men to theirs But thou wilt saye our tongue is barbarous and theirs is eloquent I aunswere thee as Anacharsis did to the Athenienses who called his Scithian tongue barbarous yea sayethe he Anacharsis is barbarous amongest the Athenienses and so are the Athenienses amongest the Scythyans by the which aunswere he signified that euery mans tongue is eloquent ynoughe for hym self and that others in respecte of it is had as barbarous Thou seest good Reader what a grounde they haue to defende their opiniō and howe they labour only to roote out all good knowledge vertue and plāte mere ignoraunce amongest the common people Now for to conclude it shal be thy dutie to receiue this my litle paynes in a good parte and to call vpon God that the vse therof maye tende to the glorie of his holy name and profitte of our bretherne THE FIRST BOOKE OF DIALECTICKE CAP. I. Of the definition and diuisions of Dialecticke DIalecticke otherwise called Logicke is an arte which teachethe to dispute well It is diuyded into two partes Inuention and iudgement or disposition Inuention is the first parte of Dialecticke whiche teachethe to inuente argumentes An argumente is that which is naturally bente to proue or disproue any thing suche as be single reasons separatly and by them selues considered An argumente is eyther artificial or without arte Artificiall is that which of it self declareand is eyther first or hathe the beginning from the first The first is that which hathe the begīning of it self and is eyther simple or compared The symple is that which symplie and absolutelie is considered and is eyther argeable or disagreable Agreable is that wich agreethe with the thing that it prouethe and is agreable absolutly or after a certaine fashion Absolutely as the cause and the effecte CAP. II. Of the cause efficient THe cause is that by whose force the thing is and therfore this first place of inuention is the fountayne of all sciences for that matter is knowen perfectly whose cause is vnderstanded So that not without good reason the Poet dothe saye Happye is the man withouten doubte Of thinges who maye the causes well fynde oute The cause is eyther efficiēt and materiall or formal and fynall The efficient is a cause from the which the thing hathe his being Of the which althoughe that there be no tru formes yet a greate aboundance we fynde by somme certayne meanes distincte And first the thing that engendrethe or defendethe is called the efficient cause As Ouide in his first booke of the remedie for loue callethe Slouthfullnes the efficient cause of loue which beyng taken awaye loue ceasethe for thus he there sayethe When curable thou shalt appeare therfore By my science thy healthe for to attayne Geue eare this is my counsaill euermore From slouthe and Idlenes thou do abstaine For thiese to fylthy lust thy mynde prouokethe And do maintaine that which they haue once wrought Thiese be the causes with foode that norishethe This euill which now is pleasante in thy thought The father also and the mother which engendrethe and the nursses which bring vp ar causes efficients As Dido in the 4. booke of Eneidos beyng sorely offended with Aenee and sekyng a cause of his crueltie denyethe hym to be Venus or Anchises sonne and faynethe other parentes to hym O false Aenee thy self why dost thou fayne Of Venus fayre the goddes sonne to be Or that Anchise which dardam hight by name Thy author was by waye of parentie For dreadfull Caucasus did thee begett On terrible and ragged rockes in filde And raging Tygres noryshes was sette To geue the sucke of vdder rude and wylde So Romulus was buylder of Rome and after hym Kynges Cōulls Emperours and Tutors were the vpholders of it which all are called causes efficients CAP. III. SEcondlie the cause efficient is eyther solitarie or ioined with some others of the which some be principall and chief doers others helpers seruers to the principall An example of the cause solitarie we haue in the 9. of Eneidos Here here am I o Rutilleus in me Your swordes bare thrust in with pythie hande The fraude is myne I am the cause onlie The impotente nothing durst take on hande The solitarie cause with others diuerse bothe principalls and adiuuantes in the Oration which Cicero wrote for Marcus Marcellus is diuerslie shewed For often tyme sayethe the Orator some vsethe to extenuate martiall vertues by wordes and pull them awaye from the Captaine and principall doers and comunicate them to Souldiers that they shoulde not be proper to the Gouernour of the warre And certainly in warre the fortitude of the Souldiers the oportunitie of places the ayde of the Alies nauyes and prouision of victualls helpethe muche and fortune lawfully dothe ascribe to her self the greatest parte so that whatsoeuer is prosperouslie done that almost all she estemes her owne But of this glorie o Caesar which thou hast not long agoe obtained thou hast no fellowe for all howe muche so euer it be which verelie is most greate all I saye is thyne for neither the Centurion the Captaine the bonds of men nor yet the troupes maye plucke any thing of this awaye frō thee yea that more is fortune that mystres of all thinges offerethe not her self in the societie of this glorie She geuethe thee place and cōfessethe this glorie wholie to be thyne owne The instruments also are nombred amongest the causes adiuuantes By this argumente the Epicure prouethe that the worlde was neuer made as Cicero testifiethe in his first booke of the nature of Godds With what eyes of mynde sayethe he myght your Plato beholde that composition of so greate a worke by the which he makethe the worlde to be made of God what labouring what toolles what barres what scaffoulds who were seruants of so greate a worke This vngodlie Epicure knewe not that God was able to make the worlde without any instrumente or other causes eyther materiall or adiuuante CAP. IIII. Thirdlie the cause efficient workethe by it self or by accidente The efficient by it self is that which workethe by his owne strengthe suche as by nature or counsell do worke As for example the naturall workyng of the wyndes is sett forthe in the first booke of the Eneidos Then Eurus rose with northeast raging blast Vpon the sea all tossing from the grounde And Nothus with a cruell noyse right fast Of whystlyng winde did blyster vp and downe And Affricus with ruffling tempest rusht Furthe of the Sowthe the roaring sea to moue So that the stormie waues from deape out busht And raysed was the sandie bankes aboue The confession of Cicero containethe an example of counsayle as The warre beyng taken vp yea and almost ended o Caesar by no strengthe of hande but of myne owne mynde and wyll I come vnto thiese warres which were raysed against thee By accident the cause workethe which by some externall power workethe as in those thinges whiche are done by necessitie or by fortune By necessitie
ennemies that we shoulde by all honest meanes deliuer our selues from all daunger And a litle after Yf the 12. tables woulde a thief taken in the night to be kylled by any meanes and a thief taken in the daye yf he by weapon defended hym self to be kylled also without daūger who is he that thinke the Slaughter to be ponyshed howsoeuer it be committed seeing he maye perceiue that the very lawes them selues doo offer to vs sometyme the sworde to kyll men Prouerbes are nombred amongest famous sentences as lyke drawethe to lyke The sayinges also of wysewen as Knowe thy felf Mediocritie is best of all thinges There is an exemple of the singular testimonie Cicero 1. ad fratrem And surely that prince of engeine and knowledge Plato had this opinion that the common wealthes shoulde then be most happye and blessed when that eyther learned and wyse men began to gouerne them Or that those who had the care ouer them should geue them selues to wysdome and knowledge So Christe hym self the Apostles and Euangelistes do confirme their doctrine by the lawe of Moyses The Phisicians by the auctoritie of Hippocrates Dioscorides Galen and suche others the Philosophers by Plato and Aristotle the lawyers by Iustinian and the mathematicians by Euclides So when there rysethe any question or controuersie of landes or slaughter suche other matters we vse to produce their obligations and bynde them whith their cōfession and othe we haue an example of Obligacion of Cicero in 5. Phillippicke Yea I shall be bolde to bynde my faythe to you belowed Iudges to the people Romaine which yf nothing compelled me I woulde not take in hande but woulde very muche feare in a most dangerous matter the fame and suspicion of rashenes I promise I vndertake I bynde my self honorable Iudges that Caesar shal be at all tymes suche a Citizen as he is this daye and suche a one as you ought to wyshe and desire hym to be We maye comprehende vnder the name of obligations gages geuen for the suertie of any thing as Virgill 3. of Eglogs A herdman hauing no artificiall argumente to proue that he coulde synge better then his fellowe braggethe that he wyll laye downe an heyfer for a gage The confession is eyther voluntarie or forced Voluntarie when we do graunte any thing of our owne wyll Forced when by tormentes we are compelled to graunte that which otherwayes we woulde not and is properly called a question Miloes ennemie vsethe suche an argumente agaynst hym but it is mocked of Cicero Go too I praye you sayethe Cicero what was the question or after what fashion hoe hoe where is Rushio where is Casca hathe Clodius wrought treason agaynst Milo he hath wrought then a certain Gibbett for hym He hathe wrought none then there is a hope of his libertie Hereto also maye be referred the sorte of argumente which we vse whē we do offer to proue our sayinges by experience as Cicero 4. of Verren Is there any bodie that would haue geuen to Volcatius althoughe he comethe of hym self the tenthe parte of a denyer Let hym come now and see there is no man that wyll receiue hym within his house Terence in Eunucho Examyn in knowledge and learning in wrastling and fygthing at the bariers I shall geue you one conynglye learned in all thinges which is decent for a gentleman to knowe And Othe is also nombred amongest the testimonies as Virgill 6. Aeneidos I was thy cause of deathe alas Now by the starres I swere By all the godds and if there be Remayning yet one where Vnfayned faythe if truthe on grounde Or vnder grounde maye be Agaynst my wyll ô Quene from thy Dominions did I flye FINIS THE SECONDE BOOKE OF DIALECTICKE CONtaining the disposition CAP. I Of the definition and deuision of the disposition and proposition WE haue intreated in the former booke the first parte of Dialecticke which is inuention Now followethe consequently the other parte which we did name Iudgement and disposition Disposition is a parte of Dialecticke wich teachethe to dispone and place orderly the argumentes inuented to the ende we maye iudge well and rigthly for we iudge of euery thing according to the disposition therof And therfore this parte of Logicke is eyther called iudgement or disposition vnder one signification Disposition is parted into the proposition otherwise called enunciation or sylogisme and methode Proposition is a disposition in the which one argumente is spoken for another The proposition hathe two partes the first is called the antecedent the secōde the consequent Of the which the qualities of propositions do ryse And first the affirmation and the negation The proposition affirmatiue is when the consequent affirmethe vpon the antecedent as a man is mortall The proposition is negatiue whē the consequente denyethe vpon the antecedent as Man is not mortall and here rysethe the contradiction of propositions when one consequente dothe bothe affirme and denie vpon one antecedent CAP. II. Of the true proposition and false contingent necessarie and impossible and of the thre documents of artes THe proposition is eyther true or false It is tru when the consequent is truly ioined with the antecedent or truly separated from the same as here it is truly ioined all man are synners and here truly separated no man is iust The proposition is called contingent when the consequent be truly said of the antecedēt so that sometyme it maye be false as fortune helpethe hardye men for granting it to be true to daye it may be false to morowe So that the veritie of this sorte of prositions is only certain in thinges present or past and not in thinges to come The proposition is necessary when the cōsequent maye at all times truly be sayde of the antecedent as all men are mortall And contrarywyse the proposition impossible is when the consequent maye at no tyme be sayde of the antecedent as A man is a horse The necessary is eyther of one kynde or of a diuerse kynde The necessary of one kynde is when the partes are coessentiall amonge them selues as when the generall is sayde of the speciall as A man is a liuing thing or the difference of the forme as a man is reasonable or the adioincte of his proper subiecte as A man maye laughe And this sorte of proposition is sometyme reciprocate when the consequent not only maye be sayde alwaye of the antecedent and of all thinges contained vnder the antecedent but of it self also so that the antecedent contrariewyse may be sayde of the consequent on the same maner as Man is a reasonable lyuing thing nomber is equall or vnequall The proposition of diuerse kynde is when the partes are not coessential as A man is blacke or white And here we haue three generall documentes to be obserued in all artes and sciences The first is that all the preceptes and rules shoulde be generall and of necessitie true and this is called a documente of veritie The seconde that euery
PETRVS R. M. S. AET LVII THE LOGIKE OF THE MOSTE EXCELLENT PHILOsopher P. Ramus Martyr Newly translated and in diuers places corrected after the mynde of the Author PER M. Roll. Makylmenaeum Scotum rogatu viri honestissimi M. Aegidij Hamlini ANCHORA SPEI Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the Blackefrieres ANNO M.D.LXXIIII CVM PRIVILEGIO The lyuelie pithe of Platoes witte and Aristots ingeine The pleasaunte vayne of Cicero and of Quintiliane The iudgment highe here thou maiest see therfor if thou be wise No farther seeke but in this booke thy self doe exercise TO THE WORSHYPFVLL M. ROBERT WYKES OF Dodyngton in the Countye of Glouceter Esquyer ALexander Kynge of Macedone most Worshipfull Mecaenas not so muche for his valyaunt and martiall factes althoughe they were most victorious as for his great loue and ardente zeale whiche he bare to vertue and knowledge hathe bene of all men hade in moste worthie estimation and goodlye memorye Iob called the seruaunte of God althoughe he was worthie to be praysed of all men for his iustice and equitye yet he was moste commended for his syngular patyence in tyme of tribulation and great calamytie But when I considere with my self your insatiable desyre and moste feruent loue not onlye in the followynge of your owne studie but also in the promouinge and furtherynge of others your greate patience and incredible constance in sufferynge affliction and abydyng aequitie I am compelled to confesse that there is none neyther amongest the prophane and ethnycke authours neyther amongest thecclesyasticall and spyrytuall fathers of what estate or qualitie so euer they were with the whiche ye may not be compared yea or rather preferred For yf Alexander were praysed that in the myddest of his triumphant victories he dyd beare abrode with hym Ilyas the famous worke of homer containinge the battayles and destruction of Troye How muche more are ye to be commended that in the myddest of your calamitie doe bothe nyght and day where soeuer ye be carie and reade a more worthie and pretious worke Alexander in prosperitie tooke pleasure to reade Homere treactinge of martiall factes to th ende he mought guyde his armye accordinge to the exacte rule therin declared ye take pleasure in aduersitie to reade the holye Scrypture and worde of God to th ende ye may gouerne your lyfe accordyng to the wyll and commaundemente of god Where Alexander was there was prophane Homere where ye are there is the holye Byble When Alexander did sleape Homere was his boulster when ye doe sleape the Byble is your pyllowe Alexander for all hys ryches is praysed for the continuall reading of one booke what shall I then saye of you that haue bestowed no lyttle parte of your goodes in buiynge of most worthie workes Iob whiche is set before our eyes thexample of a syngular patience beinge extreamly afflicted in outward thynges and in hys bodye throughe his great tormentes and afflictyons brasted forthe into many inconuenyences both of wordes and sentences and shewed hym self as a desperate man in many thynges and as one that woulde resyst God Ye hauynge no lesse occasion to complayne beinge moste vniustly spoyled of your goods troubled in mynde and conscience threatned dayly by your ennemyes doe notwithstandinge constantly resyste acknowledgyng God to haue secret iudgments to chastyse those fatherlye whome he loueth and to lette the reprobate runne to destruction These and other your moste singular vertues hauinge considered and experimented the good will and mynd which you beare to the furtheraunce and settyng forthe of all sciences I coulde fynde none more apte or worthie vnder whose name this golden treasure shoulde come abrode then his whose vertue and good behauiour mighte geue some place and authoritie to the same For although therebe many more adorned with ryches and possessions of this worlde yet in settynge forthe of vertue and singuler patience I fynde none at all Nowe therfore to conclude Sythens I knowe you to be most alienated from all ambition I beseeche you to receyue this my small presente in good part hauing rather respecte to the mynde of the giuer then to the gyfte it self althoughe most pretious So I committe you to the protection of God almyghtie wishynge his heauenly Maiestie that ye may constantlie perseuere as ye haue begonne bothe in your spirituall and temporall affaires to th ende that ye liuing godlie in this worlde maye obtayne that heauenly Crowne of glorie whiche our Sauiour Iesus Christe hathe prepared to all those that doe patiently watche for his appearynge to whome withe the father and the holy Ghost be all laude honour prayse worlde without ende THE EPISTLE TO THE READER CONTAINING the occasion of the setting forthe of this booke the vtilitie and profitte of the same the vse and facilitie vvith the declaration of thre golden documents or rules appartaining to the matter of euery arte and last a brief declaration of the methode and forme to be obserued in all artes and sciences SEING it is the dewtye of all Christians beloued Reader to labour by all meanes that they maye profytte and ayde their bretherne and to hyde or kepe secrete nothing whiche they knowe maye bring greate vtilitie to the cōmō wealthe I thought it my dewtie hauing perceyued the greate commoditie whiche this booke bryngethe to the Reader of what state and qualitie soeuer he be to make thee and all others to whose knowledge it shall come per takers thereof But least thou thynke that thy labour and payne shoulde be lost in reading of the same seyng so many bookes goyng abrode vnder glorious names hauing in deade lytle or no vtilitie but wrapped al together with innumerable difficulties I shall in fewe wordes shewe the the matter contayned in this booke the methode and forme of the same howe easye it is aboue all others to be apprehended howe thou shalt applye it to all artes and sciences and shortlie that no arte or science maye eyther be taught or learned perfectlie without the knowledge of the same As fore the matter whiche it containethe thou shalt vnderstand that there is nothing appartayning to dialectike eyther in Aristotles xvij booke of logike in his eight bookes of Phisike or in his xiiij bookes of Philosophie in Cicero his bookes of Oratorie or in Quintilian in the which there is almost nothing that dothe not eyther appartayne to the inuention of argumentes a disposition of the same but thou shalt fynde it shortlie and after a perfecte methode in this booke declared For thou shalt fynde no argument which is not eyther referred to one of the nyne argumentes artificial or to the vnartificiall no sort of disposition whiche dothe not appartayne eyther to the iudgement of the proposition sylogisme or methode But thou wylt saye howe is it possible that this lytle booke is able to containe all that whiche the forenamed bookes beyng so manie dothe entreate In deede thou hast no lytle occasion to maruell but hauing more deapely considered the matter I
only in the which the other which affirmethe is naturally cōtained And the affirmatiue is called the habite the denying argumente the priuation So mouing and quietnes Sobrrietie and dronkennes as Martiall in his 9. booke There is no sober man that woulde do so Ergo thou art dronke So to be blynde and to see Ryche and poore as Martiall in his 8. booke Yf poore thou be thou shalt alwayes be poore Aemilian for nothing is now geuen but to the ryche Of this sort be lyfe deathe as Cicero for Milo. Sitt you reuengers of this mans deathe whose lyfe if you thought it mought be restored ye woulde not To speake also and to holde peace as the firste for Catiline Why dost thou wayte for the aucthoritie of the speakers whose myndes thou perceiuest by holding their peace CAP. XVII. Of equall argumentes COmpared argumentes are those which are compared amongest them selues and are equally knowen althoughe the one be sometymes more manyfest and cleare then the other The comparaison is eyther in quantitie or qualitie Quantitie is that wherby the thinges compared are knowen how muche or how litle they are And qualitie is eyther of equall or vnequall thinges They be equall which be of one quantitie The equall argumente is when an equall is declared by an equall whose signes and notes be equall alike the same that aswell as asmuche as asmanye as neither more nor lesse There is a greate aboundance of suche comparisons in the holy Scripture as the most parte of the parables whiche Christ vsethe as in Mathew 11. The Kyngdome of heauen is lyke a graine of muster seade Deut. 11. Also I wyll cause thy seade to multiplie as the starres of heauen This argumente is diuersly vsed by the Ethnicke authors as Cicero for Silla Neither maye I perceyue wherfore thou arte moued agaynst me yf because I defende hym whom thou accusest why am I not moued with thee also that accusest hym whom I defende yf thou saye I accuse myne ennemie I answere a like I defende my frende So the 5. of Tuscul When as they graunte no lytle strengthe to be in vyce to lyue a miserable lyfe must it not be also graunted the same strengthe to be in vertue to lyue godly This also I praye thee tell me Xenophons wyfe sayethe Aspasia yf thy neigbour had golde more precious then thou hast whether had thou rather haue hers then thyne owne hers sayethe she and yf she had clothes and the rest of the ornamentes of women of greater estimation then thou hast hadest thou rather haue hers yea sayethe she Go to then yf she had a better husband then thou hadest thou rather haue her husbād also here she was ashamed to answere Then Aspasia began to speake to Xenophon I praye the sayethe she yf thy neighbour had a better horse then thou whether hadest thou rather haue his or thine his sayethe he and yf he had a better grounde then thyne hadest thou rather haue his his to wytte the best and yf he hadde a better wyffe then thou haddest thou rather haue his also here Xenophon helde his peace also CAP. XVIII Of the more THey be vnequall which be of a diuerse quantitie The vnequall be eyther more or lesse That is more whose quantitie exceedethe whose notes are not only but also I had rather this then that seing this muche more that as Eccle. 24. Beholde that I haue not laboured for my self only but also for all them that seke wysdome Psalm 84. I had rather be a dore keper in the house of my God then to dwell in the Tabernacles of wyckednes Rom. 5. But God settethe out his loue that he hathe to vs seing that while we were yet synners Christ dyed for vs muche more then now seyng we are iustified in his blode shall we be saued from wrathe thoroughe hym For yf when we were ennemies we were reconsiled to God by the deathe of his sonne Muche more seing we are reconcilied we shal be preserued by his lyfe Not only so but we also ioye in God by the meanes of our Lorde Iesus Christ by whom we haue receyued reconsiliation And Cicero for Milo Not only he yelded hym self to the people but also to the Senate neither to the Senat only but also to the stronghe garrison of souldiars yea not to these only but to his power auctoritie to whom the Senate hathe geuen cure of the whole cōmō wealthe of the whole youthe of Italie of the whole munition of the people Romaine Ouide in the remedie for loue Seing the body for to bring out of thrall Bothe sworde and fyer gladly thou wylt endure Thy soule for to relieue nothing thou ought at all For to refuse seyng it is more pure CAP. XIX Of the lesse THat is sayde to be lesse which an other dothe excede by quantitie whose notes be thiese not this only but not that this before that as Cicero for Catiline 2. There was no man not only in Rome but in no corner of Italie ouerlayed with debte whō he had not associate to the incredible leage of that mischeuous entreprise Cicero to Philippica 9. All men whatsoeuer age they be which in this citie haue the knowledge of the lawes yf they were gathered togeather in one place are not to be compared with Seruius Sulpitius CAP. XX. Of the similitude THe comparison as yet hathe ben in quantitie now folowethe the comparison in qualitie By the which we knowe what kynde of one eache thing is whether lyke or vnlyke These are sayde to be lyke which be of one qualitie as Math. 23. Who be vnto you Scribes and Pharisees ye hypocrites for ye are lyke vnto whytned tumbes which appeare beautifull outward but are within full of dead mens bones and of all fylthynes so are ye also for outward ye appeare righteous vnto men but within ye are all full of hypocrisie and iniquitie Gen. 1. Furthermore God sayde let vs make man in our owne image according to our lykenes Phillip 2. Let the same mynde be in you that was euen in Christ Iesu who being in the forme of God thought it no robberie to be equall with God but he made hym self of no reputation and toke on hym the forme of a seruante and was made lyke vnto man and was founde in his apparell as a man. And 1. Eneid Bothe his mouthe and shoulders were lyke a God. And Cicero in 9. Philip. Althoughe Seruius Sulpitius myght leaue no monumēte more cleare thē his sonne which is the very picture and shape of his conditions vertue constancie pietie and engeyn The similitude is eyther separated or ioyned togeather The similitude separated is when the 4. or single termes are separated and distingued as in Math. 23. Ierusalem Ierusalem which kyllest the Prophetes stonest them which are sente to thee how often woulde I haue geathred thy children togeather as the hen gatherethe her chickens vnder her wynges but thou wouldest not And Virgill in Eglog 5. What thing that
is that which dothe containe some partes within it The parte is that which is contained of the whole And as the deuiding of the whole into his partes is called distribution So the collecting of the partes to the whole is called Induction The distribution rysethe of argumentes whiche dothe agree with the whole but amonge them selues dothe disagree And therfore howe muche the whole with the partes agreethe and the partes amonge them selues disagreethe so muche is the distribution the more accurate CAP. XXV. Of distribution taken from the cause THe first sorte of distribution is of those that agreethe absolutely to wytt the cause and the effecte The distribution is taken from the cause when the partes are causes of the whole So Grammer is parted into Etimologie and Syntaxe Rethoricke into Elocution and Action Dialecticke into Inuention and Iudgemente For of these partes the artes do consist So Virgill deuidethe his Georgickes into fower partes as Heare first I wyll descriue what is the cause Dothe make the corne so pleintifull to ryse Vnder what signe and monethe of the sonne Thou shalt begyn to till thy filde and grounde Eke at what tyme thou maye vnto the elmes Setto the wines and so shortlie after this What care thou ought to haue of thy oxen And of thy cattell the foode and husbanding And last of all howe greate experience The sparing bees haue into their science Cicero for murena I vnderstāde honorable Iudges that theire was thre partes of the accusation one in rebuking and blaming of his lyfe an other in contencion and stryfe of dignitie The third to consist in the crimination of vnlawfull sute for offices Catullus dothe vse this argumnete bothe from the partes to the whole and from the whole to the partes as Fayre Quintia to many dothe appeare Whyte long and streight she dothe also to me Yet wyll I not for this saye she is fayre Seyng in her that there is no bewtie Nor yet in to her bodye large and bygge A wshyt of grace or any plesanutnes Fayre Lesbia in bewtie dothe excede And from the rest hathe stolen all pleasant grace CAP. XXVI Of the distribution from the effecte THe distribution from the effect is when the partes are effectes as in the similitude of Cato wherin he shewethe them to haue erred that sayde olde men dyd nothing Those sayethe he that affirmeth olde men cōstitute ouerseers of the comon wealthe to do nothing sayethe asmuche as yf they should saye the Gouernour of the shippe dothe nothing when some of the Maryners clymethe the mast others ronne the hatches vp and downe some do make the pompe emptie the Gouernour in the hynder parte of the shippe guydethe the rudder and sterne Heare the distribution af the generall argumente into the speciall dothe excell The generall is the wohole of one essence with his partes The speciall or kynde is a parte of the generall as Animal a lyuyng thing is the whole whose essence or definition to wytt a corporall substance hauing lyfe and sences dothe alyke appartayne to men and beastes which are the specialles conteyned as partes vnder the generall animal So is Man the generall to syngle men and a lyon to syngle lyons and agayne syngle men are the specialles of man and single lyons of the lyon The generall argumente is eyther chief generall or subalternall The speciall argumente is eyther subalternall or most speciall The chief generall is that which hathe nothing a boue it more generall as in our deuision sett furthe in the fyrst chapter the argumente is chief generall of argumentes artificiall and of the inartificiall The most speciall which might not be deuided into other inferiours was the marter and the forme The subalternall which maye be the generall in respect of one and speciall in respecte of another as the cause contained vnder the artificiall argumente as a speciall and was generall to the matter and forme which it dyd containe vnder it self The generall and the speciall are notes and signes of the causes the effectes For the generall containethe the cause which dothe equally appartaine to his specialles and agayne the speciall containethe the effecte of their generall This is then the reason wherfore the vniuersall excellethe in dignitie by reason it containethe the cause as Ouide in his Metamor deuidethe the generall to wytt A lyuyng thing into his specialles as starres to the which he geuethe a life as the Philosophers do fowles beastes fyshe and men as That no kynde place or region shoulde be Of lyuyng thinges lefte voyde or els emptie The Godds doe make their habitation Amonge the starres into the highe Region The scalye fyshe also by lotte and keuyll The flowddes cleare obtained therin to dwell The earthe receyued the beastes fierce and wylde The easye sturred dyre the flying fowle But yet the lyuing thing which dothe these all excell In holynes and eke more capable Matters deuyne in mynde for to conceaue Was not present the rest in guyde to haue Therefore at last was man borne c. So Cicero in the first booke of his Offices deuidethe vertue into fower speciall kyndes Wysdome Iustice Fortitude Temperaunce All thinges sayethe he that are honest dothe ryse of one of thiese fower partes eyther it consistethe in the perfecte knowledge of the truthe and quycknesse of wytt or in the defending of the Societie felloweshipp of mā by geuyng to euery man his right fullfilling of thinges promysed Or in the noble courage and strengthe of a valyante and mightie spirite Or last in obseruing a good maner and order in all thinges eyther done or sayed in the which modestie and temperancie consistethe Sometyme we argue or reason from the generall to the speciall as All men maye marrie who haue not the gyfte of Chastitie ergo Preistes and ministers may marrie And contrarye from the speciall to the generall in a parte as Abraham was iustified by faythe therfore man maye be iustified by faythe CAP. XXVII Of the distribution from the Subiecte NOw folowethe the distribution of those that after a certen fashion dothe agree as of the Subiecte and the adioynte The distribution is saide to be of the subiecte when the partes are Subiectes as The xii Trybes of Israell had the Lande of Canaan which was a subiecte parted amonge them vnto the Rubenytes the playne of Medeba c. vnto the Gaddes Iazer and Gylyad c. vnto Manasses the Kyngdom of Og c. vnto Iuda was geuen the wyldernes of Zin c. vnto Ephraim from Iericho to the wyldernes c. vnto Beniamin from Iordan vp the side of Iericho on the northe parte c. vnto Semeon was geuen Beersheba Sheba and Moladah c. vnto Zabulon from Sarid eastward vnto Chisloth c. vnto Issachar Izreelah Chesulleth and Shunen c. vnto Assur Nephtali and Dan euery one his porcion as is described the 13. 15. 19. 18. and 19. chapiters of Iosua Cieero 5. Tuscul There be thre sortes of goodes Goodes partaining to the
body goodes partaining to the soule externall goodes He who dothe attaine the heauenly goodes partaining to the soule is rather to be named most blessed then blessed CAP. XXVIII Of the distribution taken from the adiointe THe distribution from the adiointe is when the partes and members of the distribution are adiointes as Of men some be whole some sicke some ryche some poore So Virgill 1. of his Georgickes partethe the worlde after the adiointes into fyue partes whereof the myddle is parching hotte the two extremities coulde and the rest temperate Circles there by which parte the firmamente In nomber fyue whereof is one ardente With the hothe beame of glistering sonne and fyer Aboute the wich one other dothe appeare On euery syde with frosen yee congeled And stormes blacke eke those there dothe deuide Two other which dothe holde the mydde region Graunted to pensiue men for habitation By gyft of God. Caesar the first booke of Frenche warres Gallia now called Fraunce is parted into thre partes wherof the people called Belgi do holde one Aquitani an other parte and Celti the third parte CAP. XXIX Of the definition THe definitiō is an Oration which dothe clearly declare what the thing is The definitiō is eyther perfecte and called properlye definition or vnperfecte and called description The perfecte definition is a definition which consistethe of the sole causes that accomplyshed the substāce of the thing defined Suche as be the generall argumēte and the speciall or forme So Man is defined a reasonable lyuyng thing Here by lyuyng thing which is the generall argument we vnderstande a corporall substance partaker of life and sence which is the matter of Man and parte of the forme vnto the which yf ye wyll put to reasonable yeshall comprehende the whole forme of man So that the perfecte definition is nothing els but a collection of the causes which do constitute and parforme the substance and nature of the thing defined suche as be the definition of Artes. Grammer an Arte which teachethe to speake well and congruouslye Rethoricke eloquentlye Dialecticke an Arte which teachethe to dispute well Geometrye to Measure well CAP. XXX Of the description THe description is a definition which definethe the thing not only with the causes but with other argumentes also as a Man is a reasonable thing mortall and apte to learne Here with the cause are ioyned bothe the cōmon and proper adioynte This compendious and shorte briefnes is not alwayes to be fownde in this sorte of argumēte but desyrethe somtymes to haue a more excellent magnificall explication as Glorie is described by Cicero in his oration for Milo. yet of all the rewardes of vertue if there were a respecte to be had of rewardes I iudge glorie to be the most greate which only dothe cōforte the shortenes of this lyfe with the memorie of the posteritie to come which dothe make vs when we be absente to be as presente and when we be deade dothe make vs to lyue And lykewyse fame is that by whose occasion and meane men seame to ascende and mounte vp to the heauens aboue So fame is described by Virgill 4. Eneidos Anon throughe all the Cities greate Of Affricke fame is gone The blasing fame a myschief suche As Swifter there is none By mouyng more she breades and as She rounes her might dothe ryse By lowe for feare she lurkethe fyrst Then straight alofte in Skyees With pryde on grounde she goethe and perchethe The clowdes with heade on hight Dame earthe her mother brooded furthe Men saye that childe in spight Agaynst the Godds when Gyantes fyrst Of Serpentes feeted lyne ENCELADVS CEVS wrought Hye heauens to vnder myne Then for disdayne for on them selues Their owne worke Ioue dyd flyng Their Syster crauled furthe bothe swyfte Of feete and wight of wyng A Monster gastly greate for euery Plume her Carcas beares Lyke nomber leering eyes she hathe Lyke nomber harkenyng eares Lyke nomber tongues and mouthes she wagges A Wondrous thing to speake At mydnyght furthe she flyes and dothe Vnder shade her sounde squeke All night she wakes nor slomber swete Dothe take nor neuer slepes By dayes on howses toppes she syttes Or gates of Townes she kepes On watching toures she clymes and she Greate Cities makes agast Bothe truthe and falshed forthe she telles And lyes abrode dothe cast Suche be the descriptions of plantes and beastes in naturall thinges Of flowdes mountaines and townes in geographicall and historicall CAP XXXI Of deuine testimonie The first sort of the vnartificiall argumente THe artificiall argumēte being expounded followethe cōsequently the vnartificiall The argumēte vnartificiall or without arte is an argumente which prouethe or disprouethe not of his owne nature but by the strengthe which it hathe of some argumente artificiall And therfore when the matter is deapelie considered it hathe but a lytle strengthe to proue or disproue In ciuil and temporall affaires the aucthoritie of the disputer geuethe no litle creditte ther vnto yf he be wyse vertuous and haue the beneuolence of the auditour all these by one name maye be called a testimonie The Testimonie is parted into a deuine and humaine Amongest deuine and spirituall testimonies are nombred not only the Oracles of the godds but also the answers of prophetes and deuinours as Cicero the third for Catiline And to omitte sayethe the Orator the lightning torches which did appeare by night in the Occident the vehemēt and parching heate of the heauēs as thrawes of lightninges and fyer breaking out of the clowdes earthquakes and manie other suche tempestes which I being Consul did appeare so that the godds with a lowde voyce seamed to synge those thinges which be now present And a litle after he sayethe At the whiche tyme when out of all Hetruria the Southsayers being gathered togeather concluded that greate slaugther and burning did approche the destructiō of the lawes bothe ciuill and domesticall warres and the vtter ruine of the whole towne and impire without the immortall godds by all meanes appeased had by their deuine power chaunged almost the very fatall necessitie Tibullus Yf that in holy Churche the oracles Dothe tell the truthe on my name tell her thus Appollo Delius dothe sure to the promise An happye mariage therfore if thou be wyse Kepe well thy self seke not the companie Of other men for that is not godlie CAP. XXXII Of humaine testimonie THe testimonie humaine is eyther generall or singular Generall as the lawe and famous saynges There is an example of the lawe bothe writen vnwriten in the oration of Cicero for Milo as There is a law honorable Iudges not writen but naturally spronge vp which we haue not learned read nor receaued of others but taken receiued and drawen from nature it self the which to attaine we are not taught but made not instructed by other but taught by nature To witt That if our lyfe should fall into an ambushe or cōspiracie into the power and weapons eyther of robbers or of our
generall therefore shal be first placed thē next shall followe these which be immediatly cōtained vnder the general euery one orderly vnto the most speciall which shal be last disponed The definition therefore as most generall shal be first placed next followeth the distribution which yf it be manifold and of diuers sortes shal be first diuided into his integrall partes next into his formes and kindes And euery part and forme shal be placed and described in the same order place which he had in his diuision It shal be expedient also if the prolixt declaration part them far a sonder to gather them by a short transition for that doth recreate and refresh the auditor But that the matter may be the more easily vnderstanded we must vse some familiar example If thou wilt aske hauing all the definitiones diuisiones and rules of Grammer writtē in diuers tables mixt out of all order what part of dialectick teachethe thee to dispone orderly these rules so confunded first thou hast no neede of the places of inuētion seeing they be all ready found out neither hast thou neede of the first disposition of propositions seeing they are disponed already neither of the secōd disposition which is the iudgemēt of the sillogisme seeing all thinges which might fall into controuersie is proued and concluded only the methode doth remaine The Logitian therefore by the lyght of this artificiall methode shall take a part out of this confused masse the definition for it is most generall and place it first of all As Grammer is an art which teathech to speake well and cōgrusly Then shall he seeke out of the sayd masse the diuision of grammer shall dispone the same in the second place Grammer is parted into two partes Etymologie and syntax And thereafter he shall find out the definition of Etymologie to the which he shall giue the thirde place Then he shall seeke out the partes of the Etymologie first the most generall as letters next syllabs wordes Hauing the partes he must seeke the formes as wordes hauing number without number And last he shall knyt and ioyoe togeather with short apt transitiones the end of euery declaratiō with the beginning of the next And so hauing defined deuided knyt to geather the partes of the Etymologie he shall make euery thing more manifest and playne with most fitt and speciall examples And after the same order he shall intreate the syntax This is a generall methode obserued in all artes CAP. XVI. Of the illustration of the methode by examples of Poetes Orators and Historiographers WE doo not only vse this methode in the declaration of artes and sciences but in the expounding of all thinges which we woulde plainely sett forth And therefore the poetes orators all sort of writers how oft soeuer they purpose to teach there auditor doo alwayes follow this order of methode althoughe they do not euery where insist therein Virg. in his Georgicks parted his matter as we haue sayd into fower partes in the first booke he intreateth of common generall thinges as of Astrologie and thinges engendred in the ayer of cornes and there manuring which is the first part of his worke then he vseth a litle transition in the beginning of the second booke This much is spoke of sterres and husbanding Now will I thee Bacche begin to sing Next he writeth generally of trees then specially of vines the second translation is put in the thirde part but more imperfect and without the conclusion of the thirde booke of oxen hors sheepe and dogges Eke thee great Pales the goddes of pasture And thee Apollo of sheepe the gouernour At Amphysus with praises I will sing And last the third trāsitiō of the fowrth part is put in the begnining of the fowrth booke Now by and by with songe I will you shewe Thuplandish giftes of hony made of dewe Here therefore we may see that the poet hath studied to place the most generall in the first place and the next generall in the midest and the most speciall last of all So doth Ouide in his fastes first propone the somme of his worke and shortly after parte the same and last hauing declared the partes knytteth them togither with short trāsitions the Orators also in there proemes narrationes confirmationes and perorationes labour to obserue this order which they call the methode artificiall naturall Here Cicero first proponeth the matter and next parteth it Thou hast bene this fowerten yeares questor sayeth he Cn. Papyrius being cōsul I accuse thee of all thinges which thou hast done frō that daye to this daye there shall not be one hower found voyde of thy theft malitious doyng crueltie and mischief Here is the somme now follweth the generall partition All the yeares sayeth he are spent eyther in the office of the questure in the ambassade made in Asia in the office of the preture pertaining to the towne or in the office of the preture amonge the Siciliens And therefore into these fower partes my whole accusation shal be parted Of the which fower partes and the least member of euery part he intreateth afterwarde euery on in his owne order and place And in the thirde oration knytteth togeather the first three partes with transitiones Now sayeth he seeyng I haue shewne his office of questure first dignitie to be full of theft mishieuous doing I pray you geue eare to the rest Then after he had shewne the faultes of the Ambassade followeth the transitiō to the office of the preture But now let vs come sayeth he to that worthie preturie and to those faultes which be more manifest to those that be here present thē to me although I haue studied prepared my selfe to declare the same This transition is more imperfect lacking an epiloge And last in the begīning of the fowerth oratiō he maketh such a trāsition to the fowerth part which is of the preturie amōg the Siciliēs There is many thinges honorable Iudges which of necessitie I most pretermit to th ēde I maye speake a litle of these thinges committed to my charge For I haue taken vppon me the cause of Sicilia that charge hath pulled me to this busines So Liuius in the beginning comprehendeth the some of seuentie yeares and therafter deuideth the same by decades CAP. XVII. Of the craftie and secrete methode THis methode then in dyuers enuntiatiōs of one kynde being knowen eather by there owne disposition or the disposition of the sillogisme shal be obserued how often soeuer the matter is clearly to be vnderstanded But when with delectation or some other motion thy chief purpose is to deceaue the auditor then thou shall put some thing away which doth appartaine to thy matter as definitions diuisions and transitions set in there places thinges appartaining nothing to the matter as digressiones from the purpose long tarying vpon the matter but most chiefly see that in the begīning thou inuerte thy order and place some antecedentes after there consequentes And surely this more imperfect forme of methode in respect of the exact rule obserued in the other is not only mutilate by reason of the taking away of some of the matter and redoundeth by the eking to of thinges extraordinarie but hauing some degrees of the order inuerted is preposterous and out of all good fashion and order FINIS FAVLTES ESCAPED Page 8 line 2 Reade argument or pag. 17 lin 21 declareth pag. 24 lin 11 agayne vvithout interrogation pag. 30 lin 21 ignoranter pag. 45 lin 26 Seing the c. his example ought to be put to the next Chap. 19. pag. 49 lin 20 Marcus Varro vvoulde thei pag. 72 lin 1 of