call_v by_o that_o name_n imitate_v the_o ancient_a druid_n of_o this_o land_n but_o yet_o go_v far_o than_o they_o who_o follow_v the_o pythagorean_n do_v not_o commit_v their_o learning_n to_o write_v or_o rather_o the_o lacedaemonian_n who_o by_o the_o institution_n of_o lycurgus_n hold_v all_o law_n not_o write_v who_o as_o plutarch_n report_v exiguos_fw-la illos_fw-la &_o pecuniarios_fw-la contractus_fw-la quique_fw-la propter_fw-la usum_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la subinde_fw-la immutantur_fw-la praestare_fw-la censebat_fw-la scriptis_fw-la legibus_fw-la non_fw-la comprehendi_fw-la neque_fw-la immobilibus_fw-la consuetudinibus_fw-la illigari_fw-la sed_fw-la permittendum_fw-la ut_fw-la pro_fw-la ratione_fw-la temporis_fw-la augerentur_fw-la diminuerentúrve_v secundum_fw-la probe_n institutorum_fw-la hominum_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la yet_o our_o law_n do_v not_o give_v so_o much_o liberty_n to_o the_o judge_n but_o yet_o not_o only_a politician_n and_o moralist_n but_o also_o the_o civil_a lawyer_n do_v permit_v that_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n the_o constitution_n of_o prince_n be_v to_o be_v interpret_v according_a to_o the_o judgement_n of_o magistrate_n and_o judge_n sometime_o mitigate_v and_o according_a to_o incident_a diversity_n interpret_v which_o can_v be_v always_o commit_v to_o writing_n for_o it_o can_v be_v always_o the_o same_o and_o this_o be_v rather_o to_o be_v wish_v than_o to_o be_v hope_v for_o in_o our_o law_n and_o i_o will_v that_o he_o which_o find_v this_o fault_n can_v find_v a_o remedy_n and_o prescribe_v the_o reformation_n controversy_n and_o ambiguity_n be_v so_o frequent_v not_o only_o in_o this_o but_o in_o all_o science_n art_n and_o profession_n that_o every_o day_n new_a particular_n question_n new_a particular_n breed_v new_a question_n be_v subject_n of_o new_a question_n especial_o in_o the_o law_n which_o spring_n out_o of_o the_o intricate_a form_n of_o new_a conveyance_n and_o such_o like_a invention_n of_o man_n and_o so_o long_o as_o man_n see_v but_o in_o aenigmate_fw-la and_o per_fw-la speculum_fw-la as_o the_o divine_n say_v of_o the_o knowledge_n science_n how_o uncertain_a man_n knowledge_n be_v in_o divine_a thing_n and_o in_o other_o science_n of_o god_n and_o so_o long_o as_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o perspective_n that_o which_o be_v see_v by_o reflection_n or_o refraction_n be_v never_o see_v in_o or_o according_a to_o his_o true_a place_n so_o long_o and_o in_o such_o sort_n we_o must_v look_v for_o controversy_n and_o ambiguity_n in_o all_o profession_n which_o be_v indeed_o not_o so_o much_o or_o so_o sensible_o feel_v in_o any_o art_n as_o in_o the_o law_n because_o none_o other_o go_v so_o near_o man_n estate_n nothing_o go_v so_o near_o to_o man_n thought_n as_o their_o loss_n of_o estate_n inward_a thought_n and_o conceit_n as_o such_o do_v whereon_o their_o estate_n and_o possession_n be_v adventure_v therefore_o loser_n may_v have_v leave_n to_o speak_v but_o not_o untruth_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n whereby_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o be_v chief_o obtain_v the_o chief_a knowledge_n by_o study_n law_n three_o sort_n of_o writer_n of_o our_o law_n of_o our_o law_n do_v consist_v in_o the_o work_v of_o they_o which_o have_v write_v of_o the_o law_n and_o they_o be_v of_o 3_o sort_n 1._o the_o first_o whereof_o set_v down_o the_o art_n and_o rule_n of_o the_o same_o in_o a_o certain_a method_n such_o as_o be_v glanvill_n bracton_n and_o britton_n who_o be_v ancient_a author_n write_v in_o latin_a and_o do_v endeavour_v to_o reduce_v those_o rule_n according_a to_o the_o title_n of_o the_o civil-lawe_n but_o most_o especial_o bracton_n though_o these_o be_v ancient_a author_n yet_o they_o be_v now_o cite_v rather_o for_o ornament_n than_o for_o authority_n 2._o other_o have_v write_v of_o the_o writ_n writer_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o precedent_n of_o writ_n precedent_n rule_n and_o nature_n of_o writ_n which_o do_v lay_v the_o ground_n of_o every_o action_n to_o procure_v judgement_n and_o execution_n thereon_o as_o the_o book_n of_o entry_n with_o the_o register_n and_o the_o two_o book_n ground_v thereupon_o in_o this_o fitz-herbert_a have_v deserve_v special_o well_o 3._o a_o three_o sort_n of_o writer_n of_o our_o case_n reporter_n of_o former_a judge_v case_n law_n there_o be_v which_o be_v those_o who_o write_v the_o particular_a and_o summary_n case_n that_o have_v receive_v determination_n and_o sentence_n in_o the_o king_n be_v jucicial_a court_n show_v how_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n be_v apply_v to_o those_o case_n or_o rather_o how_o these_o case_n be_v reduce_v to_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n both_o by_o the_o counsellor_n that_o argue_v the_o same_o on_o both_o side_n with_o probable_a reason_n confirm_v their_o opinion_n with_o authority_n of_o former_a judgement_n and_o also_o the_o judge_n conclude_v their_o sentence_n upon_o the_o same_o by_o the_o common_a square_n of_o reason_n and_o rule_n they_o have_v learn_v of_o the_o forego_n learned_a judge_n of_o this_o year-book_n it_o be_v not_o know_v who_o compile_v the_o first_o annales_n and_o ancient_a year-book_n latter_a sort_n of_o writer_n call_v reporter_n who_o they_o be_v that_o compile_v the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a book_n of_o report_n be_v not_o certain_a for_o we_o have_v not_o their_o name_n but_o since_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o there_o be_v some_o work_n and_o report_v write_v of_o every_o king_n reign_n for_o before_o his_o time_n we_o have_v not_o any_o volume_n at_o large_a now_o leave_v and_o if_o any_o such_o be_v they_o be_v consume_v through_o the_o injury_n want_v divers_a ancient_a year-book_n want_v of_o time_n or_o neglect_v or_o malice_n of_o such_o in_o who_o custody_n they_o remain_v yet_o it_o shall_v seem_v that_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8._o there_o be_v some_o more_o ancient_a book_n or_o report_n of_o the_o law_n case_n extant_a report_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 3._o and_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o edw._n the_o second_o for_o that_o fitz-herbert_a extant_a some_o case_n abridge_v of_o the_o book_n now_o not_o extant_a who_o do_v reduce_v all_o the_o case_n of_o the_o report_n that_o be_v extant_a in_o his_o time_n under_o certain_a general_a head_n and_o brook_n likewise_o who_o a_o little_a after_o he_o do_v set_v forth_o another_o abridgement_n of_o the_o law_n and_o case_n extant_a in_o his_o time_n add_v more_o general_a head_n than_o fitz-herbert_a have_v do_v yet_o both_o of_o they_o under_o divers_a of_o their_o title_n abridge_v the_o pith_n of_o sundry_a case_n argue_v and_o most_o of_o they_o adjudge_v in_o those_o king_n reign_v howbeit_o the_o volume_n at_o large_a be_v not_o extant_a not_o we_o have_v now_o e._n 2._o and_o r._n 2._o what_o year-book_n be_v yet_o extant_a now_o extant_a but_o of_o the_o case_n which_o be_v adjudge_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o three_o there_o be_v four_o volume_n now_o extant_a of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o his_o time_n there_o be_v not_o any_o volume_n but_o many_o case_n abridge_v as_o aforesaid_a of_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n quinto_fw-la long_n quinto_fw-la the_o four_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o five_o there_o be_v no_o volume_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o sixth_o there_o be_v two_o great_a volume_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o four_o one_o volume_n one_o volume_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o in_o the_o late_a end_n of_o who_o reign_n the_o report_n do_v discontinue_v until_o the_o twelve_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o then_o they_o be_v recontinue_a until_o the_o nineteenth_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o from_o thence_o again_o discontinue_v till_o the_o twenty_o sixth_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v hold_v on_o for_o two_o year_n that_o be_v twenty_o sixth_o and_o twenty_o seven_o of_o henry_n the_o eight_o which_o be_v the_o last_o report_n which_o we_o have_v save_v such_o as_o since_o have_v be_v revive_v by_o three_o or_o four_o worthy_a man_n who_o private_a and_o voluntary_a diligence_n have_v for_o the_o public_a good_a continue_a sundry_a report_n such_o as_o mr._n kellaway_n who_o report_v private_o certain_a case_n in_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o his_o time_n this_o book_n and_o labour_n be_v now_o come_v to_o light_v by_o mr._n justice_n crook_n his_o care_n and_o charge_n also_o mr._n brooke_n who_o do_v report_v diverse_a memorable_a case_n which_o happen_v when_o he_o be_v make_v of_o his_o abridgement_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o king_n edward_z the_o six_o and_o queen_n mary_n report_v they_o under_o apt_a title_n in_o his_o abridgement_n then_o my_o lord_n dyer_n who_o when_o case_n of_o the_o late_a report_n of_o judge_v case_n he_o be_v a_o student_n a_o practicioner_n and_o a_o judge_n observe_v many_o famous_a case_n which_o be_v publish_v
enchiridion_n legum_n a_o discourse_n concern_v the_o beginning_n nature_n difference_n progress_n and_o use_v of_o law_n in_o general_z and_o in_o particular_a of_o the_o common_a &_o municipal_a law_n of_o england_n london_n print_v by_o elizabeth_n flesher_n john_n streater_n and_o henry_n twyford_n assign_v of_o richard_n atkins_n &_o edw._n atkins_n esquire_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o g._n s._n h._n t._n j._n p._n w._n p._n j._n b._n t._n b._n r._n p._n c._n w._n t._n d._n w._n j._n c._n h._n j._n l._n j._n a._n j._n w._n &_o j._n p._n m_o dc_o lxx_o iii_o the_o head_n of_o the_o several_a chapter_n contain_v in_o this_o treatise_n chap._n i._n the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n pag._n 1._o chap._n ii_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o là w_n of_o nature_n of_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n pag._n 16._o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n pag._n 31._o chap._n iu._n a_o answer_n to_o certain_a objection_n usual_o make_v against_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 57_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n whereby_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o be_v chief_o obtain_v pag._n 83._o chap._n vi_o of_o estate_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 89._o chap._n vii_o of_o assurance_n &_o conveyance_n which_o grow_v out_o of_o these_o estate_n by_o the_o common-law_n pag._n 95._o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o of_o their_o trial_n according_a to_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n pag._n 103._o chap._n ix_o of_o trial_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 106._o chap._n x._o of_o some_o thing_n in_o the_o minister_n and_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n conceive_v worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v pag._n 111._o enchiridion_n legum_n chap._n 1._o the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n mean_v to_o treat_v first_o of_o law_n in_o general_a and_o next_o of_o the_o common_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n i_o conceive_v it_o can_v be_v unprofitable_a for_o a_o introduction_n unto_o this_o intendment_n to_o set_v down_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o law_n whereof_o justinian_n have_v deliver_v three_o derive_v out_o of_o demosthenes_n chrysippus_n and_o papinian_n one_o be_v that_o a_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o whereunto_o man_n ought_v to_o yield_v obedience_n as_o in_o other_o respect_n so_o especial_o in_o this_o because_o it_o be_v a_o invention_n of_o the_o god_n a_o decree_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o correction_n of_o offence_n commit_v either_o witting_o or_o ignorant_o a_o covenant_n of_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n with_o one_o accord_n after_o the_o direction_n whereof_o every_o citizen_n ought_v to_o order_v his_o life_n the_o other_o be_v that_o the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o sovereign_n of_o all_o thing_n both_o divine_a and_o humane_a that_o be_v a_o commander_n a_o guide_n and_o a_o square_a both_o of_o good_a and_o bad_a enjoin_v that_o which_o be_v fit_a and_o forbid_v the_o contrary_a the_o one_o of_o these_o be_v rather_o a_o description_n than_o a_o definition_n and_o it_o describe_v rather_o the_o natural_a than_o the_o positive_a law_n and_o the_o other_o be_v fit_v rather_o to_o a_o orator_n than_o a_o lawyer_n we_o may_v therefore_o let_v they_o pass_v and_o proceed_v to_o the_o three_o which_o set_v down_o the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o general_a determination_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o comptroller_n of_o fault_n either_o escape_v through_o ignorance_n or_o commit_v upon_o wilfulness_n and_o it_o be_v a_o general_a agreement_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n jason_n observe_v that_o the_o law_n be_v a_o general_a commandment_n in_o three_o respect_n either_o because_o it_o be_v found_v upon_o a_o general_a authority_n or_o because_o it_o belong_v to_o and_o bind_v all_o or_o else_o because_o it_o be_v intend_v general_n for_o the_o profit_n of_o all_o cicero_n define_v the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o certain_a reason_n flow_v from_o the_o divine_a mind_n which_o do_v persuade_v that_o which_o be_v right_a and_o prohibit_v the_o contrary_n and_o plato_n say_v that_o the_o law_n obtain_v a_o name_n like_o to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o mind_n but_o whilst_o the_o law_n be_v define_v by_o the_o divine_a mind_n it_o seem_v as_o one_o say_v to_o be_v define_v by_o that_o which_o be_v more_o remote_a and_o general_a than_o subject_n to_o common_a capacity_n yet_o be_v these_o definition_n in_o some_o sort_n true_a be_v rather_o refer_v to_o the_o eternal_a law_n than_o to_o the_o positive_a and_o humane_a law_n as_o shall_v be_v short_o show_v in_o his_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n for_o that_o these_o as_o the_o former_a be_v as_o be_v say_v before_o rather_o description_n than_o perfect_a definition_n to_o come_v more_o near_o to_o the_o purpose_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o humane_a law_n be_v a_o order_n and_o ordinance_n include_v the_o rule_n and_o reason_n of_o govern_v and_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o due_n direct_v to_o the_o end_n of_o public_a good_a determine_v punishment_n to_o the_o transgressor_n and_o reward_n to_o the_o obedient_a therefore_o to_o conclude_v humane_a law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o ordinance_n and_o agreement_n of_o wise_a man_n conclude_v by_o public_a authority_n for_o the_o peace_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o people_n live_v together_o in_o society_n it_o be_v say_v for_o the_o great_a part_n because_o no_o humane_a positive_a law_n be_v so_o general_o good_a unto_o all_o but_o that_o it_o be_v hurtful_a unto_o some_o by_o accident_n if_o not_o of_o itself_o if_o any_o do_v desire_n to_o know_v from_o law_n the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n lex_n which_o we_o call_v law_n whence_o this_o word_n lex_n which_o in_o english_a we_o call_v law_n be_v derive_v some_o will_v say_v with_o isidorus_n that_o it_o have_v his_o etymology_n à _fw-la legendo_fw-la because_o after_o the_o law_n be_v write_v it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v read_v unto_o the_o people_n but_o this_o be_v not_o so_o certain_a in_o that_o the_o read_n of_o the_o law_n by_o way_n of_o promulgation_n be_v but_o accidentary_a and_o no_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o law_n although_o some_o have_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o a_o law_n can_v not_o be_v perfect_o establish_v until_o it_o be_v promulgate_v by_o way_n of_o proclamation_n other_o will_v derive_v the_o word_n lex_n à _fw-la ligando_fw-la for_o as_o much_o as_o divine_v hold_v that_o man_n be_v tie_v in_o foro_fw-la conscientiae_fw-la to_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o law_n as_o well_o as_o they_o be_v bind_v under_o penalty_n to_o observe_v the_o same_o yet_o cicero_n concur_v with_o the_o first_o derivation_n but_o with_o a_o farther-fetched_a reason_n than_o the_o former_a quoth_v lex_n idem_fw-la sit_fw-la quod_fw-la legendi_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la eligendi_fw-la regula_fw-la the_o reason_n be_v nam_fw-la regula_fw-la dirigendo_fw-la docet_fw-la eligere_fw-la it_o may_v yet_o well_o enough_o agree_v unto_o both_o for_o one_o say_v habet_fw-la lex_fw-la quod_fw-la sit_fw-la regula_n &_o quod_fw-la sit_fw-la obligatoria_fw-la praeceptio_fw-la how_o soever_o these_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n lex_n do_v stand_v false_a or_o true_a it_o make_v not_o much_o matter_n so_o we_o leave_v they_o as_o more_o grammatical_a and_o conjectural_a than_o certain_a and_o infallible_a the_o word_n lex_n which_o in_o english_a we_o law_n a_o double_a signification_n of_o this_o word_n law_n call_v law_n have_v in_o our_o language_n a_o double_a signification_n or_o be_v take_v two_o way_n for_o it_o be_v take_v both_o for_o that_o which_o the_o latin_n term_v lex_fw-la and_o for_o that_o which_o they_o call_v juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la the_o one_o be_v the_o art_n of_o the_o other_o for_o lex_n be_v the_o rule_n and_o measure_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v and_o to_o be_v leave_v undo_v but_o juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la be_v the_o knowledge_n and_o method_n of_o that_o rule_n as_o justice_n be_v the_o execution_n of_o they_o both_o which_o have_v his_o force_n in_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o in_o praemio_fw-la paena_fw-la &_o debito_fw-la so_o then_o in_o the_o first_o sense_n the_o word_n law_n be_v proper_o apply_v but_o in_o the_o second_o it_o be_v somewhat_o large_o extend_v yet_o use_v and_o common_a opinion_n have_v so_o accept_v it_o this_o law_n have_v for_o his_o subject_n and_o object_v the_o rule_n of_o all_o divine_a and_o humane_a thing_n except_o god_n himself_o who_o be_v the_o great_a rule-giver_n and_o lawmaker_n and_o he_o
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the_o book_n of_o they_o get_v by_o c._n flavius_n secretary_n to_o appius_n claudius_n be_v by_o he_o publish_v and_o so_o communicate_v to_o the_o common_a people_n for_o which_o they_o bestow_v on_o he_o the_o tribuneship_n and_o other_o magistracy_n they_o call_v that_o book_n jus_n civil_a flavianum_n like_a to_o which_o also_o sextus_n aelius_n frame_v another_o which_o be_v call_v after_o his_o name_n jus_fw-la aelianum_fw-la these_o formulae_fw-la juris_fw-la be_v use_v very_o strict_o for_o say_v wesenbechius_n olim_fw-la ut_fw-la omne_fw-la ordine_fw-la &_o recte_fw-la procederent_fw-la &_o ne_fw-la temere_fw-la sineque_fw-la causa_fw-la quis_fw-la ad_fw-la jurgia_fw-la &_o light_n conudaret_n impetrandum_fw-la erat_fw-la à _fw-la praetore_fw-la judicium_fw-la qui_fw-la actori_fw-la postulatam_fw-la à _fw-la se_fw-la actionem_fw-la impertiebatur_fw-la &_o formulam_fw-la agendi_fw-la disceptandique_fw-la pedaneo_fw-la judici_fw-la &_o litigatoribus_fw-la praescribebat_fw-la so_o that_o then_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o planitiffe_n do_v get_v his_o form_n of_o plead_v from_o the_o judge_n or_o praetor_n which_o be_v afterward_o upon_o experience_n of_o inconvenience_n alter_v by_o the_o rescript_n of_o constantine_n which_o justinian_n have_v put_v in_o his_o code_n likewise_o theodosius_n and_o valentinian_n have_v do_v the_o same_o but_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o this_o and_o the_o plead_n of_o our_o common_a law_n be_v that_o at_o no_o time_n be_v the_o law_n a_o strict_a form_n of_o plead_v require_v but_o not_o particular_o prescribe_v by_o our_o law_n plaintiff_n tie_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n to_o receive_v his_o whole_a form_n of_o plead_v from_o the_o judge_n although_o it_o be_v true_a that_o he_o be_v require_v to_o set_v down_o a_o strict_a form_n of_o plead_v according_a to_o the_o law_n upon_o his_o own_o peril_n also_o another_o difference_n there_o be_v in_o law_n different_a form_n of_o plead_v in_o our_o own_o 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decem_fw-la ad_fw-la quae_fw-la titius_n est_fw-la mihi_fw-la obligatus_fw-la this_o be_v naught_o say_v minsinger_n show_v it_o out_o of_o other_o cause_n the_o civil_a law_n in_o personal_a action_n do_v express_v the_o remote_a cause_n in_o the_o libel_n but_o in_o real_a action_n the_o next_o cause_n authority_n because_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v not_o in_o the_o libel_n but_o if_o that_o have_v be_v in_o alone_a that_o have_v be_v good_a as_o mutuam_fw-la titio_fw-la decem_fw-la peâ—o_fw-la eum_fw-la condemnari_fw-la but_o in_o real_a action_n they_o go_v inversa_fw-la via_fw-la put_v in_o always_o the_o next_o cause_n but_o not_o of_o neccessity_n the_o remote_a but_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o advocate_n as_o peto_z fundum_fw-la istum_fw-la à _fw-la sempronio_fw-la quia_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la sum_fw-la dominus_fw-la fundi_fw-la here_o the_o dominium_fw-la be_v the_o causa_fw-la proxima_fw-la and_o if_o the_o advocate_n dare_v venture_v it_o he_o may_v say_v also_o sum_fw-la dominus_fw-la quia_fw-la emi_fw-it where_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v also_o contain_v a_o very_a nice_a difference_n which_o be_v not_o exact_v in_o the_o form_n of_o plead_n action_n how_o in_o our_o law_n the_o remote_a and_o next_o cause_n be_v both_o express_v in_o all_o action_n in_o our_o law_n but_o it_o be_v usual_a with_o we_o that_o in_o every_o man_n real_a personal_a and_o mix_v action_n the_o causa_fw-la propanqua_fw-la and_o remota_fw-la be_v both_o put_v in_o the_o declaration_n yet_o so_o that_o in_o the_o common_a plea_n in_o the_o writ_n common_o be_v express_v the_o next_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o declaration_n which_o contain_v the_o writ_n also_o the_o remote_a cause_n but_o in_o some_o the_o writ_n do_v contain_v the_o other_o as_o in_o waist_n the_o writ_n quare_fw-la fecit_fw-la vastum_fw-la in_o terris_fw-la quas_fw-la tenuit_fw-la ex_fw-la dimissione_n ad_fw-la exhaereditationemâ—_n here_o be_v the_o remote_a cause_n but_o in_o action_n of_o debt_n praecipe_fw-la quod_fw-la reddat_fw-la vj._n libr._n quas_fw-la debet_fw-la here_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n and_o the_o declaration_n contain_v the_o remote_a as_o contract_n bargain_n etc._n etc._n neither_o be_v there_o any_o
since_o his_o death_n a_o little_a after_o he_o begin_v mr._n ploden_n who_o report_v the_o special_a case_n which_o happen_v from_o the_o second_o of_o king_n edw._n the_o sixth_o until_o the_o fifteen_o of_o queen_n elizabeth_n they_o be_v but_o few_o case_n yet_o more_o full_o report_v than_o any_o before_o he_o then_o the_o voluntary_a reporter_n be_v the_o late_a lord_n coke_n who_o have_v set_v forth_o thirteen_o volume_n of_o report_n since_o that_o we_o have_v have_v hobart_n bulstrod_n hutton_n and_o divers_a other_o especial_o justice_n croke_n who_o continue_v his_o report_n till_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o reporter_n case_n writer_n of_o rule_n and_o the_o application_n of_o they_o to_o case_n some_o other_o writer_n of_o the_o common_a law_n who_o work_n be_v mix_v partly_o of_o rule_n and_o partly_o of_o application_n of_o they_o to_o certain_a case_n of_o their_o own_o knowledge_n and_o collection_n such_o be_v the_o book_n call_v the_o old_a tenor_n and_o another_o common_o call_v littleton_n tenor_n this_o book_n serve_v for_o a_o introduction_n to_o the_o young_a student_n in_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n as_o justinian_n institution_n do_v for_o the_o beginner_n in_o the_o civill-law_n mr._n perkins_n do_v likewise_o draw_v certain_a rule_n and_o case_n of_o some_o title_n of_o the_o common_a law_n into_o a_o method_n but_o not_o of_o equal_a or_o like_v authority_n with_o littleton_n it_o be_v allege_v by_o ploden_n in_o his_o epistle_n that_o in_o ancient_a time_n as_o he_o have_v upon_o credit_n hear_v there_o be_v four_o reporter_n of_o our_o case_n king_n reporter_n of_o the_o law_n in_o former_a time_n authorize_v 2nd_o allow_v by_o the_o king_n of_o law_n which_o be_v chief_a man_n and_o have_v a_o yearly_a stipend_n for_o their_o travel_n therein_o pay_v by_o the_o king_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o they_o confer_v together_o at_o the_o make_n and_o set_v forth_o of_o the_o report_n it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o there_o be_v the_o like_a course_n still_o continue_v and_o allowance_n give_v so_o shall_v we_o not_o have_v be_v bereave_v of_o so_o many_o worthy_a and_o unrecoverable_a case_n and_o judgement_n which_o be_v want_v and_o no_o doubt_n either_o perish_v or_o bury_v in_o silence_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o student_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o light_n and_o help_v which_o they_o may_v have_v thereby_o chap._n vi_o of_o estate_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n have_v say_v somewhat_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o our_o common-law_n of_o england_n it_o shall_v seem_v proper_a in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o show_v the_o estate_n which_o the_o common-law_n do_v allow_v and_o that_o brief_o for_o neither_o my_o judgement_n in_o the_o law_n nor_o this_o place_n will_v fit_o allow_v such_o aperfect_a and_o exact_a discourse_n as_o may_v pass_v without_o exception_n of_o the_o learned_a in_o our_o law_n or_o full_o satisfy_v such_o as_o be_v well_o experience_v in_o the_o same_o only_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v say_v be_v rather_o set_v down_o as_o a_o general_a view_n to_o consider_v the_o state_n and_o course_n of_o our_o law_n than_o as_o a_o platform_n and_o precise_a instruction_n thereof_o the_o estate_n most_o absolute_a which_o sort_n fee-simple_n of_o two_o sort_n the_o law_n do_v allow_v be_v either_o fee-simple_n absolute_a of_o land_n to_o a_o man_n and_o to_o his_o heir_n and_o assign_n for_o ever_o fee-tail_n estate_n of_o fee-simple_n conditional_a now_o make_v a_o estate_n in_o fee-tail_n or_o fee-simple_n conditional_a that_o be_v to_o he_o and_o the_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n general_a or_o special_a as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o common-law_n which_o be_v account_v fee-tail_n to_o his_o heir_n male_n or_o female_n according_a to_o the_o particular_a limitation_n this_o estate_n of_o fee-simple_n absolute_a fee-simple_n how_o time_n have_v alter_v the_o state_n of_o fee-simple_n and_o general_a be_v as_o ancient_a as_o our_o common-law_n and_o perchance_o before_o the_o use_n of_o our_o common-law_n as_o they_o be_v now_o in_o ure_n for_o from_o the_o begin_n there_o be_v give_v and_o grant_v of_o land_n though_o not_o altogether_o in_o that_o exact_a and_o express_a form_n which_o late_a time_n have_v require_v because_o at_o the_o first_o if_o one_o man_n have_v give_v land_n to_o another_o for_o ever_o this_o have_v be_v hold_v a_o sufficient_a grant_n to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n but_o now_o the_o law_n have_v so_o expound_v and_o distinguish_v that_o if_o the_o word_n heir_n be_n not_o in_o the_o grant_n it_o be_v no_o fee-simple_n but_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n the_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n donditional_a be_v likewise_o for_o the_o general_a practice_n thereof_o introduce_v upon_o late_a consideration_n of_o which_o at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v no_o recovery_n leave_v in_o the_o giver_n nor_o remainder_n can_v be_v limit_v over_o but_o after_o issue_n have_v which_o be_v the_o condition_n annex_v the_o donee_n or_o he_o to_o who_o the_o gift_n be_v make_v have_v power_n to_o alien_n the_o whole_a land_n and_o estate_n but_o afterward_o this_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n conditional_a be_v in_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o first_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v a_o estate_n in_o tail_n in_o the_o donee_n and_o a_o reversion_n in_o the_o donor_n or_o giver_n and_o then_o the_o donee_n may_v not_o by_o any_o act_n bar_v his_o issue_n neither_o by_o forfeiture_n of_o offence_n as_o treason_n nor_o by_o conveyance_n though_o never_o so_o strong_a as_o fine_a etc._n etc._n thus_o we_o see_v how_o the_o great_a and_o most_o beneficial_a estate_n of_o fee-simple_n which_o the_o common-law_n do_v admit_v have_v receive_v his_o degree_n his_o limitation_n and_o alteration_n according_a as_o time_n increase_v of_o knowledge_n in_o the_o law_n and_o of_o conveyance_n and_o assurance_n among_o man_n have_v think_v it_o meet_v the_o like_a alteration_n we_o may_v find_v in_o other_o estate_n of_o least_o extent_n and_o benefit_n in_o the_o law_n where_o mention_n be_v first_o make_v of_o the_o state_n of_o fee-simple_n to_o be_v very_o ancient_a though_o not_o always_o in_o one_o express_v form_n it_o be_v true_a with_o a_o several_a respect_n of_o time_n in_o antiquity_n for_o among_o the_o saxon_n fee-simple_n be_v time_n fee-simple_n in_o use_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n and_o that_o by_o the_o name_n of_o land_n to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n as_o it_o appear_v in_o the_o saxon_a law_n of_o alfred_n where_o it_o be_v say_v qui_fw-la terram_fw-la habuerit_fw-la per_fw-la scripturae_fw-la seriem_fw-la the_o saxon_a word_n be_v boclande_n sibi_fw-la relictam_fw-la ab_fw-la haeredibus_fw-la ad_fw-la alios_fw-la alienandi_fw-la potestas_fw-la ei_fw-la non_fw-la esto_fw-la siquidem_fw-la praesentibus_fw-la cognatis_fw-la coram_fw-la rege_fw-la aut_fw-la episcopo_fw-la scriptura_fw-la aut_fw-la testimonio_fw-la potentum_fw-la omni_fw-la alienatione_fw-la &_o interdixisse_fw-la illum_fw-la qui_fw-la prius_fw-la concessit_fw-la talemque_fw-la ei_fw-la imposuisse_fw-la legem_fw-la cum_fw-la primo_fw-la dederit_fw-la out_o of_o which_o may_v be_v note_v both_o the_o fee-simple_n absolute_a and_o conditional_a be_v then_o allow_v and_o in_o use_n and_o also_o time_n fee-simple_n conditional_a also_o know_v in_o the_o saxon_n time_n a_o man_n may_v see_v that_o in_o ancient_a time_n how_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n for_o ever_o be_v all_o one_o for_o when_o erle_n godwine_n come_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o canterbury_n to_o get_v the_o manor_n of_o boseham_n in_o sussex_n he_o first_o jest_o say_v to_o he_o as_o mr._n camden_n say_v out_o of_o mapaeus_n dam_fw-la mihi_fw-la boseham_n the_o bishop_n as_o it_o shall_v seem_v scarce_o know_v his_o meaning_n answer_v he_o do_v tibi_fw-la boseham_n whereupon_o without_o any_o more_o livery_n the_o earl_n take_v and_o have_v possession_n thereof_o to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n by_o which_o also_o we_o may_v see_v two_o thing_n that_o the_o word_n heir_n be_v not_o then_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n in_o a_o grant_n to_o create_v a_o fee-simple_n and_o that_o then_o such_o strict_a word_n and_o form_n of_o conveyance_n be_v not_o require_v as_o of_o late_a time_n to_o pass_v estate_n of_o land_n there_o be_v other_o estate_n of_o inferior_a degree_n and_o dignity_n allow_v by_o the_o common-law_n whereof_o some_o be_v account_v inheritance_n and_o freehold_a other_o but_o uncertain_a and_o not_o for_o a_o prefix_a season_n or_o term_v of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v a_o estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n and_o that_o twofold_a either_o create_v by_o the_o party_n as_o by_o lease_n etc._n etc._n or_o else_o create_v by_o the_o law_n as_o tenant_n by_o the_o curtefie_v of_o england_n by_o have_v issue_n of_o a_o wife_n inheritrix_n or_o