chapter_n and_o first_o book_n of_o his_o rhetoric_n a_o man_n say_v he_o be_v a_o logician_n by_o nature_n or_o art_n logic_n dialectic_a both_o these_o name_n be_v use_v indifferent_o to_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o we_o have_v the_o frequent_a use_n of_o learned_a man_n to_o avow_v it_o the_o jesuite_n do_v express_o teach_v it_o in_o their_o commentary_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n col_n 26._o near_a to_o the_o end_n in_o these_o word_n the_o whole_a art_n of_o discourse_v be_v set_v out_o by_z either_o the_o word_n logic_n or_o the_o word_n dialectic_a and_o they_o do_v not_o bare_o avouch_v it_o but_o they_o confirm_v it_o with_o plenty_n of_o proof_n as_o the_o reader_n may_v find_v if_o he_o please_v to_o consult_v the_o place-alledged_n both_o the_o word_n do_v signify_v no_o more_o but_z a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n therefore_o the_o jesuite_n in_o the_o same_o preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 4._o col_fw-fr 40._o do_v conceive_v that_o logic_n in_o a_o universal_a apprehension_n be_v no_o more_o but_z a_o director_n of_o the_o art_n of_o reason_n and_o suarez_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n be_v this_o word_n be_v the_o band_n to_o tie_v both_o part_n of_o the_o definition_n together_o by_o it_o the_o late_a part_n be_v affirm_v of_o the_o former_a and_o it_o signify_v a_o essential_a attribution_n that_o be_v that_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o former_a so_o as_o the_o first_o do_v consist_v in_o the_o second_o a_o art_n the_o word_n art_n do_v set_v out_o the_o general_a nature_n of_o logic_n that_o be_v it_o do_v signify_v that_o nature_n which_o logic_n have_v in_o common_a with_o divers_a other_o thing_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v call_v a_o art_n in_o the_o most_o common_a use_n of_o man_n sometime_o it_o be_v call_v also_o a_o science_n and_o that_o we_o find_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 3._o aristotle_n do_v use_v both_o the_o word_n indifferent_o as_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n the_o word_n art_n signify_v a_o multitude_n of_o precept_n orderly_o digest_v and_o approve_v by_o use_n and_o thus_o the_o jesuite_n teach_v in_o their_o preface_n q._n 6._o art_n 2._o and_o aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n art_n be_v get_v by_o experience_n experience_n make_v art_n art_n be_v make_v when_o as_o one_o universal_a thing_n be_v frame_v out_o of_o many_o experimentall_n so_o as_o to_o do_v by_o experience_n differ_v nothing_o from_o art_n he_o bring_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o it_o poster_n lib_n 2._o cap._n 19_o the_o word_n a_o be_v use_v to_o show_v that_o logic_n be_v one_o entire_a art_n that_o can_v be_v divide_v nor_o be_v subordinate_a to_o any_o other_o art_n as_o geometry_n and_o many_o other_o art_n be_v logic_n be_v usual_o call_v the_o art_n of_o art_n the_o mistress_n and_o director_n of_o all_o other_o and_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n why_o for_o logic_n dispute_v of_o all_o thing_n and_o be_v common_a unto_o every_o being_n as_o aristotle_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o experience_n show_v that_o aristotle_n say_v true_a for_o there_o be_v no_o art_n but_o by_o the_o help_n of_o logic_n all_o the_o precept_n thereof_o be_v frame_v together_o in_o a_o due_a order_n and_o the_o part_n of_o each_o singular_a precept_n be_v so_o fit_v together_o that_o we_o may_v find_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n of_o discourse_n these_o word_n do_v assign_v the_o special_a nature_n of_o logic_n the_o very_a first_o and_o intrinsical_v be_v thereof_o and_o contain_v the_o form_n and_o the_o end_n i_o say_v they_o contain_v they_o both_o because_o the_o form_n be_v the_o fountain_n of_o the_o end_n and_o the_o end_n be_v the_o continuation_n of_o the_o form_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v next_o remote_a the_o remote_a end_n of_o logic_n be_v the_o very_a act_n itself_o of_o discourse_v but_o we_o speak_v not_o of_o this_o end_n of_o logic_n in_o the_o present_a definition_n the_o next_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v to_o prescribe_v a_o way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v so_o as_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v a_o frame_n of_o the_o mean_n of_o discourse_v so_o say_v the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o comment_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n and_o the_o preface_n thereto_o col._n 27.55_o so_o likewise_o say_v gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o the_o art_n of_o logic_n deliver_v way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v to_o discourse_n as_o it_o be_v here_o use_v be_v to_o declare_v one_o thing_n that_o be_v less_o know_v by_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o know_v this_o we_o have_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n col_fw-fr 27._o and_o 62._o as_o for_o example_n he_o that_o know_v not_o what_o a_o man_n be_v be_v make_v to_o know_v it_o by_o say_v a_o man_n be_v a_o reasonable_a creature_n the_o addition_n of_o rationalitie_n unto_o man_n show_v what_o man_n be_v so_o likewise_o when_o we_o say_v god_n be_v a_o spirit_n infinite_a in_o all_o perfection_n we_o inform_v he_o that_o be_v ignorant_a and_o know_v not_o what_o god_n be_v in_o this_o very_a thing_n this_o art_n of_o logic_n do_v differ_v from_o all_o other_o art_n whatsoever_o for_o logic_n end_v in_o speculation_n and_o proceed_v no_o further_a than_o to_o judge_v whether_o one_o thing_n be_v true_o affirm_v of_o another_o all_o other_o art_n be_v practical_a they_o concern_v man_n outward_a or_o transient_a action_n as_o their_o next_o end_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n tend_v unto_o man_n speech_n geometry_n unto_o measure_v arithmetic_n unto_o number_v etc._n etc._n that_o art_n say_v okam_n be_v practical_a which_o direct_v we_o unto_o the_o do_n of_o a_o thing_n to_o be_v wrought_v in_o 3._o do_v q._n 11._o light_v v._o yea_o in_o this_o man_n knowledge_n differ_v from_o the_o knowledge_n that_o be_v in_o god_n and_o the_o angel_n in_o that_o they_o behold_v the_o thing_n in_o themselves_o as_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o distinct_a each_o from_o other_o they_o do_v not_o know_v one_o thing_n less_o know_v by_o the_o light_n and_o reflection_n of_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v better_a know_v wherefore_o their_o knowledge_n be_v call_v intellection_n we_o be_v call_v rationalitie_n well_o this_o word_n seem_v unto_o some_o to_o be_v superfluous_a and_o a_o man_n will_v think_v that_o the_o jesuite_n be_v of_o that_o opinion_n because_o they_o define_v logic_n to_o be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o art_n of_o discourse_v coll_n 27._o so_o gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o yet_o indeed_o in_o other_o place_n they_o have_v as_o much_o as_o this_o word_n come_v to_o for_o thus_o they_o writein_v their_o preface_n the_o last_o question_n col_fw-fr 70._o he_o be_v a_o good_a logician_n which_o do_v exercise_v himself_o in_o each_o thing_n well_o and_o diligent_o and_o suarez_n do_v join_v with_o they_o in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n logic_n say_v he_o be_v a_o art_n direct_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o understanding_n to_o exercise_v itself_o artifical_o and_o according_a to_o reason_n and_o all_o these_o author_n do_v add_v that_o word_n to_o very_o good_a purpose_n for_o thereby_o logic_n be_v distinguish_v from_o sophistry_n which_o be_v only_o a_o deceive_a science_n a_o sophister_n seem_v to_o know_v but_o indeed_o know_v not_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o open_n of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o logic_n that_o we_o may_v put_v a_o final_a end_n to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o must_v remember_v that_o the_o word_n discourse_v impli_v argument_n wherefore_o we_o must_v now_o see_v what_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o argument_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v altissidiorensis_n say_v in_o his_o preface_n lit_fw-fr f._n a_o argument_n be_v a_o reason_n that_o give_v we_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v doubtful_a aristotle_n say_v that_o argument_n be_v such_o as_o whereby_o faith_n logical_o may_v be_v make_v of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v speak_v of_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o logicè_fw-la igitur_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o this_o word_n import_v the_o general_a nature_n of_o a_o argument_n that_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o be_v common_a to_o argument_n of_o every_o kind_n
and_o signify_v a_o notion_n which_o our_o understanding_n do_v apprehend_v a_o resultancy_n or_o reflection_n proceed_v from_o a_o be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v that_o be_v have_v of_o its_o nature_n a_o power_n aptitude_n or_o fitness_n to_o bring_v the_o thing_n object_v unto_o our_o understanding_n into_o the_o knowledge_n and_o intuition_n thereof_o i_o omit_v to_o give_v instance_n of_o these_o thing_n because_o that_o will_v better_o be_v do_v in_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o particular_a argument_n wherefore_o now_o we_o have_v full_o do_v with_o the_o first_o precept_n of_o logic_n i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o second_o chap._n ii_o the_o distribution_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v two_o part_n the_o find_v out_o of_o argument_n ramus_n ramus_n dispose_v of_o argument_n this_o precept_n must_v have_v the_o second_o place_n for_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v require_v it_o because_o by_o this_o we_o come_v to_o know_v what_o particular_n be_v wrap_v up_o in_o the_o former_a precept_n and_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 6._o book_n of_o his_o topic_n and_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n require_v that_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v distribute_v into_o part_n ramus_n take_v this_o precept_n out_o of_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o aristotle_n category_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o logic_n be_v without_o complexion_n with_o complexion_n i_o say_v ramus_n follow_v aristotle_n in_o this_o partition_n and_o the_o thing_n itself_o show_v it_o for_o they_o both_o divide_v logic_n into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o part_n in_o logic_n according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v thing_n without_o complexion_n so_o be_v they_o according_a to_o ramus_n as_o his_o own_o word_n do_v witness_v when_o he_o term_v they_o several_a respect_n of_o thing_n consider_v alone_o and_o by_o themselves_o aristotle_n give_v his_o incomplexed_a thing_n no_o name_n but_o thereby_o he_o mean_v argument_n as_o they_o be_v undispose_v as_o his_o next_o precept_n do_v show_v and_o ramus_n give_v they_o that_o name_n express_o ramus_n call_v the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n invention_n and_o so_o do_v aristotle_n too_o as_o we_o may_v gather_v from_o the_o 32._o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o priorums_fw-la where_o a_o little_a after_o the_o beginning_n he_o require_v a_o faculty_n of_o invent_v in_o he_o that_o make_v a_o syllogism_n but_o more_o plain_o and_o full_o we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o his_o topic_n to_o find_v out_o say_v he_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n may_v argue_v appertain_v to_o logic_n therefore_o unto_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n for_o it_o can_v have_v no_o other_o place_n ramus_n call_v the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n disposition_n so_o do_v aristotle_n also_o in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v where_o he_o require_v of_o a_o logician_n to_o dispose_v singular_a thing_n by_o themselves_o and_o he_o say_v that_o this_o disposition_n be_v proper_a to_o a_o logician_n and_o therefore_o belong_v to_o logic_n and_o consequent_o it_o be_v a_o second_o part_n thereof_o for_o it_o can_v be_v the_o first_o yea_o that_o aristotle_n mean_v thus_o do_v undoubted_o appear_v because_o he_o appoint_v his_o logician_n first_o to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o tâ—_n argue_v and_o then_o in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o dispose_v they_o be_v so_o find_v out_o two_o part_v that_o be_v the_o precept_n of_o logic_n tend_v unto_o two_o thing_n or_o end_n and_o they_o be_v call_v part_n because_o all_o those_o precept_n be_v share_v or_o part_v between_o these_o two_o end_n some_o of_o they_o appertain_v to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o rest_n unto_o the_o other_o find_v out_o to_o find_v out_o sometime_o signify_v to_o discover_v a_o thing_n that_o be_v secret_a but_o here_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v but_o the_o meaning_n be_v that_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n do_v assign_v the_o seat_n and_o place_n of_o argument_n and_o describe_v and_o set_v forth_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o and_o so_o much_o for_o the_o general_a distribution_n of_o logic_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n assign_v ten_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n in_o these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o we_o find_v in_o logic_n without_o all_o conjunction_n do_v signify_v 1_o substance_n as_o a_o man_n a_o beast_n etc._n etc._n 2_o quantity_n as_o two_o or_o three_o cubit_n 3_o quality_n as_o white_z etc._n etc._n 4_o relation_n as_o double_a half_a etc._n etc._n 5_o where_o as_o in_o the_o field_n etc._n etc._n 6_o when_o as_o yesterday_o the_o year_n past_a 7_o the_o place_n as_o he_o sit_v etc._n etc._n 8_o to_o enjoy_v as_o to_o be_v arm_v etc._n etc._n 9_o todoe_n as_o to_o cut_v etc._n etc._n 10_o to_o suffer_v as_o to_o be_v cut_v etc._n etc._n he_o repeat_v the_o same_o doctrine_n in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o topic_n and_o in_o both_o place_n he_o do_v explicate_v they_o by_o certain_a property_n that_o be_v common_a to_o they_o all_o joint_o viz._n 1._o they_o neither_o affirm_v nor_o deny_v 2._o they_o be_v neither_o false_a nor_o true_a 3._o a_o conjunction_n be_v add_v to_o they_o they_o contain_v negation_n or_o affirmation_n truth_n or_o falsehood_n 4._o all_o proposition_n be_v frame_v from_o they_o in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n and_o in_o his_o prior._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 27._o eorum_fw-la igitur_fw-la post_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o he_o do_v divide_v they_o thus_o these_o ten_o be_v either_o subject_v only_o predicate_v only_o or_o subject_v and_o predicate_v also_o this_o distribution_n be_v fit_o set_v out_o by_o altisiodore_n in_o his_o preface_n a._n and_o b._n where_o he_o have_v these_o word_n a_o argument_n be_v that_o which_o prove_v or_o be_v prove_v this_o be_v all_o that_o i_o find_v touch_v argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n deliver_v the_o doctrine_n of_o substance_n which_o be_v the_o first_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o five_o chapter_n allege_v which_o contain_v these_o four_o thing_n 1._o a_o substance_n be_v every_o thing_n of_o which_o we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o thomas_n whatsoever_o say_v he_o be_v essential_a to_o a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o substance_n 1._o p.q._n 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 1m._o 2._o substance_n be_v first_o as_o every_o singular_a &_o individual_a thing_n second_n as_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n 3._o genus_fw-la and_o species_n signify_v substance_n by_o a_o figurative_a speech_n not_o proper_o they_o signify_v rather_o the_o manner_n according_a to_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o a_o singular_a thing_n be_v most_o proper_o a_o substance_n because_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v attribute_v thereunto_o and_o that_o attribute_v unto_o none_o thus_o have_v i_o set_v down_o all_o that_o i_o find_v in_o aristotle_n touch_v the_o nature_n of_o those_o argument_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o first_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n for_o this_o time_n we_o must_v omit_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o second_o substance_n for_o that_o have_v the_o last_o place_n in_o this_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o substance_n come_v now_o to_o be_v handle_v thomas_n do_v whole_o subscribe_v unto_o aristotle_n for_o this_o distinction_n and_o explication_n of_o substance_n report_v out_o of_o aristotle_n and_o he_o show_v the_o same_o in_o this_o short_a sentence_n viz_o in_o the_o name_n of_o first_o substance_n be_v intend_v the_o nature_n of_o universal_a and_o part_n 1._o p.q._n 29._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o and_o for_o further_a explication_n he_o say_v 1._o p._n q_o 75._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 2m._o a_o first_o or_o individual_a substance_n may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n one_o way_n for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v a_o substance_n another_o way_n for_o a_o complete_a subsistency_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o any_o species_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n hand_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a thing_n after_o the_o first_o sort_n but_o not_o after_o the_o second_o so_o also_o a_o man_n soul_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o singular_a thing_n in_o the_o first_o sort_n because_o it_o be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o subsi_v but_o that_o which_o be_v compound_v of_o soul_n and_o body_n be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a be_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n unto_o this_o place_n must_v be_v refer_v every_o individual_a effect_n as_o it_o consist_v by_o force_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o every_o individual_a subject_n that_o receive_v any_o outward_a change_n
term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o argument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o cause_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o thing_n whereupon_o another_o follow_v and_o so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 1._o q._n 3._o lit_fw-fr n._n wherefore_o as_o the_o same_o okam_n say_v 1._o do_v 41._o light_v f._n a_o cause_n be_v take_v two_o way_n sometime_o for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v another_o thing_n as_o a_o effect_n thereof_o and_o sometime_o also_o for_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o another_o do_v follow_v thus_o far_o okam_n a_o cause_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v not_o so_o large_o as_o in_o okamâ—_n first_o and_o three_o sense_n but_o in_o the_o second_o a_o cause_n in_o this_o notion_n be_v also_o take_v for_o the_o thing_n itself_o which_o do_v cause_n and_o sometime_o also_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o cause_v or_o for_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o do_v exercise_v causallitie_n in_o act_n or_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o cause_v a_o cause_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n in_o this_o definition_n wherefore_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o effect_n even_o by_o itself_o depend_v thus_o far_o the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o preface_n unto_o porphyrte_n by_o this_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o ramus_n and_o aristotle_n do_v full_o agree_v in_o the_o define_n of_o a_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o definition_n therefore_o we_o need_v not_o say_v more_o for_o the_o open_n thereof_o a_o few_o example_n will_v make_v it_o easy_o understand_v but_o we_o may_v not_o do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o we_o be_v force_v to_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n vi_o the_o distribution_n of_o a_o cause_n there_o be_v fourecause_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o efficient_a and_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n there_o be_v a_o universal_a agreement_n in_o this_o precept_n also_o aristotle_n make_v they_o these_o four_o as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o the_o 11._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o postertorum_n his_o word_n be_v these_o there_o be_v 4._o cause_n 1._o that_o which_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 2._o that_o which_o must_v be_v when_o the_o thing_n be_v 3._o that_o which_o move_v first_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v he_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o 23_o chapter_n thomas_n do_v follow_v he_o and_o do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o 1a._o 2_o a._n q._n 72._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o no_o man_n think_v otherwise_o therefore_o i_o will_v descend_v to_o unfold_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n from_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v efficient_a this_o word_n import_v no_o more_o but_o to_o do_v or_o to_o bring_v to_o pass_v and_o therefore_o it_o signify_v the_o office_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o consequent_o it_o seem_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o any_o one_o cause_n distinct_o yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v know_v that_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n thus_o to_o call_v it_o else_o the_o learned_a of_o all_o age_n will_v not_o have_v give_v it_o that_o name_n yea_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o it_o deserve_v we_o shall_v call_v it_o so_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o next_o passage_n from_o which_o these_o word_n do_v set_v out_o the_o nature_n or_o office_n of_o that_o cause_n which_o be_v call_v efficient_a and_o signify_v the_o original_n or_o fountain_n from_o whence_o the_o effect_n do_v receive_v tt_n be_v i_o say_v the_o effect_n and_o i_o mean_v the_o whole_a effect_n for_o this_o cause_n do_v join_v together_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v compound_v as_o namely_o it_o bestow_v the_o form_n upon_o the_o matter_n and_o do_v destinate_a the_o matter_n form_v unto_o the_o produce_v of_o something_o that_o be_v good_a and_o therefore_o it_o deserve_v well_o to_o be_v call_v efficient_a the_o form_n do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o kind_a the_o matter_n form_v do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v this_o or_o that_o individual_a thing_n the_o end_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o this_o or_o that_o good_a but_o the_o motion_n and_o efficacy_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n only_o do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o effect_n in_o the_o event_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o cause_n and_o the_o operation_n thereof_o we_o find_v one_o in_o the_o second_o of_o genesis_n the_o seven_o verse_n where_o it_o be_v say_v god_n form_v man_n of_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o breathe_v into_o he_o the_o breath_n of_o life_n and_o he_o become_v a_o live_a soul_n in_o this_o example_n the_o make_n of_o man_n be_v attribute_v unto_o god_n therefore_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o man_n the_o office_n of_o this_o efficiency_n be_v place_v in_o join_v the_o form_n unto_o the_o matter_n he_o frame_v he_o of_o the_o dust_n there_o be_v the_o matter_n and_o breathe_v life_n into_o he_o and_o thereby_o the_o form_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o matter_n and_o then_o god_n do_v destinate_a he_o to_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o action_n of_o life_n thereby_o he_o make_v he_o a_o live_a soul_n we_o have_v another_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o 11._o of_o genesis_n the_o 3._o and_o 4._o ver_fw-la where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v build_v a_o high_a tower_n of_o brick_n and_o slime_n for_o a_o memorial_n of_o their_o name_n the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v make_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n and_o thereby_o they_o become_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n they_o take_v brick_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o tower_n therefore_o they_o join_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n together_o they_o destinate_a the_o same_o unto_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o continuance_n of_o their_o name_n on_o earth_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o shall_v now_o divide_v a_o efficient_a cause_n into_o the_o several_a kind_n but_o that_o we_o can_v for_o as_o ramus_n true_o say_v they_o be_v unknown_a unto_o we_o therefore_o we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o divers_a and_o various_a manner_n wherein_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v for_o that_o be_v well_o know_v and_o do_v help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o office_n of_o thus_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v by_o itself_o by_o accident_n a_o cause_n do_v then_o work_v by_o itself_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o work_v by_o force_n of_o and_o according_a unto_o the_o inbred_a fitness_n thereof_o we_o find_v this_o distinction_n and_o the_o explication_n thereof_o in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n the_o efficient_a cause_n say_v thomas_n work_v by_o itself_o or_o by_o accident_n the_o first_o be_v when_o it_o month_n by_o its_o own_o proper_a virtue_n the_o second_o when_o something_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o or_o that_o which_o remain_v be_v hinder_v from_o work_v 1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
to_o he_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n or_o contradictory_n when_o a_o general_a affirmative_a be_v oppose_v by_o a_o general_a negative_a than_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n but_o when_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v universal_o affirm_v in_o the_o one_o and_o not_o universal_o in_o the_o other_o of_o the_o same_o subject_n then_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 7._o a_o singular_a proposition_n be_v contradict_v by_o a_o singular_a as_o socrates_n be_v wise_a socrates_n be_v not_o wise_a cap._n 10._o perspicuum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la a_o general_a contradiction_n may_v be_v false_a in_o both_o part_n ramus_n ramus_n a_o special_a contradiction_n can_v be_v true_a and_o false_a together_o in_o both_o part_n aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o precept_n word_n for_o word_n in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v these_o example_n follow_v will_v set_v out_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o axiom_n contain_v in_o this_o and_o the_o former_a chapter_n 1._o all_o man_n be_v learned_a 2._o no_o man_n be_v learned_a 3._o some_o man_n be_v not_o learned_a 4._o some_o man_n be_v learned_a 5._o socrates_n be_v learn_v 6._o socrates_n be_v not_o learned_a the_o first_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o three_o be_v a_o particular_a negative_a and_o the_o one_o do_v contradict_v the_o other_o the_o second_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a the_o four_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a and_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n the_o five_o be_v a_o affirmative_a proper_a the_o sixth_o be_v a_o negative_a proper_a therefore_o they_o also_o be_v contradictory_n the_o first_o and_o second_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n ramus_n call_v their_o opposition_n a_o general_a contradiction_n now_o i_o have_v finish_v all_o that_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n touch_v the_o dispose_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o must_v see_v how_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o a_o axiom_n chap._n xxxiiii_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o common_a in_o the_o 30._o chapter_n before_o go_v all_o axiom_n be_v say_v to_o contain_v necessary_a or_o contingent_a truth_n or_o falsehood_n and_o thereby_o be_v employ_v that_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o they_o various_o even_o according_a unto_o the_o different_a kind_n of_o axiom_n in_o the_o 31._o chapter_n we_o have_v divide_v axiom_n into_o simple_a and_o compound_n therefore_o we_o must_v now_o set_v down_o after_o what_o manner_n truth_n be_v in_o simple_a axiom_n and_o thereby_o finish_v the_o precept_n touch_v simple_a axiom_n i_o think_v it_o sufficient_a to_o show_v how_o and_o in_o what_o case_n a_o simple_a axiom_n be_v necessary_o true_a for_o thereby_o we_o shall_v know_v how_o they_o contain_v a_o contingent_a truth_n and_o when_o we_o see_v how_o they_o contain_v truth_n we_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v how_o they_o contain_v falsehood_n in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o consequent_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o antecedent_n 1._o to_o all_o of_o it_o ramus_n ramus_n and_o always_o 2._o by_o itself_o and_o essential_o 3._o not_o only_o to_o all_o alwate_n &_o essential_o but_o alâ—o_o first_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o enterchangable_o we_o find_v this_o precept_n take_v out_o of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o in_o which_o place_n he_o say_v thus_o in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o predicate_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o subject_n 1._o to_o all_o that_o be_v to_o all_o of_o it_o not_o to_o some_o only_o at_o all_o time_n not_o at_o some_o only_o 2._o by_o itself_o that_o be_v 1._o as_o essential_a thereto_o 2._o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n et_fw-la contra_fw-la 3._o it_o be_v not_o say_v of_o any_o other_o 4._o even_o for_o itself_o not_o by_o accident_n 3._o universal_o that_o be_v of_o all_o by_o itself_o &_o as_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o it_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o subject_n first_o in_o every_o part_n now_o we_o have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a simple_a axiom_n full_o lay_v out_o we_o shall_v unfold_v such_o term_n as_o seem_v doubtful_a but_o we_o can_v do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n for_o here_o we_o speak_v of_o they_o in_o a_o universal_a notion_n abstract_v from_o all_o special_a kind_n of_o simple_a axiom_n we_o shall_v come_v to_o they_o in_o the_o six_o next_o chapter_n and_o then_o we_o shall_v see_v the_o meaning_n and_o use_v of_o this_o general_a precept_n chap._n xxxv_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o special_a necessary_a simple_a axiom_n be_v definition_n distribution_n i_o do_v not_o find_v this_o precept_n either_o in_o ramus_n or_o aristotle_n express_o yet_o i_o bring_v it_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o they_o both_o according_a to_o ramus_n every_o precept_n of_o art_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n but_o according_a to_o he_o also_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n be_v precept_n of_o art_n therefore_o he_o must_v confess_v they_o be_v necessary_a axiom_n the_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v necessary_a axiom_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o but_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n even_o in_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o same_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o therefore_o according_a to_o he_o every_o definition_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n we_o may_v argue_v the_o like_a from_o his_o authority_n for_o a_o distribution_n for_o he_o injoine_v he_o that_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o distribute_v the_o thing_n define_v into_o part_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o and_o in_o frame_v his_o art_n of_o logic_n he_o make_v distribution_n to_o be_v precept_n no_o less_o than_o definition_n last_o though_o i_o have_v not_o their_o authority_n to_o avow_v this_o precept_n yet_o i_o may_v bring_v it_o because_o a_o definition_n and_o a_o distribution_n have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o examine_v they_o chap._n xxxvi_o of_o a_o definition_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v see_v what_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n wherein_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a this_o contain_v the_o constitute_a cause_n only_o imperfect_a this_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n by_o other_o argument_n also_o the_o first_o be_v a_o definition_n proper_o the_o second_o be_v call_v a_o description_n this_o precept_n be_v avow_v by_o aristotle_n he_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o be_v double_a in_o the_o thing_n though_o not_o in_o word_n he_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o definition_n as_o ramus_n do_v a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v a_o sentence_n that_o signify_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 5._o a_o notification_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o do_v explicate_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o a_o definition_n thus_o set_v out_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o perfect_a one_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o topicke_n and_o 4._o chapter_n he_o have_v these_o word_n there_o be_v something_o that_o be_v proper_a that_o signify_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o some_o other_o that_o do_v not_o so_o signify_v the_o first_o be_v call_v a_o definition_n the_o other_o be_v common_o call_v a_o thing_n proper_a when_o it_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o same_o subject_n with_o the_o other_o now_o in_o this_o latter_a place_n he_o speak_v of_o a_o definition_n that_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a i_o say_v it_o differ_v 1._o in_o the_o name_n he_o say_v this_o name_n be_v but_o common_o give_v he_o say_v not_o so_o of_o the_o former_a 2._o in_o this_o definition_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v set_v out_o and_o more_o too_o it_o be_v explicate_v by_o property_n that_o do_v not_o declare_v the_o essence_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o these_o place_n together_o he_o make_v one_o kind_a of_o definition_n that_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n only_o and_o another_o that_o do_v so_o and_o more_o too_o and_o consequent_o according_a to_o he_o a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a and_o imperfect_a and_o that_o in_o the_o sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o ramus_n thomas_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n express_o a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v either_o perfect_a or_o imperfect_a that_o comprehend_v the_o total_a be_v of_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n this_o express_v some_o of_o these_o and_o divers_a condition_n also_o and_o be_v call_v a_o description_n 2._o do_v 27_o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o in_o this_o place_n we_o speak_v of_o a_o perfect_a definition_n and_o therefore_o unto_o thomas_n i_o will_v join_v aliaco_n in_o he_o i_o find_v cheese_n word_n a_o good_a description_n may_v be_v convert_v with_o the_o thing_n define_v