_o and_o 19_o family_n and_o 1_o million_o 54_o thousand_o 7_o hundred_o and_o 60_o fight_a men._n the_o revenue_n thereof_o consist_v of_o 4_o hundred_o 31_o thousand_o 3_o hundred_o and_o 59_o bag_n of_o rice_n the_o fourteen_o province_n of_o queicheu_fw-la this_o province_n of_o queicheu_fw-la border_n east_n and_o southeast_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o quangsi_n queicheu_fw-la north_n and_o north-west_n upon_o sucheu_fw-la towards_o the_o north-east_n it_o reach_v as_o far_o as_o the_o province_n of_o huquang_n and_o the_o remain_a part_n border_n upon_o junnan_n former_o this_o province_n be_v not_o reckon_v among_o the_o fifteen_o but_o a_o part_n thereof_o belong_v to_o sucheu_fw-la another_o part_n to_o huquang_n and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n possess_v the_o rest_n at_o last_o the_o family_n of_o taiminga_n in_o regard_n ivena_n the_o forego_v branch_n of_o the_o tartar_n have_v cause_v several_a castle_n and_o fort_n to_o be_v build_v therein_o make_v thereof_o a_o particular_a province_n in_o this_o queicheu_fw-la be_v 8_o chief_a city_n which_o be_v not_o very_o large_a 10_o small_a city_n four_o chief_a garrison_n city_n and_o four_o small_a garrison_n city_n beside_o castle_n and_o fort_n which_o be_v very_o many_o the_o eight_o chief_a city_n be_v these_o queiyang_n sucheu_o sunan_n chinyven_v xecien_n tunggin_n lipe_v and_o tucho_n 1._o queiyang_n command_v over_o 19_o fort_n in_o stead_n of_o city_n queiyang_n kiukiun_n moqua_n tahoa_n cingfan_n gueifan_n fangfan_n hungfan_n golung_n kingxe_n siaolung_n lofan_n talung_n siaoch_v xangua_n luxan_n lufan_n pingfa_n and_o mohiang_n 2._o sucheu_o command_v over_o four_o fort_n sucheu_o tuso_fw-la xiki_n and_o hoantao_n 3._o sunan_n command_v over_o two_o city_n and_o five_o fort_n sunan_n vuchuen_n inkiang_n xuite_o manii_n langki_n and_o jeuki_n 4._o chinyven_v command_v over_o one_o city_n and_o four_o fort_n chinyven_v xikien_n kinyung_a pienkyao_n inxui_n and_o taip_v 5._o xecien_n command_v over_o three_o fort_n xecien_n miaomin_v lungeve_v and_o coihang_v 6._o tunggin_n command_v over_o seven_o fort_n tunggin_n sengki_n tiki_n vaxan_n ulo_n pingten_n pingnan_n and_o pingchai_n 7._o lipe_v command_v over_o 4_o city_n and_o 11_o fort_n lipe_v juncung_n tanki_n pacheu_o hang_v caotie_n cuckoe_n sixau_n huul_a leangsai_n gevyang_n sinhoa_n chunglin_n cheki_n and_o lungli_fw-la 8._o tucho_n command_v over_o three_o city_n and_o nine_o fort_n tucho_n toxan_n maho_n cingpin_n panxui_fw-la pinglang_n pingcheu_o lotung_n hokiang_n lope_v pingt_v and_o tungn_v the_o four_o great_a city_n be_v pugan_n jungn_v chin_a and_o ganxun_v pugan_n be_v the_o key_n of_o the_o three_o province_n jungn_v command_v over_o three_o small_a fort_n jungn_v muyo_n and_o ting_v chin_a command_v over_o two_o fort_n kangco_n and_o xeul_n ganxun_v likewise_o command_v over_o two_o fort_n ningpo_n and_o sipeo_fw-la the_o four_o chief_a garrison_n city_n be_v putting_z sintien_n pingyve_n and_o lungli_fw-la 1._o put_v command_v over_o no_o
in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o divide_v the_o province_n of_o kiangsi_n from_o that_o of_o nank_v into_o which_o we_o be_v now_o come_v but_o before_o i_o relate_v the_o sequel_n of_o our_o journey_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o in_o short_a the_o number_n of_o the_o great_a and_o small_a city_n of_o this_o province_n and_o the_o far_a extent_n thereof_o this_o province_n of_o nank_v which_o be_v reckon_v for_o the_o nine_o among_o the_o fifteen_o be_v wash_v with_o the_o sea_n on_o the_o east_n and_o southeast_n on_o the_o south_n it_o border_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o chekiang_n on_o the_o south-west_n upon_o kiangsi_n on_o the_o west_n upon_o hupang_n north-west_n upon_o honan_n and_o the_o rest_n upon_o xantung_n in_o this_o place_n former_o they_o keep_v the_o court_n of_o the_o ancient_a chinese_n emperor_n and_o though_o the_o imperial_a palace_n be_v remove_v to_o peking_n yet_o till_o the_o last_o tartar_n war_n the_o court_n of_o the_o emperor_n do_v continue_v in_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o this_o province_n call_v kiangn_v but_o the_o tartar_n in_o the_o last_o invasion_n do_v not_o only_o total_o destroy_v and_o deface_v all_o royal_a palace_n and_o imperial_a court_n which_o be_v most_o noble_a edifice_n but_o also_o alter_v the_o very_a name_n of_o the_o province_n and_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n for_o the_o province_n which_o former_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o nank_v they_o call_v kiangnan_n and_o the_o chief_a city_n which_o be_v former_o call_v ingtien_n they_o name_v kiangn_v and_o deprive_v this_o city_n also_o of_o all_o its_o royal_a splendour_n and_o privilege_n as_o this_o province_n far_o exceed_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o goodness_n and_o richness_n of_o soil_n so_o likewise_o in_o trade_n and_o commerce_n for_o here_o be_v the_o chief_a city_n of_o all_o china_n each_o be_v famous_a for_o traffic_n no_o less_o do_v this_o kingdom_n abound_v in_o ship_n above_o all_o the_o rest_n for_o the_o number_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o vessel_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o seem_v as_o if_o all_o the_o ship_n of_o the_o world_n be_v harbour_v there_o but_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n consider_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o river_n that_o run_v through_o this_o country_n for_o by_o they_o they_o can_v pass_v by_o water_n into_o any_o part_n of_o china_n and_o all_o vessel_n which_o be_v bind_v high_o up_o must_v meet_v there_o which_o lessen_v the_o wonder_n of_o so_o great_a fleet_n of_o ship_n together_o in_o that_o part_n and_o beside_o all_o vessel_n come_v to_o this_o province_n out_o of_o the_o river_n kiang_n through_o broad_a navigable_a water_n make_v either_o by_o art_n or_o nature_n which_o be_v call_v the_o royal_a channel_n the_o native_n of_o this_o place_n be_v general_o very_o civil_a witty_a serviceable_a and_o mannerly_a it_o likewise_o breed_v great_a store_n of_o able_a handicraftsman_n who_o prove_v most_o excellent_a in_o their_o several_a arts._n there_o be_v likewise_o here_o very_o learned_a man_n bring_v up_o in_o their_o school_n of_o literature_n it_o produce_v great_a store_n of_o cotton_n and_o silk_n which_o maintain_v there_o abundance_n of_o weaver_n who_o work_n in_o either_o commodity_n but_o this_o be_v the_o woman_n business_n and_o the_o man_n follow_v husbandry_n and_o other_o employment_n or_o else_o look_v to_o the_o child_n whilst_o the_o woman_n spin._n this_o seat_n of_o nank_v be_v so_o famous_a through_o all_o china_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v make_v in_o it_o be_v prefer_v before_o any_o thing_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n wrought_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o this_o province_n lie_v fourteen_o chief_a city_n which_o command_v over_o a_o hundred_o and_o ten_o small_a one_o the_o name_n of_o which_o fourteen_o principal_a one_o be_v these_o which_o follow_v kiangn_v fungyang_n sucheu_o sungkiang_n changcheu_o chinkiang_n yangcheu_o hoaigan_n lucheu_o gank_v taip_a ningque_a chicheu_fw-la and_o hoeicheu_fw-la kiangn_v call_v also_o ingtien_n and_o nank_v command_v over_o seven_o city_n as_o kiangn_v kivyung_a lieyang_n liexui_n caoxun_n kiangpu_n and_o loho_n fungyang_n command_v over_o eighteen_o city_n as_o fungyang_n linhoai_n hoaiyven_v tingyven_v uhu_n hang_v xeu_o hokieu_o mungch_v su_n hiutai_n tienchang_n so_o lingpi_n ing_n tacho_fw-it hao_n and_o ingxan_n sucheu_o command_v over_o seven_o city_n as_o sucheu_o quenxan_n changxo_n ukiang_n kiate_v taicang_v and_o cungm_v sungkiang_n command_v over_o three_o city_n as_o sungkiang_n xanghai_n and_o cingpu_n changcheu_o command_v over_o five_o city_n as_o changcheu_o vusie_n kiangyn_n gnike_v and_o cinkiang_n chinkiang_n command_v over_o three_o city_n as_o chinkiang_n tanyang_n and_o kintan_n yangcheu_o command_v over_o ten_o city_n as_o yangcheu_o ychin_n taih_a caoyeu_o hinghoa_o pace_a tai_n jucao_n tung_n and_o haimuen_o hoaigan_n command_v over_o ten_o city_n as_o hoaigan_n cingho_n gantung_n taoyven_v moyang_n hai_o canyu_n pi_n socve_v and_o ciunning_a lucheu_o command_v over_o eight_o city_n as_o lucheu_o xuch_v lukiang_n vuguei_n cao_n logan_n jungxan_n and_o hoxan_n gank_v command_v over_o six_o city_n as_o gank_v tungch_a cienxan_n taihu_n sufung_a vangkiang_n taip_v command_v over_o three_o city_n as_o taip_v vuku_n and_o fachang_n ningque_fw-la command_v over_o five_o city_n as_o ningque_a king_n taip_a cingte_n and_o nanling_n cicheu_o command_v over_o six_o city_n as_o cicheu_o cingyang_n tungling_n xelai_n kiente_n and_o tunglieu_n hoeicheu_o likewise_o over_o six_o city_n as_o hoeicheu_o hieun_v vuyven_v kimuen_o in_o and_o cieki_n there_o be_v beside_o all_o these_o four_o other_o ordinary_a city_n in_o this_o province_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v cheu_n and_o some_o other_o less_o city_n which_o they_o call_v hien_n the_o four_o city_n be_v these_o quangte_v hocheu_o cheuceu_fw-fr and_o sincheu_fw-la quangte_n command_v over_o one_o city_n which_o be_v call_v kienp_v hocheu_o over_o hanxan_n cheucheu_o over_o two_o other_o civenezao_n and_o taigan_n siucheu_o over_o four_o siao_n tanxan_n fung_n and_o poi_n the_o chinese_n poll-book_n of_o this_o province_n make_v mention_n of_o 1969816_o family_n as_o also_o of_o 9967429_o fight_a men._n the_o yearly_a revenue_n which_o this_o province_n pay_v to_o the_o emperor_n consist_v of_o 5995034_o bag_n of_o rice_n 6863_o pound_n of_o unwrought_a silk_n 28452_o piece_n of_o cloth_n and_o 2027_o roll_n of_o weave_a hemp-cloth_n this_o province_n likewise_o furnish_v the_o emperor_n stable_n with_o 5804217_o truss_n of_o straw_n or_o hay_n and_o 705100_o pound_n of_o salt_n all_o which_o be_v value_v together_o will_v amount_v to_o a_o incredible_a sum_n beside_o what_o be_v pay_v in_o money_n which_o amount_v to_o 32000000_o of_o ducat_n as_o i_o be_v credible_o inform_v by_o some_o of_o the_o grandee_n of_o the_o province_n which_o be_v not_o incredible_a consider_v the_o vast_a custom_n which_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o emperor_n for_o all_o good_n export_v out_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o nank_v the_o city_n of_o xanghai_n alone_o pay_v yearly_a to_o the_o emperor_n for_o the_o toll_n of_o wool_n the_o sum_n of_o 250000_o ducat_n all_o great_a shop_n and_o inn_n pay_v monthly_a thirty_o toel_n of_o silver_n or_o else_o the_o tartar_n come_v and_o quarter_n upon_o they_o in_o their_o house_n and_o misuse_v they_o at_o their_o pleasure_n upon_o the_o 29._o we_o come_v to_o tonglon_n or_o tonglieu_n the_o six_o small_a city_n in_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o thirteen_o chief_a city_n chicheu_o and_o the_o first_o place_n we_o come_v at_o in_o this_o province_n of_o nank_v this_o be_v a_o small_a city_n and_o lie_v close_o to_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o river_n kiang_n in_o a_o very_a pleasant_a and_o delightful_a soil_n which_o be_v encompass_v about_o with_o fine_a little_a rise_a hill_n and_o vale_n it_o be_v surround_v as_o well_o on_o the_o waterside_n as_o towards_o the_o mountain_n with_o a_o reasonable_a strong_a wall_n fortify_v with_o bulwark_n this_o city_n show_v very_o beautiful_a as_o you_o approach_v it_o upon_o the_o river_n but_o within_o it_o lie_v in_o a_o most_o lamentable_a condition_n for_o the_o tartar_n proceed_v with_o so_o much_o fury_n against_o it_o that_o they_o leave_v nothing_o deface_v that_o deserve_v any_o notice_n to_o be_v take_v of_o only_o there_o be_v one_o street_n that_o have_v some_o house_n stand_v in_o it_o the_o rest_n be_v all_o destroy_v except_o the_o governor_n house_n which_o be_v in_o reasonable_a good_a order_n the_o magistrate_n or_o governor_n of_o the_o city_n tonglieu_n send_v a_o congratulatory_a letter_n to_o the_o ambassador_n upon_o their_o arrival_n as_o also_o some_o present_n for_o the_o table_n which_o be_v not_o accept_v the_o traffic_n of_o this_o city_n be_v only_o timber_n so_o that_o the_o place_n more_o resemble_v norway_n than_o china_n about_o two_o mile_n beyond_o this_o we_o see_v a_o island_n lie_v in_o the_o bosom_n of_o the_o
quarter_n so_o that_o they_o be_v all_o continual_o busy_a about_o weighty_a affair_n but_o the_o number_n and_o good_a order_n of_o the_o officer_n very_o much_o facilitate_v their_o work_n for_o in_o each_o council_n be_v a_o precedent_n who_o they_o call_v ciu_o who_o have_v two_o assistant_n one_o on_o his_o right_a side_n call_v coxilam_n and_o another_o on_o his_o left_a term_v yeuxilam_n these_o three_o both_o at_o court_n and_o through_o the_o whole_a empire_n have_v the_o high_a dignity_n except_o those_o who_o sit_v in_o the_o supreme_a council_n call_v colao_n beside_o these_o three_o principal_a councillor_n there_o be_v belong_v to_o each_o council_n ten_o other_o who_o differ_v but_o little_a in_o dignity_n from_o the_o rest_n be_v always_o employ_v together_o with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o inferior_a officer_n as_o notary_n scribe_n secretaries_z and_o clerk_n the_o jesuit_n semedo_n in_o his_o relation_n of_o china_n mention_n several_a other_o council_n whereof_o some_o have_v a_o like_a authority_n with_o the_o beforementioned_a six_o all_o which_o be_v call_v in_o the_o chinese_n tongue_n cien_n cim_o and_o consist_v of_o several_a office_n belong_v particular_o to_o the_o king_n household_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v call_v thai_n lisu_n that_o be_v the_o council_n of_o the_o great_a audite_fw-la this_o office_n seem_v like_o the_o great_a chancery_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o therein_o all_o weighty_a affair_n receive_v a_o determination_n it_o consist_v of_o thirteen_o mandorin_n one_o councillor_n two_o assistant_n and_o ten_o under-officer_n the_o second_o be_v call_v quon_n losu_n and_o provide_v for_o their_o imperial_a majesty_n table_n and_o for_o all_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o emperor_n court._n this_o council_n have_v one_o councillor_n two_o assistant_n and_o six_o officer_n the_o three_o call_v thaipocusu_n have_v the_o power_n of_o the_o emperor_n stable_n and_o make_v provision_n of_o all_o post-horse_n for_o public_a use_n and_o service_n it_o consist_v of_o one_o councillor_n and_o six_o officer_n beside_o all_o these_o there_o be_v yet_o another_o council_n high_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o of_o the_o great_a dignity_n have_v place_n next_o the_o emperor_n in_o all_o public_a solemnity_n those_o that_o sit_v in_o this_o council_n be_v call_v colaos_n be_v seldom_o above_o four_o or_o six_o in_o number_n and_o the_o most_o select_a person_n of_o all_o the_o other_o council_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a empire_n and_o be_v honour_v and_o reverence_v according_o no_o private_a affair_n be_v bring_v to_o they_o for_o they_o only_o mind_v the_o public_a good_a and_o government_n sit_v with_o the_o emperor_n in_o private_a council_n for_o the_o abovementioned_a six_o council_n intermeddle_v not_o with_o the_o affoirs_n of_o the_o state_n as_o to_o make_v any_o conclusion_n upon_o they_o they_o be_v only_o to_o debate_n and_o consult_v and_o afterward_o by_o way_n of_o petition_n to_o offer_v their_o advice_n to_o the_o emperor_n who_o either_o alter_v or_o confirm_v what_o they_o have_v do_v according_a as_o he_o see_v cause_n but_o in_o regard_n he_o will_v not_o seem_v whole_o to_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o judgement_n some_o of_o the_o chief_a philosopher_n always_o attend_v upon_o this_o colaos_n or_o council_n and_o come_v daily_o to_o the_o palace_n to_o answer_v petition_n which_o be_v bring_v continual_o to_o the_o emperor_n in_o great_a number_n this_o last_o conclusion_n the_o emperor_n sign_v with_o his_o own_o hand_n that_o so_o afterward_o his_o command_n may_v be_v execute_v there_o be_v yet_o two_o council_n more_o whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v choli_fw-la and_o the_o other_o tauli_n each_o consist_v of_o above_o sixty_o person_n all_o choice_a philosopher_n and_o wise_a man_n who_o fidelity_n and_o prudence_n both_o the_o emperor_n and_o people_n sufficient_o have_v approve_v and_o therefore_o they_o hold_v they_o in_o great_a honour_n and_o esteem_v with_o these_o his_o majesty_n advise_v upon_o all_o extraordinary_a and_o weighty_a affair_n but_o more_o especial_o when_o any_o thing_n have_v be_v commit_v against_o the_o law_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v several_a other_o council_n whereof_o the_o chief_a be_v call_v han_n lin_n yven_v where_o be_v employ_v none_o but_o learned_a man_n who_o busy_a themselves_o with_o no_o affair_n of_o the_o government_n yet_o exceed_v all_o in_o dignity_n except_o such_o as_o sit_v at_o the_o helm_n their_o charge_n be_v to_o take_v care_n of_o the_o emperor_n write_n to_o compile_v year-book_n and_o write_v law_n and_o order_n from_o among_o these_o be_v choose_v governor_n and_o tutor_n for_o the_o prince_n they_o only_o be_v concern_v in_o matter_n of_o learning_n wherein_o as_o they_o grow_v more_o and_o more_o excellent_a they_o mount_v by_o several_a step_n to_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o honour_n come_v afterward_o to_o be_v employ_v in_o place_n of_o the_o great_a dignity_n in_o the_o court_n neither_o be_v any_o choose_v into_o the_o great_a colao_n who_o have_v not_o first_o be_v of_o this_o council_n they_o delight_v in_o poetry_n and_o get_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o money_n by_o their_o write_n as_o in_o make_v of_o epitaph_n poem_n and_o the_o like_a to_o pleasure_v their_o friend_n and_o very_o happy_a he_o esteem_v himself_o that_o can_v obtain_v such_o a_o favour_n of_o they_o the_o government_n of_o the_o city_n nank_v where_o the_o chinese_n emperor_n former_o keep_v their_o court_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o peking_n save_v that_o at_o nank_v the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o colao_n be_v not_o in_o be_v but_o the_o esteem_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o council_n here_o be_v as_o much_o eclipse_v for_o want_n of_o as_o at_o peking_n it_o be_v advance_v by_o the_o emperor_n presence_n thus_o far_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o government_n in_o general_a in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o will_v treat_v of_o particular_a and_o provincial_a jurisdiction_n the_o whole_a empire_n be_v divide_v into_o fifteen_o province_n in_o the_o principal_a city_n whereof_o the_o chief_a and_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n reside_v differ_v little_a in_o method_n and_o rule_n from_o those_o of_o peking_n and_o nank_v and_o so_o not_o consequent_o one_o from_o another_o the_o regiment_n of_o each_o province_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n and_o fidelity_n of_o two_o person_n who_o they_o call_v pucinsu_n and_o manganzasu_fw-la the_o first_o whereof_o intermeddle_v only_o with_o civil_a affair_n and_o the_o other_o be_v altogether_o concern_v in_o criminal_a matter_n they_o have_v both_o their_o seat_n of_o judicature_n in_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o their_o province_n and_o live_v in_o great_a magnificence_n have_v beside_o several_a officer_n assistant_n unto_o they_o as_o also_o the_o chief_a magistrate_n call_v tauli_n who_o in_o regard_n they_o command_v over_o some_o other_o inferior_a city_n it_o often_o happen_v that_o they_o be_v absent_a from_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n to_o take_v care_n of_o their_o employment_n all_o the_o fifteen_o province_n as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v be_v subdivide_v into_o several_a other_o less_o portion_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v furio_n over_o each_o of_o which_o be_v appoint_v a_o governor_n call_v gifu_n these_o division_n be_v again_o proportion_v into_o great_a and_o small_a city_n the_o first_o whereof_o they_o call_v ceu_fw-la and_o the_o last_o hien_n each_o have_v a_o particular_a magistrate_n which_o in_o the_o great_a city_n be_v call_v ciceu_n and_o in_o the_o less_o be_v name_v cihien_n for_o ci_o signify_v to_o govern._n every_o principal_a governor_n of_o these_o city_n be_v aid_v by_o three_o councillor_n who_o assist_v they_o with_o advice_n in_o all_o their_o affair_n and_o undertake_n the_o first_o be_v call_v hun_n chim_z the_o second_o chu_n phu_o and_o the_o three_o tun_n su_n and_o have_v their_o particular_a court_n and_o judicature_n but_o the_o governor_n over_o the_o whole_a division_n have_v no_o more_o authority_n in_o the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n than_o in_o the_o other_o city_n under_o his_o command_n true_a it_o be_v he_o may_v condemn_v a_o malefactor_n to_o die_v but_o he_o can_v put_v the_o sentence_n in_o execution_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o rest_n that_o be_v join_v in_o commission_n with_o he_o but_o in_o regard_n a_o account_n must_v be_v give_v of_o the_o whole_a management_n of_o affair_n and_o the_o transaction_n of_o all_o the_o province_n at_o the_o court_n at_o peking_n therefore_o in_o each_o province_n there_o be_v appoint_v two_o other_o great_a officer_n by_o the_o court_n who_o in_o eminency_n of_o honour_n and_o grandeur_n of_o commission_n exceed_v the_o rest_n the_o one_o of_o these_o always_o reside_v in_o some_o of_o the_o province_n and_o be_v call_v tutang_n the_o other_o be_v send_v yearly_o from_o the_o court_n at_o peking_n and_o
to_o live_v as_o private_a person_n under_o the_o three_o be_v reckon_v such_o as_o be_v decrepit_a and_o too_o far_o strike_v in_o year_n for_o government_n or_o else_o such_o as_o be_v too_o remiss_a in_o their_o office_n these_o though_o they_o be_v put_v by_o the_o exercise_n of_o their_o office_n yet_o enjoy_v all_o their_o privilege_n as_o they_o be_v wont_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o place_n so_o long_o as_o they_o live_v in_o the_o four_o rank_n be_v put_v down_o such_o as_o have_v be_v too_o hasty_a and_o rash_a in_o pass_v sentence_n act_v without_o any_o forecast_n in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o empire_n these_o be_v degrade_v and_o put_v in_o some_o inferior_a office_n or_o else_o employ_v elsewhere_o upon_o less_o weighty_a affair_n in_o the_o last_o place_n all_o such_o as_o live_v imprudent_o and_o unbecoming_a the_o greatness_n of_o their_o station_n and_o employment_n be_v not_o only_o deprive_v of_o their_o place_n but_o also_o of_o their_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n for_o ever_o the_o like_a general_a inquisition_n and_o examination_n be_v make_v every_o twelve_o year_n among_o the_o rix-council_n as_o also_o among_o the_o military_a officer_n beside_o the_o mandorin_n and_o assistant_n be_v oblige_v once_o a_o day_n to_o give_v a_o account_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o their_o city_n of_o their_o own_o and_o other_o person_n transaction_n under_o their_o jurisdiction_n as_o also_o what_o have_v past_a either_o in_o city_n or_o country_n and_o if_o they_o forbear_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o tend_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o state_n which_o afterward_o come_v to_o be_v know_v they_o be_v most_o severe_o punish_v without_o any_o delay_n or_o respect_n of_o their_o person_n a_o instance_n whereof_o happen_v at_o canton_n when_o we_o be_v there_o the_o old_a viceroy_n cause_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a mandorin_n to_o be_v kill_v in_o his_o presence_n for_o such_o a_o crime_n and_o will_v not_o delay_v the_o expiation_n of_o the_o criminal_n offence_n by_o his_o blood_n so_o long_o till_o the_o executioner_n can_v be_v fetch_v to_o behead_v the_o offender_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o country_n four_o none_o may_v in_o the_o province_n where_o he_o be_v bear_v take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o a_o magistrate_n but_o be_v admit_v to_o be_v a_o field-commander_n the_o reason_n whereof_o may_v be_v lest_o he_o who_o sit_v in_o the_o place_n of_o justice_n shall_v favour_v his_o relation_n but_o the_o soldier_n be_v at_o home_n in_o his_o own_o country_n will_v fight_v pro_fw-la aris_n &_o focis_fw-la and_o the_o more_o valiant_o defend_v it_o the_o son_n of_o such_o as_o be_v magistrate_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o go_v much_o abroad_o that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o be_v corrupt_v with_o bribe_n five_o the_o chineses_n will_v not_o suffer_v any_o stranger_n to_o continue_v in_o their_o country_n who_o have_v a_o intention_n to_o return_v home_o into_o his_o own_o native_a soil_n or_o be_v find_v to_o hold_v any_o correspondence_n with_o foreign_a kingdom_n neither_o be_v a_o foreiner_n permit_v to_o come_v into_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o no_o stranger_n dare_v venture_v into_o china_n otherwise_o than_o under_o the_o pretence_n of_o a_o embassy_n which_o be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o such_o as_o be_v far_o distant_a from_o china_n but_o also_o of_o their_o friend_n ally_n and_o tributary_n who_o pay_v tax_n to_o they_o of_o which_o sort_n be_v the_o neighbour_a islander_n of_o corea_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n observe_v the_o chinese_n law_n and_o if_o they_o discover_v a_o foreiner_n to_o have_v live_v private_o in_o china_n they_o restrain_v he_o from_o return_v into_o his_o own_o country_n upon_o pain_n of_o death_n six_o no_o body_n be_v suffer_v to_o wear_v any_o arm_n within_o a_o city_n nor_o the_o soldier_n nor_o commander_n nor_o the_o learned_a philosopher_n unless_o they_o be_v upon_o the_o march_n and_o go_v to_o the_o war_n neither_o be_v any_o suffer_v to_o have_v arm_n in_o their_o house_n or_o to_o ride_v arm_v otherwise_o than_o with_o a_o dagger_n to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o high-way-man_n in_o this_o empire_n all_o magisterial_a officer_n whatever_o whether_o philosophical_a or_o of_o the_o council_n of_o war_n be_v rank_v into_o nine_o order_n according_a to_o which_o each_o have_v a_o monthly_a allowance_n pay_v he_o either_o in_o money_n or_o rice_n out_o of_o the_o public_a revenue_n which_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o state_n and_o garb_n they_o live_v in_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o defray_v the_o charge_n and_o expense_n they_o be_v at_o for_o those_o of_o the_o high_a order_n have_v but_o a_o thousand_o crown_n yearly_a yet_o some_o of_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a man_n but_o certain_o not_o by_o what_o be_v give_v they_o underhand_o for_o courtesy_n do_v notwithstanding_o all_o the_o examination_n aforesaid_a all_o the_o magistrate_n as_o well_o superior_a as_o inferior_a wear_v for_o a_o badge_n and_o mark_n of_o respect_n and_o dignity_n one_o sort_n and_o fashion_n of_o hat_n which_o none_o else_o be_v suffer_v to_o wear_v these_o hat_n or_o bonnet_n be_v make_v of_o black_a silk_n and_o have_v on_o both_o side_n two_o oval_a flap_n which_o cover_v the_o ear_n and_o be_v make_v fast_o to_o the_o bonnet_n that_o they_o can_v fall_v off_o in_o which_o manner_n and_o garb_n when_o they_o appear_v in_o the_o street_n they_o walk_v with_o great_a gravity_n not_o differ_v from_o each_o other_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o habit_n save_v only_o that_o they_o have_v distinguish_v mark_n upon_o their_o clothes_n whereby_o their_o quality_n be_v know_v to_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o to_o what_o order_n they_o belong_v last_o you_o must_v know_v that_o the_o chinese_n though_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o empire_n yet_o sit_v every_o where_o in_o the_o council_n they_o enjoy_v their_o old_a law_n custom_n and_o privilege_n as_o former_o and_o it_o seem_v the_o tartar_n suffer_v this_o in_o regard_n they_o find_v the_o chineses_n have_v more_o understanding_n and_o be_v better_o verse_v in_o govern_v the_o country_n and_o people_n than_o themselves_o who_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v fit_a for_o war_n and_o more_o able_a by_o force_n to_o conquer_v than_o by_o policy_n to_o rule_v kingdom_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o character_n language_n write_v and_o literature_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o learned_a in_o china_n arrive_v to_o the_o several_a degree_n of_o knowledge_n the_o chinese_n manner_n of_o write_v differ_v very_o much_o from_o the_o language_n they_o speak_v for_o there_o be_v not_o one_o book_n in_o all_o china_n which_o be_v write_v in_o their_o mother-tongue_n all_o the_o word_n in_o the_o chinese_n language_n without_o exception_n be_v monasyllable_n neither_o have_v they_o few_o letter_n than_o word_n for_o each_o letter_n be_v with_o they_o a_o word_n and_o though_o there_o be_v some_o chinese_n word_n which_o comprehend_v several_a letter_n yet_o every_o one_o of_o those_o letter_n signify_v a_o particular_a word_n and_o although_o the_o chineses_n have_v as_o many_o character_n as_o business_n yet_o they_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o join_v they_o that_o they_o make_v about_o seventy_o or_o eighty_o thousand_o but_o about_o the_o certain_a number_n writer_n seem_v to_o differ_v the_o jesuit_n athanasius_n kircher_n reckon_v they_o eighty_o thousand_o in_o all_o which_o they_o must_v be_v know_v and_o expert_a who_o will_v aim_v at_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o learning_n although_o any_o one_o that_o know_v but_o ten_o thousand_o of_o they_o may_v perfect_o understand_v the_o language_n and_o be_v able_a to_o write_v their_o character_n m._n martinus_n in_o his_o prologue_n to_o the_o history_n of_o china_n say_v that_o the_o chineses_n have_v above_o sixty_o thousand_o character_n which_o have_v several_a distinction_n and_o signification_n this_o be_v confirm_v my_o mandelslo_n in_o his_o persian_a voyage_n though_o other_o raise_v the_o number_n to_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o thousand_o and_o which_o be_v worth_a observation_n notwithstanding_o this_o almost_o infinite_a variety_n and_o difficulty_n yet_o such_o be_v their_o diligence_n and_o industry_n that_o all_o these_o word_n be_v find_v in_o a_o large_a dictionary_n call_v holpien_n which_o signify_v the_o sea_n of_o this_o so_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o number_n of_o the_o chinese_n letter_n no_o other_o reason_n can_v be_v give_v but_o that_o the_o original_a number_n have_v be_v increase_v from_o time_n to_o time_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n the_o method_n of_o the_o chineses_n write_v i_o conceive_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o declare_v more_o plain_o the_o form_n and_o difference_n of_o these_o their_o so_o vary_a character_n
how_o to_o express_v the_o highness_n or_o lowness_n of_o the_o sound_n which_o be_v as_o follow_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o mark_n must_v the_o same_o word_n which_o be_v write_v in_o our_o letter_n and_o mark_v with_o these_o mark_n be_v several_o pronounce_v and_o then_o they_o intend_v several_a thing_n as_o for_o example_n a_o with_o this_o mark_n over_o it_o signify_v god_n and_o with_o this_o mark_n over_o it_o yá_n a_o wall_n and_o yà _fw-la with_o this_o mark_n signify_v dumbness_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o help_n the_o chinese_n language_n be_v very_o difficult_a to_o be_v learn_v and_o understand_v as_o well_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o double_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n as_o also_o because_o that_o in_o this_o language_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a number_n of_o letter_n but_o every_o business_n and_o intention_n of_o the_o mind_n must_v be_v express_v by_o a_o particular_a character_n which_o give_v not_o only_o a_o infinite_a trouble_n to_o those_o that_o will_v learn_v it_o but_o cause_v a_o vast_a expense_n of_o time_n take_v up_o ten_o or_o twenty_o year_n before_o a_o man_n can_v attain_v to_o the_o art_n of_o speak_v and_o write_v this_o mysterious_a language_n wherein_o the_o native_n themselves_z know_v far_o better_a how_o to_o express_v their_o mind_n in_o writing_n than_o by_o speak_v but_o in_o regard_n i_o have_v now_o speak_v of_o the_o character_n and_o write_n of_o the_o chinese_n i_o will_v add_v in_o a_o few_o word_n in_o what_o manner_n they_o place_v they_o and_o herein_o they_o quite_o differ_v from_o the_o custom_n of_o europe_n and_o almost_o all_o other_o nation_n hereof_o peter_n jarcius_fw-la thus_o in_o his_o treasury_n of_o indian_a thing_n the_o chinese_n say_v he_o do_v not_o write_v from_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o the_o right_n as_o the_o european_n nor_o from_o the_o right_n to_o the_o left_a as_o the_o hebrean_o but_o they_o begin_v from_o the_o right_a side_n above_o and_o write_v down_o to_o the_o bottom_n so_o that_o they_o put_v the_o one_o character_n under_o the_o other_o and_o not_o one_o after_o another_o as_o we_o in_o europe_n and_o when_o the_o line_n be_v full_a from_o top_n to_o bottom_n than_o they_o begin_v again_o at_o the_o top_n of_o another_o line_n and_o by_o degree_n go_v down_o again_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o indeed_o which_o be_v worth_a observation_n in_o this_o particular_a the_o chinese_n differ_v from_o all_o other_o who_o absolute_o write_v after_o another_o manner_n for_o at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v in_o all_o the_o know_a world_n but_o four_o several_a way_n of_o write_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o place_v the_o letter_n the_o first_o be_v from_o the_o right_n to_o the_o left_a side_n and_o in_o this_o manner_n be_v write_v the_o book_n of_o the_o hebrean_o chaldean_n syrian_n arabian_n and_o egyptian_n the_o second_o be_v from_o the_o left_a to_o the_o right_a side_n and_o after_o this_o manner_n the_o greek_a and_o latin_a book_n be_v write_v and_o so_o write_v at_o present_a all_o the_o people_n of_o europe_n the_o three_o sort_n of_o write_v be_v in_o the_o greek_a call_v bustrophedon_n which_o signify_v to_o plough_n with_o ox_n and_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v be_v do_v just_a as_o the_o ox_n make_v furrow_n with_o the_o blow_n namely_o to_o begin_v the_o second_o line_n where_o the_o first_o end_v this_o way_n of_o write_v as_o pausanius_n relate_v be_v use_v by_o the_o ancient_a grecian_n and_o so_o as_o be_v report_v be_v write_v the_o law_n of_o solon_n the_o four_o and_o last_o way_n of_o write_v be_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v as_o have_v be_v say_v the_o chineses_n use_n and_o some_o of_o the_o savage_a indian_n but_o although_o this_o manner_n of_o write_v whereby_o each_o thing_n be_v express_v by_o a_o particular_a character_n be_v very_o burdensome_a to_o the_o memory_n yet_o it_o be_v of_o very_o great_a use_n and_o advantage_n to_o the_o people_n who_o differ_v very_o much_o in_o language_n from_o each_o other_o for_o hereby_o they_o be_v able_a to_o read_v the_o book_n and_o letter_n of_o each_o other_o if_o they_o use_v common_a character_n in_o write_v though_o the_o one_o do_v in_o no_o wise_n understand_v the_o other_o in_o speak_v and_o in_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v that_o those_o of_o japan_n corea_n couchen-china_n use_v one_o and_o the_o same_o book_n though_o they_o differ_v so_o very_a much_o in_o the_o pronunciation_n that_o one_o can_v understand_v a_o word_n the_o other_o say_v yet_o they_o bear_v the_o same_o sense_n to_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o most_o indifferent_a reader_n no_o otherwise_o skilled_a than_o in_o the_o vulgar_a idiom_n of_o his_o mother-tongue_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o of_o wonder_n that_o although_o the_o several_a native_n in_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n differ_v infinite_o each_o from_o other_o in_o their_o several_a dialect_n so_o that_o 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he_o to_o have_v far_o exceed_v in_o virtue_n learning_n and_o integrity_n all_o other_o mortal_n that_o ever_o live_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o certain_o if_o his_o work_n which_o be_v extant_a in_o chinese_n book_n be_v mind_v with_o a_o due_a regard_n man_n must_v acknowledge_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o person_n of_o great_a learning_n and_o virtue_n in_o respect_n whereof_o the_o chineses_n have_v to_o this_o day_n so_o great_a a_o opinion_n of_o his_o name_n that_o whatsoever_o he_o have_v write_v be_v never_o call_v in_o question_n but_o by_o all_o maintain_v for_o good_a have_v gain_v to_o itself_o the_o authority_n of_o ipse_fw-la dixit_fw-la in_o the_o school_n and_o not_o only_o the_o learned_a but_o the_o king_n also_o have_v ever_o since_o his_o death_n perpetuate_v his_o memory_n and_o record_v his_o name_n in_o their_o annal_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o the_o virtue_n and_o learning_n they_o receive_v from_o he_o and_o such_o of_o his_o posterity_n as_o 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several_a old_a astrological_a instrument_n make_v of_o copper_n or_o brass_n be_v keep_v in_o this_o place_n every_o night_n one_o of_o the_o profession_n remain_v here_o to_o observe_v whether_o any_o new_a star_n appear_v in_o the_o firmament_n which_o might_n foretell_v some_o novelty_n and_o if_o any_o such_o thing_n happen_v he_o immediate_o give_v notice_n thereof_o to_o the_o society_n and_o they_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o the_o emperor_n and_o consult_v with_o he_o what_o it_o may_v portend_v and_o how_o relate_v to_o good_a or_o evil_n and_o this_o be_v the_o office_n or_o duty_n of_o the_o astrologer_n at_o peking_n as_o to_o physic_n and_o chirurgery_n they_o be_v very_o expert_a therein_o and_o their_o rule_n of_o art_n differ_v not_o much_o from_o those_o of_o our_o european_a physician_n for_o first_o they_o feel_v the_o pulse_n like_o they_o and_o be_v very_o skilful_a in_o discover_v by_o the_o same_o the_o inward_a distemper_n of_o the_o body_n in_o each_o hand_n they_o take_v notice_n of_o six_o distinct_a beat_n of_o the_o same_o namely_o three_o high_a and_o three_o low_a which_o as_o they_o conceive_v have_v some_o secret_a coherence_n with_o certain_a part_n of_o the_o body_n as_o that_o of_o the_o first_o to_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o second_o to_o the_o liver_n of_o the_o the_o three_o to_o the_o stomach_n of_o the_o four_o to_o the_o spleen_n of_o the_o five_o to_o the_o reins_o etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o that_o they_o may_v with_o the_o great_a certainty_n of_o judgement_n deliver_v their_o opinion_n they_o be_v at_o least_o half_a a_o hour_n in_o feel_v the_o pulse_n of_o the_o sick_a person_n when_o by_o the_o pulse_n they_o have_v find_v out_o the_o distemper_n then_o in_o order_n to_o the_o cure_n of_o the_o patient_n they_o apply_v and_o make_v use_n of_o several_a simple_n and_o root_n to_o say_v the_o truth_n they_o be_v general_o very_o well_o experience_v in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o several_a virtue_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o herb_n grow_v among_o they_o and_o this_o be_v observable_a that_o there_o be_v no_o school_n in_o all_o china_n for_o the_o learning_n of_o physic_n but_o every_o master_n of_o family_n teach_v his_o servant_n and_o true_a it_o be_v that_o although_o in_o both_o the_o imperial_a city_n of_o peking_n and_o nank_v the_o degree_n of_o doctor_n of_o physic_n be_v not_o grant_v but_o after_o examination_n yet_o this_o degree_n when_o obtain_v do_v advance_v neither_o the_o honour_n or_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o few_o or_o none_o study_v physic_n but_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n because_o the_o very_a profession_n thereof_o which_o be_v so_o honourable_a in_o other_o place_n be_v there_o be_v no_o esteem_n nor_o add_v the_o least_o reputation_n to_o he_o that_o gain_v it_o but_o it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o with_o such_o as_o study_v philosophy_n for_o whosoever_o have_v attain_v to_o the_o perfection_n thereof_o be_v by_o they_o account_v to_o have_v arrive_v at_o the_o high_a pitch_n of_o humane_a happiness_n attainable_a in_o this_o world_n the_o abovementioned_a confutius_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o chinese_n philosopher_n have_v collect_v into_o order_n all_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o that_o kind_n and_o contract_v they_o into_o four_o great_a book_n to_o which_o he_o add_v a_o five_o of_o his_o own_o in_o which_o volume_n be_v teach_v rule_v oeconomical_a and_o political_a as_o well_o the_o way_n to_o live_v as_o to_o govern_v well_o as_o also_o the_o ancient_a example_n manner_n offering_n and_o several_a poem_n of_o ancient_a author_n but_o beside_o these_o five_o there_o be_v another_o great_a volume_n write_v by_o some_o of_o the_o disciple_n of_o confutius_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n and_o call_v the_o four_o book_n the_o last_o volume_n thus_o subdivide_v
their_o god_n and_o image_n as_o well_o at_o home_n in_o their_o house_n as_o in_o their_o church_n before_o the_o altar_n moreover_o if_o a_o master_n speak_v to_o his_o servant_n he_o stand_v next_o to_o he_o but_o when_o he_o give_v a_o answer_n he_o fall_v upon_o his_o knee_n they_o use_v likewise_o several_a particular_a form_n and_o method_n both_o in_o write_v and_o speak_v for_o in_o speech_n they_o never_o use_v the_o second_o person_n thou_o neither_o when_o they_o speak_v of_o themselves_o must_v they_o ever_o use_v their_o proper_a name_n unless_o the_o master_n speak_v to_o his_o servant_n or_o a_o superior_a to_o his_o inferior_a in_o their_o discourse_n with_o their_o better_n they_o have_v several_a form_n of_o speech_n by_o which_o together_o with_o their_o submiss_a behaviour_n the_o reverence_n they_o give_v they_o be_v know_v among_o which_o the_o courtly_a and_o polite_a modish_a way_n of_o speak_v be_v never_o to_o mention_v himself_o but_o in_o the_o three_o person_n as_o not_o i_o but_o he_o or_o such_o a_o one_o whereas_o we_o in_o europe_n use_v the_o word_n i_o or_o pronoun_n in_o the_o first_o person_n and_o whatever_o a_o man_n reputation_n may_v otherwise_o be_v yet_o he_o be_v never_o think_v or_o think_v himself_o to_o have_v attain_v the_o pinnacle_n of_o honour_n want_v the_o most_o accurate_a way_n both_o of_o speak_v and_o write_v when_o any_o make_v a_o visit_n the_o party_n visit_v be_v oblige_v in_o convenient_a time_n to_o make_v a_o return_n of_o the_o like_a civility_n modo_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la also_o when_o they_o send_v present_n which_o be_v very_o frequent_a they_o write_v they_o down_o in_o a_o book_n with_o the_o name_n of_o he_o to_o who_o they_o be_v present_v which_o be_v either_o receive_v or_o civil_o send_v back_o with_o a_o compliment_n and_o if_o they_o be_v accept_v he_o enter_v their_o receipt_n likewise_o and_o make_v a_o return_n according_o which_o he_o also_o register_n it_o be_v also_o very_o 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fourfooted_a creature_n some_o of_o the_o great_a stickler_n of_o this_o sect_n buy_v these_o creature_n alive_a with_o design_n only_o to_o set_v they_o at_o liberty_n and_o in_o so_o do_v their_o service_n be_v meritorious_a and_o such_o for_o which_o they_o believe_v they_o shall_v be_v reward_v this_o sect_n be_v very_o much_o increase_v of_o late_a year_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o follower_n be_v the_o gelubden_n woman_n with_o a_o company_n of_o other_o simple_a creature_n the_o three_o sect_n call_v lanzu_n have_v its_o rise_n from_o a_o certain_a philosopher_n contemporary_a with_o confutius_n of_o who_o the_o native_n fancy_n that_o he_o be_v carry_v eighty_o year_n in_o his_o mother_n belly_n before_o he_o be_v bear_v and_o therefore_o they_o call_v he_o lanzu_n which_o signify_v the_o old_a philosopher_n the_o jesuit_n martinus_n write_v in_o his_o four_o book_n of_o the_o chinese_n history_n that_o he_o be_v call_v lanxu_fw-la laotanus_fw-la and_o teach_v that_o there_o remain_v not_o any_o thing_n of_o we_o after_o we_o be_v dead_a the_o high_a happiness_n of_o a_o man_n consist_v in_o pleasure_n in_o imitation_n of_o epicurus_n the_o fable_n concern_v his_o birth_n have_v its_o rise_n from_o the_o number_n nine_o for_o as_o this_o number_n be_v hold_v for_o the_o most_o perfect_a and_o again_o multiply_v make_v eighty_o one_o so_o have_v nature_n in_o the_o product_n of_o this_o famous_a man_n be_v so_o many_o year_n in_o travel_n and_o labour_n this_o philosopher_n leave_v not_o any_o one_o book_n behind_o he_o of_o his_o doctrine_n be_v unwilling_a as_o it_o seem_v to_o introduce_v any_o new_a enthusiasm_n but_o after_o his_o death_n his_o sectator_n make_v a_o collection_n of_o several_a doctrine_n out_o of_o the_o book_n of_o divers_a sect_n and_o compile_v they_o into_o one_o those_o that_o be_v in_o their_o cloister_n live_v unmarried_a and_o buy_v their_o scholar_n but_o obtain_v among_o the_o people_n no_o respect_n nor_o have_v any_o sense_n or_o fear_v of_o god_n among_o themselves_o yet_o other_o of_o the_o same_o gang_n betake_v themselves_o to_o a_o marry_a estate_n and_o live_v in_o a_o more_o orderly_a manner_n they_o worship_v the_o lord_n of_o heaven_n who_o they_o represent_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o man_n and_o say_v that_o he_o have_v much_o wrong_n do_v he_o yet_o beside_o he_o they_o have_v make_v to_o themselves_o two_o other_o god_n whereof_o lanzu_n the_o head_n of_o this_o sect_n be_v one_o so_o that_o these_o two_o sect_n though_o in_o a_o different_a manner_n adore_v each_o three_o go_n by_o the_o follower_n of_o this_o sect_n be_v the_o place_n describe_v where_o man_n after_o this_o life_n be_v either_o reward_v or_o punish_v but_o concern_v these_o matter_n there_o be_v between_o this_o and_o the_o forego_n sect_n no_o small_a difference_n for_o the_o head_n of_o this_o sect_n promise_v to_o their_o tribe_n that_o they_o shall_v possess_v heaven_n with_o soul_n and_o body_n and_o the_o better_a to_o demonstrate_v the_o same_o they_o expose_v to_o sight_n in_o their_o temple_n the_o image_n of_o several_a people_n who_o as_o they_o say_v go_v to_o heaven_n in_o that_o manner_n and_o the_o more_o certain_o to_o obtain_v to_o this_o happiness_n they_o teach_v their_o follower_n several_a posture_n and_o prayer_n and_o exhort_v they_o to_o deed_n of_o charity_n the_o office_n of_o the_o priest_n consist_v chief_o in_o dispossess_v such_o house_n as_o be_v infest_a or_o haunt_v with_o the_o devil_n by_o their_o ungodly_a prayer_n and_o curse_n which_o they_o effect_v common_o after_o this_o manner_n they_o paint_v frightful_a face_n and_o posture_n of_o devil_n upon_o yellow_a paper_n and_o fix_v they_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o house_n then_o they_o bawl_v and_o skream_v so_o terrible_a loud_a that_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v like_o so_o many_o devil_n themselves_o and_o this_o be_v the_o utmost_a height_n of_o their_o conjuration_n there_o be_v another_o office_n and_o art_n which_o they_o ascribe_v to_o themselves_o for_o they_o boast_v that_o in_o dry_a wether_n they_o can_v cause_v rain_n and_o at_o their_o pleasure_n make_v the_o same_o either_o to_o abate_v or_o cease_v again_o and_o they_o profess_v to_o be_v skilled_a in_o several_a other_o strange_a art_n but_o in_o truth_n mere_a delusion_n wherewith_o they_o deceive_v the_o whole_a empire_n yet_o notwithstanding_o these_o priest_n have_v their_o residence_n in_o the_o royal_a temple_n dedicate_v to_o heaven_n and_o earth_n and_o be_v always_o assistant_n at_o the_o offering_n whether_o the_o emperor_n himself_o be_v there_o present_a in_o person_n or_o only_o the_o magistrate_n in_o his_o behalf_n whereby_o they_o grow_v famous_a and_o be_v have_v in_o great_a esteem_n not_o by_o the_o common_a people_n alone_o but_o the_o grandee_n also_o
of_o his_o dominion_n one_o chuenhious_a nephew_n to_o hoangtius_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o his_o extraordinary_a good_a quality_n be_v substitute_v to_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n in_o the_o year_n 2513_o before_o christ_n birth_n and_o reign_v seventy_o eight_o year_n he_o continue_v the_o virtuous_a course_n of_o his_o ancestor_n both_o in_o religious_a and_o worldly_a concern_v among_o other_o he_o cause_v a_o law_n to_o be_v make_v that_o no_o person_n of_o what_o quality_n soever_o shall_v be_v admit_v to_o offer_v to_o the_o god_n but_o the_o emperor_n only_o so_o great_a a_o esteem_n they_o have_v in_o those_o day_n of_o ecclesiastical_a employment_n that_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v exercise_v by_o any_o but_o the_o great_a prince_n no_o soon_o what_o chuenhious_a dead_a but_o his_o nephew_n cous_fw-la succeed_v he_o be_v as_o his_o predecessor_n very_o eminent_a in_o all_o manner_n of_o virtue_n and_o goodness_n he_o be_v choose_v emperor_n two_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o thirty_o five_o year_n before_o christ_n birth_n he_o marry_v four_o wife_n which_o be_v very_o rare_a in_o those_o day_n and_o have_v four_o son_n by_o they_o one_o of_o they_o name_v cious_a he_o procure_v by_o perform_v some_o promise_n to_o the_o supreme_a emperor_n of_o heaven_n another_o of_o his_o wife_n bear_v a_o son_n call_v kius_fw-la who_o be_v say_v also_o to_o be_v give_v to_o she_o by_o the_o god_n through_o importunity_n of_o prayer_n have_v be_v always_o barren_a before_o the_o three_o woman_n have_v a_o child_n in_o the_o four_o month_n of_o her_o marriage_n which_o be_v call_v yaus_n have_v first_o see_v in_o her_o sleep_n a_o red_a dragon_n which_o be_v hold_v by_o the_o chinese_n for_o a_o sign_n of_o great_a prosperity_n the_o four_o have_v a_o son_n call_v cheus_n this_o last_o be_v prefer_v to_o the_o throne_n by_o his_o father_n cous_fw-la before_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v observe_v by_o he_o to_o be_v the_o most_o incline_v to_o 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that_o the_o world_n will_v have_v be_v destroy_v by_o a_o general_a conflagration_n in_o regard_n there_o have_v happen_v several_a great_a fire_n at_o that_o time_n they_o likewise_o report_v that_o at_o the_o same_o time_n several_a strange_a monster_n as_o snake_n and_o dragon_n creep_v out_o from_o under_o the_o ground_n and_o that_o this_o yaus_n in_o these_o dismal_a time_n and_o notwithstanding_o all_o those_o dreadful_a accident_n carry_v himself_o with_o so_o much_o piety_n and_o care_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o his_o subject_n that_o he_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o every_o body_n as_o the_o redeemer_n and_o deliverer_n of_o his_o country_n to_o descent_n to_o particular_n concern_v this_o emperor_n he_o be_v very_o much_o addict_v to_o astrology_n be_v instruct_v therein_o by_o the_o two_o famous_a man_n hâ—us_n and_o house_n person_n more_o than_o ordinary_o expert_a in_o that_o science_n but_o he_o be_v not_o alone_o eminent_a for_o knowledge_n and_o industry_n for_o his_o wife_n the_o empress_n teach_v other_o woman_n how_o to_o breed_v and_o raise_v silkworm_n and_o the_o art_n of_o prepare_v and_o weave_v of_o silk_n when_o he_o have_v thâ—s_o civilise_v the_o people_n by_o his_o own_o and_o wife_n instruction_n to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o manufacture_n he_o forthwith_o new_o model_v the_o government_n and_o introduce_v the_o six_o judicature_n or_o bench_n of_o justice_n to_o wit_n sipu_n hopu_n limpu_n pimpu_n cumpu_n and_o humpu_n when_o he_o have_v thus_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o his_o state_n in_o order_n he_o depose_v himself_o and_o transfer_v the_o government_n in_o his_o life-time_n upon_o another_o in_o which_o more_o than_o ordinary_a action_n he_o have_v more_o regard_n to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o public_a than_o to_o the_o welfare_n and_o affection_n of_o his_o own_o child_n and_o relation_n all_o who_o he_o voluntary_o pass_v by_o although_o no_o way_n inferior_a to_o he_o in_o knowledge_n and_o uprightness_n of_o life_n and_o surrender_v the_o empire_n to_o a_o stranger_n in_o blood_n not_o for_o respect_n of_o his_o princely_a alliance_n but_o only_o the_o eminency_n of_o his_o virtue_n and_o integrity_n and_o as_o a_o singular_a testimony_n of_o this_o his_o zeal_n for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o country_n i_o shall_v only_o give_v you_o this_o one_o example_n namely_o discourse_v once_o with_o one_o fangius_fw-la a_o eminent_a and_o learned_a person_n of_o his_o council_n he_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o be_v in_o a_o very_a great_a suspense_n who_o he_o shall_v choose_v to_o be_v his_o successor_n the_o counsellor_n make_v he_o this_o answer_n there_o be_v one_o of_o your_o own_o princely_a family_n your_o elder_a son_n chus_n and_o rightful_a heir_n upon_o who_o you_o may_v settle_v your_o empire_n the_o goodness_n of_o who_o nature_n extraordinary_a prudence_n quickness_n of_o wit_n tread_v in_o your_o royal_a step_n and_o imitate_v your_o laudable_a exemplar_n merit_v no_o less_o and_o if_o your_o servant_n counsel_v be_v acceptable_a to_o your_o ear_n i_o shall_v advise_v you_o to_o settle_v in_o the_o government_n this_o your_o elder_a son_n and_o no_o other_o but_o yaus_n interrupt_v his_o discourse_n say_v you_o know_v fangius_fw-la that_o i_o take_v as_o much_o distaste_n at_o the_o commend_v of_o bad_a as_o i_o do_v at_o the_o discommend_v of_o good_a people_n my_o son_n be_v unready_a of_o speech_n and_o slow_a of_o tongue_n his_o word_n and_o his_o deed_n not_o agree_v true_a it_o be_v he_o know_v in_o outward_a gesture_n how_o to_o behave_v himself_o as_o a_o wise_a man_n but_o inward_o he_o be_v nothing_o not_o long_o after_o be_v about_o the_o seventi_v year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o send_v for_o one_o sungous_n one_o of_o his_o great_a favourite_n and_o counsellor_n to_o who_o he_o speak_v in_o this_o manner_n i_o find_v the_o weight_n of_o a_o crown_n too_o heavy_a for_o my_o age_a head_n and_o therefore_o intend_v to_o surrender_v up_o my_o empire_n to_o you_o have_v in_o all_o my_o time_n observe_v none_o so_o fit_a for_o it_o either_o for_o virtue_n or_o wisdom_n but_o sungous_n unacquainted_a with_o ambitious_a thought_n absolute_o refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o it_o modest_o protest_v his_o insufficiency_n for_o so_o great_a a_o charge_n for_o that_o he_o be_v not_o not_o furnish_v with_o those_o quality_n wherewith_o a_o emperor_n ought_v to_o be_v provide_v and_o so_o neither_o worthy_a of_o that_o honour_n nor_o able_a to_o undergo_v the_o burden_n when_o yaus_n see_v he_o persist_v immovable_o in_o his_o resolution_n not_o to_o accept_v of_o the_o government_n he_o demand_v of_o he_o who_o he_o judge_v worthy_a of_o the_o same_o to_o who_o sungous_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o emperor_n council_n make_v this_o answer_n since_o you_o be_v please_v to_o inquire_v of_o i_o o_o king_n who_o i_o judge_v worthy_a to_o be_v a_o
stranger_n and_o to_o negotiate_v their_o business_n for_o they_o yet_o we_o resolve_v not_o to_o be_v discourage_v but_o rather_o take_v the_o great_a magnanimity_n and_o trust_v in_o almighty_a god_n who_o sometime_o permit_v difficulty_n to_o appear_v insupportable_a by_o humane_a strength_n that_o we_o may_v ascribe_v our_o happy_a success_n to_o he_o alone_o and_o return_v he_o all_o praise_n and_o thanks_o who_o bring_v all_o our_o work_n to_o pass_v with_o erect_a spirit_n therefore_o and_o our_o heart_n advance_v we_o accost_v a_o famous_a chinese_n who_o be_v likewise_o precedent_n of_o the_o tribunal_n of_o hospitality_n for_o now_o all_o their_o court_n have_v double_a chief_n and_o precedent_n in_o they_o the_o one_o a_o tartar_n and_o the_o other_o a_o chinese_n earnest_o request_v his_o favourable_a assistance_n in_o this_o business_n for_o know_v his_o authority_n in_o his_o favour_n lie_v our_o great_a hope_n and_o he_o be_v ever_o a_o most_o friendly_a person_n to_o 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name_n of_o the_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o fokien_n can_v ever_o be_v secure_a or_o flourish_v but_o will_v be_v in_o perpetual_a hazard_n of_o decay_n this_o mandorin_n be_v wonderful_o please_v with_o the_o book_n and_o promise_v i_o to_o show_v it_o to_o the_o council_n that_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v about_o the_o hollander_n and_o withal_o he_o add_v this_o word_n of_o consolation_n that_o these_o hollander_n shall_v never_o accomplish_v and_o bring_v to_o pass_v their_o design_n here_o although_o i_o well_o know_v they_o have_v bribe_v the_o king_n of_o canton_n and_o many_o other_o great_a officer_n about_o the_o court_n for_o i_o will_v never_o suffer_v they_o to_o enter_v into_o china_n or_o to_o be_v allow_v any_o commerce_n with_o it_o and_o as_o he_o promise_v so_o he_o likewise_o perform_v with_o other_o chineses_n of_o his_o party_n withstand_v the_o tartar_n and_o anon_o produce_v the_o book_n to_o they_o whereunto_o they_o all_o give_v great_a estimation_n and_o credit_n because_o it_o be_v write_v in_o the_o chinese_n language_n at_o length_n from_o the_o cognizance_n that_o all_o great_a man_n take_v of_o the_o hollander_n and_o the_o fame_n that_o be_v spread_v of_o they_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o tartar_n shut_v they_o up_o and_o not_o only_o deny_v they_o liberty_n to_o sell_v any_o thing_n or_o to_o buy_v any_o necessary_n for_o themselves_o but_o also_o prohibit_v they_o to_o receive_v those_o entertainment_n whereunto_o some_o of_o the_o viceroy_n of_o canton's_n intimate_a friend_n have_v invite_v they_o nor_o will_v they_o suffer_v any_o man_n so_o much_o as_o to_o sit_v down_o at_o their_o door_n whence_o the_o dutch_a despair_v of_o any_o good_a issue_n of_o their_o negotiation_n plain_o disow_v their_o pretence_n of_o seek_v any_o commerce_n here_o and_o pretend_v their_o business_n to_o be_v only_o a_o congratulation_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o his_o new_a conquest_n which_o have_v now_o perform_v with_o their_o most_o hearty_a wish_n for_o the_o continuance_n and_o increase_n of_o his_o posterity_n they_o desire_v his_o majesty_n leave_n to_o return_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o country_n hitherto_o whatever_o father_n lodowick_n balion_n and_o myself_o have_v do_v to_o defeat_v the_o hollander_n if_o it_o be_v not_o according_a to_o our_o wish_n it_o be_v according_a to_o our_o power_n and_o by_o divine_a assistance_n it_o prove_v sufficient_a in_o our_o lay_n open_v the_o quality_n of_o this_o nation_n to_o alienate_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o chinese_n from_o they_o and_o of_o many_o tartar_n too_o who_o before_o stand_v at_o the_o most_o but_o in_o a_o neutrality_n and_o to_o the_o strike_v some_o terror_n in_o those_o who_o have_v be_v corrupt_v by_o their_o bribe_n i_o say_v that_o by_o divine_a assistance_n it_o prove_v sufficient_a for_o without_o that_o it_o have_v be_v impossible_a for_o we_o to_o have_v advance_v one_o step_n in_o a_o business_n of_o this_o nature_n as_o well_o for_o the_o vast_a gift_n and_o present_n whereby_o they_o have_v gain_v upon_o man_n who_o they_o have_v find_v capable_a of_o further_a their_o design_n as_o for_o the_o contrary_a penury_n on_o our_o side_n which_o lose_v we_o many_o advantage_n that_o we_o can_v otherwise_o have_v take_v for_o at_o peking_n as_o at_o old_a rome_n all_o thing_n be_v buy_v and_o sold._n we_o go_v often_o to_o the_o old_a church_n to_o confer_v with_o father_n john_n adam_n about_o this_o matter_n and_o to_o animate_v he_o to_o acquaint_v the_o emperor_n with_o it_o for_o he_o have_v frequent_a access_n to_o the_o emperor_n ear_n i_o say_v to_o animate_v he_o not_o that_o he_o want_v either_o courage_n or_o good_a will_n but_o because_o as_o i_o have_v former_o write_v unto_o your_o lordship_n all_o matter_n of_o great_a moment_n be_v entire_o act_v in_o the_o tribunal_n from_o whence_o alone_o the_o emperor_n be_v to_o be_v inform_v of_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o empire_n whereto_o he_o common_o conform_v himself_o yea_o sometime_o if_o he_o will_v he_o can_v alter_v the_o determination_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o six_o tribunal_n who_o be_v become_v the_o supreme_a legislator_n of_o that_o empire_n when_o homebred_a and_o domestic_a business_n of_o the_o country_n be_v in_o question_n and_o whereof_o the_o emperor_n have_v any_o knowledge_n though_o it_o be_v but_o small_a they_o common_o make_v their_o address_n to_o his_o majesty_n about_o it_o but_o of_o foreign_a business_n he_o have_v no_o knowledge_n at_o all_o till_o they_o have_v finish_v it_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o thing_n of_o little_a danger_n to_o move_v the_o emperor_n in_o lest_o they_o who_o favour_v the_o hollander_n may_v be_v provoke_v to_o plead_v that_o what_o father_n john_n and_o we_o do_v proceed_v mere_o from_o envy_n and_o covetousness_n to_o defame_v the_o hollander_n because_o we_o will_v engross_v the_o trade_n of_o canton_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o portuguese_a exclude_v all_o other_o nation_n who_o probable_o may_v be_v more_o advantageous_a to_o this_o empire_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o which_o father_n adam_n do_v adventure_v to_o speak_v to_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v always_o high_o please_v to_o favour_v he_o and_o now_o to_o entertain_v his_o motion_n and_o for_o his_o sake_n to_o incline_v to_o our_o party_n and_o it_o please_v god_n so_o to_o stop_v the_o mouth_n of_o all_o gainsayer_n that_o none_o dare_v open_a after_o your_o lordship_n owe_v much_o to_o father_n john_n valleat_n who_o although_o he_o can_v not_o negotiate_v with_o any_o abroad_o out_o of_o the_o palace_n as_o he_o wish_v be_v yet_o very_o behoveful_a in_o his_o constant_a solicitation_n of_o father_n john_n adam_n exhort_v he_o to_o improve_v his_o interest_n in_o the_o emperor_n about_o our_o business_n and_o suggest_v many_o reason_n to_o he_o of_o its_o feasibleness_n and_o what_o he_o do_v herein_o we_o have_v extract_v out_o of_o a_o epistle_n from_o he_o to_o father_n visidore_n as_o follow_v the_o twelve_o of_o this_o present_a february_n i_o be_v with_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v please_v according_a to_o his_o wont_a to_o honour_v i_o with_o familiar_a discourse_n among_o other_o subject_n he_o fall_v upon_o the_o hollander_n which_o give_v i_o occasion_n to_o represent_v they_o in_o their_o proper_a colour_n and_o particular_o to_o admonish_v the_o emperor_n of_o that_o great_a lie_n wherewith_o they_o have_v arm_v themselves_o upon_o their_o come_n hither_o in_o the_o poud_a boast_n of_o their_o large_a dominion_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v legal_a and_o ancient_a owner_n of_o great_a territory_n when_o they_o the_o truth_n be_v be_v but_o violent_a possessor_n of_o a_o small_a part_n of_o a_o country_n which_o they_o at_o first_o have_v traitorous_o usurp_v and_o since_o rebellious_o defend_v from_o their_o lawful_a sovereign_n and_o thereupon_o become_v vagabond_n upon_o the_o sea_n there_o
christian_a religion_n the_o se_n â—ooks_n be_v common_o expose_v to_o the_o sight_n of_o stranger_n in_o the_o library_n of_o the_o roman_a college_n with_o the_o authentic_a draught_n of_o the_o monument_n itself_o send_v from_o china_n and_o last_o approve_v by_o the_o whole_a christian_a world_n so_o that_o it_o be_v of_o little_a concernment_n what_o a_o obscure_a bragadocio_n bark_v forth_o in_o the_o utmost_a quarter_n of_o the_o world_n who_o if_o he_o have_v abstain_v from_o calumny_n and_o scoff_v and_o have_v prudent_o propose_v the_o matter_n with_o some_o scrupulosity_n peradventure_o may_v better_a have_v save_v his_o own_o reputation_n and_o the_o credit_n of_o his_o work_n but_o so_o it_o happen_v by_o the_o just_a judgement_n of_o god_n that_o those_o who_o endeavour_n to_o traduce_v the_o glory_n of_o the_o divine_a majesty_n by_o cavil_n and_o scoff_v both_o contrary_a to_o conscience_n and_o charity_n for_o the_o most_o part_n at_o length_n suffer_v shipwreck_n of_o their_o own_o fame_n and_o labour_n move_v therefore_o by_o these_o reason_n lest_o a_o monument_n of_o so_o great_a concern_v deprive_v of_o its_o credit_n shall_v run_v the_o hazard_n of_o be_v cast_v away_o i_o shall_v labour_v so_o by_o the_o divine_a assistance_n to_o establish_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o monument_n in_o this_o undertake_a work_n be_v my_o contexture_n from_o the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o matter_n confirm_v not_o only_o by_o the_o great_a attestation_n of_o the_o father_n of_o our_o society_n which_o have_v see_v it_o with_o their_o own_o eye_n but_o also_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o chinese_n themselves_o that_o from_o henceforth_o there_o may_v no_o place_n of_o doubt_v be_v leave_v and_o the_o heterodox_n themselves_o may_v be_v force_v to_o confess_v the_o interpretation_n of_o this_o syro-chinesian_a inscription_n be_v consider_v that_o no_o other_o doctrine_n be_v teach_v above_o a_o thousand_o year_n pass_v by_o the_o preacher_n of_o the_o gospel_n which_o be_v not_o altogether_o consonant_a and_o conformable_a yea_o the_o very_a same_o with_o the_o orthodox_n doctrine_n now_o profess_v and_o therefore_o the_o gospel_n preach_v former_o in_o china_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o the_o universal_a catholic_n roman_n church_n enjoin_v to_o be_v believe_v at_o this_o day_n as_o i_o shall_v afterward_o prove_v by_o manifold_a strength_n of_o argument_n now_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v treat_v of_o in_o a_o requisite_a order_n and_o method_n monument_n i_o think_v good_a first_o of_o all_o to_o annex_v a_o twofold_n perfect_a and_o sincere_a interpretation_n of_o this_o stone_n expound_v by_o the_o chinesian_a learned_a man_n themselves_o from_o a_o book_n print_v in_o chinesian_a character_n and_o express_v verbatim_o in_o the_o genuine_a pronunciation_n of_o the_o chinesian_a word_n by_o father_n michael_n boim_n a_o person_n excellent_o skill_a in_o the_o chinese_n language_n as_o it_o will_v appear_v anon_o from_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o reader_n i_o have_v also_o adjoin_v another_o exposition_n with_o the_o scholiast_n avoid_v the_o chinese_n phrase_n not_o so_o accustom_a to_o our_o ear_n and_o that_o for_o the_o more_o suitable_a apprehend_n of_o the_o genuine_a sense_n of_o the_o table_n and_o this_o i_o do_v the_o rather_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o omit_v any_o thing_n by_o which_o the_o monument_n may_v receive_v the_o great_a illustration_n and_o by_o reason_n some_o may_v just_o question_v how_o those_o syrian-chaldeans_a the_o great_a propagator_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n can_v penetrate_v into_o those_o utmost_a quarter_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o appear_v not_o only_o congruous_a but_o also_o absolute_o necessary_a for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o this_o matter_n to_o administer_v aid_n to_o the_o perplex_a reader_n in_o this_o obscure_a labyrinth_n of_o various_a travel_n by_o the_o flame_a pharos_n of_o this_o work_n that_o be_v to_o direct_v he_o by_o geographical_a demonstration_n from_o which_o if_o i_o do_v not_o deceive_v myself_o china_n the_o reader_n shall_v clear_o understand_v that_o not_o only_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n but_o also_o the_o superstition_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o their_o fable_n before_o the_o come_n of_o our_o saviour_n derive_v their_o original_a from_o one_o and_o the_o same_o region_n that_o be_v from_o egypt_n graecia_n syria_n and_o chaldea_n now_o where_o the_o vast_a empire_n of_o the_o chinese_n be_v into_o which_o the_o monument_n show_v the_o gospel_n to_o have_v have_v a_o entrance_n i_o shall_v rather_o hint_n at_o in_o a_o few_o word_n than_o endeavour_n to_o describe_v concern_v which_o notwithstanding_o if_o the_o inquisitive_a reader_n desire_v far_a satisfaction_n i_o shall_v remit_v he_o to_o have_v recourse_n unto_o the_o history_n of_o father_n nicholas_n trigautius_n and_o john_n samedius_fw-la as_o also_o to_o the_o atlas_n sinicus_n of_o martin_n martinius_n and_o many_o other_o where_o he_o shall_v find_v full_o describe_v whatsoever_o relate_v unto_o the_o situation_n of_o china_n and_o its_o wonder_n the_o nature_n property_n and_o fertility_n of_o the_o region_n the_o multitude_n of_o its_o great_a and_o vast_a city_n and_o their_o inhabitant_n and_o last_o the_o politic_a and_o civil_a government_n in_o which_o regard_n this_o empire_n seem_v not_o to_o give_v place_n to_o any_o monarchy_n in_o the_o world_n my_o business_n be_v only_o to_o explain_v those_o thing_n which_o as_o they_o be_v controvert_v so_o likedo_fw-la wonderful_o render_v the_o reader_n doubtful_a and_o perplex_v about_o the_o equivocation_n of_o the_o term_n and_o also_o to_o allege_v in_o respect_n to_o the_o curious_a reader_n the_o more_o rare_a curiosity_n and_o secret_n of_o thing_n observe_v to_o be_v treasure_v up_o in_o this_o nation_n and_o other_o adjacent_a not_o observe_v hitherto_o by_o any_o former_a author_n with_o the_o prodigy_n both_o of_o nature_n and_o art_n each_o be_v record_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n china_n china_n the_o large_a and_o vast_a of_o kingdom_n as_o it_o be_v confine_v unto_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o asia_n by_o the_o creator_n of_o the_o earthly_a globe_n so_o also_o do_v it_o remain_v altogether_o unknown_a unto_o the_o ancient_n even_o unto_o the_o year_n 1220._o when_o marcus_n paulus_n venetus_n first_o discover_v it_o unto_o we_o under_o the_o name_n of_o catay_n as_o afterward_o shall_v be_v make_v manifest_a on_o the_o east_n it_o be_v encompass_v with_o the_o eastern_a ocean_n on_o the_o north_n it_o have_v tartary_n adjoin_v separate_v by_o a_o wall_n who_o yet_o undiscovered_a bound_n be_v extend_v even_o unto_o the_o freeze_a sea_n and_o questionless_a they_o be_v in_o some_o part_n or_o other_o continue_v to_o the_o north_n part_n of_o america_n with_o anian_a whether_o it_o be_v a_o sraight_a or_o isthmos_n although_o unto_o this_o very_a time_n as_o with_o great_a pain_n it_o be_v search_v after_o by_o the_o father_n of_o our_o society_n employ_v in_o china_n the_o limit_n of_o these_o vast_a kingdom_n and_o land_n have_v as_o yet_o be_v detect_v by_o no_o person_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v encompass_v partly_o with_o ridge_n of_o most_o high_a mountain_n partly_o a_o sandy_a desert_n and_o other_o kingdom_n which_o we_o shall_v discourse_v of_o anon_o last_o on_o the_o south_n it_o be_v limit_v with_o the_o sea_n the_o kingdom_n of_o touchinum_fw-la cochinchina_fw-la laum_n and_o other_o the_o latitude_n begin_v from_o 18_o degree_n and_o extend_v itself_o unto_o 43._o that_o be_v it_o be_v distend_v by_o the_o interval_n of_o a_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o forty_o italian_a mile_n from_o south_n to_o north_n and_o from_o the_o west_n unto_o the_o east_n it_o almost_o consist_v of_o the_o same_o distance_n whence_o the_o chineses_n do_v express_v it_o in_o their_o map_n in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o quadrate_n although_o by_o our_o geographer_n that_o be_v better_a skill_a in_o the_o mathematics_n name_n it_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o crescent_n now_o in_o reference_n unto_o the_o confusion_n of_o the_o name_n of_o it_o it_o be_v as_o great_a as_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o adjoin_a nation_n be_v the_o spaniard_n and_o the_o portuguese_n call_v it_o china_n the_o ancient_n as_o it_o â—s_v to_o be_v see_v in_o ptolemy_n sin_n and_o serica_n the_o arabian_n sin_n and_o the_o saracen_n catay_n all_o which_o appellation_n be_v so_o far_o i_o may_v say_v from_o be_v in_o use_n among_o the_o chinese_n themselves_o that_o the_o name_n be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o know_v as_o it_o be_v hence_o apparent_a for_o it_o be_v a_o immemorial_n custom_n among_o the_o chinese_n that_o as_o often_o as_o the_o right_n of_o dominion_n devolve_v from_o one_o family_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o mutability_n of_o humane_a affair_n so_o also_o be_v the_o kingdom_n dignify_v with_o a_o new_a name_n by_o he_o that_o assume_v the_o regality_n which_o he_o
that_o be_v india_n or_o syria_n in_o xensi_fw-la a_o northern_a kingdom_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o royal_a family_n of_o tamburlaine_n then_o reign_v anno_fw-la 639._o as_o the_o monument_n that_o be_v find_v avouch_v where_o relate_v the_o preacher_n of_o the_o faith_n of_o christ_n at_o that_o time_n among_o the_o chinese_n it_o mention_v not_o st._n thomas_n or_o any_o other_o apostle_n which_o yet_o if_o ensculp_v will_v have_v be_v of_o considerable_a moment_n unto_o their_o purpose_n who_o erect_v the_o stone_n viz._n that_o the_o preacher_n of_o the_o faith_n then_o again_o preach_v the_o same_o law_n that_o st._n thomas_n or_o some_o other_o apostle_n have_v before_o preach_v among_o the_o chinese_n moreover_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o those_o preacher_n of_o tacyu_n have_v no_o knowledge_n of_o st._n thomas_n or_o any_o other_o apostle_n preach_v the_o law_n of_o christ_n unto_o the_o chineses_n and_o a_o conjecture_n may_v be_v make_v that_o peradventure_o neither_o st._n thomas_n nor_o any_o other_o apostle_n introduce_v the_o gospel_n among_o they_o and_o that_o i_o may_v speak_v most_o moderate_o nothing_o can_v be_v certain_o deduce_v or_o draw_v concern_v this_o matter_n from_o the_o footstep_n here_o find_v and_o the_o passage_n before_o allege_v be_v only_o able_a to_o prove_v that_o those_o priest_n be_v send_v from_o the_o church_n of_o st._n thomas_n or_o babylon_n which_o then_o govern_v the_o malabran_n church_n de_fw-fr serra_fw-la belong_v unto_o the_o christian_n of_o st._n thomas_n as_o the_o portuguese_n afterward_o find_v to_o erect_v a_o episcopal_a seat_n and_o to_o introduce_v the_o faith_n among_o the_o people_n of_o china_n see_v this_o be_v testify_v by_o the_o ancient_a syrian_a language_n call_v estrangelo_n which_o be_v now_o retain_v in_o that_o church_n and_o be_v in_o former_a time_n in_o use_n in_o babylon_n and_o syria_n and_o as_o for_o the_o oration_n compose_v in_o praise_n of_o st._n thomas_n the_o apostle_n from_o they_o we_o may_v only_o conjecture_v that_o by_o the_o merit_n of_o st._n thomas_n and_o his_o church_n the_o priest_n perchance_o introduce_v first_o of_o all_o the_o faith_n which_o they_o have_v receive_v from_o st._n thomas_n among_o the_o chinese_n and_o therefore_o deserve_o their_o conversion_n ought_v to_o be_v attribute_v unto_o st._n thomas_n wherefore_o see_v there_o be_v no_o mention_n of_o st._n thomas_n to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o path_n of_o the_o faith_n preach_v hitherto_o discover_v we_o can_v positive_o assert_v that_o st._n thomas_n or_o any_o other_o apostle_n preach_v the_o gospel_n unto_o the_o chineses_n but_o i_o rather_o think_v that_o many_o age_n after_o the_o christian_n of_o prester-iohn_n country_n who_o emperor_n paulus_n venetus_n call_v usan_n can_n who_o be_v term_v the_o worshipper_n of_o the_o cross_n be_v those_o that_o enter_v into_o china_n either_o with_o the_o tartar_n or_o a_o little_a before_o for_o those_o from_o india_n or_o rather_o from_o the_o syrian_a chaldea_n or_o those_o of_o malabar_n as_o they_o be_v far_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o tartar-christians_a so_o will_v they_o have_v call_v their_o disciple_n that_o be_v follower_n of_o a_o more_o clear_a doctrine_n kin_n kiao_n but_o i_o believe_v those_o preacher_n come_v not_o out_o of_o india_n for_o the_o syrian_a language_n and_o name_n testify_v they_o to_o be_v syrian_n and_o they_o term_v themselves_o jew_n or_o of_o india_n by_o reason_n they_o preach_v that_o law_n or_o doctrine_n which_o have_v its_o original_a from_o india_n but_o from_o what_o place_n those_o syrian_a priest_n come_v as_o also_o their_o syrian_a subscription_n these_o i_o say_v we_o leave_v to_o the_o industrious_a disquisition_n of_o the_o reverend_a father_n athanasius_n kircher_n a_o person_n high_o merit_v of_o all_o antiquity_n which_o that_o he_o may_v accomplish_v with_o the_o great_a fidelity_n and_o solidity_n we_o have_v present_v he_o the_o same_o write_n transcribe_v in_o the_o chinese_n out_o of_o the_o book_n by_o the_o sole_a pain_n and_o industry_n of_o don_n chin_n andreas_n a_o noble_a chinesian_a youth_n the_o inseparable_a companion_n of_o my_o voyage_n to_o rome_n to_o the_o apostolic_a see_n which_o book_n be_v imprint_v and_o divulge_v throughout_o the_o whole_a empire_n by_o the_o chinese_n doctor_n man_n of_o great_a fidelity_n and_o authority_n with_o my_o latin_a translation_n render_v word_n for_o word_n and_o i_o have_v lay_v up_o the_o book_n that_o be_v altogether_o consonant_a to_o the_o original_a monument_n in_o the_o study_n of_o the_o same_o father_n together_o with_o a_o attestation_n of_o the_o fact_n by_o the_o subscription_n of_o my_o own_o hand_n and_o the_o hand_n of_o those_o that_o be_v native_n of_o china_n eye-witness_n of_o the_o monument_n as_o also_o the_o transcriber_n of_o this_o table_n from_o the_o original_a rome_n novemb_n 4._o anno_fw-la 1653._o father_n michael_n boim_n andrea_n don_n chin_n a_o chinese_n matthew_n a_o chinese_n a_o paraphrastical_a declaration_n of_o a_o chinese_n inscription_n translate_v word_n for_o word_n out_o of_o the_o chinese_n language_n into_o the_o portuguese_n out_o of_o that_o into_o italian_a and_o from_o the_o italian_a into_o the_o latin_a tongue_n the_o declaration_n of_o xiu_o piu_fw-it or_o as_o the_o commentator_n have_v it_o make_v by_o a_o priest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o judea_n who_o be_v call_v kim_n lim._n 1._o this_o therefore_o i_o say_v thing_n that_o he_o who_o be_v always_o true_a and_o undisturbed_a be_v without_o any_o beginning_n of_o a_o most_o profound_a intellect_n and_o eternal_a essence_n by_o his_o most_o excellent_a power_n out_o of_o nothing_o create_v all_o thing_n and_o by_o his_o divine_a wisdom_n make_v the_o saint_n this_o be_v that_o divine_a essence_n three_o in_o person_n but_o one_o in_o substance_n our_o lord_n who_o be_v certain_o infallible_a without_o begin_v olo_n o_o thou_o which_o in_o the_o chaldee_n signify_v the_o same_o with_o eloba_n make_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o world_n in_o form_n of_o a_o cross_n gather_v together_o the_o chaos_n he_o form_v two_o kiss_n that_o be_v two_o virtue_n or_o quality_n call_v inyam_n the_o commentator_n name_v they_o two_o principle_n change_v the_o abyss_n that_o be_v he_o take_v away_o the_o darkness_n and_o the_o heaven_n and_o the_o earth_n appear_v he_o form_v the_o sun_n and_o moon_n that_o by_o their_o continual_a motion_n they_o shall_v distinguish_v the_o night_n and_o day_n he_o set_v together_o and_o build_v all_o thing_n but_o when_o he_o create_v the_o first_o man_n beside_o his_o be_v he_o endow_v he_o with_o original_a righteousness_n appoint_v he_o lord_n of_o the_o whole_a universe_n which_o at_o first_o of_o his_o own_o nature_n be_v empty_a and_o vile_a fill_v with_o himself_o of_o a_o plain_a and_o equal_a understanding_n and_o have_v no_o mixture_n of_o any_o inordinate_a appetite_n 2._o but_o afterward_o by_o cunning_a deceit_n adam_n the_o devil_n bring_v it_o to_o pass_v that_o adam_n infect_v whatever_o be_v before_o natural_o and_o in_o its_o self_n pure_a and_o perfect_a that_o be_v he_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o sow_v the_o seed_n of_o malice_n that_o general_a disturber_n of_o the_o peace_n in_o his_o heart_n whereby_o the_o equal_a temper_n of_o his_o uprightness_n be_v alter_v and_o discord_n fraudulent_o introduce_v from_o whence_o in_o process_n of_o time_n three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o five_o sect_n spring_v up_o one_o after_o another_o each_o of_o which_o draw_v to_o themselves_o as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v delude_v some_o worship_v the_o creature_n in_o stead_n of_o the_o creator_n other_o make_v a_o empty_a principle_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o a_o real_a ens_fw-la to_o this_o allude_v the_o sect_n of_o the_o pagodi_n and_o learned_a chineses_n because_o they_o assert_v that_o the_o principle_n which_o produce_v all_o thing_n be_v void_a that_o the_o same_o be_v to_o they_o subtle_a and_o undiscernible_a to_o the_o sense_n although_o in_o itself_o it_o be_v a_o real_a and_o positive_a principle_n but_o other_o say_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o thing_n be_v not_o only_o real_a and_o positive_a but_o that_o it_o be_v of_o such_o a_o figure_n and_o corpulency_n as_o may_v easy_o be_v comprehend_v by_o sense_n some_o do_v seek_v happiness_n by_o sacrifice_n other_o take_v a_o pride_n to_o deceive_v man_n under_o the_o specious_a show_n of_o goodness_n use_v all_o their_o skill_n and_o industry_n therein_o make_v all_o their_o diligence_n and_o intention_n subservient_fw-fr to_o their_o affection_n but_o in_o vain_a and_o without_o any_o profit_n do_v they_o labour_v still_o make_v their_o progress_n from_o bad_a to_o worse_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o those_o that_o will_v strike_v fire_n out_o of_o a_o earthen_a vessel_n they_o add_v darkness_n to_o darkness_n and_o so_o indeed_o once_o leave_v the_o true_a path_n they_o can_v never_o return_v to_o the_o
learn_v from_o a_o astrologer_n that_o in_o time_n it_o will_v become_v rebellious_a unto_o his_o empire_n this_o city_n be_v build_v foursquare_a comprehend_v in_o circuit_n twenty_o four_o mile_n the_o side_n of_o every_o square_a or_o quadrate_n contain_v six_o mile_n it_o have_v wall_n white_v over_o which_o be_v twenty_o pace_n high_a ten_o in_o breadth_n but_o in_o thickness_n become_v narrow_a as_o they_o ascend_v every_o quadrature_n of_o these_o wall_n have_v three_o principal_a gate_n there_o be_v twelve_o in_o all_o which_o have_v each_o a_o magnificent_a palace_n build_v near_o unto_o they_o in_o the_o corner_n also_o of_o the_o wall_n there_o be_v noble_a tower_n where_o the_o arm_n and_o ammunition_n of_o the_o city_n be_v store_v and_o keep_v there_o be_v street_n and_o passage_n straight_o through_o the_o city_n so_o that_o there_o be_v a_o free_a prospect_n from_o one_o gate_n unto_o another_o most_o beautiful_a house_n be_v erect_v on_o either_o side_n a_o little_a 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of_o cingis-can_a and_o the_o other_o succeed_v potent_a emperor_n they_o i_o say_v i_o find_v to_o be_v so_o call_v from_o their_o overrun_v of_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n by_o their_o historian_n the_o chinesian-mogulos_a but_o what_o he_o write_v concern_v quinsai_n a_o city_n of_o a_o wonderful_a and_o almost_o incredible_a magnitude_n be_v all_o find_v to_o be_v true_a at_o this_o day_n concern_v the_o metropolitan_a city_n hancheu_o of_o which_o father_n martinius_n the_o author_n of_o the_o excellent_a atlas_n sinicus_n thus_o discourse_v folio_n 109._o quâ—nsai_n that_o the_o european_a cosmographer_n may_v no_o long_o err_v in_o make_v enquiry_n after_o and_o ridiculous_o delineat_v of_o quinsai_n mention_v by_o marcus_n paulus_n i_o shall_v here_o give_v the_o very_a exact_a portaicture_n of_o the_o same_o the_o shadow_n of_o which_o do_v not_o appear_v unto_o the_o author_n of_o the_o archontologia_fw-la cosmica_fw-la and_o if_o the_o divine_a majesty_n be_v propitious_a unto_o my_o design_n i_o shall_v peradventure_o in_o time_n send_v over_o the_o theatre_n of_o the_o city_n of_o china_n print_v by_o the_o chinese_n themselves_o not_o know_v or_o see_v as_o i_o suppose_v hitherto_o in_o europe_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n i_o prove_v first_o by_o most_o invincible_a argument_n that_o this_o be_v the_o same_o city_n of_o quinsai_n mention_v by_o paulus_n venetus_n for_o this_o be_v that_o city_n which_o be_v distant_a the_o space_n of_o five_o day_n travel_v from_o singui_n that_o be_v sum_z chou_n which_o hold_v good_a if_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o progress_n or_o march_n of_o the_o army_n in_o which_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o marcus_n paulus_n venetus_n be_v otherwise_o it_o be_v scarce_o four_o day_n journey_n this_o be_v that_o city_n in_o which_o in_o his_o time_n be_v the_o court_n or_o imperial_a city_n of_o china_n which_o the_o chineses_n in_o the_o elegant_a tongue_n of_o their_o learned_a man_n term_n kingsu_n but_o in_o the_o common_a speech_n of_o the_o vulgar_a sort_n of_o man_n who_o tie_v not_o up_o themselves_o unto_o that_o exactness_n of_o phrase_n kingsai_n whence_o the_o term_n of_o quinsai_n in_o venetus_n have_v its_o original_n you_o must_v here_o note_v moreover_o that_o kingsu_n be_v a_o name_n of_o dignity_n common_a unto_o regal_a city_n and_o not_o proper_a and_o singular_a unto_o one_o alone_a for_o its_o genuine_a and_o true_a signification_n be_v regal_a although_o oftentimes_o the_o same_o city_n have_v otherwise_o a_o proper_a name_n as_o this_o city_n be_v call_v hancheu_fw-la which_o under_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o family_n of_o sunga_n be_v call_v lingan_n because_o the_o ten_o emperor_n of_o this_o family_n name_v coacungus_fw-la kin_n fly_v from_o the_o tartar_n there_o fix_v his_o court_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o time_n of_o venetus_n it_o be_v call_v kingsu_n whatever_o other_o think_v to_o the_o contrary_n this_o happen_v anno_fw-la 1135._o and_o also_o in_o the_o same_o city_n the_o family_n of_o sunga_n hold_v the_o empire_n until_o the_o western_a tartar_n under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o great_a have_fw-mi erect_v the_o kin_n tartar_n or_o those_o of_o the_o east_n out_o of_o cathay_n that_o be_v out_o of_o the_o northern_a province_n and_o so_o then_o they_o become_v vanquish_v and_o a_o little_a after_o they_o advance_v their_o victorious_a army_n into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mangin_n have_v begin_v a_o seizure_n of_o those_o southern_a province_n but_o to_o come_v more_o near_o to_o the_o business_n this_o be_v that_o city_n which_o have_v such_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o high_a bridge_n both_o within_o its_o wall_n and_o without_o in_o its_o suburb_n for_o there_o be_v almost_o ten_o thousand_o as_o venetus_n reckon_v they_o if_o you_o account_v the_o triumphal_a arch_n among_o the_o bridge_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o similitude_n he_o may_v esteem_v for_o such_o by_o the_o
one_o i_o say_v who_o right_o understand_v what_o i_o have_v above_o relate_v concern_v the_o voyage_n of_o st._n thomas_n the_o apostle_n which_o be_v at_o large_a handle_v by_o osorius_n bishop_n of_o sylva_n who_o have_v elegant_o compile_v the_o indian_a history_n whence_o from_o these_o region_n even_o now_o declare_v viz._n from_o cabul_n caphurstan_n tibet_n and_o mogul_n he_o may_v easy_o by_o the_o bishop_n his_o successor_n propagate_v the_o sacred_a gospel_n of_o christ_n into_o the_o remote_a province_n and_o kingdom_n to_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o tartary_n this_o ortelius_n open_o confirm_v who_o say_v that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o archon_n situate_v in_o the_o utmost_a angle_n or_o corner_n of_o the_o north_n be_v convert_v unto_o the_o christian_a faith_n by_o st._n thomas_n you_o must_v understand_v it_o of_o of_o his_o successor_n so_o that_o by_o this_o account_n there_o be_v no_o part_n or_o corner_n of_o the_o world_n which_o have_v not_o be_v fill_v with_o the_o light_n of_o the_o gospel_n by_o his_o care_n and_o diligence_n nicephorus_n also_o relate_v in_o his_o second_o book_n chap._n 39_o that_o st._n philip_n preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o the_o upper_a asia_n now_o the_o upper_a asia_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o that_o vast_a space_n of_o asia_n minor_n which_o the_o ancient_n call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o scythia_n on_o this_o side_n and_o beyond_o imaus_n and_o they_o be_v all_o those_o region_n which_o be_v comprehend_v in_o the_o extreme_a limit_n of_o the_o eastern_a sea_n and_o about_o the_o caspian_a sea_n as_o georgia_n iberia_n albanior_fw-la micrelia_n armenia_n and_o part_n of_o the_o transmarine_a asiatic_a tartary_n from_o whence_o in_o course_n of_o time_n the_o gospel_n of_o our_o saviour_n by_o a_o far_o sprout_v be_v transplant_v into_o all_o the_o circumjacent_a kingdom_n as_o thebet_n indostan_n tanchut_v and_o the_o like_a chrysostome_n say_v that_o st._n bartholomew_n instruct_v the_o people_n of_o the_o great_a armenia_n in_o the_o christian_a faith_n sophrinus_fw-la say_v that_o he_o teach_v the_o albanian_o and_o origen_n that_o he_o preach_v to_o the_o hithermost_a indian_n panthenus_n a_o christian_a philosopher_n say_v that_o when_o he_o travel_v to_o the_o indian_n he_o find_v christianity_n yet_o flourish_v by_o the_o preach_a of_o st._n bartholomew_n he_o that_o be_v curious_a to_o know_v more_o concern_v this_o let_v he_o have_v recourse_n unto_o the_o history_n of_o the_o armenian_n which_o they_o call_v giarrentir_n that_o be_v a_o book_n of_o relation_n which_o clemens_n galanus_n a_o canon_n regular_n who_o spend_v many_o year_n in_o armenia_n georgia_n and_o the_o other_o region_n of_o colchis_n to_o propagate_v the_o christian_a faith_n here_o publish_v at_o rome_n first_o of_o all_o therefore_o the_o christian_a faith_n be_v introduce_v into_o the_o forementioned_a kingdom_n by_o the_o apostle_n thomas_n philip_n and_o bartholomew_n which_o afterward_o in_o course_n of_o time_n be_v propagate_v and_o cultivate_v by_o their_o successor_n very_o holy_a man_n and_o illuminate_v with_o the_o holy_a spirit_n diffuse_v and_o spread_v the_o light_n of_o the_o divine_a law_n throughout_o the_o whole_a east_n unto_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o soul_n until_o by_o the_o want_n of_o laborer_n the_o people_n follow_v a_o more_o dissolute_a and_o ill_a mode_n of_o life_n degenerate_v from_o the_o rectitude_n of_o faith_n 〈◊〉_d and_o also_o blemish_v and_o bespot_v with_o the_o rite_n of_o the_o gentile_n altogether_o fall_v off_o from_o the_o true_a way_n for_o anno_fw-la 400._o when_o by_o the_o instigation_n of_o satan_n the_o curse_a arrius_n nestorius_n dioscurus_n and_o other_o heretic_n but_o especial_o the_o nestorian_n have_v every_o where_o spread_v their_o damnable_a opinion_n and_o in_o a_o horrid_a manner_n weaken_v the_o orthodox_n faith_n of_o christ_n above_o all_o other_o part_v it_o infect_v with_o the_o venom_n of_o its_o pestiferous_a doctrine_n colchis_n armenia_n persia_n turchestan_n and_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o the_o asiatic_a tartary_n so_o that_o as_o marcus_n paulus_n and_o haython_n relate_v there_o be_v no_o place_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a region_n which_o it_o have_v not_o defile_v world_n add_v unto_o this_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 632._o or_o thereabouts_o be_v the_o curse_a rise_n of_o the_o incendiary_n of_o the_o world_n mahomet_n who_o swell_a and_o break_v in_o like_o a_o inundation_n over_o a_o great_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n subject_v the_o same_o to_o his_o most_o unjust_a law_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o faithful_a christian_n and_o more_o especial_o person_n of_o the_o priestly_a order_n be_v exile_v their_o native_a country_n by_o degree_n forsake_v the_o province_n of_o the_o more_o inward_a part_n of_o of_o asia_n either_o for_o fear_n of_o persecution_n or_o by_o a_o voluntary_a exile_n those_o that_o be_v arm_v with_o a_o zeal_n and_o desire_n to_o the_o house_n of_o god_n be_v inflame_v with_o a_o fervour_n to_o propagate_v the_o ancient_a religion_n of_o the_o orthodox_n faith_n flee_v or_o retire_v into_o china_n itself_o where_o how_o much_o they_o labour_v to_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n be_v plain_o show_v by_o the_o syro-chenesian_a monument_n i_o have_v expound_v above_o now_o as_o nothing_o be_v firm_a and_o solid_a in_o humane_a affair_n so_o also_o the_o faith_n introduce_v into_o the_o forementioned_a region_n now_o fade_v either_o through_o the_o want_n of_o apostolical_a man_n or_o the_o extreme_a degeneration_n of_o christian_n tend_v or_o deflect_v first_o to_o idolatry_n then_o to_o mahumetanism_n anon_o to_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o nestorian_a heretic_n according_a as_o the_o lust_n of_o each_o person_n genius_n lead_v or_o draw_v they_o and_o this_o vicissitude_n or_o alteration_n of_o the_o orthodox_n faith_n sometime_o receive_v and_o sometime_o be_v reject_v continue_v more_o especial_o 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receive_v he_o with_o great_a honour_n and_o respect_n as_o he_o deserve_v bestow_v on_o he_o great_a present_n and_o advise_v his_o noble_n to_o follow_v his_o example_n and_o do_v the_o same_o therefore_o when_o king_n haython_n have_v rest_v himself_o some_o week_n after_o the_o toil_n of_o his_o continual_a travel_n he_o address_v himself_o to_o the_o emperor_n and_o with_o much_o strength_n and_o weight_n of_o rational_a argument_n open_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o so_o far_o undertake_v voyage_n the_o emperor_n have_v due_o ponder_v the_o just_a reason_n of_o his_o petition_n and_o great_o admire_v both_o the_o condescension_n of_o the_o king_n person_n in_o expose_v himself_o to_o so_o great_a labour_n and_o danger_n and_o also_o consider_v that_o the_o quiet_a of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o the_o advantage_n or_o interest_n of_o the_o christian_a commonwealth_n be_v very_o much_o concern_v out_o of_o his_o clemency_n promise_v to_o grant_v he_o whatsoever_o he_o shall_v demand_v haython_n accept_v of_o the_o obsequiousness_n of_o so_o free_a a_o offer_n present_v he_o in_o write_v several_a point_n of_o his_o petition_n which_o be_v as_o follow_v 1._o that_o the_o great_a cham_n will_v vouchsafe_v to_o embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n 2._o that_o a_o perpetual_a league_n of_o friendship_n may_v be_v confirm_v between_o the_o christian_n and_o the_o tartar_n 3._o that_o all_o the_o christian_n both_o ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n with_o their_o church_n may_v be_v free_a from_o all_o persecution_n and_o enjoy_v the_o immunity_n and_o privilege_n in_o all_o the_o kingdom_n which_o the_o tartar_n have_v subject_v to_o the_o empire_n 4._o that_o he_o shall_v raise_v a_o army_n to_o free_v the_o holy_a sepulchre_n of_o christ_n from_o the_o turkish_a tyranny_n and_o also_o restore_v the_o holy_a land_n possess_v by_o the_o saracen_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o christian_n 5._o that_o he_o shall_v join_v his_o force_n with_o he_o to_o root_v out_o the_o most_o potent_a caliph_n of_o baldach_n 6._o that_o he_o