Antoninus Caracalla the Son of Severus making the recension of our Britain Mansions therein sited so far Northerly and conquered anew by them as a ground of this his assertion he cannot do better then to joyn thereunto Piolemic's annumeration of the severall Provinces or People that then inhabited Britain their more noted Cities Rivers Promontories Havens Islands c. he living not very long before the time that Caracalla was Emperour And somewhat after Ptolemies age you have the number of them all set down to your hand I know not how exactly by Marcianus Heracleota a Greek Writer also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is Albion or Britain containeth in it XXXIII distinct Provinces noted Cities LIX famous Rivers XL. IV remarkable Promontories I Peninsula of more then ordinary note V notable Bayes besides III principall Havens The number of Cities here exactly agrees with that in Ptolemy to whom I conceive he is beholding for the rest also for that he was after him evidently appears by his citing him as he was also junior to the other Marcianus of Heraclea also a Writer of the same subject whose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Iambick Verse we have published by Fred. Mcrellus In our Antoninus the names of the Mansions or Townes if you please to call them so are well neer double that number there being reckoned no less then CXIV in this Itinerary through the XV. Journeys We may say then that Antoninus set down all he took in his way Ptolemy onely the more noted In the Notitia of the Western Empire under Theodosius the younger you shall find not above XLVI Garrisons in the whole Island whereof IX were kept on the Sea-coast to hinder the frequent Attempts and Invasions of the Saxon Pirats under the Command of the Comes Littoris Saxonici per Britanniam XIV others more in-land were commanded by the Dux Britanniarum who had the Title of Spectabilis as had also the other whereof York is the first under the notion of Legio VI. Besides XXIII more Per Lineam Valli who had most of them their Stations very neer the Wall to keep off the continuall Assaults and Irruptions of the Scots and Picts and other barbarous people But the inland of the Country I believe was stored with many other flourishing Cities which being named by Antoninus and Ptolemie I cannot think were therefore sackt and ruined before this Notitia or Survey was taken because we find them not mentioned there And this we may the more probably suppose because that after the Romans had abandoned the Island we find many of them still remaining in good condition however in succeeding times and not long after their departure we find not but XXVIII Cities in Britain But certainly they were of principall note 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Ptolemie's expression is and such indeed are they described to be by Venerable Bede the ancient glory of this Nation Erat sayes he Britannia viginti octo civitatibus quondam nobilissimis insignita praeter Castella innumera quae ipsa muris turribus portis ac seris erant instructa sirmissimis He had for his Author our Countryman Gildas who in his Epistle the ancientest Writing of any Britain that is now extant tells us That Britain was adorned Decorata bis denis bisque quaternis civitatibus That is with eight and twenty Cities The Catalogue of whose British names collected by Ninnius the old Historian being compared with the best Copies that are to be found thereof at this day is published and illustrated as well with the Roman names as such as they are known by at this day by the Reverend and most Learned Primate of Ireland Having nothing therefore in my own poor store to add to so great abilities and exact diligence it is high time for us to bethink our selves of our passage from the Coast of France where the most usuall Port to set sayl for the Island while the Romans had the Command thereof was Gessoriacum whence also our Autoninus begins his Itinerary as followes A GESSORIACO DE GALLIIS RITUPIS IN PORTU BRITANNIARUM STADIA NUMERO CCCCL A GESSORIACO DE GALLIIS From Gessoriacum out of Gaul for which in the Sea-Itinerary whereof we spake before you have A Portu Gessoriacensi as Simlerus mends it for in the Venetian Edition of Aldus and others it is Printed Gesorigiagensi as if the name of the place had been also called Gessorigia of which more anon as for the last g. in this word for c. against the ordinary making that is to be imputed to the frequent mistake of Transcribers who most usually confound these two letters as all know that handle written Books and we shall see variety of examples for it before we have done with Antoninus Among divers others of the Ancients Pliny also mentions this Port calling it Gessoriacum Morinorum littus which else where he expresses by Portum Morinorum Britannicum for of this place I understand him there rather then with 〈◊〉 Chiffletius that he should mean Portus Iccius for indeed in his time and some while before him Gessoriacum was the onely known accustomed Port whence they set say I for Britain as may appear by a place in Pomponius Mela who wrote some what after the time that Claudius undertook his expedition hither taking Shipping at this very place Nec Morini saith he portu quem Gessoriacum vocant quicquam habent notius They have nothing of greater note then their Haven Gessoriacum which Ptolemy also confirms in whom you find 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gisorriacum the Haven of the Morini in whom by the Transcribers heedlesnes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iâ—…cium the Promontory for he mentions not the Haven is got into the place that Gessoriacum should be in as the learned Camden hath observed And yet we deny not but that Iccius or Iâ—…us was a Port also of these extremi hominum Morini as †Virgil calls them Strabo expresly witnesseth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Although Ortelius make it belong to the Caletes a People neighbouring upon them vouching for it the very same Strabo's authority Besides Florus tells us That Caesar set sayl à Portu Morino which himself in his Commentaries calls Iccius ex quo commodissimum in Britanniam transjectum esse cognoverat Whence he had observed the most convenient passage was over into Britain However because in after-times Gessoriacum was thought to be so too Iccius perhaps being stopt up and become less frequented we may not therefore with Cuverius having no more ground for it then his bare word conclude that they were the same which he indeed doth very resolvedly without once question made thereof Portus Gessoriacus saith he Qui antea itius postmodùm Bononia nunc Boulogne for this assertion hath as little proof for it as Dempesters wilde conceit that the Inhabitants
Paunton also at not an unlike remotenesse from what is set down there gives good credit unto From the Marga or Marle and its site upon a rising hill its seems to have had its denomination For the later I have several times taught out of Plutarch what Dunum signifies namely a rising place As for the other word Marga Pliny in his Natural History tells us what it is there where he treats De terra quam Britannia Gallia amat Alia est ratio saith he quam Britannia Gallia invenere alere eam ipsae quod genus vocant Margam But Camden speaks of little use of Marle in those parts he indeed tells us of a kind of Chalk found neer there in which perhaps Pliny might be mistaken for his Margu else he thinks it was never well searcht for there There is found there about also the stone called from its figure 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Astroites the form of which Camden describes after Agricola and others but I le meddle not with it as being nothing to my present design in hand AD PONTEM M. P. VII That it was that Town of Lincolnshire which on the banks of the River Wytham is yet called Paunton to this day our Antiquaries do generally believe For to say nothing of the distance from the two stations on either hand which very well agree with that at present the reason of the name from a Bridge for the River according to the report of the Inhabitants was here in old time joined with the Bridge cleerly evinceth the matter in hand not to say that pavements of the Romans of Musive Work are sometimes digged up here Wherefore Aldus his Edition of Antoninus may be observed where ye find it falsly printed Ad Pontum Josias Simlerus in his Scholia upon Antoninus would have this Town to have been otherwise called Pons Aelii where sub Duce Britanniarum Tribunis Cohortis I. Cornaviorum kept his Guard which Station being long before first appointed by Hadrian the Emperour was to be sought far away off by the Vallum Him yet our Harrison follows who hath described unto us Britain in English William Fulk would have it to be rather Boston that is S. Buttolphes Town in this same Shire though the Itinerary account do wholly reclaim and gainsay it as being neerer to the Eastern Sea CROCOCALANA M. P. VII In the diverse readings collected to Antoninus there is Crorolana set down which in very deed signifies nothing and might a great deal better have been quite left out In Antoninus that Town is called so which at this day is Ancaster nothing but a long street upon the Military High-way At the entrance from the South our Antiquarie saith he saw a Trench and it is evident that there was a castle about there The British or old name may seem to have been taken from the situation for it lies under the side of an hill and Cruc Mâ—…ur with the Britains doth signify magnum collem or a great Hill as Cruc Occhidient doth a Western Hill as we are taught by Giraldus Cambrensis and Ninnius very antient Writers But what shall we do then with Colana Camden our Antiquary knew not neither have we time to think of it as we should if we truly understood the meaning of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Ptolemy in the North of Britain we should also better know this In this Town the Roman coyns keep up the Memory of Antiquity therein besides the vaults under ground sometimes opened to say nothing of the site by the Praetorian Causey or High-way and due distance between it and Lindum or Lincoln William Harrison saith Ancaster hath been a great thing for many square and coloured pavements vaults and arches are yet found and oft laid open by such as dig and plow in the fields about the same and among these one Vresby or Roseby a Ploughman did erd up not long since a stone like a trough covered with another stone wherein was great abundance of the aforesaid Coynes The like also was seen not fourty years ago about Grantham LINDUM M. P. XII Camden from the foregoing Station seems to have read the distance to Lindum XIV miles and that where he speaks of Ancaster where the foregoing Station had its being Something is said and perhaps more then enough concerning this Lindum in the former Journey Finis Itineris VI. Britanniarum BRITTANNIARUM ITER VII Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana * CXV ITER A REGNO LONDINIUM M. P. XCVI sic * * CXVI 96.  CLAUSENTUM M. P. XX.   VENTAM BELGARUM M. P. X.  Gelleu CALLEVAM ATREBATUM M. P. XXII Gall.  PONTES M. P. XXII   LONDINIUM M. P. XXII  THis seventh Journey is from Regnum in Hantshire to London Hierom Surita speaking of which confesseth indeed that the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Regni were a people of Britain bordering upon the Atrebatri and Cantii whose chief City was Noviomagus but that by this Regnum it is to be understood I can by no means hold with him Camden resolves the business very well where he makes the Midland of this shire to belong to the Belgae as he doth the more Maritime to the Regni That therefore this Regnnum belonged in old time to the Regni is most plain the reliques of the one name still remaining in the other Our Ancesters called it Regnewood or Ringwood it seems for the Store of wood thereabout In Doomesday book it is written Rincewed CLAUSENTUM M. P. XX. Opposite to the Isle of Wight in Southampton Port of Haven called of old by Ptolemy Trisantonis fluvii ostium from Traithanton as I think saith our great Antiquarie that is Aestuarâ—…um Anton. By the same name almost it is called by Ninnius Trahannoni ostium The river that runs into it at this day called Test in former ages in the Saints lives is named Ierstan and formerly that it was Ant or Anton Antport Andover and Hanton Towns lying thereon seem in a manner to perswade Sofar are we from believing that it was so named from Hammon the Roman whom our British History fables to be slain hereabout by Arviragus as do also all such as follow and admire it Not far from this southampton was Clausentum here placed which appears by its distance from Regnum as also on the other fide from Venta or Winchester and as of old time it was called Antoni Aestuarium so Clausentum signified in British the Port Entum which as I am told signifies as much as in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth mean They that make any wonder at this let them also look into dooms-day-Dooms-day-book where they shall expresly find Hantscyre and Hentscyre from whence the Town from the Southernly situation is at this day Southanton It was seated especially where S. Martha's fields now are What rubbish ruines of Walls and Trenches Camden was shewed there by an old Castle himself will best
esteemed of which contains under ANTONINUS AUGUSTUS his Name the waies and Iourneys of all the Provinces of the Roman Empire which yeildeth to us an income of so wonderfull Profit that it affords most clear light to Strabo Pomponius Mela Pliny most excellent Authors in the explication of the whole World as it were in great darkness So far Robert Talbot Out of the Preface of the famous man Andrew Schot set before Antoninu's Edition of Surita at Coleyn M. DC IX Rutilius Numatianus afforded us his Itinerary in Elegiack Verses but Antonius or whether he is Antoninus Augustus in bare name which in a Land Journey and military way and march the Roman Captains made use of of which kind we see some in Italy and fewer in Spain used by Passengers where at this day they are carried on horses which are appointed for speed But for Itinerary Tables which are very usefull in matter of War Fl. Vegetius is to be seen lib. III. De re Militari cap. VI. Of what kind of Military Tables the famous man Mark Velfâ—…r one of the seven Magistrates of the Common-Wealth of Auspurg very well deserving of all Antiquity lately found out in the Library of Conrade Peutinger a noble man there and also adorned with Scholia's or Notes But Ortelius our friend the Prince of Geographers set forth all of it also cut into Brass by the Printing of Iohn Moret in which kind I think nothing of ancient Monuments to be extant either to be preferred or comparable to it I can bring nothing of certainty concerning the Writer Onely thus much That this Itinerary may seem to be written by some learned Measurer of Land well acquainted with the places but afterwards who by the command of some Emperour it is likely after Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius for good lucks sake retained the Sirname and publickly took the name and authority of Antoninus Augustus although most old Books have Antonii perhaps by the usuall fault of the Transcribers whereby they often confound Constantius and Constantinus Ierome Surita a very learned Spaniard prefers this Work to Antoninus the Son of Severus by reason of the mention of certain places of BRITAIN but Critiques contend and the strife is still before the Judge Now it appears that such an Itinerary was composed for the Captains and Souldiers with the Proconsulls and Pretors marching into the Provinces least they should mistake their way and fall into ambushes mistaking the right way How necessary these Itineraries were Fl. Vegetius is the Author and St. Ambrose in his Sermon upon the CXVIII Psalm Now the way did not alwaies lead strait as at this day but wheeling about yet more beaten and safe which are called by Ammianus the Kings High-way and the Souldiers way and wonted Journeys Concerning High-waies Galen the Prince of Physicians is to be seen lib. IX cap. VIII Methodius Procopius in the beginning of the second Book de bello Persico He writes I believe that the City Strata was so called by the Romans from the Military way which they called Strata It remains that the account of my undertaking may appear for this was principally intended while I searchd forth the Notes of Ierome Surita a learned man upon the Itinerary of Augustus which lay hidden in the dark Out of John Annius of Viterbium Antoninus Pius Caesar Augustus wrote an Itinerary Now the Itineraties which we have now are not Antoninus's but collected perhaps out of some fragments of some former to which many things added many things diminished more things changed an argument whereof you have two Fragments for the first Fragment it belongs to the Preface but to this which we have in our hands belongs no Preface besides the common ones use no miles which the Italians alone do use Again the common ones make use of the succession of Townes because you have described all the Journeys of the World in all Nations which succession of Townes is without miles whence it appears that Florence was not in the time of Antoninus by which it appears that these vulgar Books are not all of Antoninus but that there is a great corruption of the Book by men in after times through addition and diminution procured by private mens doings Out of John Leland Antiquary under Henry the eighth Antoninus lived in the times of Constantine the Great for he mentions Constantinopolis Dioclesianopolis Maximinopolis so unlikely it is that Antoninus the Emperour wrote the Itinerary which goes about commonly in his name Out of the excellent Doctor Usher in his learned Book which he hath Intituled De Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Primordiis pag. 78. Hence also in the Itinerary to which the ordinary Books give the title of Antoninus Flodoardus of Aethicus but the old MS. of Scotus Roma Romani Hence came those words Russian Rumney used by the old Britains and others Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas Great alterations grow by length of Time Out of William Harrisons second Edition in the same place A LIMITE ID EST A VALlo praetorio usque M. P. CLVI sic ABramenio Corstopitum M. P. XX. Vindomora M P. IX 5. Viconia M. P. XIX Vinovia Vinovium Cataractoni M. P. XXII Isurium M. P. XXIV 8. Eburacum legio VI. Victrix M. P. XVII Derventione M. P. VII Delgovitia M. P. XIII Praetorio M. P. XXV ITEM A VALLO AD PORtum Ritupis M. P. CCCC LXXXI 491. sic Ablato Bulgio castra exploratorum M. P. X. 15. alias a Blato Lugu-vallo M. P. XII alias a Lugu-valio Cairletl Voreda M. P. XIV Wrderad Brovonacis M. P. XIII Bravoniacis Burgham Verteris M. P. XX. 13. Wharton Lavatris M. P. XIV Lowthier Cataractone M. P. XVI Caturractonium Grynton Gritobrioge Isuriam M. P. XXIV Isoriam Eburacum M. P. XVIII Eboracum Calcaria M. P. IX Cacaria Helcaster Camboduno M. P. XX. Camborough Mammuncio M. P. XVIII Manucio Standish Condate M. P. XVIII 39. Deva legio XXIII CI. M. P. XX. Bovio M. P. X. 44. Bonio Mediolano M. P. XX. Rutunio M. P. XII Urio Conio M. P. XI Viroconium Uxacona M. P. XI Penno-Crucio M. P. XII Etoceto M. P. XII Utoxeter Utceter Touceter Mandues Sedo M P. XVI Mansfield Venonis M. P. XII Colewestford Bever Wansford Benna venta M. P. XVII Banna venta Lactorodo M. P. XII Lactodoro Maginto M. P. XVII 12. Magiovintum Stonystratford Duro-Cobrivis M. P. XII Dunstable Vero-Lamio M P. XII S. Albans Sullomacis M. P. IX Barnet Shelney between S. Stephens and Ilshe Longidinio M. P. XII Londini London Noviomago M. P. X. Leusham Vagniacis M. P. XVIII Maidston Durobrovis M. P. IX Duroprovis Rochester Durolevo M. P. XVI 13. Sittingborne Talb. Duror-Verno M P. XII Droverno Duroverno Durarvenno Darverno Ad portum Ritupis M. P. XII ITEM A LONDINIO AD portum Dubris M. P. LVI 66. sic Dubobrus M. P. XXVII Durobrovis Durobrius Durarvenno M. P. XV. 25. Ad portum Dubris M. P. XIV Dover haven ITEM A LONDINIO AD
immortall Commentaries of his owne expedition yet there are a that will tell you they have seen an Itinerary of his or Description of the World in which Gentes civitates singulae cum suis distantiis in itinerario annotatae essent But because their Witness may perchance be excepted against by some being but late Writers we will therefore hear what Aethicus in his Cosmography sayes to it who is indeed an Author ancient enough as being transcribed in some places by Paulus Orosius in his Histories dedicated to S. Austin Iulius Caesar saith Aethicus Cum Consulatus sui fasces erigeret ex S. C. censuit c. So soon as he began to exercise his Office of Consul made an Order confirmed by a Decree of the Senate that the whole Roman World should be surveyed and measured by Learned men and well seen in all parts of Philosophy In his Consulship therefore with M. Anthony the World began to be measured from which time to the * third Consulship of Augustus which was with Crassus being * XXI years V. Months and IX dayes Zenodotus was taking a survey of the whole East From that Consulship of Caesar likewise to Augustus his being the X Cos. in * XXIX years VIII months and X. dayes time the Survey of the Northern part of the Empire was brought in by Theodotus From the very same Consulship also of Caesar to the Consulship of Saturninus and Cinna the Southern part was measured by Policlytus in XXXII years I. month and X. dayes So that in about the space of XXXII years the whole World was surveyed and a generall account thereof brought in to the Senate Thus far Aethicus From which relation we may deservedly observe the greatness and vast extent of the Roman Empire whose Notitia or Survey was not taken under such a time although just exception may be made against the account of years here as also in respect of the Consuls Names in both which he is fouly out And out of this very place of Aethicus I presume else I am to seek whence is taken that which I find in a Farrago of divers things published when Printing first began among us as you may easily see by the English of it Iulius Caesar used in his time to insearche and mesured the World in lengeth and breede and did make therof grete Bokes and of all the Partyes Contrays and Provinces and Wondres in him contayned and that Boke acorded to Bartylmew and to Marcus Paulus and to Claudius Tholomeus and to the grete Arystotell that went with stondynge and ben proved treâ—…e be many dyvers resonable provynges c. We make use of Simlers Edition which we conceive the best as bad as it is till such time as we shall have the good hap to meet with Salmasius his Aethicus great hopes of which he gives us in more then one place In the mean while see Baronius in the Apparatus to his Annalls Now that which here chiefly we shall take into our cognizance will be first To examine who this Aethicus was and secondly Whether Cuspinian and Malleolus and others who take upon them to have seen an Itinerary or Description of the World under Iulius Caesars name do not mean this very peice of Aethicus with Antoninus's Itinerary as they are commonly joyned together For Aethicus he is called by some Sophista ex Istriâ oriundus by our most admired Francis Bacon he is stiled Astronomus But you must take notice that they have two distinct Cosmographicall Works which bear the name of Aethicus this vulgar one which hath often been Printed and another never yet published joyned to the other Aethicus in Thuanus's MSS. but I have seen it in the Bodleian Library in the same Volume with an ancient Solinus in Parchments In some Copies it bears this Title Incipit liber Aethici Philosophico editus oraculo ab Hieronymo presbytero translatus in latinum ex Cosmographiâ mundi scripturâ In the Preface you shall find Hic Aethicus Istria regione Sophista claruit primusque codices suos Cosmographiam nuncupavit And yet Aethicus Ister philosophus is often urged in this very Book which is the same I dare boldly say which Bacon and others mention and it is cited by Lilins Giraldus under the Title of Antiquitatis Historiae quae ab Hieronymo in Latinum sermonem è Graeco conversae creduntur A Book indeed containing many things fabulous and foolish and unworthy S. Iâ—…romes pains in the translating if he ever did it The vulgar printed Aethicus whom we have now to do withall termed Monstrosorum vocabulorum auctor by Ortelius in Thuanus his ancient written Copy is called Iulius Orator a Writer mentioned by Cassiodorus as Salmasius who had the use thereof Witnesses in more then one place And this name Julius which Cuspinian perhaps and Malleolus found before their Books for they mention not the name of Aethicus as also their finding of the Senates Decree procured by Julius Caesar for the surveying of the Roman Empire in the very Preface of this Work made them as it is very likely inscribe it with the following Itinerary which goes usually under Antoninus's to Julius Caesars name For that these two peices are joyntly intended by them appears plainly by the words of one of them before cited Gentes civitates singulae in Itinerario We referring the word Gentes to Aethicus in whom you have Oceani Orientalis gentes Oc. Occid Gentes c. And Asiae situs cum suis papulis c. And the Civitates cum suis dist intiis to Antoninus's Itinerary And indeed Flodoardus the Presbyter seems to make both these but one mans work For Aethicus is quoted by him for two severall Journeys which are not to be found otherwhere then in Antoninus In like manner is Ethicus cited by the learned Welchman David Powell for Nemo contrarium saith he which is in Antoninus's second Journey And again before that Itinerary in a very ancient Copy the Preface concerning the Dimension of the Earth belonging to Aethicus was found prefixt as Simlerus informs us And in a word Caspar Barthius the flourishing Philologer of this age tells us plainly he had observed that Aethicus was the Author of both Peices Now from the foregoing Discourse all that we can conclude comes to thus much That although the Title of Aethicus be exploded and utterly cashired from having any thing to do with these Writings as Salmasius contrary to what Barthius imagines will have it yet for all that we cannot with Felix Malleolus absolutely say that Julius Caesar was the Author of them or Antoninus Pius of the latter part as most do and that not to urge other reasons because the names of many Cities and Places are to be found in both of them which had not any Being till long after their times However we being none of those who dare Litterarum
illud flumen quod urbem alluit Isurum olim dictum suisse ab Iside Uro superius confluentibus Ise Fluvius à Saxonibus Ouse dictus Argumento sunt Ouseforde id est Isidis vadum Ousebourne id est Isidis aqua Si haec conjectura valet ut certe plurimum valere videtur Isurovicum aptum elegans rotundum etiam urbi nomen erit Isurovicum saies he would be a fit elegant an trim name for the City Camden does countenance this conceit of his but with more judgement and likelihood he addes That Eburacum should fiâ—…fie upon or by the river Urus So saies he the Eburovices in France were seated by the river Eure neer unto Evreux in Normandie The Eburenes in the Low Countries neer the river Ourt in the Diocess of Luick the French call it Liege And Eblana in Ireland stands hard by the river Lefny But here in deducing the name of Eburacum if I would I might wonder why Hect r Boethius the bold forging Scot and from him for I dare confidently say it Floriano de Campo the Spaniard bringing the Brigantes of Britain from the City Brigantia in Spain by the way of the Brigantes of Ireland of which in another place why they did not likewise derive Eboracum from Ebora a City also in Spain and that they had three Cities there whose names were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one of which Ptolomie calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hermolaus Byzantius the contractor of Stephanus Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is my witnesse But perhaps they never did light upon this Work for as Accursius used to say Graecum est non potest legi The Writer of Severus life calls it Civitatem by way of excellencie so they use to speak as appears in these words Et in Civitatem veniens quum rem divinam vellet facere But the most glorious name if we may beleeve William Harrison a very learned man of the former Age was Altera Romae another Rome By which saies he it was called because of the beauty and fine building of the same The conceit indeed may be liked if we consider withall that Britain was of old time commonly called Alter and Alius orbis and then shall Fboracum be its Rome But what shall we say then of France Must that be Alter orbis too because we finde that Burdegala or 〈◊〉 was honoured there with the same Title or Appellation You shall hear the Monk of Westminster 〈◊〉 dicta Altera Roma Viri civitatis diducto pulvere 〈◊〉 scriptum Dic tu qui transis portae limina tangis Altera Roma vale nomen geris Imperiale Say whosoe're shall to this City come Thou bearst th' Imperiall name farewell old Rome Scribebantur autem ibi hi versus ante mille annos But these rimedoggrill verses not Leonine as I think they are usually called confute the Monks count of time for they want many ages of it The same Harrison hath delivered that it was named Victoria of the Legion Victrix that lay there some time We want antienter record and authority for it And though Ptolomie hath an antient City of the Britains of that name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet it stands too too far Northerly that we can by no means deem it to sute with Eboracum Later ages after the very declination of the Empire by changing the termination of the name as next before Isuri Isurium a thing indeed very usuall and therefore scarce worth observing expressed it Eboraca as Gregory the Great or first Pope so named in his Epistles to the sanguinary Monk Augustine of Canterbury And from hence I beleeve saith our Giraldus Cambrensis Eboraca quae nunc Eboracum dicitur XII Suffraganeos 〈◊〉 c. And in his Words not far before these you have Previnâ—…ia quarta Maxima id est Eboraca ab Imperatore Maximio dicta as if Maxima Caesariensis so he means one of the five portions or Provinces into which Britain was divided by the Romans containing all they say from Tine to Humber were otherwise named EBORACA which yet seemeth not to me To have done we finde in a very antient and credible Writer Sextus Aurelius Victor who hath succinctly written the lives of the Emperors that Eboracum which is known by all to have been a Colony was a Municipium too or Free Town which two have no coincidencie or suteablenesse It is in Severus life where he speaks of his death which all agree was at York Neque multo post Britannia Municipio cui Eboraci nomen annis regni duo deviginti morbo extinctus est A Municipium was as Agellius one of the antients teaches us where the inhabitants lived as so Rome making use of their own Laws and Constitutions capable onely of Honorarie Title in the State of Rome and thence called Municipes otherwise bound to no duties by any Law of the people of Rome It differed from a Colony saith all-knowing Selden most of all in that a Colonie was a Progenie of the City and this of such as were received into State-favour and friendship by the Romans But of a Municipium more fully as in its more proper place see VERULAMIUM or Caer Municip by which name St. Albans was antiently known to the Britains And yet here too let me tell you that it was of old a thing frequent enough that Colonies were changed into Municipia and contrary Camden out of A. Gelâ—…ius instanced in the Case of Praeuestint And we may adde the Puteoli very antiently a Colony which not withstanding in Ciceroes days was a Municipium as appears out of his Oration for M. Coelius Afterwards it was made a Colonie again by Augustus as Frontinus witnesses Though Tacitus relates that they obtained the priviledge and name of a Colony from Nero. But that Eboracum was ever such a Colonie or turned into a Municipium it is not this place of Aurelius Victor nor these precedent places alledged can induce me to be perswaded Camden truly our learned Antiquary tells us that this difference of names in the History of the Emperors is not altogether so exactly observed but that one and the same place may be found indifferently called both a Municipium and a Colony which if so I judge it rather the Historians oscitancie and supine negligence then so in the very nature of the thing But to expedite and clear the whole businesse We are to know that there were two sorts of Colonies one civil drawn out from among the gowned Citizens as well as the miscellane sort of people The other Military taken out of Legions and cohorts when they were past service and settled in towns or elsewhere for a reward of their blood spent for the Commonwealth The former of these became many times Municipia or free Burroughs but the later not so it being thought derogatory that such as had born arms should admit of an inferiour
have stood upon for it cannot be that there are no vestigia or so much as the very ruines to say Here once it was We would gladly know likewise where these divers readings are to be found which tell us that Noviomagum is otherwise called Noviodunum We know very well what Dunum signified among the old Britains and Gauls in composition of the names of Towns and Cities We have heard also but never in Britain of Noviodunum among the Aedni in France or old Gallia for we have it described by Caesar himself and it is at this day called Nivernium as one tells us then whom no body could tell better We might also question Iohn Twines judgement and authority whom he allegeth for the straitness alwaies and directness of the Roman waies in the Island when as we have already diverse times shewed that observation to be faulty and shall again when occasion offers it self do the like Talbot whom I named erewhile to answer for the Travellers much going awry and out of his way that setting out of London and bound for Sandwich or Rutupiae goes first 8. or 10. miles wide of London to Woodcote or as himself pleaseth to old Croydon and from thence to Maidston and so forward speaks of two several waies whereof the one was via longior quidem sed per loca inhabitatiora planioraque prorsus aptiora ad conductum exercitus Haec autem directior magisque compendiaria He adds moreover that Croydon being the possession of the Archbishops of Canterbury with other Towns was assigned per quas commodius parvis itineribus ad Concilia Regum ascendere Londinum descendere inde possent Sic prima die veniant Londino Croydonam secunda Otfordidiam quae super eandem viam sita est tertia Maidstonam quarta Charingas quinta demum die Cantuariam Quo vel uno die expiditiores properantioresque pervenire possent perviam Rochesiriensem Now he saies that he means old Croydon for that neer there is shewed a place which is called The old Town taking up almost a mile in length and farther off London then new Croydon so ceking out the way for the better consonancy of the distance VAGNIACIS M. P. XVIII This is a station of very uncertain positure and therefore Lhuid a knowing Antiquary lets it pass with these words only Quod nomen hoc tempore habet penitus ignoro The corruption of the numbers of the miles is to be thought the cause of this ignorance and difficulty And therefore Talbot considering that at this day it was but â—…7 miles from London to Rochester he mends the number in his journey and of â—…8 he makes 8. reckning thus from London to Noviomagus 10 from Noviomagus to Vagniacae 8. from Vagniacae to Duroprovae or Duropronae for the reading of this name is very divers 9. which small numbers being put together make up the fore spoken number Now he takes no notice of the obliquity of the way for somewhere he saith that Croydon is not multum extra viam Cantuarium versus but so have others done Will. Harrison another Antiquary of ours complaining much of the depravation of the numbers here lets us know that in one copy which he used to better his edition of Antoninus he found after Vagniacis only VI. miles and that perhaps faulty though not so much as XVIII on the other side Talbot thinks that Vagniacae is now Wrotham a Village at the foresaid distance And he hath to back him that prudent and learned Lawyer who lived not long after him and who also wrote the description of his own Country Kent Will. Lambert sometime of Lincolns Inn. The reason why I say what I do is because upon my knowledge Talbots book was in great request with him besides that he cites him divers times in his Xenagogus or Perambulation of Kent But I could have wished that either of them had brought us some reasons or grounds for what they say This later indeed tells us that the English name is corruptly written Broteham in Doomsday book and that he supposeth that Wyptham is the very right name given for the plenty of worts and good herbs there But Camden who lately was known to have been K. of Heralds and is reputed still by many of the best K. of our English Antiquaries is thought to mistake by keeping to the old number of miles XVIII and so concluding it to be Maidston a noted Town cal'd antiently by the Saxons Pebpeaâ—…on induced thereto as he confesseth himself by the answerable distances set down in the journey there being something sounding like the first sillable of Vagniacae in the Saxon name though he take no notice of it to the Reader but say some the journey will prove enormiously awry and out of the way to travel from Maidston to Rochester and thence to Lenham and so to Canterbury And even so it may be said that to go up to London from York through Wales is no straight or direct journying if we would be judged by any Northern Carrier and yet so is all the former part of this very Journey as is to be seen And although there be who think that Durobrovis or Rochester is rather intended by Ninnius in his Catalogue of British Cities by his Caer Medwag then Maidstone yet can no body deny him this that in the declining time of the Roman power in Britain Maidstone was antiently called Madus DUROPRONIS M. P. IX This Roman station is scare met withal I mean in any antient author except it be in this Itinerary again But here also so various is the reading of the name as well in regard of the several Copies as the journeys here which you would take to be the right is thereby rendred most difficult In regard of the journys there is this difference in this second journey you find Durobrovis in the third Dubobrus M. P. XXVII in the fourth Durobrius and again M. P. XXVII That the same place is intended in all three there need no doubt to be made at all and for the two last Simler a meer stranger could say so too by finding the same distance from Darvernum or Canterbury In regard of the several copies Hieronimus Surita the Spaniard who diligently compared many of them and diverse others will acquaint you for he found Duroprovis Duropronis Durobrivis Dubobrius Durobrovis In the Peutingerian Militarie Tables you have written Roâ—…bis for it concerning which see Petrus Bertius his edition From that contracted and the Latine word Castra a Camp changed into Ceaâ—… signifying to our fore-fathers a City or an assembly of men enjoying the same rites and privileges Rofchester hath proceeded and at this day Rochester Venerable Beda conceited it to be so called from one Roffus it is not known who he was and to me it is uncertain whether ever Hence is it that we have these words in him Et justus quidem ad civitatem Rhofi cui
the very midst and heart of the land as by all Writers and by the Topography thereof it doth appear and upon the great Rode-way called the Foss as Ranulph Higden affirmeth which goeth from the South into the North which begins at Totness in Devonshire and endeth at Catness in the utmost part of Scotland It is situated in a most rich delicate and pleasant soyl and a delicious air and whether you respect health or wealth pleasure or profit it is in this place afforded To parallel it with other Cities is not my purpose but had it a Navigable River whereby it might have trading and commerce it might compare with many of no mean rank For the antiquity thereof I shall speak what I have either read or found in the best and most approved Writers That this was a City in the Britains time before the comming of the Romans I should conjecture by the name thereof set down by Ninnius in his Catalogue of Cities viz. Caer Lerion that is the City upon Leir What the name was in the Romans time I must assent unto Master Camden Clarencâ—…ux his opinion who taketh it to be Ratae induced thereunto first by the situation thereof upon the said great Rode-way called the Foss the distance from Bennones and Vernomet agreeing so justly with the Emperour Antonine in his Itinerarium and a peice of the name yet remaining in that old long Ditch and rampier called Radikes That this his assertion should stand probable and true and that this was a great Roman Station these Roman Antiquities here found and affirmed will give strength and confirmation First the antient Temple here dedicated to Janus which had a Flamen or High Priest here resident in which place great store of bones of beasts which here have been sacrificed have been digged up and found and the place yet called thereof the Holy bones which all Histories do agree to have been here and surely was the foundation of the Romans as appeareth by their God Janus Bisrous to whose honour the first Temple was built in Rome by Romulus and Tatius or â—…s others say Numa Pompilius in a place called Argiletum and not founded by that feigned King Leir to the honour of Janus as Geffrey of Monmouth and of later daies John Harding and John Reut of Warwick will have it which how fabulous and improbable it is any ordinary capacity may conceive in that it is known to all that Janus was not adored or thought of ever of any but the Romans And this King Lier died at least three hundred years before Rome was built as by their own Chronology and Computation will appear But this and many such improbabilities and contradictions will easily convince this forged History of Brute and of his progeny Next the many Roman Antiquities here found their Medaglies and Coyns in great abundance both in silver and Copper of Vespasian Domitian Trajan Hadrian Antonine and others which I my self have seen and have of them And within these ten years neer unto the Town somewhat deep in the ground was found a piece of Work of stone arched over the stones very small about an inch long and half an inch broad and thick finely joined together with a thin morter It was in length about five or six yards in breadth about four the roof covered with a square kind of quarry with small Earthen Pipes therein This I guess to be a Stouphe or hot-house to bath in for as Vitrivius writeth the Romans growing to the excesse of riotousnesse and excesse through the abundance of their wealth used these kinde of Bathes in a wantonness to purge and clarifie themselves All this hitherto hath been transcribed out of the exact Description of Lestershire so far as it conduced to my present drift and institutum We shall also do the like in what followes to the next Station If we had known that the places about Lester had abounded with Ferne we would presently have concluded that the name RATAE had been from RATIS which Dioscorides saith in the old Gallick Tongue and so consequently in that of the Britains signified just as much The good Readers I hope will excuse this observation who also know that lame men though they be never so much 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet they cannot conveniently be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Being bad for any discovers though never so studious and desirous thereof Let those tell us here of Rateford in Nottinghamshire or Rutland look well to their Arguments why they do it VEROMETUM M. P. XIII Master William Burton the restorer of his own Country and the antiquities thereof in his exact description of Lestershire pag. 62. Burrow antiently called Erdburrow standing neer to the confines of Rutlandshire Master Camden doth conjecture that this place should be that Vernometum mentioned by Antonine the Emperour in his Itinerarium by reason of the true distance between Ratae and Vernometum And his words be these the name of Burrow also that it hath at this day came from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in the Saxon Tongue signifieth a place fortified and under it is a Town called Burrow belonging to an old Family of Gentlemen so surnamed But that which maketh most for the proof in that very place there riseth up an Hill with a steep and upright ascent on every side but South-eastward in the top wherof appear the express tokens of a Town destroyed a double Trench and the very Tract where the Walls went which inclosed about 18. Acres within at this day it is arable ground and in nothing so famous as in this that the Youths dwelling neer thereto were wont yearly to exercise themselves in wrestlings and other sports in this place And out of the very name a man may conjecture that there stood some great Temple of the Heathen Gods for the word Vernometum in the old Gauls language which was the same with the old Britains tongue signifieth as much as a great Temple as Venantius Fortunatus in his first book of his Songs doth shew writing of Vernometum a Town of Gaul in these verses Nomine Vernometum voluit vocitare vetustas Quod quasi fanum ingens Gallica lingua sonat Of old the place they Vernomet did name Which signifies among the Gauls a Fane In elder times this place they termed by the name of Vernomet which sounds in the language of the Gauls as much as a Temple great Thus far the diligence and the great ornament of his Countrey William Burton Esquire of Linley who though now with God hath left the heir of his vertues as well as other fortunes Cassibbelaun Burton Esquire MARGIDUNUM M. P. XIII Where Lincolnshire borders upon Liecestershire there stands Beâ—…vior or Beauvior Castle not far from whence as our great Antiquary thought stood the Roman Station Margidunum in old time in a most pleasant and fruitful Soyl. This the distance from Vernometum to which it stands next in Antoninus having Ad Pontem or
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fourth City numbred among the Brigantes but Galatum in the one and Galacum in the other are both promiscuously taken the one for the other in Camden either through the Writers oscitancy or the Printers oversight or by both In the last Edition it is Whelp-Castle with Camden in Cumberland but in the Proecdosis of that Work it is Overburrow in Lancashire but in the last Edition as I said Whealp-Castle in Cumberland And with William Fulk it is Litchfield though quite against the Ratio Itineraria BREMETONACIM M. P. XXVII It happens in Antoninus in the Tenth Journey beginning at Glanoventa through Mediolanum Camden as we have said in his Proecdosis thought this the very same with Brementuracum in the Notitia But upon second thoughts he conjectured it to be Overburrow in Lancashire COCCIUM M. P. XX. Neer Overburrow is thought to have been a great City and to have possessed large fields between the Lac and Lone the Inhabitants do deliver by Tradition from hand to hand and indeed this place doth assert its Antiquity by several Monuments yet appearing engraven stone pavements of Musive Work Romans Coyn and the very name hard by which being denoted from a Burrow plainly expresses and argues its Antiquity and if there be any room for conjecture this is Coccium according as the learned Spaniard dis-joines it from Bremetonacum in the Notitia very rightly here the River imparts its name to the Town in which appears so many tokens of Antiquity as no where else more so many Statues Coynes Pillars the Bases thereof Altars Marble Inscriptions and such Remainders of antient State that not undeservedly the Inhabitants boast though in a halting rhyme It is written upon a Wall in Rome Ribchester was as rich as any Town in Christendome The name is Riblechester from the River as we said and it might as it usually happens antiently have altered its appellation and so that which here is Coccium may be in Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which he places in this situation that is eighteen miles which he affirms from Mancunium The name of the Aestuarium which makes up towards it by the River Ribel is called by Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in which are some Remainders of the name the Etymology of which I would you would rather look for in Master Selden where he speaks of the several Deities named from BEL. In this place is the famous Inscription wherein the Dea Matres are mentioned of which I spoke formerly thus DEIS MATRIBUS M. INGENUI US ASIATICUS DE C. AL. AST SS LL. M. By which we learn that the Decurio of the Ala Asturum sometimes a people of Spain paid his vow here Besides you must remember to correct your Beda where you have Rhypum falsly printed as well as in Ptolemy for Rippon see him Libro Ecclesiasticae Historiae 3. cap. 25. The other three Stations Mancunium Condate Mediolanum are already spoken to I will therefore refer the Reader to what goes before concerning them BRITANNIARUM ITER XI Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  A SEGONTIO   DEVAM M. P.   LXXXIII sic   CONOVIO M. P. XXIV   VARIS M. P. XIX   DEVA M. P. XXXII  SEGONTIUM It was of old a Station in Caer-Narvonshire on the Frith Menai which divided Mona the Island from the Continent of Britain In Caesars V. Comment of his Gallick War Segontiaci are mentioned as a chief Civitas of the Britains but this no where else save here I might do well to take notice of the severall readings here of Hierom Surita's Books as Seguntro Seguncio Our very learned Antiquary who also tells us that himself saw some remains of the ruines of the Wall by the little Church built sometime to the honour of Saint Publicius the place had its name from the River passing by to this day called Seiont issuing out of Lin-Perith or the Lake so called in which a peculiar Fish is bred which from the ruddy belly the Natives call Tortoch Now whereas a very ancient book of Ptolemy in this same site doth place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Setantiorum Portum if I sayes he should read Segontiorum Portum and though other Editions remove it farther and say it was at the mouth of this River perhaps I should hit the truth at least obtain excuse and pardon from the favourable Reader For Ninnius and he who wrote the life of Griffin the Son of Conan saith that Hugh Earl of Chester built a Castle iâ—… Hean Caer Custenni that is as the Latine Interpreter turns it in antiqua urbe Constantini Imperatoris in the ancient City of Constantine the Emperour and Mathew of Westminster is the Author but therein let himself look to his own credit for the truth of this that the body of Constantius the father of Constantine the great was found An. MCCLXXXIII and honorably placed in the Church of the new City by the command of Edward the first for he had at that time out of the ruines hereof so drawn out of the City Caer-Narvon somewhat higher to the Ostium of the River that it was upon the West and the North washed with its waters which it self as it was so called by reason of its situation thereof opposite to the Island of Mona so gave its name to the whole Shire or Countrey which at this day the English do call Caer Narvonshire the same Edward the first earnestly laboured to pass his men into Mona or Anglesea to joyn this Island with a Bridge to the Continent but in vain Long before his time this was the place where Suetonius Paulinus the Roman General passed over his Army hither which we learn by the sufficient Authority of the excellent Tacitus Igitur Monam Insulam incolis validam receptaculum perfugarum aggredi parat navesque fabricatur plano alâ—…to aduersus breve littus incertum Sic pedites equites vado secuti aut altiores inter vndas aduantes equis transmisere Stabat pro litore diversa acies densa armis virisque intercursantibus foeminis in modum Furiarum veste ferali crinibus dejectis faces praeferebant Druidaeque circum preces diras sublatis ad coelum manibus fundentes novitate aspectus perculere militem ut quasi haerentibus membris immobile corpus vulneribus praeberent Dein cohortationibus ducis se ipsi stimulantes ne muliebre fanaticum agmen pavescerent inferunt signa sternuntque obvios igni suo involvunt Praesidium post hac impositum vicis excisique luci savis superstitionibus sacri Nam cru re captivo adolere aras hominum fibris consulere deos fas habebant Haec agents Suetonio repentina defectio Provinciae nuntiatur Rex Icenorum Prasutagus longa opulentia clarus Caesarem haeredem duasque filias scripserat tali obsequio ratus regnum domum
Sollicitat prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum Nulla viam fortuna regit nihil auctor Apollo Subvenit saevus campis magis ac magis horror Crebescit propiusqu malum est Jam pulvere coelum Stare vident subeunt equites spicula castris Densa caduâ—…t 〈◊〉 it tristis ad aethera clamor Bellantum Juvenum duro sub Marte cadentum Heic Venus indigno â—…ati concussa dolore Dictamnum genetrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida Puberiâ—…us caulem folijs flore comantem Purpureo non illa feris incognita capris Gramina cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae Hoc Venus obscuro faciem circundata nimbo Detulit hoc â—…usum labris splendentibus amnem Inficit occulte medicans spargitque salubreis Ambrosia succos â—…doriferam Panaceam Fovit ea 〈◊〉 lympha longaevus Iapis Ignorans subitoque omnis de corpore fugit Quippe dolor omnis stetit imo vulnere sanguis Jamque secuta manum nullo cogente sagitta Excidit atque novae rediere in pristina vires Iapis Phoebus minion now was there To whom the God did such affection beare That his own Guifts on him he did bestow His prophesying Spirit Harp and Bow That he might long defer the fatall hour Of his old Father he the use and power Of Simples learnt and to himself imparts By study knowledge of despised arts Aeneas chafing lean'd upon a Speare With sad Iulus and great concourse there Nor is he mov'd nor troubled at their teares Then old Iapis many things prepares His Vest girt back in the Peonian guise And Phoebus powr'full herbes in vain applyes Vainely he laboures to draw forth the steele Tries with his probe and doth with pincers feele No way will hit no ayd Apollo yeilds And horrour more and more rag'd in the Feilds Dust clouds all Heaven the horse draws neer the wall Dangerous it growes shafts midst the Camp do fall The cryes of valiant Souldiers scale the Skie And those that in the bloody battell dye Here Venus troubled at her Sons deep wound Brought Dittanie in Cretan Ida found The stalke hath sprouting leaves and on the Crown A purple Flower not to wild Goates unknowne When winged Arrowes in their backs are fix'd Veild with a Cloud this beauteous Venus mix'd With purest water in a Bowl and strews The healing moysture of Ambrosian dews And with its sweetest Paâ—…ax did compound wound With which th' old man not knowing bath'd the Then from his body streight all anguish fled And now the wound no more though mighty bled The steele now uncompell'd followes the hand And strength returnes unto its old command BRITANNIARUM ITER XV. Editio Aldina Suritana Simlerians  A CALLEVA   ISCA DUMNUNNIORUM M. P. CXXXVI sic   VINDOMI M. P. XV.   VENTA BELGARUM M P. XXI   BRIGE M. P. XI   SORBIODONI M. P. VIII   VINDOCLADIA M. P. XII   DURNONOVARIA M. P. IX   MORIDUNO M. P. XXXVI   ISCADUM NUNNIORUM M. P. XV.  VINDONUM M. P. XV. The Segontiaci were a people of Britaine which yeilded themselves to Caesar and inhabited the Northen parts of the Hundred of Holeshot and their principall City was Vindonum Segontiacorum by the Britains it was called Caer-Segont as at this day it is called Silcesier The distance between Calleva and Venta Belgarum in Antoninus perswades me to what I say here as for what Richard de Basingstoake saith here concerning Vindonum of Gaul I matter it nothing nor heed it no more then what he saith concerning Sicula in other writers a Towne of the lower Germanie which he makes our Silcester in England Ninnius and others will have this City built by Constantius the Father of Constantine the Great that it was named Murimintuâ—… for Muri-l indum but elsewhere you shall have more of this in the mean while let this content you BRIGE M. P. XI Or Brage an ancient Towne mentioned by Ptolemy nine miles distant from Sorbâ—…odunum or Salsberry called Broughton neer by the Banks of the River Test otherwise it was overthrown when in the time of William the Norman all things were rooted up to make a Parke there Whether it hath any thing to do with that Brige in the third Book of Beda's Ecclesiasticall History I had rather others should enquire In loco qui dicitur Brige And a little after Maxime in Brige in Cale in Andilegum Mâ—…asterio SOR BIODUNUM M. P. VIII Besides the Frigid deductions of the ancient name of this famous Town Severia and of Sarisburia from either Saron in Berosus or Severus the Emperor of this name from the signification which one well skilled in British assured Camden was as much as collis siccus or a dry Hill for good reasons which he alledgeth I will onely add the mistake of Francis Goodwin who in his learned work voucheth the name of Ptolemy for Antonins for Sorbiodunum The rest I refer the reader to Camden for VINDOCLADIA M. P. XII Which now is called Wimburnminster It gained the name from the situation for Windugledy soundeth as much in British as between two Swords Now that Rivers are called so by a peculiar phrase or manner of speaking is knowne to all who are acquainted with the Antiquity of Milford-haven and is better known then that I need any way to tell The latter Wimburn is from Saxon deduction where Burn signifies by a River DURNONOVARIA M. P. IX This Town of principall note was called as the passage of a River and in Ptolemy it is according to the variety of copies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in English is called Dorchester and there are many Emperors Coyns found there but the vulgar call them King Dornies pennies besides the military wayes which appear there MORIDUNO MP XXXVI This is Seaton in Devonshire between Dorchester and Exeter The fite in both Languages giveth the name as if he would say the Town on an Hill by the Sea In Pentingers Tables so often mentioned it is called Ridnnum but it is plain that the Book is corrupted ISCADUMNUNNIORUM M. P. XV. They are otherwise called in Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Devonshire men Their other names out of Strabo and others we are to consult Camden for that denoted the Romans residing here because it was called afterward Caer-Ruffian now it is Exeter FINIS AN INDEX Of the most memorable passages contained in this Book A. ABo 255 Actus publici what 2 Aethicus who 5. His works ib. Agasaus 220 Agelocum vide Segelocum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mutations Stages 9. How they differed from Mansions 230 Akemanchester Bath 257 Alone 240 Amphibalus the Martyr 145. Properly a Friers Habit ib. Ausa or Ad Ansam 229 Antoninus not Author of the last part of this Itinerary 6 Apollo and Diana worshipped by the Britaines 170 Apollo Grannus worshipped
qui sequuntur nec dextrà nec sinistrâ à praescripto itinere declinant meritoque non deficit qui imperatorem suum sequitur Moderatè enim ambulat quia imperator non quod sibi utile sed quod omnibus possibile considerat idâ—…o siativa ordinat triduò ambulat exercitus quarto requiescit die Eliguntur civitates in quibus triduum quatriduum plures interponantur dies si aquis abundant commerciis frequentantur ita sine labore consicitur iter donec ad eam urbem perveniatur quae quasi regalis eligitur in qua fâ—…ssis exercitibus requies ministratur I will not be farther troublesome by translating onely instead thereof observe that Itineraria among the ancient Latines are in Greek Writers called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. The Discriptions or Annotations of Mansions particularly in Strabo more then in one place Divers Grecians have set forth Books inscribed simply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Eastern Countries As Amyntas mentioned by Athenaeus and Aelian with others Their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 were the Roman Mansions the one borrowing the name from a word that signifies to stand the other from a word that signifies to stay manere which most anciently signified as much as Cubare to lye or rest all night Sometimes in long Journeys I mean they reckoned not so much by the number of miles between Mansion and Mansion as by the number of the Mansions themselves which we learn by this old Inscription Martina chara conjux quae venit de Gallia per Mansiones L. Ut commemoraret memoriam mariti sui Bene qu'eseas duleissime mi Marite They called them also Stationes The Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eustathius interprets by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which word the Greek Lawyers and later Historians do constantly render the Latine Mansio which contained in it usually some three or four Mutations although the ancient Hierosolymitane Itinerary hath not most and end for every Mansion above two Mutationes by which word the Writers after Constantines age signified as well the Post-horses themselves as the set places where they were kept and provided for the use of the Empire I may add here likewise that in the same age Itinerarium signified the charge given in token the Army was presently to march Itinerarium sonare lâ—…tuos jubet being in Ammianus l. 24. just as much as is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Pollux But to have spoken so much concerning Itineraries and Mansions by way of Preface to the whole will be thought sufficient if not more then enough BRITANNIARUM Britanniarum here in the plural number is not so to be understood as if thereby were meant all those British Islands which by one general name were called Britanniae according to that of Pliny Albion ipsi nomen fuit cùm Britanniae vocarentur omnes But by an Archivism or antick manner of speaking we must take it for the greatest among them containing in it at this day England Wales and Scotland and named as he saies to difference it from the others Albion that by Aristotle or Theophrastus or who ever was the Author of that Book Of the World Apulâ—…ius the Translator thereof Marcianus Heracleota and Eustathius following Ptolomie in his Geography for in his Mathematicall or Great Syntaxis which the Arabians call the Almagest it is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Great Britain to distinguish it from Ireland which there also he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if at least the same Ptolemie be Author of both works which I see some have questioned but certainly without cause as Sir H. Savile thought There are examples enough for this manner of speaking to be found both in later and more ancient Writers but the names of Provinces were especially so expressed as well in Prose as Poets In Propertius Dic alias iterum navigat Illyrias Let him once more other Illyria's find Solinus of the best Edition Graecias cogitamus And the Grecians themselves seem to have used it to confirme which as Homer H' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And this Verse of Euripides is urged also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ilanders and Europe afar of For certainly he means Europe which not onely in Holy Writ is described by the Isles of the Gentiles but in Plutarch also the Inhabitants there are called Insulares or Ilanders As for Britain in particular these places out of the learned Catullus may be sufficient Hunc Galliae timent timent Britanniae Let him the Gauls fear and the Britains too And again Mavult quam Syrias Britanniasque Rather then th' Syrians or the British Stem Neither may we possibly imagine that by this Plurall expression any division of Britain into smaller Provinces is meant in this place such as that Quadripartite in Sextus or rather Festus Rusus Camden in naming but three out him was deceived by a false Copy into Maxima Caesariensis Flavia Caesariensis Britannia prima and Britannia secunda of which division they make Constantine the Author Or into five Provinces afterward by Valentinian adding Valentia in honour of his Brother Valens namely Britannia I. Britannia II. Maxima Caesariensis Flavia Caesariensis For both these you see were of later time Neither may we understand that partion of it which we find in Dion Cassius into the Higher or neerer part of the Province and Lower or more remote and Northern called Britanniae pars interior in Caesars language except any one have a mind to read interior in that place which would not indeed so well answer to maritima by which he distinguishes the neerer part and known to the Romans but would better agree with Dio's expression according to whose division we read in Herodian also that Severus distributed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The administration of government in the Nation into two President-ships But least of all may we imagine that division which the Britain History onely is Author of into Lhoegria Cambria and Albania although Cambria seems to Ponticus Viâ—…ius to be well known to the Romans as mentioned by Juvenal in this Verse of his VII Satyr Occidit miseros Cambre repetita magistros Cambre did butcher her returned Lords But whether for this conjecture among others he may deserve the Title of eruditissimus both in Greek Latin literature from the Learned Gosner's hand I leave our Friends of Wales to be Judges And for the division of Britain in former time I shall have occasion elsewhere to discourse more at large If in the mean while any one shall be desirous to know more exactly the Chorography thereof about the time that this Itinerary was written if that be true which Ierom Surita a learned Spaniard goes about to perswade us namely that it was published by the command of
over against and therefore fittest for the Roman Fleet constantly to lye there Decius Ausonius the Poet who under Valentinian as himself tells us had the Praefectura of Gaul and Britanny hath also preserved the memory of this famous Station in his Parentalia where he celebrates the Funerall of his Fathers Brother Claudius Contentus who having put out to use and improved a Mass of money in strangers hands in Britain lost it all by his sudden death in this very place if Ausonius do not rather by tellus Rutupina mean Britain in generall which some have thought Et patruos Elegia meos reminiscere cantu Contentum tellus quem Rutupina tegit Magna cui variae quasita pecunia sortis Haeredis nullo nomine tuta perit Raptus enim lâ—…tis adbuc florentibus annis Trans mare ignaris fratribus oppetiit My Kinsman muse in mournfull Nots deplore Contentus buried on the Kentish shore T' whom Fortune gave great store of riches where He without Issue dy'd and left no Heire In foraign Land Fate him depriv'd of breath In 's prime whose Brothers knew not of his death For Clemens Maximus the Tyrant who vanquished two Emperours slaying Gratian and making Valentinian abandon Italy being called Rutupinus latro by the same Ausonius many have from thence as also from a place of Socrates misunderstood in his Translation to speak nothing of our own Country Writers in old time and what they thought of him concluded him a Britain although in very truth he were of Spanish birth and extraction as both Zofimus witnesseth and may most evidently be collected out of Latinus Pacatus his Panegyric to Theodosius All indeed that can he concluded from this Epithet given him by Ausonius is onely this That in Britain he first put on the Imperiall Purple and so passed into Gaul as Socrates is to be understood and Aurel. Victor plainly writeth Neither doth that want some good shew of probability which Mr. Camden hath that Maximus perhaps had the Government of this Station and of what forces else lay neer upon this place and therefore was so called by him in this Verse Punisti Auâ—…onio Rutupinum marte latronem By thee the Kentish Rebel was subdu'd For besides that Ausenius himself in his forenamed Parentalia mentions such a Presidentship there sometime sustained by Fl. Sanctus his own Wifes Sister's Husband whom there he hath asserted from oblivion in this Epitaph so that we may see they do not wholly dye who have a Poet to friend Tranquillos Manes supremique mitia Sancti Ore pio vâ—…rbis advenerare bonis Militiam nullo qui turbine sedulus egit Praeside laetatus quo Rutupinus ager Octoginta annos â—…ujus tranquilla senectus Nullo mutavit deteriore die With pious Lips and holy Prayers thou must Adore blest Sanctus Soul and quiet dust Who made War easie and whilst he did Raign Gave peace and plenty to th' Rutupian Plain Full eighty years he liv'd with happy fate Then humane life chang'd for a better state The Notitia also or Survey of the Western Empire thought to be taken not long after this time le ts us know that the Praepositus of the II. Legion called Victrix Augusta resided Rutupis at Rutupiae sub dispositione Vâ—…ri spectabilis Comitis Littoris Saxonici per Britanniarum to hinder the Piracies and inrodes of the Saxons Guid. Pancirolus in his old Book found Praefectus for Praepositus which is the better being the usuall word As for the Legion it self we shall have fitter occasion to speak of it elsewhere in this very work Paulus Aurosius the Spanish Priest calls it a Pity as well as a Haven Britain saith he hath Gaul on the South Cujus proximum littus transmeantibus civitas aperit quae dicitur Rhutubi portus Out of whom Beda adding moreover the site thereof and name also in his daies Britannia habet à meridie Galliam Belgicam â—…ujus proximum littus transmeantibus apâ—…rit civitas quae dicitur Ruthubi portus qui portus à gente Anglorum nunc corruptè 〈◊〉 vocata interposito mari à Gessoriaco Morinorum gentis littore proximo trajectu miliarum quinquaginta sive ut quidam scripsere stadiorum quadringentorum quinquaginta He sayes That the Saxons in his time corruptly called it Beptaeâ—…ster which afterwards was altered into Ruptimuth and Richbery and of late ages into Richborow all no doubt from the old Rutupiae which also before Bede in the Military Tables was corrupted into Ravipis and Ratupis As for the deduction of the name Camden I see is not as usually his manner is so confident in deriving it from the ancient Britain Language I would sayes he if I durst bring it from Rhyd Tufith which is as much as A Ford stoptwith sand The denomination indeed is at this day very suitable to the place considering not onely the obstruction of the old Haven but of that too which belongs to the new Town risen of late ages out of the ruines of Rutupiae and called indeed Sandwich from the store of Sand forceably by the Sea cast up from the Godwin upon this shore But that anciently it should be from thence so called when it was an Harbour for the Roman Navies I would faine have some body to satisfie me therein how it might be except they then had some foresight of what in after ages would come to pass Besides if this be the Etymon I would be told also by them that can whence Portus Rutubis a Haven on the Coast of Barbary mentioned by Pliny was so called for to allude to the same Pliny's words in another place Pudet à Britannis Africae rationem mutuari We may by no means out of our old British Tongue seek the Originations also of Townes names in Africk Will. Lambard had rather derive it from the British word which signifieth a Net in token that it stood by Fishing or of Rwyd which signifieth Speed because from thence as some thought was the most short and speedy course over the Seas The Island indeed which stands situate over against Rutupiae retains yet some parcel of the old name thereof in our British being called Ynys Rhuochim that is the Rutupian Island as Humphr Lhoyd interprets it But whether Rhuochim were the British name for this Rutupiae in that famous History the Translator of which Geffrey of Monmouth B. afterwards of S. Asaph and Cardinall as some say makes himself to be where it is related That King Arthur returning from his expedition against I know not what Emperour of Rome with an Army of CC. and LXX M. men arrived in Rutupum portum as also in those places before mentioned they onely can tell us who have lookt into a British Copy thereof one of which Mr. Lambard sayes he had in his possession We call it Thanst of which Jul. Solinus in his Polyhistor thus being the first of
the Ancients that mentions it Thanatos insula alluitur freto Gallico à britanniae continenti aestuario teâ—…ui separata selix srumentâ—…riis campis gleba ubâ—…ri Nec tantum sibi soli verùm aliis salubris locis Nam cùm ipsa nullo serpatur angue asportata inde terra quoquò gentium invâ—…ctasit angues necat All which is very true saving his last observation That not so much as a Snake creeps in this Isle and that the Earth of it conveyed from hence killeth them wheresoever they are found elsewhere which proving nothing so Isidore doth trifle who sayes It was so called from the death of Serpents brought thither Aldus Printed it Athanatis But Salmasius finding Adtanatis in a very ancient book mended it At Tanatis assuring us that is the true name of the Isle about which Camers and Delrio so much trouble themselves and of whom the former surmises it might be Etta corrupted in Antonine or else but in that he is the whole Seas wide to be Ptolemies Agatha which he places in the Mediterranean Sea over against Languedoc and Province whereas the site of Tanet is well known out of Solinus distant enough from thence With far more probability doth our Camden conjecture it to have been Ptolemies Toliapis especially finding it written Toliatis in some old Copies Beda calls it Tanatos and exactly describes it as it was an Island in his daies whose words I will here set for better satisfaction of them that seldome handle him Est ad Oriensalem Cantii plagam Tanatos insula non modica idest magnitudinis juxta cortsuetudinem aestimation is Anglorum familiarum D C. It is falsely Printed miliarium in all Editions I have seen quam à continenti terrae secernit Vantsumu qui est latitudinis circiter trium stadiorum duobus tantùm in locis est transmeabilis Utrumqâ—… enim caput protendit in marc That is On the East of Kent is Thanet no small Isle able to maintain six hundred Families which the River Wantsum divides from the main Land above a quarter of a mile over and fordable onely in two places being brancht two severall waies it runs into the Sea making it an Island But at this day it is but a Peninsula or By-land one of the streams being dryed up some hundred years ago or somewhat more which parted it from the Continent of Britain Now whereas Bede in the same place relates That Augustine minor for so Fabius Ethelwerd calls him to difference him from S. Augustine of Hipps the Monk who first converted the Saxons to the Christian Religion landed with his Company in this Island and that Ethelred the King of Kent came into the Island to visite him and also that ancient Writers likewise report That Ethelred had his Palace at old Rutupiae I cannot tell how Leland Lambard and Harrison could make it good that Rutupiae stood in the Island but that since as they say the water changing its course hath shut it clean out Contrary to what Camden seems to have thought and delivers concerning the ancient situation of the place Ad ausirale Wantsumi ostium quod alveum mutasse credunt è regione insulae apposita fuit urbs quae Ptolemaeo Rutupiae c. At the mouth of Wantsum Southward which some suppose sayes he hath changed its Channell quite over against the Isle was a City by Ptol. called Rutupiae c. And so likewise long before him Talbot whose conjecture also it is that Ptolemie therefore places it among the inland Cities Quod propter objectum Thanati sive Tenedi insulae pauso interrùs sita videatur Because it seemed to stand more inwardly by reason the Island Tanes was placed just over against it As for Ethelred's Palace that it was Rutupiae no man will question their authority that writ it who shall once understand that the old Saxon Kings through all Britain constantly held their residence in Roman Stations which afterwards by that meaas grew into great and frequented Townes and Cities as will easily appear to the not indiligent Reader of Beda and that in more then one place And although I conceive much may be said to prove that Rutupiae stood alwaies on the main land yet I of purpose forbeare to bring any thing of mine own the more to confirm it till such time as some good opportunity shall give me leave to visit the place and to become an eye-witness of the situation thereof My main undertaking here is onely to illustrate the names in this Itinerary with what I find in most ancient memories and Monuments of remotest times concerning them However in the mean while we may do well to observe the strange and dismall effects of the powerfull execution of Time Valleys exalted into Mountaines and great Hills abased into Valleys firm Land become a Sea and the Sea again turned into dry land and in all things so great and various a change that if our fore-Fathers who lived some Ages ago could awake now for a time out of their Graves as they say Epimenides did out of his long sleep they would meet with so far a greateâ—… alteration then he that they would either not at all find or else not know their own Country and the very Land in which they were born and drew their breath so long together So true is that of the excellent Poet. Eputae variant faciem per secula gentes Necse cognoscunt terrae vertentibus annis Th' Epulans still their Garb and Fashions change Whose Land in time unto it self growes strange And this is that Station or City Rutupiae notissima fama Rutupia most renown'd Dives opum Veteri Roma dum regna manebant Nunc tantùm simus statio malefida carinis Rich whilst old Rome did the Worlds Empire sway Now a wild Road for Ships and dang'rous Bay So famous in old time while the Roman name and power was able to manage its own Victories and greatness Now it hath little more to boast of then its Ruines which are themselves too almost perished Some Roman Coynes as well Gold as Silver The draught of its streets crossing one another which appear in the â—…eilds and are known to have been so by the thinness of Corn in them after it is come up the remainder of some Walls of a Castle of a rough Flint and long British Bricks in form of a Quadrant scarce all put together a shadow of its former Glory And after so many arguments both from the name and other antiquities to prove that Rutupia had here its being we shall have no need to confute them who did so mordicuâ—…â—…en re as Mr Floydâ—… words are Tooth and Nail maintain that Dover was anciently so called any other waies than by a bare relating of their opinion although indeed Dover was a famous Haven-town even in the Roman time and named Dubris in this same Itinerary in which it
as it appears was constantly written in all those old Books and they not a few which Surita used otherwise he would have noted it So likewise all Ptolemies Copies have it which I have seen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 except that which otherwise is accounted the very best published by Petrus Bertius out of the Palatin MS. where you have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aremenium doubtlessely by the Printers mistake In him it is a City of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Otadeni And certainly the true name is Bremenium which the Inscription of an old Altar makes unquestionable taken up at Rochester in Northumberland standing upon the brow of a steep rising Hill whence it is named not far from the spring or head of the Rhead where it was found buried among the rubbish of an ancient Castrum or Camp D. R. S. DUPL. N. EXPLOR BREMEN AR AM INSTITUERUNT N. EJUSC CAEP CHARITINO TRIB V. S. L. M. It meanes thus much The Companies of Scouts receiving double pay or rather the Souldiers of the Band or Company of the Scouts receiving double pay dedicated an Altar at Bremenium to his Majesty you must conceive some Roman Emperour When they made good this their Vow willingly as by him deserved Caepio Charitimus for so it must be read was then their Tribune or cheif Commander It is a peice of Antiquity highly to be valued almost near veneration which having still preserved the name and memory of the decayed Station may now be instead of a Tombstone to it fallen into ' its own ashes as well as it was formerly erected for a Monument to the Emperors honor and for his safety And if Cicero could make such boast for finding out the Grave of the Mathematician Archimedes humilis homunculi as he saith a very mean man not full two hundred years after his Buriall yet quite unknown to his Country men the Syracusians how much more deservedly might our Camaen have taken upon him who after thirteen hundred years at least discovered the name and ruines of the most valiant and resolute Garrison of Britain the Bulwarke sometimes and defence of the Natives as well as the Provincialls Wherefore to illustrate it a little in behalf of the Youth of this Island studious of glorious things long before their own times I shall account no losse of time or my pains DUPL. There were in the Roman Malitia Duplares such as received double pay double provision of Corne rayment c. and Simplares who had onely single pay The Duplares were also named Duplicarii quibus ob virtutem duplicia cibaria ut darentur institutum est saith Varro The Greeks called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for Hesychius is to be mended in whom you find 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Souldiers allowance in Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cowards and valiant men have all one pay So that from him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies in Vegetius his words qui binas annonas consequitur Such was that Cohort in Caesar Cohortem duplici stipendio fiumento veste pecunia so the exact Antiquary Ant. Augustinus reads others otherwise militaribusque donis amplissime donavit To add here though not to my purpose that Cassius Scaeva whose valour so extraordinarily appear'd upon the British Coast in Caesari time and whose name is so rife in our History was the Centurion of this Cohort I hope will offend no body But of him enough elsewhere You have not far from hence another Stone likewise inscribed Duplares Alae Sabiniaâ—…ae Such as exposed their lives to greatest hazard and danger as every where here about upon the Limet by excellent reason deserved double pay and encouragement N. Numeri In the ages of the declining Empire the Legions themselves by little and little came to be called Numeri There is a speciall place in Sozomenus his Ecclesiasticall History 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which word as also by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not onely the Auxiliae and the greatest Companies and numbers whatever but the Legions also are to be understood in Zosimus and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which now they call Numeri And the command over such a Body of men could not but be thought very honorable when as Valentinian the Emperor having made Fraomarius King of a Nation of the Almains somewhat over-run with warr to make him amends for his harassed Kingdome he dispatches him into Britain and bestowes upon him the Tribune-Ship of the Numerus Alemannorum there multitudine viribusque ea tempestate florenti excelling at that time for multitude and strength The Tribune here is C. Caepio Charitimus of whom we know nothing else EXPLOR They were the Scout-watch alwaies upon the Guard to learn and discover what inrodes and invasions were attempted by the Enemies upon the Frontiers By the ancient Greeks they were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who were sent out todescry the motions of the Enemy But I conceive they were no others then such as by stealth and in a skulking way did what they did as the Spies which Rahah entertained at Jericho Ulysses and Diomedes as also Dolon in Homer upon whom Eustathius expounding the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for in him Hector is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Troiae that is Defender and Guardian and such are they whose carefull watching preserves the people he doth it by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 interpreting it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they that are sent to the Enemies that is to spie out and discover their doings Hence have you in Cicero ad Atticum and Plutarch 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Exploratoria navigia and Catascopum perhaps in Hirtius Literis celeriter in siciliam conscriptis per Catascopum missis for such a Boat or Vessell as waited upon the courses of the Enemy We will see elsewhere But these Exploratores here were whole Bands Troops or Regiments at least still lying between home and the Enemy to give intelligence by Plutarch called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By Amm. Marcelâ—…inus sometimes Speculatores sometimes Excursatores as in the XXIV Book Excursatores quingentos mille sensim praeire disposuit qui cautius gradientes ex utroque latere â—…idemque à fronte ne quis repentinus irrueret prospectabant Dio Cassius they say calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but searching out the place in the speech which Ltvia hath to her Husband Augustus I find that nothing is there meant but domestick spies and Informers the very plagues of great Courts and that in allusion to the Persian custome where the King had his Eares and Eyes of which Officers what the Ancients have spoken Brissonius hath exactly collected However the same Dio in his Fragments which Fulr Ursinus set forth calleth these Explaratores 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and
in COCCIUM in the X. Journey Industrious Camden tells us that with all his searching he could not find out what these Deae Matres were However he cites a place out of Plutarch very much for their antiquity which would not be omitted here There is saith he a City in Cicilie called Engyium it is no great thing but a very ancient City of name by reason of the traffick thither for that there are certain Goddesses to be seen whom they worship called the * Mothers Some say the Cretans were the first Builders and founders of the Temple there where you shall see Speares and Helmets of Copper and upon them are graven the name of Meriones He meanes the associate of Idomeneus the King of Creet in Homer Camden and his Translator also hath Metio but amisse I beleive by the Printers fault and upon others Ulysses name also which are consecrated to these Goddesses Varro also hath made mention of some such Deities as I find by a place of his urged by Augustine Dijs quibusdam patribus Deabus Matribus sicut hominibus ignobilitatem contigisse If it were worth my while to conjecture and without the offence of the severe ones I should easily guesse them to be the three famous Goddesses highly worshiped by the Romans yet deduced from ancient originall among the Grecians Vesta Matuta and Tellus among whose indigitamenta or severall names and appellations you shall frequently find Mater or Mother And therefore it is likely that they may be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at least that is worshiped upon the same Altar and in some respects the very same Goddesses For Vesta Cicero is my Author Vestaeque Matris ceremonijs And Virgill Dij Patrij Indigites Romule vestaque Mater Our Countrys Gods Vesta and Romulus She is of that antiquity that the God of Poets makes her the Daughter of Saturne the Father of the Gods As for Matuta besides Livies testimony which were enough to prove her called Mother I might add out of Verrius Flaccus that her name is to be derived no way better then from Mater Matuta sayes he potius a Matre quae est originis Graecae He meanes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or as the Dorics pronounced it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And for Tellus Mater it were putid to heap Testimonies for it hither Who knows not Homers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Mother of Gods or Earth Mother of all or that Vesta and Mater Tellus were the same Deity as Plutarch Ovid and others say Now having thought thus much long ago meerly by way of conjecture and making farther enquiry whether Stata Mater whom I found mentioned by Festus Pompeius and whose Image he sayes was worshipped in Foro were not the same Deity with Mater Deum or Mater Tellus as most probably it is I luckily after some good space of time resuming into my hand the so much admired Syntagmata de diis Syriis of M. Selden that incomparable M. Selden I say who was to borrow Ennius his words Multarum veterum Legum Divumque Hominumque Prudens There many ancient Lawes of Gods and men Well understood If any one man ever were I found out of Apuleius that Deum Mater called also Tellus Mater was the same with Astarte or Dea Syria and withall satisfaction sufficient for any man concerning these Deae Matres from so learned a Pen that to what I have blotted the paper with thou maist favourable Reader use thy spongia deletilis if by chance thou so pleasest But let us heare himselfe who in all doubts is our Apollo Aperta In Britain also sayes he there is an inscription now shattered indeeed dedicated to the DEA SURIA or Syrian Goddesse by Licinius a Commander under Autoninus the Philosopher extant at this day in Sir Thomas Cottons Gardens at Conuington in Huntingtonshire I am not ignorant that the Mother of the Gods was called also Terra by the Ancients So Lucretius in his second Book explaines the matter And there is no body but knows that Heaven and Earth were wont to be confounded by the worshipers of Idolls Seing therefore Astarte or the Syrian Goddesse was the same who at first was the Mother of the Gods but afterwards called by many names from hence perhaps may conjecture be made who those Mother Goddesses were mentioned in old Altars never taken notice of untill this age For as many names as there were so many Goddesses were there accounted to be so many Mothers Then instancing in those two places brought before out of Plutarch and Pausanias and taking notice how this age inquisitive after the remainders of Antiquity hath found out in Europe many Altars so inscribed as also others to the Junones all to be seen in Gruter and Smetius and mentioning these two already spoken of at Riblechester and here at Pinnovia or Binchester he brings us a third taken up likewise in Britain and communicated unto him long since by M. Camden DEABUS MATRIBUS TRAMAI VEX CERMA c. It is to be seen at Louther in Cumberland What TRAMAI means sayes he I dare not once to guesse But now if Astartae were the Deum Mater it doth needs follow that the Astarte were the Deae Matres for so were they called in the Plurall number Astartae even as there were many Junos many Venus's many Syrian Goddesses by the reason of the multitude of their Images So also there were many 〈◊〉 which perhaps they meant who observing as well the Asiatick as their own Countrey Rites did dedicate Altars to the Mother Goddesses at least it is very likely so S. Austin indeed hath sayd almost as much in this that follows Juno without doubt is called by them the Paeni Astarte And bâ—… those Dialâ—…cts the Punic and Phaenicâ—…an do not much differ the Scriptuâ—…e is not amisse beleeved to speak this of the people of Israel that they served Baal Astartibus quia Jovi Junonibus Nâ—…ther ought it to mâ—…ve you that he sayd not Astarti that is 〈◊〉 but as if there were many Juno's he put this namâ—… in the Pluâ—…ll number For be would have the understanding refer'd to the â—…tuide of their Images because every Image of Juno was callâ—… Juno and hereby he would have so many Juno 's understood as â—…r wâ—…re Images of her So farr the all knowing Selden But of this more then too much For the wise men of the age will laugh broad at these nice and fruitlesse enquiries and I am loath to offend Things thiâ—…gs say they not words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The other Inscription taken up at Binchester is this but thus by time shattered and broken Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas So much doth time alter the state of things TRIB COHOR I. CARTOV MAR TI VICTORI GENIO LOCI ET BONO EVENTUI The name of the Tribune of the first Cohort of the Cartovii
who erected this is quite lost And so might well the name of the people be too except we had better information and intelligence concerning them out of Geography or History The Dedication was made to Mars the Câ—…nqueror every one knows him next to him to the Genius or Tutelar Spirit of the Place of whom a word Servius the learnedst Grammarian of the Ancients interpreting Virgil Genium dicebant antiqui naturalem Deum uniuscujusque loci aut hominis The one is that Genius which being born with every man still waits upon him either for his good or ill Fortune and of this Menander the Comick in these two Senaries as they are cited by Ammianus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Each man his Genius protects And in all Affaires directs Or for his hurt say others and hence is that expression Male advocatus Genius Pomp. Festus the Abbreviator of Verrius Flaccus speaks generally Genium appellabant Deum qui vim obtineret rerum omnium gerendarum where you may better read gignendarum as I see S. Austin did of old or else genendarum out of Censorinus the Verb of which Participle is to be restored to Lucretius in these Verses Nobis est ratio solis lunaeque meatus Qua fiant ratione qua vi quaeque genantur Reasons there are how the illustrious Sun And Moon their courses through the Zodiac run Before it was likewise read amisse quaeque gerantur See Censorinus De die Natali And if you be further curious consult the severall old Interpreters upon that in the Acts It is his Angel But that which we shall oftenest meet with here is the Genius of any Place or City Festus Alii Genium esse putarunt uniuscujusque loci Deum Hence it is that in Arnobius we read Civitatum Genios They also bestowed names on them And of this kinde are those they called Dii Topici Such as were here in Britain Deus Viterineus Deus Moguntis Deus Mounus Dui Civitatis Brigantum Camulus Deus Sanctus Gadunus c. which we find in the Inscriptions taken up here Such was Besa in Ammianus Opidum est Abydum in Thebaidis parte situm extrema hic Besae dei localiter appellati oraculum quondam futura pandebâ—… priscis circumjacentium regionum ceremoniis solitum coli It will be worth your while to have recourse to that excellent Schollar Peter Pithon in his Adversaria concerning the interpretation of this place The Image of the Genius was sometime exhibed by a Boyes visage most commonly by a Serpent and that for some mystery not here to be discoursed of When any City was besieged the enemies that lay against it used to call forth the Gods or Genii thereof which if it were to be taken straightway issued forth of which see Macrobius out of others In short they that worshiped according to Pagan superstition thought that as men had soules given them when they were born so Nations and Cities had their Genii bestowed on them when built And thus thought Symmachus a Heathen and a man of great esteem with the Emperours of his time Suus cuique mos suus cuique ritus est varios custodes Urbibus cunctis mens divina distribuit ut animae nascentibus ita populis fatales Genii dividuntur Et obsessis Hierosolymis audita vox est numen urbis alio migrare id est Genium But this opinion of his is stoutly impugned by Prudentius a Christian Poet whose brave Verses I cannot but set down and then I will beg pardon for my being troublesome Romans dico viros quos mentem credimus Urbis Non Genium cujus frustra simulatur imago Quanquam cur Genium Romae mihi fingitis unum Quam portis domibus thermis stabulis soleatis Adsignare suos Genios perque omnia membra Uibis perque locos Geniorum millia multa Fingere ne propria vacet angulus ullus ab umbra That Rome a Genius hath we do maintain Nor stands its Statue there set up in vain Why do you think her Walls one Genius hath When every Portall Stable House and Bath Their Guardians have Her Alleys Streets and Rodes Deities boast and many thousand Gods No Nook nor Hole wants a peculiar soule Next to the Genius of the place Bonus eventus or happy successe is here invocated by the Tribune For the Ancients worshipped this Deity so infinite was their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 among others which were not Gods but the fond conceits of their own distempered brains and lesse beneficiall and usefull then Stocks and Stones Gods the works of mens hands However they worshiped them which Varro witnesses Nec non etiam precor Bonum Eventum quoniam sine successu Bono eventu frustratio est non cultura The Image of it Pliny hath set down Simulacrum Boni eventus dextra pateram sinistra spicam papaver tenens Neither do the Coynes describe it otherwise in that of Titus it hath in the right hand a Charger or broad peice in the left it holds some Popy onely with Bonus Eventus Augusti In that of Severus it stands robed with corne in the Charger Popy and an eare of corne in the left according to Pliny Whether it were the same with Fatum Bonum in a like inscription found at OLENACUM or Elenborough in Cumberland I will leave to the Reader to bethinke him till I shall have occasion to speak of it elsewhere If in the meane while I have been somewhat tedious to you this saying will in some part excuse me Primus sapientiae gradus est falsa intelligere I have sayd nothing at all of the distance of the places for it was not needfull onely this I may not omit that there is a world of Roman Coyne taken up in this place which the neighbouring people of the Countrey call BINCHESTER PENNIES CATARACTONIUM M. P. XXII So the best Copies The Neapolitan had Catorastorium Others Cataractone and Cartoni abbreviatum pro Cataractonio saith Talbot Besides Antonine Ptolemie also mentions it in the second Book of his Geography among the Cities of the Brigantes calling it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Catarractonium and elsewhere in the same Work 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cataractonium maximum diem habet horarum XVIII distat ab Alexandria versus occasum horis II. triente From this place of Ptolemie as also another in his Great Construction the Arabians call it Almagest from their Particle Al and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so do they also compose with it many other words from the Greek as Alchymy Alembik Almanak c. we may easily guesse the celebrity and fame of this place in elder times There he takes an observation of the positure of the Heavens setting downe or describing the XXIV through Cataractorium in our Britain and making it distant from the
the Nomenclature of those that were at it Sylvester the Pope is but Plain Bishop The High title of Archbishop was long time in use in the Eastern Church before it came into the West For whereas our Beda tells us that Augustine was ordained Archbishop of the English nation by Etherius Archbishop of Arles he followes the manner of speaking in his own times for Gregory the Pope then in his several letters written to them affords neither of them that Title no not when he bestows the Pall upon Augustine and gives him precedency and priority in respect of York and all the other Bishops of Britain In the next place we may take notice that Eborius Bishop of York at this Council takes place of Restitutus Bishop of London where the Primacy alwaies remained till translated to Canterbury as our Writers please to affirm I know not upon what grounds The uncomparable Usher interprets the foregoing words of Malmesbury so as that they did not quite deny Archbishops among the old Britains for he proves they had but that all memories were lost where the Archiepiscopal or Patriarchical seat resided For although London be at this day and hath been for many ages the chiefest of Britain and were neer ∞ CCC years ago accounted vetus opidum an antient Town and Augusta and commended long before that as of great fame and renown for the concourse of Merchants and provision of all things necessary yet a great Scholler of late years Philip Berterius sets down YORK as the more antient Metropolis of the Diocess of the Britainnies And that not only because it was a Roman Colony which London was not as Unuphrius contrary to so great and plain Authority of Tacitus doth affirm but also the Emperours Palace and Praetorium likewise Tribunal or chief Seat of Judgement was there Whence by the old Historian it was called Civitas by way of excellence or pre-eminency Concerning the two other Subscriptions I shall also take occasion to observe something when I come to the places they belonged to In the mean while the name of the Deacon here who accompanied these Bishops is worthy the taking notice of because it remaineth entire still in Yorkshire in a very noble and religious family after so many ages And I wish it may continue till time be no more I remember not at this present the Name of any family in Europe I can compare with it except it be the family of Paeciaeci of Spain of which famous men in Caesars time and the age after have made mention for above ∞ DCC years ago and that it hath continued till our age Manutius and Stephanus 〈◊〉 do witness And now I am more enclined than I was before to embrace the learned Casaubons conjecture that Adminius the name of a Britain Prince in Suetonius is to be mended and read Arminius Forte etiam in nomine Adminius d pro r irrepsit Nam in Germania Belgio atque ut puto etiam in Britannia usitatum jam olim ut nunc quoque nomen fuit Arminius vide Tacitum Names either common to the Germans Gauls and Britains or not much differing would prove a fit study to take up the time of a good Antiquary here is no place for such speculation As these British Bishops were at the Council of Arles so is it more than probable that they were also at the great Council of Nice which was held not above ten years after or as others say not so much that they were at the General Synod so they called it at Sardica Athanasius witnesses who himself was one of them speaking of the Bishops who met together there saies expresly that some were present 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 out of the Province of the Britains although in the Title of the Epistle of the Synod it self to them of Alexandria Britain be left out among the Provinces there reckoned up 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Restitutus also is named there but as many others without the place set down whereunto he belonged yet very likely it was Restitutus Bishop of London mentioned before at the Council of Arles It is probable also that Eborius Bishop of York might be there too though with others he be quite left out And now saith the most learned Selden can it seem credible to any man that Bishops out of Britain should be present in two Synods the one not so long before that of Nice the other not so long after it and yet that in this famous one at Nice between them both they should have no place unto which notwithstanding by the Emperours Edict all the Bishops through the Christian World were called Hilarius Bishop of Poictiers in France not very many years after this Council writ a Book in Phrygia where he was then banished of the Synods held against the Arians which begins thus Dominis beatissimis fratribus Coepiscopis provinciae Germaniae primae Germaniae secundae c. Et Provinciarum Britanniarum Episcopis Hilarius servus Christi in Deo Domino nostro aeternam salutem i. e. Hilarius a servant of Christ in God and our Lord sends greeting to the Rulers and our blessed brethren and fellow Bishops of the Provinces of the first and second Germany c. and to the Bishops of the Province of Britain The next year after this the Bishops of Britain were likewise at the Council of Ariminum in Italy called by Constantius the son of Constantine Our Author for it is Sulpitius Severus from whom we may make a conjecture what kind of men the forenamed at Arles were and Sardicâ—… by hearing the description of these who he saies met at 〈◊〉 Quo acciti aut macti quadringenti aliquanto amplius Occidantales Episcopi quibus omnilus annonâ—…s cellaria dare Imperator praeceperat Sed id Aquitaâ—…s â—…allis ac Britannis indecens visum repudiates 〈◊〉 us proprâ—…s sumptibus vivere maluerunt Tres tantum ex 〈◊〉 inopâ—…a proprit publico usi sunt cum oblatam à caetâ—…ris Collationem respuissent sanctius putantes fiscum gravare quam singulos i. e. Whither four hundred Eastern Bishops and odde were summoned or indeed compelled to all of whom the Emperour commanded provision to be apportioned and Storehouses which to those of Aquitain or â—…uyan France and Britain seemed not decent who refusing the Kings stipends chose rather to live upon their own purses Only three out of Britain for want of maintenance of their own made use of the publique â—…llowance having first refused the contribution the rest offered them thinking it fitter to ly upon the publique stock than these private mâ—…n How they were provided for at the Council upon the Emperours cost I cannot tell But it seems at home their allowance was not much better than those IrishBishops which was nomore than three Milch Cowes and in case any of them
alterum manus centuriones alterum vim Contumelias miscâ—…re That whereas in former times they had onely one King now were there two thrust upon them The Lievtenant to suck their blood the Procurator their substance whose disagreeing was the torment of the Subjects their agreement their undoing the one vexing by Souldiers and Captains the other by wrongs and indignities Now whereas we have sufficiently shewed in the foregoing discourse about EBORACUM both out of Spartian and otherwise that the Chief Praetorium in britain from before Severus times and long after was at York under the power of the several Legati Augg. for the time being I cannot see what should hinder us why we may not think that the respective Procuratores also may not have had their residence here at Praetorium And that not without very good reason too For as Ulpian the Lawyer tells us all waies and journeys ending most commonly at the Sea or at least great Rivers and the whole ductus or Tract of this journey leading to the Sea side which others not observing have fowly mist their way whom may I better conceive to have had his abode there then the Procurator notwithstanding that all memories thereof are quite extinguished by the all-whelming deluge of Time All yearly Pensions Tâ—…tes or Customes from this part of the Island being by this jâ—…urney from the very Bound of the Empire conveyed hither unto him as to the most convenient place for exportation and dispatch to Rome And therefore with very good reason as I believe did our great Antiquary assign the antient being of Praetorium at Patrington in Holdernâ—…ss neer to the Sea side neer upon the Promontory now called the Spurâ—…ead And whereas formerly he thought Pâ—…tuaria in Ptolemy the same with this Praetorium upon second thoughts he let quit this conjecture which I believe he needed not but rather to have suspected â—…myes text for some corruption not unlike that in the English That Praetorium was at Patrington the proportionable distance from Delgovitia or 〈◊〉 very powerfully argues There is indeed some difference in the number of miles but those copies which have XXV best serve to make the particular numbers to agree with the Summary in the head of the journey the others have but XXII less suiting with the distance from Delgovitia to Patrington Which name if it seem to any not handsomly made from Praetorium let them consider also saith Camden that the Italians from Praetorium there have made Petrouina I might adde that Praetorium in 〈◊〉 hath its name at this day far worse interpolated into Predanich In the Provinces both East and West very many Stations that bear this name are to be met with The Natives of the place glory much of what our Praetorium hath been in old time and no less of the antient commodiousness of the Haven Now they may also of the prospect into the most pleasant green fields in Lincoln-shire on the other side the water and the open view of the main Ocean into which Ptolemies Abus which at this day we call Humber in great state exposes it self To tell you how pittifully learned men have been mistaken in assigning the ground where this Praetorium of old had its standing without having the least heed to Itinerary distance which shamefully most an end they neglect were to press upon your patience My own pains however I will not spare perhaps it may delight some to know this too Talbot then in the first place would have it to be Chester contrary to what you shall see his judgement to be in the following journey next upon other thoughts he will have it to be Coventry it being called so as he deemed from the Procurators or some other Magistrates meeting there ad Coventus agendos I save confuting him onely repeat his own words Haec conjecturarum nostrarum somâ—…a prodinius non in its seâ—…uri sed libentius cessuri assurrecturique siquis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…lidiora protulerit i. e. I onely deliver these things by conjecture not affirming them as certain but ready to yield and joyn with any that shall find out more solid and substantial groundâ—… Harrison in both the Copies of Antoninus pubpublished by him hath Tudford whereto indeed I cannot readily direct you The learned Fulk and others have Liecester Burton-Stader c. of which this I must say they so much almost are distant from Praetorium Dissita quod Phrygibus distant procul arva Mysorum As Phrygia distant from the Myssian Plains And thus have we restored this first Journey beginning beyond the WALL where the Limit of the Empire was in the Island and ending here ITER II. THis second Journey is begun from the Western end of the Wall which is reported to have been drawn by Severus when he saw he could do no more good upon the Northern Britains some good way beyond Carlile neer upon the mouth of Ituna and it hath its ending in the East of the Island at Rutupiae or Richborow now called Sandwich in Kent It is as it were the Diametre of the whole Island however of so much as the Romans held subject to them The way this Journey takes as Talbot thinketh is by the Watlingstreet or as he saies he met with it written in an old Book Waeclyng-street so called because it passed thorough Watlingcester by which name among the Britans as well as Saxons Verulamium of old was known and for which at this day we have S. Albans The chief antient waies or thorough-fares of Britain are by the Interpreter or Author chuse you whether you please of the Britain History ascribed to Dunwallo Malmutius which afterward his Son Belinus confirmed Their courses are differently reported and in some part their names also They are commonly made four in number thus called and briefly described I. Watling-street Out of the South East into the North East from Dover to Cardigan in Wales at the Irish Sea II. The Fosse from the South to the North from Totness in Cornwall to Lincoln III. Ermingstreet Out of the West North West unto the East South East beginning at S. Davids to Southampton IV. Iknel-street by Worcester and so by York unto Tinmouth So commonly I say To endeavour certainty in all these were to obtrude saith one who was if ever any one else among us 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unwarrantable conjectures and abuse both time and the Reader Of Watling it is said that it went from Dover in Kent and so by the West of London yet part of the name seems to this day left in the middle of the City to S. Albans and thence having crossed the Fosse in a crooked line through Shropshire where yet also the name abideth by Wrekin hill unto Cardigan by the Irish Sea side But others say from S. Albans to Câ—…ester and whereas all is referred to Belin and his Father by the British Historian and
speaks elsewhere After the death of Julius Caesar saith he mox bella civilia in rem publicam versa principum arma ac longa oblivio Britanniae etiam in pace Consilium id Divus Augustus vocabat Tiberius praecipue Augustus called it Advice or Policy to bound in the Empire especially Tiberius except you will read in Tacitus for praecipue according as Fulvius Ursinus tells us it was in his old book praeceptum and so interpret it as a lessiâ—… which Tiberius had learnt from his Predecessor Now for the bounds of the Empire set by Augustus the same Tacitus will tell you neer the foregoing place out of the I. Annal what they were Mart Oceano aut amnibus longinquis septum Imperium For the Ocean he never either in person or otherwise troubled it whatever some Grammarians from a few places of Horace and Virgil misinterpreted with such like impertinent authorities have unadvisedly concluded and for those amnes longinqui himself will tell you what they were in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 de Caesaribus not without arrogating to himself something for his moderation in this kind They were Euphrates and the Danow and he glories that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. not giving way to unmeasurable desires of conquering still more and more I contented my self with those two limits as it were appointed by nature The diligent Student may also if he please see what the Historian saies to this very purpose concerning him Concerning the several kinds of Limets used sometimes in the Empire enough hath been said in what goes before Therefore having first acquainted the ordinary Reader with the frequent use of the several sorts of such let me tell him too that they were by a peculiar name called Praetenturae as by us in English Boundaries Fore-fences Munitions or the like And not onely by the Romans made use of against the neighboring Barbarians but by themselves also all along for since Constantines time we often read of them as under Iulian of a Vallum Barbaricum in Germany And we read likewise of a long Wall raised from the Great Sea so the author speaks by the Emperour Anastasius Dicorus even to Selybria to keep off the Incursions of the Mysians Bulgarians and Scythians Nay of very late years in comparison of any remote antiquity the eloquent Spaniard will tell us in the story of Emanuel King of Portugal that those ingenious people whom they called the Chinois did with a Wall of many hundred miles hinder the hostile irruptions of the barbarous and inhumane Tartarians but of late years in our memory it was demolished by a deluge of the same barbarous people to the unspeakable grief of the more civilized world Now whether the antients borrowed this kind of fence from the Murus Decelicus at Athens or rather to go higher from the Grecians Wall which they made for safety of their Navy against the violent impression of Hector and his associates I permit to others whose leasure is more then mine to take it into consideration In this place then I shall onely refer the more industrious Student in this whole business to the excellently learned Frenchman the honour of his Countrey Pierre Pithou in his first Book of his Adversaria cap. XIV not forgetting in the mean while those two notable places of the neat and smooth Poet Claudian in the former of which he doth most accurately raise us a Vallum Tum dupliâ—…i fossa non exuperabile Vallum Asperat alternis sudibus murique locatum In speciem There Trenches were and Bulwarks made Well strengthned with a Pallasade And in the latter he describes to us that living Praetentura of men alwaies by good reason thought the more substantial and effectual Vâ—…nit extremis Legio praetenta Britannis Quae Scoto dat frena truci The Legion to the Britain Borders came Proud Scots to tame And I urge it the rather because it is such a Praetentura as first occurs in order in the recension of such as we shall meet withall in the Island The first Praetentura or Fore-fence that we read of placed here in the Island by the Romans was a Guard of Souldiers appointed by Iulius Agricola to keep the narrow passage between the two Seas or Friths against the unconquered Britains by Sterlin in Scotland But concerning it it is better to hear Tacitus in the life of that famous man his Worthy Father-in-law Quarta aestas obtinendis quae percurrerat insumpta ac si virtus exerciâ—…uum Romani nominis gloria pateretur inventus in ipsa Brittannia terminus Nam Glota Bodotria diversi maris aestu per immensum reâ—…cti angusto terrarum spatio dirimuntur quod tum praesidiâ—…s firmabatur atque omnis proprior sinus tenebatur summotis velut in aliam insulam hostibus All which in English you shall take from him who in the age of our Fathers was deservedly accounted another Tacitus both for gravity and wisdome The former Summer was spent in perusing and ordering that which he had over run and if the valiant minds of the Armies and glory of the Roman name could have permitted or accepted it so they needed not to have sought other Limets of Britanny For Glota and Bodotria two arms of two contrary Seas shooting mightily into the land are onely divided asunder by a narrow partition of ground which passage was guarded and fortified then with a Garrison and Castle so that the Romans were absolute Lords of all on this side having cast out the Enemie as it were into another land This happened not while Vespasian was yet Emperour by whom saith that famous Benedictine Monk Witichindus some seven hundred years ago this Island was reduced into the form of a Province The next but the first that ever drew a Wall-fence in Britain was Hadrian the Emperour for before his time as we have sufficient authority from approved good Writers the Romans made use of Camps and Stations instead of Walls Herodian witnesseth this of Augustus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tacitus using the peculiar Word proper to express a Wall drawn along Et quicquid Castrorum Armaeniis praetenditur Aurelius Victor speaking of Trajan Castra suspectioribus oportunis locis extructa Besides many other places But Hadrian being Emperour as the Historian tells us Frequenter in plurimis locis in quibus barbari non fluminibus sed limitibus dividuntur stipitibus magnis in modum muralis sepis funditus jactis atque connexis barbaros seperavit There are who in this place for muralis sepis would have militaris sepis read I say not how well yet a place in Varro comes into my mind militare sepimentum est fossa â—…erreus agger which may seem to confirm it He did frequently in many places rear such Walls as we mean here And for Britain he speaks expresly For having been put to it by his Predecessors who
the time of Julius Caesar untill about the reign of Constantine the Great at which time it began to decline and was not revived again untill many hundred yeares after Of these Coines many have written as Levinuâ—… Hulsius Abraham Gorleus Aeneas Vicus but chiefly Adolfus Occo a Physitian of Auspâ—…rge in Germany who hath set down the Inscriptions of them and in words hath described the devises Others have caused the Coyns to be cut and printed as neer to the medagle it self as they could as namely Erizzo an Italian Jacobus a Bre from Julius Caesar to Valentinian printed 1611. but more general and curious are Hubert 〈◊〉 whose large Thesaurus of them in several Tomes shew his industry and genius therein And Octavius de Strada a Rosberg Courtier and Antiquary in Ordinary to the last Rodolf Emperour who from Julius Caesar hath written briefly the Lives and genealogies and set down the Coyns and medaglies of all the Emperours both of the East and west unto Matthias the Emperour curiously cut in Copper and printed 1615. Of the Roman Inscriptions have written Mâ—…us Velsâ—…r Johannes Gruter Martin Smetius Justus Lipsius in large Volumes and John Boissard in six Volumes with the Prints in Copper printed 1600. And for our own Country the right worthy judicious and nobly descended Sir Robert Cotton Knight and Baronet hath collected together so many as hitherto have been found or discovered in this land BENNAVENNA M. P. XII It is read here also according to the variety of Copies Bennaventa or Benneventa see Surita You have it twice again repeated in this Itinerary but with much interpolation of the name For in the VI. Journey from London to Lincoln you have Isannovantia for it is that very same Station And in the VIII you have it called Bannavantum in that from London to York thence also you must mend the number here saith Talbot and make it XIX see the reasons thereof in him on those two places following That Northampton stood where this sometime had its being John Lelâ—…nd a painful Interpreter of our British affairs and Walliam â—…ulk also thought whose opinion Camden at first thought good of but upon second cares and more diligent observation of the place he sets it VI. miles thence where now Wedon on the street is so called because it stands upon that Praetorian Way which the Romans built and along which Antoninus deseribes his Stations Moreover this is confirmed by the exact account or tale of Miles to the Mansions on both sides an undoubted argument Not to make that one saith our Antiquary that the springs of Avon hard by here seen and are be concluded in the composition of the name Bennavenna As for the first part of it I know not what to say to it Perhaps some bold Britain would have added Pen for which yet you see Ben because we say in Latine as well as in English Caput fluminis You know formerly that I am not skilled in and less taken in such deductions of names Therefore though I could tell you that Benna in the Gallique Language and consequently in the British did signifie as much as Vehiâ—…ulum yet doubting I should not please the best therein any more then if I should say this Bâ—…neventa was a Colony deduced from Beneventum in Italy I forbear both the first because I have no cause or reason for it the second because I have no authority or sufficient warrant to make it good neither is it likely I should This though an antient City hath not much to set forth its memory or which can assert it much from the injury of oblivion but the very name onely thrice mentioned in this Itinerary Yet if our conjecture hath any verisimilitude those Camps and muniments were neer upon this ground wherewith P. Ostorâ—…us Scapula the Propraetor here under Claudius Antonam fluvium finxit quibusque Petilius Cerealis defensus est â—…um à victore Britanno fusa Legione nona quod erat pediâ—…um interfecto huc â—…um equitibus evasisset When the Roman power in the Island was come over and gone K. Wolpher had his palace here the miracles of whose daughter Werburg a virgin are much celebrated by our Writers Which I take notice of not so much that I am taken with such relations as to bring in an observation that the Roman Stations here became afterward the dwelling of the Saxon Princes And this is not the first place where that hath been done LACTODORO M. P. XII Our Antiquary had rather read it Lactorodum as it is in the written books Ortâ—…lius hath it both waies by U. Lactorudum the Neapolitan Manuscript had it Lactodrodo M. P. XII as the rest have it In the VI. Journey it is constantly read Lactodorum see there To the name saith Robert Talbot alldunt Luttâ—…rworth Lâ—…ughborow But the distance from other Mansions here will by no means suffer it Though some Folk would have it to be the latter yet he mends it for Bedford as doth Camden also set it down so in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his excellent Work But it could not be Bedford for that stands not upon the military High-way which is certissimus index ad stationes mansiones ab Antonino memoratas reperiendas nor hath it any token else of Roman Antiquity Although sometime he thought it to be so by reading it Lectodorum and deducing it from Lettui that is in British diversoria Inneâ—… and dur aquâ—… as if the name had been Lettâ—…dur or Diversoria ad aquam Lactâ—…rate the old Town in Gaul differs as you see in the termination only perhaps this may have had some relation or dependance thereupon like others in Britain See CONDATE in this same Journey But in his last edition thereof he takes it rather to be Stony-Stratford The proportionable distance perswaded him to it And its standing upon the famous Strata thoroughfare or street as it doth he concludes all in giving the signification of both names together which are suitable and alike for he lets us know that in the old British tongue Stones are called Leach now you were acquainted but now that it stands upon the Watlingstreet and ryd signifies a ford So you have he being the interpreter Lactodorum i. e. Stony-stratford MAGIO VINIO M. P. XVI Commonly XII in the publick Books You have this Station twice again in this Itinerarv the VI. and VIII Journeyes There we will speak of the divers readings of the names and look to the numbers of Miles We find Magioninium Migiovinium Magiovintum Magintum But the first seems most likely to be the right Dunstable is a Town well known upon the rode standing upon the Chiltern in Bedfordshire every bodie knows it That this was so many ages ago named Magiovintum our Antiquary is so confident as nothing can be more For besides its standing upon the Military Roman-way the Caesars Coyns are usually found by the Swineheards saith he in the fields about which they to
of that excellently learned man Jaques Sirmond a French Jesuit thus then there they are subscribed Eborius Episcopus de Civitate Eboracensi provincia Britannia Restitutus Episcopus de Civitate Londinensi provincia suprascripta Adelfius Episcopus de Civitate Colonia Londinensium exinde Sacerdos Presbyter Arminius Diaconus So that out of Britain besides this Restitutus of London there were present at the first Councel at Arles Eborius Bishop of York and Adelfius Bishop de Civitate Colonia Londinensium as he is called here with Sacerdos a Priest and Arminius a Deacon But what means Civitas Coloniae Londinensium in this place saith the excellent Selden That signifies nothing at all in the Topography of Britain I know not what credit may be given to the book of the Abby of Corbey neither have I ever heard of what antiquity it is Yet if so be the subscriptions out of it are to be admitted I can scarce doubt at all saith that great Schollar however others conjecture otherwaies he understands the most excellent Usher but that this Adelfius was Bishop of the Colony Camalodonum or Camalodunum For we are to take notice that this Colony was of old time famous amongst us so long as the Roman power and sway prevailed here For the name thereof which whereas perhaps it was written curtail'dly as Col. or Colon. Camalodun or as sometimes it is found Camalodon might be by the Transcribers unto whom London and the name thereof was very well known and in the mean while that of the Colonia Camalodunum altogether unheard of both by the cognation of the sound as also the unskilfulness of reading be changed into Colonia London or Londin So the great Selden And now to have done with Restitutus Athanasius where he speaketh concerning the Bishops which met at the Council of Sardica where himself also was present not only expressly saith that were there 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 although in the title of the Epistle of the Synod it self to them of Alexandria among the Provinces there reckoned up the Britains are left out but also among the Bishops that were present there 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is found without a place added to him as many others are who very likely was that same of London mentioned in the Councel at Arles and therefore the learned man named by us ere-while concludes it a thing very improbable that Bishops should be present out of Britain at a Counsel but a little while before he means that at * Arles and also at another not so long after he means that at * Sardica and yet none to be heard of at that at * Nice which was called between them both when as notwithstanding all the Bishops through the Christian World were by Constantines Edict summoned hither and that too out of a Province whereon the Emperour had no trivial or ordinary Engagements And I might here as well mention the Britains which were at the Synod of Ariminum Sulpitius Severus an Ecclesiastical Writer is my Author for them under Constantius Acciti numerative quadringenti aliquanto amplius Occidentales Episcopi Ariminum convenere quibus omnibus annonas cellariae dare Imperator praeceperat sed id nostris id est Aquitanis Gallis ac Britannis indecens visum repudiatis fiscalibus propriis sumptibus vivere maluerunt Tres tantum ex Britannia inopia proprii publico usi sunt cum oblatam à caeteris collationem respuissent sanctius putantes siscum gravare quam singulos Hoc ego Gavidium episcopum nostrum quasi obtrectantem referre solitum audivi Sed longe aliter senserim landique attribuo episcopis taâ—…i pauperis fuisse ut nihil proprium haberent neque ab aliis potius quam fisco sumerent ubi neminem gravabant ita in utriusque egregium exemplum For there being but three Bishops onely reckoned at the Synod out of Britain it is more then very likely that one of them was of London especially we having so good testimonies of Bishops there in those Primitive times and particularly called to the Councells abroad But surely I should be highly censured by the admirers of certain who would be accounted principall Antiquaries among us if I should leave out in this recension of London Bishops Fastidius who they say sate there making him some an Arch-bishop others a Metropolitan When as good men they have not any antient authority for it save only that he was a Bishop in Britain no seat assigned him And there is but one Author for it Gennadius Fastidius Brittannorum Episcopus scripsit ad Fatalem quendam de vita Christiana librum unum altunde viduitate servanda sana Deo digna doctrina This Gennadius was in the antient times of the Church a Presbyter of Mâ—…ssilia or Marseils who wrote a Catalogue of Ecclesiasticall Writers which were before him Fastidius is said to have lived in the dayes of Honorius and Theodosius Anno Dom. CCCCXX Not only Honorius Augustodunensis in his Catalogue hath all in a manner out of him but also whatever our Antiquaries have concerning Fastidius which is not in him is not all worth a chip Now concerning the difference which is observed to have been formerly in the inscriptions of his writings and especially of his book De vita Christiana let me inform the studious Reader that it is of late years published at Rome with the Annotations of a very learned man Lucas Holstenius and with the very same Title and dedicated by the Cardinall Francisco Barbarino to Charles last King of Britain And very such men as these whereof I speak will expect as consequent after this my discourse of the most antient Bishops of London something also to be said of their Church which is also very antient I shall have no need to mention old King Etheldred Alas they can tell us that it was sometimes formerly a Temple of Diana But what 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and probabilities the learned Camden brings for it I had rather the studious Reader would fetch out of his own book then that I should transfer them hither For neither do I here institute any dispute concerning the lawfulness of making use of heathen Temples to the service of the true God For he being only sufficiently worshipped in spirit and truth I cannot see how any place can be so much polluted by either Pagan or other idolatry but that he both can and will hear the prayers of such as truly serve him But seing that men will have it so and are wholly bent upon it let them if they please then make a right and holy use of places dedicated in Christianity according as conveniency shall best direct them Onely this much troubles me that formerly I have seen and do still see among Christians so many Pagan superstitions rites and customes among them I say who have given up their names to Christ. Concerning the occasion which urged so
much from me I onely add this that Diana indeed was worshipt here in the Roman time and had Temples here too this inscription will witness abundantly T. FLAVIUS POSTUMIUS VARUS V. C. LEG TEMPL DIANAE RESTITUIT But this Tradition for I may call it no better that St. Pauls Church was formerly a Temple of Diana was believed by many I by no means mean Mr. Selden among such yet he is pleased to sport for I have no reason to say he was in good earnest his wit which he had extraordinary and in most weighty matters surpassing other men in deriving the name of London and conjecture being free as he saith he could immagine it might be called at first Lhan Dien id est the Temple of Diana imitating the conceit of Humphrey Lhuid which you heard even now deriving Verulamium from Verlhan that is the Church upon the River Wer Now saith he that the antique course was to title their Cities ost times by the name of their power adored in them is plain by Beth-el among the Hebrews Heliopolis which in holy Writ is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegypt and the same in Greece Phoenicia elsewhere and by Athens named from Minerva But especially from this supposed Deity of Diana to whom in substance Homer no less gives the Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 then to Pallas have diverse had their titles as Artemisium in Italy and Eubaea and that Bubastis in Aegypt so called from the same word signifying in Aegyptian both a Cat and Diana The same may be said concerning the Temple of Apollo on the Ruines of which the report is St. Peters in Westminster was founded not very far off for though the houses be quite contiguous now yet heretofore in our Fore-fathers daies as I find it written it was accounted from London thither two miles but I find no sufficient authority in any remote Antiquity for the Temple of Apollo The main testimony worth speaking of alledged for it is out of a Monk and he too but of obscure name and credit And the learnedest man I have known this last age in England tells us plainly that in his turning over of Succardus his Book on purpose he could find no such thing as hath neither Ioannes Fleet who after him and by the inspection of his work wrote a book of the Foundation of the same Church I could cite unto you if I thought it had any better credit the book of the Bishop of S. Asaph Ieffrey of Monmouths Britain History for another Temple of Apollo against which King Bladud dasht out his Brains at Bath when he was in one of his flying humours forsooth And as the story of Bladud is antienter then Iulius Caesars or the Romans being here so doth Caesar himself say that Apollo was esteemed a God before his comming hither Golunt Apolinem saith he de eo eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem â—…um morbos depellere Vide Plinium lib. XVI cap. 44. Caesar indeed speaks of the Gauls but we must understand that they and the Britains were the same for matter of their Sacra as well as their language their rites they came to learn here most an end if you hear Caesar Disciplina inquit Druidum illi rebus divinis intersunt sacrificia publica ac privata procurant religiones interpretantur in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimutur nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur And truly unquestionable testimonies out of the Monuments of the antients are yet extant which teach us that Apollo was worshipped in this Island by the name of Belatucadrus as of Abellio also in Gaul and Beleâ—…s or Beliâ—…us both among them and here too Hence it is that in Ausonius who himself was a Gaul the Sexton or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Deity being by a very suitable name called called Phaebitius and said to be stirpe satus Druidum it self is named Belenus Hence is it also that the Herba Apollinarea wherwith the antient Gauls are said to have tainted their arrows was also named Belenium In Tertullians Apologetic cap. XXIII Belinus is Nericorum Deus as Pierre Pithou reads it But where ever you find him he is still rendred by Apollo He was the Aquileians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Countrey-God saith Herodian in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. They call him Belis and worship him in extraordinary manner thinking him to be Apollo But by all means you must mend the Author and make it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iulius Capitolinus in the lives of the Maximini tells us that Menophilus and Crispinus two men of Consular dignity willing to have it so because they knew that the God Belenus had given assurance by the Southsayers that Maximinus should be overcome Whence also afterwards the Souldiers Maximinus being slain are said to have given it out that Apollo fought against him and that that victory was not Maximus's or the Senates but of the Gods themselves There are many Vota of the antients made to Apollo Belenus Augustus inscribed upon four-square Altars which are to be seen in the Hercules Prodicius of Stephanus Pighius and also Gruter The visible foot-steps of this name are to be found in Cassibelin and Cunobelin two Britain Kings mentioned in Caesar and Dio. And the very name whole in the British History in King Belinus the Brother as it is said of Brennus ' and from whom our Antiquaries will have Belins-gate in this great City so called Perhaps also thence was Beleus an antient King of the Cimbri or Gau's conquered by C. Marius for Lhuid saies that the name is familiar among his Countrey-men to this day Now whether Belinus be to be derived from the British word Belin which sounds as much as flavus or yellow accordingly as Apollo is both by Latin and Greek Poets so called and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frequently or else from some Asiatick original I will not stand now to determine Truly in Hesychius we read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and which I may by no means omit in Cynobelinus his Coyn Belinus is impressed playing on his harp that you may know that Apollo is meant And now when I have taken notice that the learned Peter Pithou would deduce the name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a frequent Epithet of this Deity in Homer but I know not with how great judgement as also acquainted the Reader with the much celebrated Inscription of Apollo Grannus found in the North of Britain I will have done this discourse Besides what hath been said hitherto concerning this famous City matters gallant and magnificent enough there remain many other great and glorious things concerning it which deservedly challenge as their due room also in this place but that I have formerly wherewith
praesuerat rediit And before these this is also cited out of him but not mended Justum vero in ipso Cantio Augustinus ordinavit Episcopum in civitate Doroverni quam gens Anglorum à primario quondam illius qui dicebatur Rotschester cognominat Distat autem à Doroverno milibus passuum ferme viginti quatuor ad Occidentem Beda calls it also Castellum Cantuariorum And in an old book belonging to Rochester you read Dabo unam villam quod nos Saxonice An Haga dicimus in Miridie Castelli Hrobi whence often in Deeds Hâ—…oue coaâ—… the R. it seems having an aspirate before it like'p in Greek Harrison Camden and Ortelius seem to have found among them Durobrevis Yet our Talbot witnesseth that in the Charter of the foundation of the Monastery it was called expresly and as his own words are disertis verbis Durobrivae Hear his own words Quod Rochester olim Durobrivaevocabatur Charta Fundationis Monasterii quim Prior qui nunc Decanus est ibidem mihi aliquando ostendit And he deduces the name from Dorbryf i. e. Quick-stream for here indeed the current of the Medway is very impetuous and violent But this as I remember he owes to Leland DUROLEMO M. P. XIII The distance otherwise is set down 16. miles Many learned men have busied their brains about this station I will barely deliver their opinions at this time others as Lhuid will not venter upon it First Talbot who dreams of Charing and another time of Seethingbourn and knowing that the first part of the name might come from Dour which in British signifies water and also that Bourn in the Saxon noted a torrent or stream increased with rain water and seeing there a large Channel sometime replenished therewith he would if he had had a little more Welch and known what Leve had signified in that language have concluded something but however he saies it is Aqua levis and so speaks nothing at all to the purpose But the old name of it in the Peutingerian Military Table Burolevum confirms his reading the Name by V. though indeed that B. hath crept in for D. But Camden the next that saies any thing who reads the name Duro lenuâ—… thinks it Lenham and that it signifies The dwelling ad Lenuâ—… aquam telling us that at this Town a Water meets with the Medway Besides the reliques of the name as he pleaseth the distance he saith also from Duâ—…overnum and Durobrovis make it good that this is Durolenum to say nothing that it is sited by the Roman Consular Highway which from Dover through the midst of Kent is continued on still for which he brings Higden of Chesters testimony The last is William Somner a knowing Gentleman who for his Courtesie and love to antient studies I singularly respect who it being distanced by the Itinerary XIII miles from Durobrovis takes it to have been seated not far from Newington a Village on the road between Rochester and Canterbury In this particular not a little strengthened and upholden in his conjecture by the multitude of Roman Urns lately found in digging there at such place as is already discovered and discoursod of by the learned Meric Casaubon his ever honored friend If any shall stumble at the disproportion of miles between it and Durovernum let them know saith he there is even as great between Lenham and Canterbury He goeth on Why it should be called Durolevum I am altogether ignorant What if I conjecture because the Itinerary laies out the rode from London to Richborough and not è contra from having the River or Water of Medway on the left hand of it as by the inhabitants tradition Newington sometime had and within about two miles of it yet hath If any looking for better Remains of a Roman station shall object the mean condition of the present village such may know that Newington hath been a place of more note in time past then now I read of a Nunnery there of antient time c. and he quotes his Author for what he saith But having had such thoughts my self that way many years ago ever since the first publication of Antoninus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by that incomparable man the generally acknowledged Heir of his Fathers vertues and great learning I could not temper my self with the Readers good leave from causing his discourse to be transcribed hither being so suitable to the present business and coming from so learned an hand He therefore having out of Lucian de Luctu cited a place treating of the severall sorts of burial used by sundry nations 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. The Grecian did burn the Persian burie the Indian doth anoint with Swines grease the Scythian eat and the Aegyptian powder or imbalm Begins that discourse thus When Antoninus then saith either an imbalmed carkasse or ashes he doth allude to the custome of his daies among the Romans which was either to bury the bodies of the richer sort being first imbalmed or to burn though indeed the later through the increase of Christians began soon after Antoninus his time to grow much out of use every where Now they that burned used to gather the reliques of the dead corps consisting of bones and ashes and to lay them up in Urnis Ollis Ossuariis in Pots Urns Crocks and the like earthen Vessels made of purpose and so to bury them I would not note it I must confess as a thing that I thought worth noting for I think there can be nothing more common but that I am glad to take this occasion to impart unto the Reader a memorable curiosity in matter of antiquity which by the learned Antiquaries beyond the Seas I am sure would be much esteemed Some two or three miles beyond Sâ—…tingborn in Kent West as you go to London there is a litle Village in the way called Newington It hath not been my luck hitherto in any either later book or antient Record to find any thing concerning this Village worth the noting All that I can say of it is that the inhabitants shew a place to which they say that in former times the water came as indeed by many circumstances it is very probable and that Milton a Town before the conquest of great fame and of very great antiquity is not above two miles from it About a quarter of a mile before you come to Newington not much above a stones cast from the high-way on the right hand as you come from Sittingburn there is a field out of which in a very little compass of ground have been taken out by digging within these few years Roman Pots and Urns almost of all sizes and fashions and in number very many some thousands I have been told upon the place but many hundreds I am sure I may say and speak within compass And though so many have already been found and carried away yet doth the field afford them still as I am told now and then
this place is called Cair Daun Other Writers will tell you that in the year Seven hundred fifty nine it was ruined by fire from heaven and from those ruins it hath not yet wholly recovered it self See those Authors LEGEOLIO M. P. XVI We must observe in this place with Talbot Surita Simler Camden and others that this station is in the third Journey after this called Lagecium Besides their Authorities the distance there from Danum exactly XVI miles makes it good and it was at Castleford a Village Marianus calls it Casterford where the very meeting is of Calder and another Stream called the Arâ—… Here are many and manifest remainders of Antiquity as great store of Roman Coyn found hate which the common people call Saracens heads taken up in a place named Beanfield from the store of them sowed there by the Church I might urge also the distance from Danum and York between which here it is placed to say nothing of its standing by the Military Roman way and that Houeden expresly calls it Civitatem though not as Casar uses the words but as it is commonly taken and understood Leland whom Iohn Baile Harrison and Fulk do follow thought it to have been Poâ—…frel or Ponfract but we let him pass with his conceit In Iosias Simlerus his Scholia's upon Antoninus you have it mis-printed Logetium for Lagecium ISU-BRIGANTUM M. P. XVII Some Books have M. P. XVI which others correct into M P. XXVI but amise I think It is curtailed here for Isurium Brigantum We have before said enough of that we will here say something also of the people called Brigantes The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brigantes were a people in Ptolemie of the Island Albion inhabiting from both sides thereof mentioned also by Seneca Tacitus Iuvenal Pausanias Antoninus here and the old Inscriptions Hermolaus of Byzantium the Grammarian who set forth Stephanus the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 more contracted hath also in a more contracted word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which he names them George Buchanan saith that the right case of this word in Stephanus is Brigas unde inflectimus saith he Brigantes ut a bigaâ—… bigantes In Tacitus you have in one place Iugantes pro Brigantibus in all the ordinary printed books by the same negligence of the Printers whereby you had formerly Tigenes for Icenos a people likewise among us His words are these Praecipuus Scientiâ—… rei militaris Venutius e Iugantum Civitate ut supra memoravi fidusque diu Romanis armis desensus cum Cartismanduam reginam matrimonio teneret Truly it is exceedingly to be grieved at that so many books of the Annals of Tacitus are perished to the great loss not onely of our British Affaires but also of the Common-wealth of learning and particularly that this place is corrupted that there is no hope of finding out what we would but by conjecture Plainly then we must restore Brigantum hither out of him elsewhere for it is constantly published so by him in all other places As for the severall Etymons and Originals of this name I had rather then say any thing my self here for I have â—…lse where said enough refer you to Lhuyd Camden Spelman and others or if they speak not enough to the 〈◊〉 of Boropius in his Antuerpian Nights The Brigantes are reported by Tacitus to have been accounted Civitas numerosissima Previnciae totius and indeed they contained Cumberland Westmoreland Lanchashire the Bishoprick and all Yorkeshire I will set down the Cities or famous Towns of them as I find them set down in Ptolemie the explanation thereof you shall have recourse to in what I have said upon him in the mean while briefly thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Epiacum This is remembred onely by him Oâ—…ro Ouloâ—… Vinnovium In Antoninus it is Vinoviae and in some Copies if not carrupt Viconia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caturractonium Cartaractonium in Antoninus in the same Antoninus and in Beda likewise Cartaractone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Calatum It is named Balacum in Antoninus or Calcaria it is not in the same Itinerary and Beda as Humphrey Lhuyd thinketh amiss 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Isurium here also mentioned as also Isuria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rigodunum Camden makes the site hereof to be the same with Coctium in Antoninus Itin. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Olicana In other Authors there is no mention thereof to be found 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Camulodunum This is in Antoninus Cambodunum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Legio Sexta Vitrix Whence we know it was a Colony However S. Aurel. Victor calls it Municipium Britanniae municipio saith he cui Eboraci nomen The same Ptolomie calls it elsewhere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Evoracum In the same Author in his Great Syntaxis which the Barborous call the Almagest it is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brigantium if the Printed book be not corrupted which Camden very luckily suspected It was indeed the head and chief seat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is of the Brigantes but the admired Doctor Usher hath taught us that in the Greek MS. Copy of the Lambeth Library the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is altogether wanting for which the Latine Translations out of the Arabick have Bericanas as it shall be shewed in its due place Iuvenal the Poet means these Cities by Castella Brigantum which you shall find in his fourteenh Satyr in this Verse Dirue Maurorum attegias Castella Brigantum The Moorish Huts or British Towers destroy For most amend where the old Romans had their Stations or Castra there were Cities and great Townes builded where also in after ages not onely the British but the Saxon Kings had their dwellings as I could plentifully observe out of Beds if there were occasion The place which is mentioned onely taken out of Seneca I shall think good to bring hither if it be but to shew the severall readings thereof these then are his words Ille Britannos Ultra noti Littora Ponti Et caeruleos Scuta Brigantes Dare Romuleis Colla Catenis Iussit ipsum Nova Romanae Iura securis Tremere Oceanum For Scuta Brigantes Ioseph g Scaliger that great Dictator in Learning pleaseth himself wonderfully in reading Scoto-Brigantes and as his manner is slights all the Gain-sayers let the time be when it will when the Scoti came first to be made known to the World He doth well indeed to take up Hadrian Iunius who hath Cute Brigante against the right reason and observaoion of quantity of Syllables Iunius is therein so confident that he doth take his Oath for the reading but he hath not yet perswaded the learned World of men to it For the old reading yet with them taketh place For as painting their bodies generally was taken notice of amongst the Britains so is it not unlikely that they had also their Bucklers painted as well as other Nations
under whom they as Tacitus saith contumelia metu graviorum capiebant arma commotis ad rebellionem Trinobantibus He joins to them elsewhere the Brigantes femina duce exurere Coloniam expugnare castra potuere sumsere universi bellum ac sparsos per castella milites consectati expugnatis praesidiis ipsam Coloniam invasere ut sedem servitutis nec ullam in barbaris saevitiae genus omisit ira victoria Hitherto belongs what he had said a little before Non sane alias exercitatior magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit trucidativeterani incensae Coloniae where when as he saith Colonies in the number of multitude besides Camulodunum he understands Verulamium or which is most probable London it self of which yet neither was cognomento Coloniae insigne for of London himself expresly denies it and for Verulamium he calls it Municipium Neither is Suetonius otherwise to be understood Clades Britannica qua duo praecipua oppida magna civium sociorumque cade direpta sunt But some of the most learned neither read the Latin word as in number of multitude and there is also another commodious answer Figure of speech which not rarely admits a plural for a singular as a gracefull excess But after so grievous an overthrow Camalodunum yet after a few years began to flourish again which we may conjecture out of Pliny for he makes mention thereof as of a Town very famous in his daies In Mona saith he qua distat à Camaloduno Britanniae oppido circiter ducentis millibus For Plinie in the Thirteenth Chapter of the same Book makes mention of the third Consulship of Vespasian which happened in the tenth yeare after the overthrow of Camalodunum so that here it is nothing necessary to urge that the same Pliny dedicated his Naturall History to Vespasian when as such Inscriptions for the most part and Preambles which no body is ignorant of were wont to be made when all was done Again if the Colony yet standing Pliny wrote this he seems not likely to have omitted the name Colony as a thing that deserved not to be left out From this time to Constantines age the memories of ancient things being lost there is wholly silence concerning it but that Antoninus here in this place makes mention of it as also the ancient Itinerary Table of Peutinger which Scaliger thought was compiled thence as is observed before whence no weak conjecture may be brought that it is ancienter then the Notitia Provinciarum which they will have to be written under Theodosius the younger because therein those strengths were recorded by the Sea-side which were appointed for the repelling of the piraticall Incursions of the Saxons And they were sub dispositione viri Spectabilis Commitis littoris Saxonici per Britanniam Yet for all that therein is no mention made of it the site being known well enough out of Dio the matter it self I am sure seemed to require it if it had been still standing It is doubtfull therefore whether or no some grievous calamity and very neer to totall ruine might not in this mean while have so afflicted and prostrated it that if it made it not wholly equall to the ground yet it might seem to have strucken off its head and Gallantry But certainly Camulodunum appears under the Empire of Constantine M. to be mentioned with high praise and worth the name of Colony being also added which thing I see pleases an extraordinary man and one born for the promotion of better Letters I mean the most admired John Selden who will have it to have flourished at that time with the dignity of an Episcopall Seat and that from the Subscriptions of the first Counsell at Arles to bring therefore hither his dissertation concerning this business I thought it to be most convenient In the late Edition saith he of the Counsels of Gallia which we owe to Jaques Sirmond the first Counsell of Arles out of an old Book of the Abbey of Corbey is Printed where the names of the Bishops are set before the places otherwise then in the other Edition and there so far as concerns Britain they are in this manner Eborius Episcopus de Civitate Eboracensi provincia Britannia Restitutus Episcopus de Civitate Londinensi provincia suprascripta Adelfius Episcopus de Civitate Colonia Londinensium exinde Sacerdos Presbyter Arminius Diaconus So out of Britain besides Restitutus of London there were present at the Counsell at Arles Eborius of York and Adelfius de Civitate Colonia Londinensium as here he is called with a Presbyter and a Deacon But what is Civitaes Coloniae Londinensium That truly in the Topography of Britain signifies nothing What credit ought to be given to the Book of Corbey I know not neither have I yet heard of what Antiquity it is but if those Subscriptions out of it be to be received I can scarce at all make any doubt however other men think otherwise but that Adelfius here was Bishop of the Colony of Camulodunum Verily this Colony while the Roman Empire had any sway here was exceeding famous which when as perhaps it was not written whole and entire as Col. or Colon. Camalodun or as sometimes Camolodon by the Transcribers to whom the name of London or Londinum was very well known and yet were in the mean while quite ignorant what the Colony Camulodunum meant as well from the cognation of the sound as ignorance of this particular reading it was changed into Coloniam London or Londin So the old Maldon men had in times past their Bishop But rather let the studious Reader have recourse to that uncomparable mans words according as he is before directed But for the present Situation of Camulodunum where I mean the place it stood of old then I must not dissemble that some great Antiquaries as Iohn Leland Humphry Lhoid and such as follow them do seek for Camulodunum in Cholchester Hinc credo saith Lhoyd fuisse Coloniam illam Claudii Caesaris Templo celebrem quam nunc Colchestriam vocant Hector Boethius placed it in Scotland and saith Regiam Pictorum fuisse olim ad Caronae fl ripam which George Buchanan his Country-man sayes is vanissimum mendacium Polydor. Virgil seeks it in Yorkshire Puto Camulodunum quando de ea re ambigitur eo loci olim situm ubi nunc est Dancastrum quia vel Castrorum memoria videtur retinere nomen loci ad belli praesidium electi aut Pontifractum quod paulo proprius etiam citra Eboracum est circiter millia possuum XVIII loco magis amaeno quam munito Extat castellum in eo aliqua vestigia Templi quod ibidem Claudio Caesari In a word Hector and Polydorus are in very deed alike and according to the Greek saying 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But others also will have it to have stood among the Brigantes or in Yorkshire perswaded thence because in Ptolemy there goes next before
As also many other great Cities not upon this River alone to hold in the Transabrine Britains as also those which lived upon the bank of the Dee and the Rhine beyond Sea to hinder the irruption of the Germans into Gaul as it hath been already observed by learned men who instance in Strasbury Spira Mentz Bing Boppard Confluents Lonna and others Iohn Rossus of Warwick a learned Antiquary in our Grandfathers daies relates that it was founded by King Constantius In Ninnius his Catalogue of old Cities which he reckons to be XXVIII where it is related that it was in old time Romanorum superba moenibus old writings affirm and however I fear Camden is somewhat mistaken when he names to Worcester out of Ninnius Caer-Gorangon and Guarchon which in Doctor Ushers judgement are thought rather to be Warwick or Wrokencester Worcester being commonly at this day Caer-Urangon called by the Cambro-Britains as formerly by the Saxons 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Wire as some will have it a Woody Laune thereto adjoyned In old time it florished for nothing more then the Sanctimony and learning of the Bishops among whom some also were famous for the opinion of Miracles among the common people The Bishops Sea was restored about the yeare DCLXXX among whom I will only name Baldwinus to whom adorned with the dignity of the Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury Iosephus Exoniensis a man to be compared not only with the most excellent Wits of his own age but also with any of the Ancients dedicated his Book De bello Trojano so often published beyond Sea under Visard of Cornelius Nepos And this the studious Reader shall understand is the rather set down by us because he is thought the first to have called this City by the name Vigornia in this we have Iohn Lelands own words for it that it is not nomen admodum novum in this very work as they do also commonly at this day In numerum jam crescit honos Te tertia poscit Insula jam meminit Wigornia Cantia discit Romanus meditatur apex nausraga Petri Ductorem in mediis expect at cymba procellis Tu tamen occiduo degis contentus evili Tertius a Thoma Thomasque secundus alter Soloriens rebus successor moribus haeres Felices quos non trahit ambitus Thy Honour growes Thee the third Isle requires Worster remembers and all Kent admires Rome Thee expects and prayes thou wouldst appear Saint Peters crazy Ship through stormes to steer Thou in a Western Cure art pleas'd and want Who next Saint Thomas we a third place grant The rising Sun is to thy Vertues Heire Happy be those who not ambitious are The most learned man Gerard Langbain and my very good friend in Queens Colledge and almost the onely Ornament of Oxford caused these Verses to be thus written out of the MS. which were before wanting in the Printed Books This Baldwin following Richard the first in his Journey to the holy Land mightily assisted our Party by preaching counselling and communicating his store to the needy an example of most holy carriage till at length in the Siege of Ptolemais our men say Acre and Acon being taken with a greivous disease died about the year ∞ c x c. VIROCONIUM H. S. Variis lectionibus in Antoninum VIROCONIUM M. P. XXVII Viroconio habent Blandin exempl libri Longol Neapol Viroconio supra Viroconium adscribi debere advertimus ex hac mansione Ptolemaei Geographia BRITANNIARUM ITER XIII Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  ITERAB ISCA CALLEVAM M. P. CIX sic   BURRIUM M. P. IX   In locum istum Gobannium restituit Guilielmus Fulco   BLESTIUM M. P. XI   ARICONIUM M. P. XI   CLEVUM M. P. XV.   DUROCQRNOVIUM M. P. XIV   SPINAS M. P. XV.   CALLEVAM M. P. XV.  GOBANNIUM This is called Aber. Gevenne from the River there mingling it self with the River Isca BLESTIUM M. P. XI It is a Station in Antoninus in the Journey which is set down from Isca Leg. 11. Aug. to Callena Atrebatum that it was that little Town in the limits of Herefordshire which is called the old Towne the exact distance from the two Mansions passed on either side doth sufficiently witness Certainly if the reason thereof did not evince it the reason of the name would for as many as happen in Britaine and they are not a few the Romans being here Masters of all were military Stations and possessed by their Souldiers at this day they that are of the Brittaines issue and Language call it Caer Hean Francis Holyoke hath evilly published it Blestuin ARICONIUM M. P. XI It is only met withall in the Journey from Isca Leg. 11. Aug. to Gallena some Reliques of the Carcase of this City yet appear to be seene in that place which the Natives yet call Kenchester Walls by an Apherisis of Ar. which conjecture is mightily confirmed by the neighbouring part of this Shire in Doomsday booke There are Testimonies sufficient of its Antiquity stones of Musive worke British Bricks and Romane Coyne here frequently taken up They say that the old Towne perished by an Earthquake but yet in William Malmsburyes age out of its ruins Hereford sprung famous for a Bishoprick which Baldus calls Henefortensis for Henford in British signifies Vetus via or the old way CLEVUM M. P. XV. Sabrina or Severne passeth by the cheifest City of Glocester shire which in Antoninus is Clevum or Glevum but among the Britaines Caerglovi but with others Claudiocestre from Claudius who they say gave his daughter Genissa in marriage to Arviragus of whom Iuvenall in his fourth Satyr Regem aliquem capies vel de temon Britanno Excidet Arviragus Another King take or from 's Chariot shall Arviragus fall As if he had had more Daughters then Claudia Antonia and Octavia all whose Husbands Suetonius doth plainly acquaint us withall then what doth he in Claudius time slight notice of whom we light not on before Domitians Reigne when he was called Arivogus as Doctor Usher out of an ancient Coyn would perswade us but the Scholia's upon Iuvenall would have him named Arbilas Our learned Antiquary had rather a great deale more willingly bring down the name from Glovus Qui edificavit urbem magnam supra ripam Fl. Sab. quae vocatur Britannico sermone Cairgloni Saxonice autem Glecester his Thoughts were also upon Caerglowi it signified to the Britaine 's as much as Pulchrum or Splendidum and is as much to them as in Greek Calliponis There was a Colony deduced hither called Colonia Glevum in that Inscription DEC COLONIAE GLEV. VIXIT ANN. LXXXVI Yet to be seene in Bath walls neer the Northerne Gate DVROCORNOVIVM M. P. XIV So it is named in Antoninus that is the water Cornovium But in Ptolemaeus it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉