in_o hungary_n the_o say_a rycke_n doller_n be_v seven_o shilling_n seven_o penny_n now_o enhance_v to_o eight_o shilling_n colloigne_n colloigne_n at_o colloigne_n and_o cleves_n a_o gelder_n be_v 24_o whitpennie_n of_o twelve_o morkens_n and_o every_o whitpennie_n be_v two_o shilling_n or_o stiver_n and_o four_o mark_v for_o the_o gelder_n hamborough_n hamborough_n at_o hamborough_n the_o doller_n coin_a at_o thirty_o and_o one_o shilling_n lup_n and_o for_o many_o year_n currant_n for_o thirty_o and_o three_o be_v enhance_v now_o to_o fifty_o and_o four_o shilling_n of_o three_o whitpennie_n and_o every_o shilling_n be_v twelve_o penny_n of_o two_o heller_n every_o penny_n pomerania_n pomerania_n in_o pomerania_n the_o say_a doller_n be_v thirty_o and_o two_o shilling_n of_o two_o snuden_n one_o mark_n snudens_n be_v eight_o shilling_n lup_n and_o the_o two_o mark_n snud_n be_v one_o mark_v lup_n dansicke_a dansicke_a at_o dansicke_a the_o doller_n thirty_o and_o five_o gross_a of_o three_o shilling_n and_o in_o other_o place_n as_o you_o may_v find_v upon_o the_o money_n denominate_v hereafter_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o exchange_n for_o merchant_n further_a direction_n chap._n xx._n of_o merchant_n account_n keep_v by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n the_o manner_n of_o keep_v account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n be_v first_o devise_v in_o italy_n upon_o very_o good_a consideration_n there_o be_v great_a affinity_n between_o faith_n trust_v and_o confidence_n in_o divinity_n trust_v and_o confidence_n be_v two_o handmaid_n unto_o faith_n even_o as_o faith_n be_v the_o hand_n whereby_o we_o apprehend_v god_n mercy_n to_o repose_v our_o trust_n in_o he_o and_o to_o be_v confident_a thereof_o but_o in_o humane_a action_n the_o word_n trust_v be_v more_o proper_a which_o impli_v a_o credit_n or_o belief_n which_o we_o give_v or_o repose_v upon_o other_o or_o other_o do_v attribute_n and_o give_v unto_o us._n hence_o proceed_v the_o italian_a speech_n star_n dal_n credere_fw-la ground_v upon_o that_o maxim_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la bone_fw-la donec_fw-la contrarium_fw-la probetur_fw-la whereupon_o a_o man_n negotiate_v in_o this_o world_n must_v trust_v and_o be_v trust_v he_o that_o be_v trust_v with_o any_o good_n money_n or_o other_o mooveable_a thing_n be_v therefore_o call_v a_o debtor_n or_o debtor_n unto_o the_o party_n that_o do_v trust_v he_o therewith_o and_o he_o call_v that_o party_n his_o creditor_n because_o he_o give_v he_o credit_n for_o the_o same_o whereby_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n concur_v between_o party_n and_o party_n suppose_v now_o that_o a_o young_a man_n be_v of_o age_n to_o manage_v his_o own_o be_v desirous_a to_o deal_v in_o the_o world_n in_o traffic_n and_o trade_n by_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o commodity_n or_o to_o let_v out_o his_o money_n at_o use_n or_o by_o exchange_n for_o other_o country_n unto_o which_o three_o action_n we_o still_o observe_v our_o method_n as_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n as_o often_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o thereupon_o he_o endevour_v to_o keep_v a_o true_a account_n of_o all_o his_o proceed_n and_o negotiation_n by_o way_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o account_n by_o debtor_n and_o creditor_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o have_v still_o a_o creditor_n unto_o a_o debtor_n and_o a_o debtor_n unto_o a_o creditor_n which_o must_v reciprocal_o answer_v each_o other_o now_o consider_v of_o his_o mean_n for_o the_o effect_n hereof_o he_o find_v that_o he_o have_v one_o hundred_o clothes_n two_o hundred_o kersey_n or_o any_o other_o commodity_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n or_o friend_n and_o moreover_o some_o thousand_o pound_n in_o ready_a money_n and_o five_o hundred_o pound_n in_o debt_n owe_v by_o several_a person_n payable_a at_o some_o time_n to_o come_v beside_o some_o hundred_o pound_n yearly_a in_o land_n or_o lease_n out_o of_o all_o these_o he_o make_v a_o stock_n or_o capital_a which_o he_o do_v enter_v into_o a_o bookâ—_n call_v a_o journal_n book_n a_o journal_n book_n because_o it_o contain_v his_o daily_a action_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o from_o this_o book_n they_o be_v transfer_v or_o set_v over_o into_o another_o big_a book_n call_v a_o liedger_n book_n a_o leidger_n book_n because_o the_o same_o remain_v as_o lie_v according_o in_o a_o place_n for_o that_o purpose_n the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v this_o book_n el_n libro_fw-la grande_fw-fr and_o the_o journal_n he_o call_v manual_a be_v of_o a_o far_o lesser_a volume_n common_o but_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o other_o be_v manuable_a and_o unto_o this_o they_o keep_v a_o borrador_n or_o memorial_n wherein_o all_o thing_n be_v first_o enter_v book_n a_o memorial_n book_n and_o may_v upon_o occasion_n be_v blot_v alter_v or_o by_o error_n be_v miscast_v or_o not_o well_o enter_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n and_o leidger_n book_n there_o may_v not_o be_v any_o alteration_n of_o cypher_n blot_v nor_o place_n leave_v in_o blank_a in_o the_o journal_n but_o one_o parcel_n without_o intermission_n must_v follow_v another_o otherwise_o the_o book_n be_v of_o no_o credit_n in_o law_n or_o before_o any_o magistrate_n whereas_o otherwise_o much_o credit_n be_v give_v to_o book_n well_o and_o orderly_o keep_v for_o the_o decide_n and_o determination_n of_o many_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n and_o their_o factor_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o can_v not_o omit_v to_o write_v thereof_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n to_o the_o end_n that_o such_o judge_n and_o other_o that_o be_v unacquainted_a with_o the_o manner_n of_o it_o may_v be_v enlighten_v in_o their_o proceed_n which_o in_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v come_v before_o they_o to_o be_v determine_v the_o manner_n how_o he_o do_v enter_v they_o in_o the_o journal_n be_v as_o follow_v wherein_o observe_v that_o every_o debtor_n must_v have_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a every_o creditor_n his_o debtor_n and_o always_o the_o left_a side_n of_o your_o leidger_n book_n be_v open_a be_v the_o debtor_n side_n and_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o say_a book_n towards_o your_o right_a hand_n be_v the_o creditor_n side_n journal_n how_o parcel_n be_v find_v in_o the_o leidger_n and_o journal_n wherein_o you_o enter_v every_o account_n by_o itself_o from_o the_o parcel_n of_o your_o journal_n which_o parcel_n in_o the_o say_v leidger_n book_n be_v find_v in_o the_o journal_n by_o the_o date_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o journal_n the_o leave_n or_o folio_n of_o the_o leidger_n be_v note_v over_o a_o line_n in_o the_o margin_n for_o the_o debtor_n and_o under_o the_o say_a line_n for_o the_o creditor_n and_o so_o in_o the_o leidger_n book_n every_o parcel_n have_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n a_o direction_n to_o the_o folio_n or_o carta_n as_o the_o italian_n call_v it_o whereby_o the_o debtor_n show_v his_o creditor_n and_o the_o creditor_n make_v relation_n to_o his_o debtor_n which_o word_n be_v not_o use_v but_o understand_v by_o such_o a_o one_o owe_v and_o such_o a_o one_o be_v due_a to_o have_v not_o only_o of_o person_n but_o of_o thing_n themselves_o as_o the_o great_a merchant_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v many_o commodity_n for_o themselves_o or_o for_o other_o they_o will_v arm_v a_o account_n which_o be_v the_o spanish_a phrase_n armar_n una_fw-la cuenta_fw-la but_o in_o plain_a english_a they_o will_v keep_v or_o frame_v a_o account_n for_o themselves_o magazine_n magazine_n and_o make_v their_o warehouse_n or_o magazine_n debtor_n because_o the_o warehouse_n be_v trust_v with_o the_o ware_n or_o commodity_n other_o will_v make_v the_o commodity_n debtor_n and_o their_o own_o capital_a or_o stock_n creditor_n stock_n capital_a or_o stock_n in_o like_a manner_n because_o their_o money_n be_v lay_v up_o or_o lock_v in_o a_o chest_n which_o they_o call_v cash_n they_o will_v therefore_o imagine_v this_o cash_n to_o be_v a_o person_n who_o they_o have_v trust_v chest._n caâ—â—_n or_o chest._n and_o make_v the_o say_v cash_n a_o debtor_n for_o the_o money_n they_o put_v into_o it_o and_o when_o they_o pay_v out_o that_o money_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o they_o will_v make_v cash_n creditor_n and_o that_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v pay_v shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o if_o he_o do_v pay_v the_o same_o by_o your_o order_n to_o another_o party_n he_o shall_v be_v make_v the_o debtor_n and_o so_o the_o other_o be_v discharge_v and_o become_v a_o creditor_n and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o you_o come_v to_o receive_v the_o money_n again_o and_o then_o cash_n be_v debtor_n again_o for_o you_o must_v still_o have_v a_o care_n to_o find_v a_o debtor_n to_o have_v his_o creditor_n summer_n a_o â—â—rrie_a jest_n of_o will._n summer_n and_o
have_v hereunto_o cause_v our_o seal_n to_o be_v put_v give_v at_o paris_n in_o the_o month_n of_o march_n and_o in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1556_o and_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n sign_v by_o the_o king_n then_o in_o council_n and_o seal_v with_o green_a wax_n with_o red_a and_o green_a silk_n lace_n chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o law_n of_o several_a country_n whereby_o the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n of_o merchant_n be_v determine_v the_o four_o and_o last_o mean_a to_o end_v the_o difference_n and_o controversy_n happen_v between_o merchant_n and_o other_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o imperial_a law_n or_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n where_o the_o merchant_n court_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n be_v not_o establish_v whereof_o the_o merchant_n ought_v not_o to_o beignorant_a so_o that_o in_o the_o description_n of_o they_o it_o be_v convenient_a to_o make_v some_o declaration_n for_o the_o merchant_n satisfaction_n appertain_v to_o their_o business_n and_o negotation_n all_o law_n be_v tend_v in_o substance_n to_o the_o uphold_v of_o truth_n maintain_v of_o justice_n to_o defend_v the_o feeble_a from_o the_o mighty_a law_n final_a end_n of_o the_o law_n for_o the_o suppress_n of_o injury_n and_o to_o root_v out_o the_o wicked_a from_o among_o the_o good_a prescribe_v how_o to_o live_v honest_o to_o hurt_v no_o man_n wilful_o and_o to_o render_v every_o man_n his_o due_a careful_o further_a what_o be_v right_a and_o prohibit_v what_o be_v wrong_a summary_o to_o be_v understand_v according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o our_o saviour_n christ._n what_o you_o will_v have_v man_n to_o do_v unto_o you_o do_v the_o same_o unto_o they_o 6.31_o mat._n 7.21_o luke_n 6.31_o which_o alexander_n severus_n the_o emperor_n do_v express_v thus_o that_o which_o you_o will_v not_o have_v do_v unto_o thou_o do_v not_o unto_o other_o and_o to_o this_o purpose_n let_v we_o note_v three_o sort_n of_o law_n namely_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n who_o virtue_n be_v alone_o nature_n law_n of_o nature_n and_o the_o same_o every_o way_n in_o all_o or_o rather_o a_o very_a notice_n of_o god_n law_n ingraff_v in_o the_o mind_n of_o man_n the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o consist_v of_o custom_n manner_n nation_n law_n of_o nation_n and_o prescription_n be_v of_o like_a condition_n to_o all_o people_n as_o we_o have_v before_o declare_v the_o civil_a law_n which_o be_v a_o abridgement_n law_n civil_a law_n derogate_a many_o illicentious_a custom_n which_o grow_v by_o perverseness_n and_o corruptness_n of_o nature_n and_o be_v term_v peculiar_a use_v by_o one_o kind_n of_o people_n call_v the_o the_o imperial_a law_n out_o of_o these_o be_v the_o common-law_n of_o england_n make_v whereof_o we_o be_v now_o first_o to_o entreat_v and_o therein_o to_o be_v somewhat_o prolix_a for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o merchant_n the_o rather_o because_o the_o law_n do_v bind_v all_o man_n to_o knowledge_n obedience_n obedience_n the_o law_n bind_v all_o man_n to_o knowledge_n and_o obedience_n and_o punishment_n for_o indeed_o no_o man_n may_v break_v they_o no_o man_n may_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o and_o last_o no_o man_n may_v judge_v of_o they_o but_o according_a to_o they_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v that_o judex_n be_v take_v à _fw-la iudicio_fw-la non_fw-la iudicium_fw-la à _fw-la judice_fw-la and_o more_o especial_o because_o this_o book_n as_o you_o may_v find_v be_v more_o exact_o calculate_v as_o the_o prognosticator_n say_v for_o the_o meridian_n of_o england_n howbeit_o it_o may_v serve_v for_o all_o other_o country_n and_o place_n of_o traffic_n and_o trade_n of_o the_o common-lawe_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n the_o common-law_n of_o england_n be_v take_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n viz._n 1_o as_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n dissever_v from_o all_o other_o law_n student_n the_o treatise_n of_o doctor_n and_o student_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o often_o argue_v in_o the_o law_n what_o matter_n ought_v of_o right_a to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o common-law_n or_o what_o by_o the_o admiralty_n court_n or_o by_o the_o spiritual_a court_n 2_o the_o common-law_n be_v take_v as_o the_o king_n court_n of_o king_n bench_n or_o common_a plea_n 3_o by_o the_o common-law_n be_v understand_v such_o thing_n as_o be_v law_n before_o any_o statute_n make_v in_o that_o point_n that_o be_v in_o question_n whereby_o that_o point_n be_v hold_v for_o law_n by_o the_o general_a and_o particular_a custom_n and_o maxim_n of_o the_o realm_n or_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n whereunto_o the_o king_n of_o england_n at_o their_o coronation_n do_v take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o observe_v the_o same_o and_o all_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o england_n successive_o ever_o observe_v england_n five_o nation_n in_o england_n namely_o britain_n roman_n and_o then_o britain_n again_o and_o than_o saxon_n dane_n and_o norman_n law_n commendation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n now_o whereas_o the_o law-merchant_n require_v brevity_n and_o expedition_n all_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v confess_v that_o have_v see_v many_o devise_n edict_n and_o ordinance_n how_o to_o abridge_v process_n and_o to_o find_v how_o long_a suit_n in_o law_n may_v be_v make_v short_a they_o never_o perceive_v find_v nor_o read_v as_o yet_o so_o just_a and_o so_o well_o devise_v a_o mean_a find_v out_o as_o this_o by_o any_o man_n in_o europe_n albeit_o that_o the_o shortness_n thereof_o be_v such_o that_o if_o a_o man_n have_v many_o peremptory_a exception_n common-law_n peremptorinesse_n of_o the_o common-law_n which_o can_v make_v the_o state_n or_o issue_n of_o his_o cause_n he_o shall_v be_v compel_v to_o choose_v one_o exception_n whereupon_o to_o found_v his_o issue_n which_o choose_v if_o he_o fail_v by_o the_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o man_n he_o lose_v his_o action_n and_o cause_n and_o the_o rest_n can_v serve_v he_o for_o nothing_o common-law_n antiquity_n of_o the_o common-law_n great_a be_v the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n and_o the_o trial_n of_o jury_n by_o twelve_o man_n for_o we_o find_v the_o same_o to_o be_v from_o the_o time_n that_o the_o west_n saxon_n have_v the_o rule_n and_o domination_n over_o the_o country_n of_o hamshire_n wilreshire_n dorsetshire_n somersetshire_n and_o part_n of_o glocestershire_n and_o also_o the_o same_o law_n be_v use_v among_o the_o saxon_n which_o rule_v marshland_n and_o medland_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o country_n of_o lincoln_n northhampton_n rutland_n huntingdon_n bedford_n oxford_n buckingham_z cheshire_n derby_n nottingham_n and_o part_n of_o the_o shire_n of_o gloucester_n warwick_n hereford_n and_o shropshire_n at_o such_o time_n when_o the_o land_n be_v divide_v into_o seven_o kingdom_n all_o of_o they_o be_v at_o that_o time_n inhabit_v with_o diverse_a nation_n namely_o pict_n scot_n dane_n norman_n vandal_n and_o germane_a all_o which_o have_v continue_v the_o proceed_n of_o the_o law_n until_o the_o time_n of_o william_n duke_n of_o normandy_n who_o conquer_v the_o same_o this_o william_n the_o conqueror_n have_v the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o this_o land_n and_o cause_v among_o other_o law_n the_o dane_n law_n to_o be_v collect_v which_o rule_v in_o devonshire_n and_o cornwall_n and_o a_o discreet_a view_n to_o be_v take_v of_o sundry_a law_n whereunto_o he_o do_v add_v some_o of_o his_o norman_a law_n to_o govern_v the_o people_n of_o the_o land_n now_o call_v england_n in_o so_o much_o that_o concern_v the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n aforesaid_a they_o be_v long_o before_o use_v by_o the_o saxon_n first_o government_n christum_fw-la annâ—_n 1198_o aunt_n christum_fw-la nay_o by_o the_o briton_n themselves_o which_o be_v one_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o ninety_o and_o eight_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v now_o in_o continuance_n above_o two_o thousand_o and_o eight_o hundred_o year_n for_o king_n alfred_n cause_v the_o law_n of_o marcia_n to_o be_v translate_v out_o of_o the_o britain_n into_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n and_o after_o that_o we_o find_v that_o king_n lucius_n and_o king_n alfred_n cause_v the_o continuance_n thereof_o the_o say_v common_a law_n be_v proper_o to_o be_v take_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o ancient_a maxim_n of_o the_o say_a law_n of_o the_o statute_n law_n &_o book_n case_n which_o be_v yearly_a observation_n upon_o manner_n and_o may_v be_v call_v responsa_fw-la prudentum_fw-la comprehend_v therein_o the_o municipal_a law_n etc._n municipal_a law_n as_o gavelkind_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v proper_a to_o all_o kingdom_n and_o government_n as_o a_o exception_n to_o the_o fundamental_a law_n thereof_o wherein_o many_o singular_a argument_n draw_v from_o divinity_n and_o humanity_n be_v effectual_a though_o there_o be_v no_o book_n for_o it_o for_o the_o
proportionable_o in_o these_o adventure_n and_o the_o party_n die_v the_o widow_n or_o his_o heir_n be_v to_o accept_v thereof_o according_o both_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n as_o be_v well_o observe_v by_o the_o society_n of_o the_o merchant_n trade_v for_o the_o east_n indïe_v both_o in_o england_n and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o it_o be_v not_o account_v any_o danger_n to_o trust_v a_o society_n and_o to_o deliver_v money_n for_o trade_v and_o where_o not_o damage_n or_o adventure_n be_v bear_v be_v usurious_a as_o shall_v be_v declare_v hereafter_o etc._n verbal_a contract_n for_o money_n etc._n etc._n to_o enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o some_o verbal_a contract_n some_o custom_n be_v be_v observe_v which_o the_o civilians_n make_v questionable_a a_o merchant_n do_v deliver_v some_o money_n unto_o another_o merchant_n to_o be_v employ_v by_o he_o in_o commodity_n or_o to_o be_v put_v forth_o to_o use_v for_o both_o their_o benefit_n and_o profit_n without_o any_o limitation_n of_o time_n agree_v upon_o between_o they_o the_o question_n be_v when_o this_o merchant_n that_o do_v deliver_v this_o money_n may_v call_v for_o it_o again_o wherein_o most_o civilians_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o same_o can_v be_v demand_v before_o the_o year_n expire_v which_o seem_v the_o more_o reasonable_a if_o the_o law_n will_v not_o allow_v unto_o the_o other_o party_n a_o loss_n sustain_v thereby_o by_o fire_n water_n or_o any_o other_o casualty_n unless_o he_o do_v declare_v and_o manifest_v the_o same_o within_o the_o year_n nevertheless_o if_o this_o money_n be_v deliver_v to_o one_o that_o make_v a_o continual_a gain_n by_o money_n as_o some_o goldsmith_n do_v by_o take_v the_o same_o for_o two_o three_o or_o more_o day_n and_o allow_v benefit_n for_o it_o than_o it_o may_v seem_v reasonable_a that_o the_o money_n may_v be_v demand_v at_o all_o time_n upon_o warning_n give_v for_o the_o time_n without_o which_o no_o man_n may_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o careless_a in_o the_o delivery_n of_o he_o or_o other_o man_n money_n by_o a_o verbal_a contract_n as_o the_o say_a civilians_n have_v surmise_v again_o suppose_v this_o money_n be_v deliver_v to_o a_o father_n and_o his_o son_n joint_o whether_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v redemanded_a of_o the_o father_n and_o of_o the_o son_n by_o equal_a portion_n half_a and_o half_a or_o of_o they_o both_o hereupon_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n if_o the_o father_n do_v receive_v the_o money_n and_o that_o the_o son_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o father_n than_o the_o father_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o all_o but_o if_o the_o son_n do_v as_o it_o be_v govern_v the_o father_n because_o he_o be_v old_a then_o the_o son_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o the_o money_n now_o the_o law-merchant_n oblige_v they_o both_o to_o answer_v for_o the_o say_a money_n unless_o the_o son_n be_v under_o year_n but_o this_o question_n may_v be_v think_v extravagant_a for_o contract_n be_v common_o notariall_a in_o this_o case_n and_o between_o partner_n sure_a notariall_n contract_v sure_a and_o where_o one_o partner_n bind_v another_o it_o be_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v to_o continue_v the_o time_n of_o their_o partenership_n whereas_o to_o become_v bind_v each_o to_o other_o for_o so_o much_o as_o shall_v be_v find_v due_a be_v dangerous_a and_o full_a of_o cavillation_n so_o that_o as_o before_o be_v remember_v every_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v plain_o express_v but_o especial_o to_o be_v careful_o observe_v between_o partner_n for_o the_o stock_n also_o between_o partner_n by_o contract_n to_o continue_v in_o trade_n be_v to_o be_v without_o diminution_n or_o any_o other_o employment_n to_o be_v make_v during_o the_o say_a copartenership_n which_o be_v limit_v therefore_o for_o a_o time_n and_o not_o by_o voyage_n or_o employment_n the_o charge_n on_o both_o side_n to_o be_v limit_v but_o hereof_o more_o upon_o the_o title_n of_o partner_n or_o company_n to_o make_v these_o notariall_n contract_v more_o authentic_a and_o sure_a when_o due_a regard_n be_v have_v of_o reciprocal_a action_n to_o avoid_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la the_o bond_n make_v by_o each_o party_n to_o other_o in_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n for_o the_o performance_n thereof_o be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o limitation_n of_o a_o penalty_n contain_v in_o the_o contract_n albeit_o that_o these_o bond_n be_v put_v in_o suit_n cause_v the_o other_o party_n to_o fly_v into_o the_o chancery_n but_o the_o merchant_n court_n proceed_v herein_o with_o more_o expedition_n there_o be_v also_o certain_a merchant_n contract_n which_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o condition_n be_v call_v extravagant_n contract_n extravagan_a contract_n because_o the_o manner_n either_o of_o buy_v or_o sell_v of_o commodity_n and_o the_o payment_n make_v for_o the_o same_o be_v rare_a and_o but_o use_v in_o some_o place_n which_o nevertheless_o be_v make_v in_o write_v by_o notariall_a contract_n or_o by_o the_o broker_n book_n record_v whereof_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o make_v a_o chapter_n apart_o touch_v the_o commodity_n sell_v by_o broker_n as_o hereafter_o may_v appear_v a_o merchant_n in_o spain_n deal_v for_o the_o west_n indies_n nova_fw-la espagnia_n terra_fw-la firma_fw-la or_o peru_n and_o other_o place_n in_o america_n will_v buy_v a_o round_a quantity_n of_o germany_n commodity_n or_o manufacture_n make_v there_o and_o in_o the_o low_a country_n either_o yronmonger_n ware_n as_o hatchet_n axe_n knife_n bell_n bead_n needle_n basin_n candlestick_n counter_n lock_n nail_n and_o diverse_a sort_n of_o commodity_n and_o he_o be_v make_v acquaint_v by_o the_o inuoice_n or_o cargasson_n of_o those_o good_n what_o they_o do_v cost_v in_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v where_o the_o merchant_n owner_n of_o the_o say_a ware_n have_v augment_v his_o price_n in_o the_o say_v invoice_n and_o so_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n do_v make_v he_o a_o offer_n of_o so_o many_o maluidy_n for_o every_o pound_n flemish_a or_o hamborough_n money_n they_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o they_o or_o for_o every_o dollor_n or_o other_o coin_n whereby_o the_o same_o be_v buy_v according_a as_o the_o party_n by_o his_o observation_n be_v able_a to_o judge_v of_o the_o value_n thereof_o by_o his_o often_o buy_v of_o the_o like_a but_o the_o payment_n be_v agree_v upon_o to_o be_v make_v sometime_o after_o the_o return_n of_o the_o west-indies_n fleet_n that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o most_o ship_n go_v outward_o shall_v return_v again_o into_o spain_n but_o whether_o the_o buyer_n of_o those_o good_n do_v receive_v any_o return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o the_o say_a good_n or_o not_o be_v a_o matter_n not_o material_a to_o the_o seller_n of_o the_o good_n for_o he_o bear_v no_o adventure_n of_o bad_a factor_n evil_a paymaster_n or_o other_o accident_n but_o must_v be_v pay_v at_o the_o time_n agree_v upon_o according_a to_o the_o ordinary_a custom_n thereof_o unless_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o he_o shall_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n for_o a_o sum_n in_o certainty_n in_o nature_n of_o assurance_n or_o upon_o some_o unexpected_a alteration_n which_o may_v happen_v in_o the_o say_a assurance_n which_o be_v another_o contract_n as_o hereafter_o more_o ample_o will_v appear_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n another_o merchant_n sell_v by_o contract_n some_o commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o the_o return_n of_o the_o say_a west_n indies_n fleet_n posito_fw-la a_o certain_a quantity_n of_o cutcheneale_n as_o the_o price_n shall_v be_v break_v in_o spain_n upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o main_a partida_n this_o merchant_n common_o take_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n before_o hand_n whereof_o he_o allow_v interest_n for_o the_o time_n or_o else_o he_o abate_v a_o certain_a allowance_n in_o the_o price_n of_o the_o cutcheneale_n less_o than_o the_o price_n which_o by_o authority_n and_o consent_n among_o merchant_n be_v make_v that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o the_o best_a sort_n call_v misteca_n be_v set_v at_o 40_o ducat_n the_o roâ—ue_n of_o 25_o will_v weight_n he_o shall_v abate_v he_o after_o 20_o or_o 25_o ê‘_n 100_o now_o if_o the_o price_n of_o cutcheneale_n be_v high_a or_o low_o the_o interest_n of_o his_o money_n former_o disburse_v by_o the_o say_a abatement_n must_v needs_o be_v according_o so_o that_o the_o best_a advantage_n be_v to_o take_v the_o interest_n after_o a_o rate_n certain_a and_o the_o price_n of_o the_o cutcheneale_n as_o it_o shall_v and_o may_v fâ—ll_v out_o the_o like_a may_v be_v observe_v for_o all_o other_o commodity_n the_o banker_n have_v find_v the_o same_o by_o experience_n by_o deal_v with_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n and_o portugal_n when_o they_o make_v partidos_n with_o they_o to_o furnish_v they_o money_n in_o their_o occasion_n by_o make_v they_o to_o pay_v exchange_n
thirteen_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n whereunto_o be_v add_v the_o ancient_a custom_n heretofore_o pay_v by_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o steele-yard_n or_o haunce-towne_n be_v 14_o penny_n so_o together_o 14_o ss_z 6_o d_o a_o cloth_n beside_o the_o overlength_n of_o 3_o d_o ¼_n the_o yard_n cloth_n the_o pretermitted_a custom_n of_o cloth_n which_o be_v of_o late_o comprise_v in_o the_o new_a imposition_n of_o the_o pretermitted_a custom_n for_o weigh_v of_o clothes_n at_o two_o penny_n the_o pound_n so_o that_o a_o short_a cloth_n pay_v in_o time_n past_o a_o noble_a and_o now_o ten_o shilling_n beside_o the_o overlength_n according_a to_o the_o weight_n after_o the_o say_a rate_n of_o two_o penny_n for_o the_o pound_n all_o which_o the_o merchant_n stranger_n pay_v double_a also_o whereas_o of_o late_a year_n since_o the_o custom_n be_v let_v to_o farm_n all_o commodity_n as_o sugar_n spice_n raisin_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o be_v weigh_v and_o thereupon_o the_o tarra_o for_o the_o cask_n or_o chest_n be_v to_o be_v allow_v cask_n allowance_n for_o tarra_o or_o cask_n and_o so_o the_o custom_n be_v pay_v there_o aught_o good_a allowance_n to_o be_v make_v for_o the_o say_v tarra_o because_o many_o commodity_n be_v unlade_v and_o have_v take_v the_o moisture_n of_o the_o sea_n increase_v the_o weight_n of_o their_o cask_n so_o that_o merchant_n pay_v many_o time_n custom_n for_o that_o which_o they_o have_v not_o by_o the_o strict_a deal_n of_o officer_n contrary_a to_o equity_n and_o justice_n if_o they_o do_v not_o wary_o look_v to_o their_o affair_n wherein_o the_o officer_n may_v also_o be_v excuse_v now_o to_o conclude_v touch_v custom_n we_o must_v consider_v what_o they_o may_v amount_v unto_o upon_o the_o hundred_o according_a to_o which_o merchant_n be_v to_o cast_v up_o their_o account_n for_o benefit_n and_o loss_n as_o aforesaid_a custom_n custom_n the_o custom_n in_o england_n call_v parva_n custuma_n be_v three_o penny_n upon_o every_o pound_n that_o the_o commodity_n be_v rate_v in_o the_o custom_n book_n which_o be_v pay_v by_o merchant_n stranger_n now_o alter_v pay_v 6_o d._n subsidy_n subsidy_n the_o subsidy_n or_o poundage_n be_v pay_v by_o all_o merchant_n of_o what_o nation_n so_o ever_o which_o be_v 12_o do_v upon_o all_o commodity_n bring_v in_o and_o for_o cloth_n export_v 6_o ss_z 8_o d_o for_o english_a merchant_n and_o merchant_n stranger_n double_a imposition_n imposition_n the_o new_a imposition_n establish_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o be_v also_o 12_o d_o upon_o all_o commodity_n import_v and_o upon_o some_o commodity_n export_v be_v limit_v so_o that_o custom_n and_o subsidy_n in_o england_n be_v 12_o ½_n upon_o the_o 100_o for_o merchant_n stranger_n beside_o but_o leridge_n or_o scavage_a almost_o one_o pro_fw-la cent_n more_o for_o good_n inward_a and_o for_o english_a merchant_n be_v ten_o upon_o the_o hundred_o impost_n impost_n the_o impost_n of_o wine_n be_v limit_v upon_o the_o butt_n pipe_n or_o hogshead_n as_o by_o the_o book_n of_o rate_n with_o the_o composition_n money_n and_o other_o duty_n in_o spain_n and_o portugal_n they_o take_v after_o diverse_a rate_n for_o commodity_n some_o â—_o 10_o or_o â—_o â—â—_o and_o twenty_o five_o upon_o the_o hundred_o esteem_v to_o be_v one_o with_o another_o un_fw-fr quinto_fw-la or_o â—_o â—_o part_n or_o 20_o pro_fw-la cent_n with_o the_o alcavalla_fw-la take_v for_o brokeridge_n to_o sell_v they_o in_o barbary_n seven_o pro_fw-la cent_n alcavalla_fw-la alcavalla_fw-la aboard_o the_o turk_n take_v â…•_n part_n as_o the_o egyptian_n the_o venetian_n take_v 3_o 5_o 7_o and_z 10_o upon_o the_o hundred_o with_o great_a advisement_n and_o upon_o the_o manufacture_n of_o other_o nation_n 14_o 15_o and_o more_o and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v in_o france_n to_o advance_v the_o handy_a craft_n man_n the_o great_a impost_n demand_v in_o the_o year_n 1604_o by_o philip_n the_o three_o king_n of_o spain_n of_o 30_o upon_o the_o 100_o of_o french_a english_a impost_n great_a impost_n and_o flanders_n commodity_n be_v soon_o abolish_v when_o the_o french_a king_n henry_n the_o 4_o do_v the_o like_a for_o one_o extreme_a enforce_v another_o be_v of_o small_a continuance_n chap._n xxxvii_o of_o merchant_n wager_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n for_o as_o much_o as_o diverse_a civilians_n have_v entreat_v of_o this_o argument_n of_o merchant_n wager_n and_o make_v some_o treatise_n de_fw-fr sponsionibus_fw-la whereunder_o matter_n of_o assurance_n be_v comprise_v it_o may_v not_o be_v think_v impertinent_a to_o handle_v this_o subject_n brief_o and_o divide_o from_o merchant_n assurance_n already_o declare_v in_o his_o proper_a place_n the_o say_a civilians_n do_v distinguish_v these_o wager_n or_o sponsiones_fw-la to_o be_v threefold_a 1_o where_o a_o wager_n be_v lay_v with_o a_o pawn_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o three_o person_n 2_o where_o by_o way_n of_o stipulation_n some_o thing_n be_v give_v upon_o a_o wager_n 3_o where_o a_o thing_n deliver_v or_o by_o a_o covenant_n make_v with_o another_o person_n the_o same_o be_v promise_v to_o be_v restore_v and_o double_a treble_a and_o ten_o time_n the_o value_n thereof_o unto_o the_o party_n with_o who_o the_o wager_n be_v make_v if_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n or_o doubt_n do_v not_o take_v effect_n whereof_o many_o example_n may_v be_v give_v and_o declare_v namely_o the_o great_a wager_n between_o cleopatra_n queen_n of_o egypt_n wager_n example_n of_o wager_n and_o marc_n anthony_n for_o the_o great_a expense_n of_o a_o supper_n by_o dissolve_v the_o paragon_n pearl_n and_o drink_v the_o same_o as_o pliny_n report_v when_o lucius_n plancus_n be_v make_v judge_n of_o that_o wager_n and_o pronounce_v that_o anthony_n have_v lose_v that_o of_o cecinna_n whereof_o cicero_n make_v mention_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o his_o ground_n take_v from_o he_o in_o hostile_a manner_n by_o eubusius_fw-la and_o restore_v again_o that_o such_o a_o cardinal_n shall_v be_v elect_v to_o be_v pope_n that_o such_o a_o king_n be_v dead_a and_o such_o a_o town_n be_v take_v in_o all_o which_o the_o wager_n be_v make_v by_o pawn_n stipulation_n or_o convention_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o hereof_o be_v innumerable_a example_n hereupon_o they_o conclude_v that_o all_o wager_n lay_v must_v be_v for_o honest_a cause_n and_o as_o it_o be_v strive_v for_o virtuous_a action_n and_o that_o these_o by_o the_o law_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v in_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o wager_n wherein_o custom_n be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n law_n custom_n the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o law_n even_o in_o the_o point_n of_o law_n which_o be_v considerable_a in_o all_o case_n by_o the_o long_a observation_n of_o they_o a_o wager_n be_v lay_v that_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n or_o the_o emperor_n or_o any_o other_o great_a personage_n shall_v die_v within_o the_o year_n unlawful_a lawful_a wager_n and_o unlawful_a be_v good_a in_o law_n but_o to_o lay_v wager_n as_o desirous_a or_o wish_v some_o unexpected_a evil_n or_o adverse_a fortune_n unto_o a_o honest_a man_n or_o although_o it_o be_v to_o a_o enemy_n be_v neither_o civil_a nor_o natural_a in_o the_o understanding_n of_o well_o dispose_v man_n a_o wager_n lay_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o a_o private_a person_n be_v disallow_v but_o not_o for_o the_o contract_n of_o any_o suppose_a or_o expect_a marriage_n which_o be_v lawful_a all_o wager_n lay_v in_o lawful_a game_n be_v allowable_a but_o in_o prohibit_v game_n can_v be_v recover_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n so_o wager_n make_v by_o looker_n on_o upon_o other_o man_n game_n be_v disallow_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o stipulation_n be_v make_v put_v the_o pawn_n or_o money_n down_o which_o be_v call_v to_o stake_v down_o and_o if_o it_o be_v upon_o a_o unlawful_a game_n than_o the_o looker_n on_o be_v subject_a to_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o gamester_n a_o wager_n lay_v who_o shall_v eat_v or_o drink_v most_o be_v unlawful_a if_o a_o gamester_n or_o a_o merchant_n play_v receive_v twenty_o and_o promise_v to_o give_v fifty_o for_o it_o the_o next_o day_n play_v the_o convention_n be_v good_a a_o merchant_n lay_v a_o wager_n to_o give_v ten_o for_o one_o if_o such_o a_o ship_n arrive_v within_o a_o limit_a time_n within_o such_o a_o port_n or_o haven_n be_v good_a in_o law_n a_o wager_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o a_o ship_n in_o the_o port_n of_o lixborne_n and_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n promise_v thereupon_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o say_a ship_n be_v a_o galeon_n so_o denial_n be_v make_v to_o pay_v the_o money_n the_o law_n do_v determine_v the_o money_n shall_v be_v pay_v because_o the_o word_n ship_n be_v a_o general_a name_n although_o it_o be_v call_v by_o diverse_a name_n as_o a_o notary_n be_v call_v a_o tabellion_n scrivener_n or_o a_o
as_o for_o the_o erect_n of_o school_n and_o university_n maintenance_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o of_o widow_n and_o orphan_n reparation_n of_o church_n and_o highway_n and_o ditch_n for_o the_o plantation_n of_o collonye_n of_o people_n in_o other_o country_n and_o build_v of_o town_n and_o castle_n for_o their_o maintenance_n as_o also_o to_o erect_v pawne-house_n to_o supply_v the_o necessity_n of_o the_o mechanical_a poor_a suppress_v intolerable_a usury_n whereof_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o book_n concern_v money_n the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n lotarie_a be_v derive_v from_o the_o word_n lot_n and_o albeit_o all_o lotary_n be_v thing_n casual_a in_o respect_n of_o man_n to_o who_o the_o lot_n fall_v yet_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o providence_n of_o god_n they_o be_v certain_a in_o effect_n by_o the_o say_v divine_a dispose_n of_o the_o lot_n insomuch_o that_o howsoever_o the_o word_n fortune_n chance_n fate_n destiny_n and_o casualty_n be_v borrow_v from_o the_o heathen_n it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o respect_v the_o effect_n and_o operation_n of_o god_n towards_o man_n they_o be_v proper_a distinction_n of_o god_n divine_a providence_n and_o hence_o arise_v the_o proverb_n nemo_fw-la sva_fw-la sort_n contentus_fw-la vivit_fw-la *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n xlii_o of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n association_n be_v twofold_a the_o one_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n or_o state_n upon_o grant_n make_v by_o letter_n patent_n which_o be_v proper_o call_v society_n as_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n adventurer_n society_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n which_o be_v of_o 400_o year_n stand_v or_o thereabouts_o reckon_v from_o the_o year_n 1248_o when_o the_o say_v merchant_n obtain_v privilege_n of_o john_n duke_n of_o brabant_n and_o be_v call_v the_o brotherhood_n of_o saint_n thomas_n becket_n of_o canturburie_n which_o be_v confirm_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o henry_n the_o four_o henry_n the_o five_o edward_z the_o four_o henry_n the_o six_o richard_z the_o three_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o who_o give_v they_o the_o name_n of_o merchant_n adventurer_n after_o he_o also_o confirm_v by_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o edward_n the_o six_o queen_n marie_n queen_n elizabeth_n and_o last_o by_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n king_n james_n not_o without_o many_o enemy_n and_o opposition_n and_o most_o especial_o of_o late_a tax_v they_o to_o be_v monopolizer_n and_o unprofitable_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v that_o all_o our_o clothes_n be_v not_o dress_v and_o dye_v in_o england_n whereupon_o their_o patent_n be_v for_o a_o time_n suspend_v but_o afterwards_o confirm_v again_o unto_o they_o by_o his_o majesty_n ample_a proclamation_n as_o this_o society_n be_v of_o ancient_a estimation_n so_o be_v their_o government_n very_o commendable_a and_o preserve_v the_o amity_n and_o intercourse_n between_o the_o realm_n and_o other_o neighbour_n prince_n and_o state_n vent_v the_o best_a commodity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o that_o every_o man_n sell_v free_o at_o his_o pleasure_n without_o any_o combination_n or_o limitation_n to_o the_o great_a honour_n and_o service_n of_o the_o state_n wherein_o they_o may_v daily_o see_v and_o observe_v more_o and_o more_o as_o be_v heretofore_o declare_v etc._n society_n of_o east-indies_n virginia_n etc._n etc._n the_o east-india_n merchant_n be_v also_o a_o society_n but_o their_o adventurer_n run_v all_o into_o main_a stock_n and_o be_v govern_v and_o carry_v all_o joint_o upon_o benefit_n or_o loss_n this_o company_n begin_v in_o the_o year_n 1599_o so_o the_o merchant_n of_o turkey_n be_v a_o society_n also_o the_o virginia_n and_o barmuda_n merchant_n and_o diverse_a other_o be_v society_n incorporate_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n as_o aforesaid_a the_o other_o association_n be_v do_v by_o and_o between_o merchant_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n contract_n partnership_n by_o contract_n join_v themselves_o together_o for_o to_o deal_v and_o trade_n either_o for_o year_n or_o voyage_n and_o this_o be_v proper_o call_v partnership_n where_o one_o man_n do_v adventure_v a_o thousand_o pound_n another_o five_o hundred_o pound_n another_o three_o hundred_o pound_n and_o another_o four_o hundred_o pound_n more_o or_o less_o as_o they_o agree_v among_o themselves_o to_o make_v a_o stock_n every_o man_n to_o have_v his_o profit_n or_o to_o bear_v loss_n and_o adventure_n according_a to_o their_o several_a stock_n in_o one_o or_o many_o voyage_n for_o one_o or_o more_o year_n beside_o the_o money_n take_v up_o at_o use_n to_o trade_n withal_o proportionable_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o their_o stock_n by_o part_n and_o portion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o so_o many_o part_n as_o they_o agree_v wherein_o the_o condition_n be_v diverse_a which_o must_v be_v observe_v true_o and_o the_o account_v according_o otherwise_o all_o will_v run_v into_o a_o labyrinth_n and_o confusion_n and_o by_o the_o common_a law_n one_o partner_n can_v proceed_v against_o another_o and_o in_o chancery_n the_o suit_n may_v be_v prolong_v for_o the_o life_n of_o a_o man_n unless_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v better_o understand_v and_o the_o auditor_n office_n be_v enable_v to_o end_v these_o business_n with_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n there_o be_v another_o branch_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o partnership_n employment_n partnership_n by_o employment_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o factor_n beyond_o the_o sea_n deal_v for_o diverse_a merchant_n will_v sometime_o make_v employment_n of_o several_a man_n money_n in_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n to_o be_v divide_v among_o they_o here_o one_o may_v become_v a_o partner_n unaware_o and_o unknown_a as_o of_o late_o i_o know_v the_o like_a do_v happen_v in_o a_o great_a bargain_n of_o tobacco_n whereupon_o all_o the_o partner_n be_v seven_o in_o number_n be_v fall_v out_o and_o diverse_a of_o they_o be_v in_o law_n this_o course_n although_o use_v be_v very_o dangerous_a especial_o when_o they_o use_v many_o factor_n one_o merchant_n send_v commodity_n to_o his_o factor_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o spain_n and_o give_v order_n that_o by_o that_o mean_v he_o shall_v provide_v money_n for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o employment_n of_o tobacco_n to_o be_v make_v another_o merchant_n he_o send_v a_o letter_n of_o credit_n of_o a_o friend_n of_o he_o that_o so_o much_o money_n shall_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n for_o antuerpe_n or_o london_n as_o shall_v be_v needful_a for_o his_o part_n another_o merchant_n he_o cause_v so_o much_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o to_o his_o factor_n by_o exchange_n â—â—om_n antuerpe_n as_o will_v furnish_v for_o his_o part_n two_o other_o merchant_n dwell_v in_o spain_n do_v furnish_v their_o part_n there_o themselves_o and_o among_o they_o all_o they_o admit_v in_o spain_n one_o factor_n dwell_v there_o to_o buy_v the_o tobacco_n and_o he_o have_v a_o part_n with_o they_o but_o find_v the_o mean_n to_o disburse_v no_o money_n for_o his_o part_n because_o he_o buy_v the_o say_a parcel_n of_o tobacco_n amount_v to_o some_o twelve_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o condition_v to_o pay_v a_o good_a part_n of_o it_o at_o six_o or_o more_o month_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n he_o provide_v not_o any_o money_n and_o neverle_n will_v have_v his_o part_n because_o he_o give_v order_n to_o his_o factor_n to_o take_v it_o up_o by_o exchange_n for_o london_n upon_o he_o promise_v that_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o same_o here_o hereupon_o the_o bargain_n and_o employment_n of_o tobacco_n be_v make_v the_o good_n receive_v and_o send_v over_o to_o london_n where_o it_o be_v divide_o deliver_v to_o some_o of_o the_o say_a partner_n to_o be_v sell_v with_o one_o and_o other_o privity_n for_o the_o general_a account_n of_o they_o all_o to_o be_v make_v up_o among_o they_o to_o clear_v the_o say_a account_n and_o every_o man_n to_o have_v his_o part_n of_o the_o benefit_n and_o profit_n and_o likewise_o to_o bear_v such_o loss_n as_o may_v decrease_v their_o profit_n according_a to_o equity_n and_o conscience_n interim_n it_o happen_v that_o the_o factor_n who_o buy_v the_o say_a tobacco_n die_v insoluent_a who_o do_v not_o only_o leave_v his_o own_o part_n unpaid_a but_o a_o far_o great_a sum_n which_o the_o other_o two_o partner_n be_v fain_o to_o pay_v be_v bind_v for_o it_o in_o all_o amount_v to_o 1300_o will_v starling_n now_o the_o question_n be_v how_o this_o loss_n shall_v be_v bear_v among_o they_o the_o first_o merchant_n he_o say_v i_o do_v send_v commodity_n and_o by_o the_o provenue_n thereof_o my_o part_n be_v pay_v by_o he_o that_o die_v and_o that_o depend_v upon_o account_n to_o be_v clear_v between_o he_o and_o the_o party_n decease_v the_o second_o merchant_n he_o say_v my_o part_n be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n in_o spain_n take_v up_o
so_o many_o million_o of_o copper_n money_n in_o four_o and_o eight_o maluedy_n and_o otherwise_o and_o in_o portugal_n of_o vintenis_fw-la patacois_n of_o so_o many_o reas_n that_o the_o half_a ryall_n which_o be_v our_o three_o penny_n be_v only_o of_o silver_n and_o all_o money_n under_o it_o be_v mere_a copper_n without_o any_o mixture_n of_o silver_n this_o quantity_n be_v almost_o incredible_a for_o it_o be_v not_o many_o year_n since_o during_o the_o king_n reign_n of_o philip_n the_o three_o that_o certain_a italian_n find_v fault_n that_o his_o octavos_fw-la and_o quartillos_n be_v too_o big_a give_v the_o king_n six_o million_o of_o ducat_n to_o coin_v they_o at_o half_a the_o weight_n within_o a_o time_n limit_v and_o as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v utter_v within_o that_o time_n necessitas_fw-la non_fw-la habet_fw-la legem_fw-la be_v true_a in_o some_o respect_n the_o venetian_n also_o coin_v mere_a copper_n money_n venetian_n copper_n money_n of_o the_o venetian_n they_o have_v sessini_fw-la which_z be_v value_v at_o two_o quatrini_fw-la and_o three_o quatrini_fw-la be_v one_o half_a penny_n sterling_a for_o six_o quatrini_fw-la be_v one_o penny_n bagatini_fw-la they_o have_v also_o whereof_o four_o make_v one_o quatrini_fw-la and_o twenty_o and_o four_o bagatini_fw-la make_v one_o penny_n sterling_a by_o calculation_n in_o france_n they_o have_v mailles_n petit_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr double_v france_n of_o france_n and_o liart_n &_o in_o time_n past_a most_o of_o these_o have_v some_o silver_n in_o they_o but_o upon_o due_a consideration_n that_o it_o be_v so_o much_o silver_n waste_v because_o the_o charge_n of_o refine_n do_v surmount_v the_o value_n and_o that_o these_o money_n do_v serve_v for_o the_o commutation_n of_o petty_a thing_n and_o trifle_n they_o have_v save_v that_o silver_n germany_n of_o germany_n the_o like_a they_o have_v do_v of_o all_o the_o small_a money_n in_o germany_n but_o they_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v alkime_v like_o silver_n which_o be_v do_v with_o tin_n and_o sal_fw-la armoniake_n after_o they_o be_v coin_a which_o hold_v fair_a for_o a_o long_a time_n than_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n allay_v with_o much_o copper_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n incorporate_v with_o the_o copper_n and_o take_v away_o the_o smell_n of_o it_o such_o be_v their_o heller_n alb_n hallincke_n and_o the_o like_a small_a copper_n money_n low-countries_n of_o the_o low-countries_n in_o the_o low-countries_n they_o have_v duyt_n mite_n negemancken_n ortkens_n whereof_o four_o make_v a_o styver_n and_o five_o styver_n make_v six_o penny_n which_o we_o may_v well_o call_v a_o styver_n for_o a_o penny_n sterling_a eight_o negemancken_n and_o twenty_o and_o four_o mite_n for_o one_o penny_n also_o in_o some_o place_n as_o in_o flanders_n the_o mite_n be_v call_v corte_n and_o in_o the_o wallone_n country_n engcuni_fw-la and_o in_o other_o place_n point_v pite_n poot_n be_v all_o subdivision_n of_o obolus_fw-la or_o the_o half_a penny_n government_n of_o many_o other_o kingdom_n and_o state_n government_n in_o bohemia_n poland_n sweaden_a denmark_n east-land_n and_o many_o other_o kingdom_n and_o state_n they_o have_v mere_a copper_n money_n tedious_a to_o describe_v likewise_o in_o italy_n in_o their_o several_a principality_n and_o dukedom_n scotland_n of_o scotland_n in_o scotland_n they_o have_v turnoner_n and_o penny_n and_o half_a penny_n in_o their_o name_n and_o much_o base_a money_n of_o achison_n plackx_n baby_n nonsuit_v ireland_n of_o ireland_n and_o the_o like_a in_o ireland_n they_o have_v in_o queen_n elizabeth_n her_o time_n half_a penny_n and_o penny_n of_o copper_n which_o be_v most_o of_o they_o lose_v and_o consume_v the_o necessity_n of_o these_o small_a money_n do_v appear_v here_o with_o we_o in_o england_n where_o every_o chandler_n tapster_n vintner_n and_o other_o make_v token_n of_o lead_n and_o brass_n for_o halfe-pence_n and_o at_o bristol_n by_o the_o late_a queen_n authority_n england_n farthing_n token_n in_o england_n be_v make_v of_o copper_n with_o a_o ship_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o c.b._n on_o the_o other_o side_n signify_v civitas_fw-la bristol_n these_o go_v currant_n for_o small_a thing_n at_o bristol_n and_o ten_o mile_n about_o hereupon_o it_o please_v our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o k._n to_o approve_v of_o the_o make_n of_o a_o competent_a quantity_n of_o farthing_n token_n to_o abolish_v the_o say_v leaden_a token_n make_v in_o derogation_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n royal_a which_o farthing_n token_n be_v make_v by_o engine_n of_o mere_a copper_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o with_o certain_a caution_n and_o limitation_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n two_o sceptre_n cross_v under_o one_o diadem_n in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o union_n between_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o harp_n for_o ireland_n and_o the_o inscription_n of_o jacobus_n d.g._n magnae_fw-la britt_n fra._n &_o hiber_n rex_fw-la and_o the_o say_a farthing_n token_n have_v not_o only_o be_v find_v very_o commodious_a and_o necessary_a for_o petty_a commutation_n but_o also_o to_o be_v a_o great_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a and_o mean_n to_o increase_v charity_n without_o which_o many_o of_o they_o have_v perish_v every_o man_n have_v mean_n to_o give_v alm_n even_o the_o mechanical_a poor_a to_o the_o indigent_a poor_a money_n silver_n money_n to_o come_v to_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n we_o have_v also_o note_v that_o the_o roman_n make_v but_o money_n of_o silver_n the_o 484_o year_n after_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n which_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 3695_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n be_v now_o about_o 1900_o year_n since_o and_o by_o some_o coin_v &_o model_n extant_a the_o goodness_n of_o it_o be_v sterling_a silver_n be_v above_o 11_o ounce_n fine_a since_o which_o time_n many_o be_v the_o standard_n of_o silver_n money_n make_v in_o diverse_a country_n according_a to_o occasion_n both_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n where_o we_o have_v reduce_v they_o from_o the_o mark_n weight_n unto_o the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n and_o concern_v the_o money_n of_o england_n of_o the_o sterling_a standard_n more_o follow_v hereafter_o the_o money_n of_o gold_n be_v but_o make_v when_o the_o roman_n have_v take_v great_a wealth_n from_o all_o nation_n money_n gold_n money_n and_o be_v sixty_o two_o year_n after_o their_o beginning_n of_o the_o make_n of_o silver_n money_n and_o they_o be_v of_o fine_a gold_n since_o which_o time_n also_o there_o have_v be_v many_o standard_n make_v of_o gold_n and_o that_o from_o about_o twenty_o four_o carrat_n fine_a until_o seven_o carrat_n etc._n etc._n chap._n vi_o of_o the_o officer_n of_o mint_n there_o be_v diverse_a officer_n in_o all_o mint_n the_o principal_a officer_n be_v the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n next_o be_v the_o mintmaster_n the_o one_o to_o look_v to_o the_o make_n of_o money_n complete_a according_a to_o the_o standard_n and_o the_o other_o with_o his_o workman_n call_v monyers_n to_o make_v they_o then_o there_o be_v the_o comptroller_n to_o keep_v the_o contrebooke_n for_o the_o prince_n &_o state_n to_o see_v the_o bullion_n receive_v and_o the_o assay_v make_v thereof_o and_o the_o complete_a money_n return_v for_o the_o same_o weight_n for_o weight_n pay_v coinage_n money_n forth_o same_o which_o be_v do_v by_o the_o warden_n by_o the_o say_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la as_o they_o be_v coin_a at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v common_o two_o assaymaster_n one_o graver_n and_o his_o deputy_n one_o that_o keep_v the_o iron_n to_o deliver_v they_o to_o the_o monyers_n or_o the_o provost_n or_o chief_a of_o they_o to_o see_v they_o every_o night_n return_v again_o then_o the_o sincker_n smith_n porter_n and_o the_o like_a in_o their_o place_n all_o these_o have_v wage_n for_o themselves_o or_o allowance_n yearly_a from_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n the_o mintmaster_n and_o the_o monyers_n be_v pay_v for_o every_o pound_n weight_n they_o make_v whereof_o 30_o will_v weight_n they_o call_v a_o journey_n the_o tellors_n office_n be_v but_o use_v in_o england_n money_n the_o sheyre_n book_n of_o money_n which_o the_o warden_n deputy_n execute_v in_o other_o country_n to_o keep_v a_o sheyre_n book_n of_o the_o piece_n contain_v in_o the_o mark_n or_o pound_n weight_n although_o the_o money_n be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n and_o not_o by_o tale_n for_o although_o there_o be_v suppose_v eight_o or_o ten_o piece_n over_o in_o 100_o will_v by_o tale_n it_o do_v encourage_v the_o bringer_n in_o of_o bullion_n for_o the_o â—â—act_n size_v be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o be_v regard_v upon_o the_o total_a in_o quantity_n as_o upon_o the_o equality_n of_o weight_n in_o piece_n for_o it_o happen_v sometime_o that_o one_o shilling_n will_v weigh_v one_o farthing_n or_o half_a penny_n
their_o body_n until_o the_o day_n of_o judgement_n for_o albeit_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n be_v right_o term_v to_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n man_n the_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v the_o spirit_n of_o man_n yet_o the_o part_n of_o the_o soul_n concern_v understanding_n and_o will_n have_v their_o proper_a relation_n for_o that_o part_n call_v understanding_n be_v seat_v chief_o in_o the_o soul_n as_o will_n be_v in_o the_o spirit_n both_o to_o be_v accompany_v with_o knowledge_n the_o philosopher_n have_v make_v this_o distinction_n by_o their_o chemical_a observation_n and_o such_o as_o place_v the_o soul_n in_o the_o blood_n disperse_v through_o all_o the_o vein_n of_o the_o body_n do_v also_o place_v the_o will_n of_o man_n in_o the_o spirit_n reside_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o man_n which_o the_o anatomist_n demonstrate_v to_o be_v a_o little_a concavitie_n where_o the_o drop_n of_o the_o vital_a blood_n be_v place_v in_o the_o heart_n which_o be_v fear_v up_o and_o the_o place_n be_v shrink_v in_o body_n which_o have_v be_v poison_v to_o make_v application_n of_o this_o comparison_n between_o the_o soul_n and_o spirit_n comparison_n application_n of_o the_o comparison_n we_o shall_v find_v by_o the_o follow_a discourse_n that_o even_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o man_n be_v predominant_a over_o the_o soul_n and_o body_n in_o all_o the_o action_n thereof_o which_o by_o the_o blood_n be_v quicken_v and_o preserve_v even_o so_o be_v the_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n overrule_a the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n in_o all_o place_n where_o the_o action_n of_o money_n be_v feel_v or_o see_v direct_v the_o same_o by_o some_o due_a proportion_n according_o chap._n i._o of_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o exchange_n for_o money_n be_v of_o great_a antiquity_n for_o as_o we_o have_v declare_v the_o first_o silver_n money_n coin_a by_o the_o roman_n be_v almost_o 1900_o year_n since_o and_o even_o as_o money_n be_v invent_v to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o best_a metal_n to_o avoid_v the_o troublesome_a carriage_n of_o commodity_n up_o and_o down_o and_o from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o so_o upon_o the_o like_a consideration_n when_o other_o nation_n imitate_v the_o roman_n do_v coin_n money_n exchange_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o exchange_n exchange_n by_o bill_n for_o money_n be_v devise_v to_o avoid_v both_o the_o danger_n and_o adventure_n of_o money_n and_o the_o troublesome_a carriage_n thereof_o this_o money_n now_o be_v make_v by_o diverse_a nation_n of_o several_a standard_n and_o diverse_a stamp_n and_o inscription_n as_o a_o mark_n of_o sovereignty_n cause_v they_o to_o appoint_v a_o certain_a exchange_n for_o the_o permutation_n of_o the_o several_a sort_n of_o coin_n in_o diverse_a country_n without_o any_o transportation_n of_o the_o coin_n but_o give_v par_n pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n with_o a_o certain_a allowance_n to_o accommodate_v the_o merchant_n and_o the_o officer_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o be_v call_v numularij_fw-la argentarij_fw-la and_o collybistae_n that_o be_v to_o say_v numularij_fw-la of_o nummus_fw-la or_o the_o coin_n itself_o argentarij_fw-la because_o the_o silver_n coin_n be_v most_o usual_a in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n and_o collybistae_n because_o it_o signify_v a_o reward_n for_o exchange_v here_o now_o let_v we_o observe_v four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n which_o have_v be_v use_v and_o in_o some_o country_n be_v yet_o continue_v albeit_o some_o of_o they_o be_v abrogate_a in_o england_n common_o call_v cambio_n commune_v cambio_n real_a cambio_n sicco_fw-it and_o cambio_n fictitio_fw-la which_o denomination_n may_v be_v admit_v the_o first_o manner_n of_o exchange_n call_v cambio_n commune_v commune_fw-la i_o cambio_n commune_fw-la be_v proper_o that_o exchange_n which_o the_o say_v collibistae_fw-la or_o common_a exchanger_n do_v use_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a and_o be_v establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n into_o another_o country_n and_o these_o exchanger_n do_v deliver_v in_o all_o country_n the_o money_n in_o one_o specie_fw-la for_o the_o money_n in_o other_o species_n by_o they_o receive_v as_o aforesaid_a exchange_n table_n of_o exchange_n whereupon_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o of_o england_n cause_v certain_a table_n to_o be_v set_v up_o at_o dover_n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o realm_n declare_v the_o value_n of_o the_o say_v sundry_a species_n of_o coin_n of_o all_o country_n traffic_v with_o his_o subject_n and_o the_o allowance_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o give_v to_o have_v their_o turn_n serve_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o good_a law_n make_v in_o his_o time_n when_o there_o be_v money_n coin_a in_o diverse_a place_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o not_o in_o one_o mint_n only_o within_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n and_o this_o be_v long_o before_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west-indies_n from_o whence_o the_o ocean_n of_o money_n do_v run_v into_o christendom_n and_o for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o say_a table_n all_o be_v at_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o king_n mint_n at_o london_n and_o with_o a_o correspondence_n of_o other_o mint_n namely_o at_o canturburie_n at_o kingston_n upon_o hull_n newcastle_n upon_o tine_n bristol_n and_o exeter_n and_o the_o exchanger_n for_o the_o king_n at_o london_n do_v also_o depute_v exchanger_n in_o the_o most_o place_n except_o that_o certain_a merchant_n of_o florence_n call_v friscobaldi_n be_v the_o king_n exchanger_n at_o kingston_n exchanger_n friscobaldi_n the_o exchanger_n newcastle_n and_o exeter_n who_o make_v the_o say_v exchange_n of_o value_n for_o value_n with_o a_o reasonable_a allowance_n and_o by_o their_o mean_n be_v all_o the_o say_a mint_n set_v on_o work_n and_o the_o transportation_n of_o our_o money_n be_v prevent_v for_o as_o bishop_n tursids_n book_n of_o arithmetic_n declare_v by_o give_v par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n there_o be_v no_o gain_n leave_v to_o the_o transporter_n the_o king_n of_o england_n do_v constitute_v these_o exchanger_n exchanger_n king_n exchanger_n even_o as_o the_o cambiadore_v and_o banker_n be_v use_v in_o other_o country_n be_v authorise_v by_o the_o king_n or_o prince_n of_o the_o say_a country_n especial_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o of_o england_n who_o have_v two_o exchanger_n the_o one_o call_v custos_fw-la cambij_fw-la infra_fw-la turrim_n who_o have_v the_o charge_n in_o buy_v of_o bullion_n and_o to_o look_v to_o the_o coinage_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n now_o call_v the_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n the_o other_o be_v call_v keeper_n of_o the_o exchange_n and_o rechange_v within_o or_o towards_o this_o realm_n for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o specie_fw-la by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o afterward_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v make_v without_o name_v the_o species_n but_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o the_o several_a coin_n real_a 2_o cambio_z real_a and_o this_o be_v call_v cambium_n regis_fw-la or_o royal_a exchange_n which_o cause_v queen_n elizabeth_n to_o name_v the_o burse_n in_o london_n according_o this_o office_n appear_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o the_o say_a king_n edw._n by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n make_v at_o acton_n burnel_n since_o which_o time_n the_o succeed_a king_n and_o queen_n have_v continue_v the_o same_o by_o sixteen_o several_a letter_n patent_n and_o whereas_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o say_v two_o exchanger_n can_v not_o execute_v their_o office_n convenient_o be_v asunder_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o in_o henry_n the_o six_o his_o time_n a_o law_n be_v make_v by_o which_o both_o office_n be_v put_v into_o one_o man_n hand_n and_o so_o continue_v many_o year_n until_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o discontinue_v exchange_n discontinue_v when_o he_o cause_v base_a money_n to_o be_v make_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o boulogne_n whereupon_o no_o certain_a exchange_n can_v be_v ground_v albeit_o that_o before_o that_o time_n in_o the_o two_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o a_o old_a statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o second_o graston_n the_o chronicle_n of_o graston_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o say_a meaning_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v for_o in_o his_o noble_a father_n time_n king_n henry_n the_o seven_o the_o banker_n have_v invent_v a_o course_n of_o
north_n star_n some_o merchant_n be_v so_o far_o wide_a from_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o value_n of_o coin_n and_o the_o exchange_n make_v thereupon_o that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o certain_a rate_n or_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n set_v to_o answer_v just_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o foreign_a part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o diversity_n and_o disproportion_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o their_o intrinsicall_a and_o extrinsicall_a value_n but_o these_o merchant_n be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o money_n of_o all_o country_n have_v a_o proportionable_a valuation_n relative_a within_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n only_o the_o small_a and_o base_a coin_n have_v some_o little_a know_a advantage_n which_o may_v be_v consider_v of_o in_o exchange_n according_o proportionable_a valuation_n of_o money_n for_o exchange_n to_o be_v make_v according_o if_o there_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o quantity_n of_o those_o money_n do_v exceed_v the_o big_a and_o fine_a coin_n this_o consideration_n have_v be_v have_v heretofore_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o between_o the_o low-countries_n and_o this_o realm_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o upon_o the_o philip_n doller_n the_o exchange_n be_v at_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n the_o par_fw-fr and_o the_o small_a money_n will_v exceed_v twenty_o seven_o shilling_n and_o upward_o but_o the_o quantity_n do_v not_o surmount_v the_o better_a coin_n the_o like_a be_v upon_o the_o par_fw-fr agree_v upon_o with_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n anno_fw-la 1586_o at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o with_o hamborough_n and_o stoade_n to_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n lubish_n upon_o the_o rickes_n doller_n of_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n or_o nine_o mark_n four_o shilling_n for_o our_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n make_v four_o dollar_n and_o one_o half_a to_o answer_v the_o say_v par_fw-fr which_o doller_n be_v enhance_v since_o to_o fifty_o four_o shilling_n and_o be_v receive_v now_o but_o four_o dollar_n for_o the_o same_o and_o so_o for_o other_o place_n according_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o imaginary_a money_n of_o all_o place_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v by_o bill_n the_o denomination_n of_o money_n which_o we_o call_v imaginary_a be_v because_o there_o be_v not_o any_o peculiar_a or_o proper_a money_n to_o be_v find_v in_o specie_fw-la whereupon_o the_o exchange_n be_v ground_v as_o it_o be_v in_o time_n pass_v in_o many_o place_n where_o some_o money_n be_v the_o cause_n to_o ground_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o as_o our_o angel_n noble_a be_v coin_a for_o six_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n sterling_a whereupon_o exchange_n have_v be_v make_v as_o now_o be_v do_v upon_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o so_o may_v the_o new_a piece_n of_o our_o sovereign_a king_n james_n laureate_a be_v take_v but_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a to_o make_v exchange_n upon_o the_o silver_n coin_n for_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n be_v most_o rule_v thereby_o in_o all_o place_n which_o by_o the_o quantity_n be_v five_o hundred_o to_o one_o hence_o do_v proceed_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o our_o gold_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o gold_n not_o so_o effectual_a as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n be_v advance_v ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o above_o the_o silver_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o rise_v albeit_o foreign_a nation_n do_v cause_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n to_o fall_v but_o if_o silver_n be_v enhance_v present_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n will_v follow_v as_o the_o rule_n thereof_o and_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n will_v fall_v more_o for_o exchange_n will_v over-rule_v both_o in_o like_a manner_n do_v we_o call_v the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v to_o be_v imaginary_a as_o the_o dollar_n in_o germany_n the_o crown_n in_o france_n the_o ducat_n in_o italy_n and_o other_o place_n which_o by_o the_o great_a diversity_n you_o may_v understand_v as_o follow_v together_o with_o the_o calculation_n of_o merchant_n account_n whereupon_o their_o book_n of_o account_n be_v keep_v according_a to_o their_o imaginary_a money_n flemish_n pound_v flemish_n in_o flanders_n brabant_n and_o most_o place_n of_o the_o low-countries_n they_o keep_v their_o book_n of_o account_n and_o reckon_n by_o twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n every_o shilling_n twelve_o denier_n or_o penny_n which_o shilling_n be_v six_o styver_n in_o artois_n henalt_n tournois_n pound_v tournois_n and_o other_o place_n by_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr of_o twenty_o stiver_n or_o forty_o penny_n flemish_n whereof_o six_o call_v guildren_n or_o florin_n make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n in_o all_o the_o seventeen_o province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o some_o do_v reckon_v by_o pound_n parasis_n which_o be_v but_o twenty_o penny_n parasis_n pound_v parasis_n whereof_o twelve_o make_v the_o pound_n flemish_n but_o their_o account_n as_o also_o the_o reckon_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o finance_n be_v keep_v by_o pound_n tournois_n which_o pound_n they_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n every_o shilling_n into_o twelve_o penny_n and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o pound_n parasis_n and_o these_o have_v also_o their_o subdivision_n of_o obulus_fw-la maille_n heller_n hallinck_fw-mi corte_n mite_n point_v engevin_n poot_n and_o such_o like_a copper_n money_n too_o tedious_a to_o rehearse_v in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1520_o guilder_n gold_n guilder_n be_v the_o gold_n guilder_n coin_a for_o a_o general_a coin_n and_o value_v in_o holland_n for_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n which_o be_v now_o in_o specie_fw-la at_o double_a the_o price_n nevertheless_o they_o do_v continue_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o that_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o east_n country_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n by_o the_o say_a gold_n guilder_n of_o twenty_o eight_o stiver_n their_o dolor_n be_v coin_a at_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n since_o rise_v to_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n creutzer_n creutzer_n yet_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n which_o be_v imaginary_a at_o augusta_n the_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n at_o three_o week_n or_o fourteen_o day_n sight_n after_o the_o bill_n present_v at_o frankford_n they_o reckon_v by_o the_o guilder_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n creutzer_n florin_n of_o 60_o creutzer_n call_v in_o latin_a crucigeri_fw-la be_v piece_n with_o a_o cross_n they_o be_v florin_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n payable_a in_o the_o two_o yearly_a fair_n or_o mart_n the_o one_o the_o week_n before_o easter_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o september_n to_o continue_v for_o all_o the_o month_n at_o norenborough_n their_o exchange_n 〈◊〉_d make_v upon_o the_o say_a dolor_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o many_o time_n upon_o the_o florin_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n which_o they_o also_o divide_v into_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o every_o shilling_n twelve_o penny_n to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o for_o bohemia_n bohemicos_fw-la bohemicos_fw-la exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o twenty_o and_o four_o bohemicos_fw-la at_o vienna_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n or_o florin_n of_o eight_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n &_o two_o heller_n to_o the_o penny_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v thereupon_o at_o baviera_n by_o guilder_n of_o seven_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n guilder_n diverse_a guilder_n for_o exchange_n and_o account_n in_o hungary_n by_o guilder_n of_o ten_o shilling_n of_o thirty_o penny_n and_o by_o florin_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o their_o ducat_n at_o breslo_n and_o leypsich_n they_o reckon_v by_o mark_n of_o thirty_o and_o two_o gross_v of_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o gross_a gross_v mark_v of_o 32_o gross_v and_o they_o exchange_n by_o thirty_o florin_n breslowe_v to_o have_v at_o vienna_n thirty_o and_o four_o florin_n or_o at_o norenborough_n thirty_o and_o two_o florin_n etc._n pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n &_o 12_o heller_n etc._n etc._n at_o vlme_n they_o reckon_v by_o pound_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o heller_n to_o the_o shilling_n and_o their_o exchange_n be_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o dolor_n of_o sixty_o creutzer_n at_o colloigne_n by_o dollar_n of_o seventie_o two_o creutzer_n for_o account_n and_o exchange_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a at_o embden_n they_o reckon_v by_o guilder_n and_o exchange_n upon_o the_o rickx_n dolor_n but_o from_o london_n thither_o and_o hither_o upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n shilling_n mark_v of_o 16_o shilling_n at_o hamborough_n they_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o sixteen_o shilling_n
principle_n which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n or_o reason_n be_v many_o more_o than_o those_o which_o be_v of_o man_n and_o give_v by_o the_o absolute_a discretion_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o concern_v the_o prudence_n of_o the_o law_n which_o hold_v this_o maxim_n that_o it_o be_v better_a to_o suffer_v a_o mischief_n law_n a_o maxim_n in_o law_n than_o a_o inconvenience_n attribute_v the_o word_n mischief_n unto_o one_o or_o some_o few_o man_n and_o the_o word_n inconvenience_n to_o all_o person_n or_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o general_n and_o here_o let_v we_o observe_v that_o of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n there_o may_v be_v make_v a_o art_n or_o science_n consider_v we_o that_o ars_fw-la est_fw-la causarum_fw-la consideratio_fw-la art_n definition_n of_o art_n ex_fw-la finibus_fw-la assumptis_fw-la art_n be_v the_o consideration_n of_o cause_n from_o certain_a end_n propound_v according_a to_o which_o definition_n a_o orderly_a consideration_n must_v be_v take_v of_o the_o cause_n which_o can_v be_v without_o art_n for_o art_n make_v nothing_o but_o of_o thing_n already_o make_v put_v a_o dictinct_a determination_n which_o be_v do_v with_o a_o reform_a reason_n proper_o call_v logic_n which_o as_o it_o be_v the_o instrument_n of_o all_o science_n so_o be_v it_o also_o the_o instrument_n of_o the_o law_n and_o although_o the_o law_n be_v now_o infinite_a in_o practice_n yet_o be_v the_o same_o finite_a in_o precept_n so_o that_o as_o in_o infinitis_fw-la omne_fw-la concurrunt_fw-la the_o law_n be_v finite_a in_o her_o principle_n may_v easy_o be_v compile_v or_o incorporate_v and_o experience_n teach_v that_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o understand_v many_o principle_n well_o put_v together_o than_o to_o put_v many_o principle_n well_o together_o whereby_o a_o man_n may_v understand_v the_o law_n hear_v the_o same_o deliver_v by_o a_o lawyer_n yet_o this_o may_v be_v do_v by_o wiseman_n for_o we_o have_v our_o finite_a original_n or_o element_n act_n person_n thing_n and_o their_o adjunct_n and_o concern_v they_o finite_a reason_n of_o which_o we_o do_v compound_v case_n infinite_a yet_o be_v all_o those_o case_n decide_v according_a to_o the_o finite_a reason_n of_o the_o finite_a element_n so_o have_v the_o physician_n finite_a simples_n though_o he_o do_v make_v infinite_a compound_n yet_o be_v they_o all_o prove_v good_a or_o bad_a to_o that_o whereunto_o they_o be_v prepare_v by_o reason_n draw_v from_o the_o finite_a simples_n now_o by_o the_o element_n of_o the_o law_n law_n element_n of_o the_o law_n we_o must_v understand_v matter_n and_o form_n not_o as_o in_o thing_n natural_a and_o compound_v but_o modo_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la as_o they_o speak_v so_o in_o all_o case_n there_o be_v matter_n of_o law_n matter_n of_o fact_n or_o both_o and_o the_o twelve_o man_n or_o juror_n be_v only_o ordain_v to_o try_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n for_o they_o be_v ignorant_a in_o the_o law_n so_o that_o if_o the_o question_n be_v of_o the_o law_n that_o be_v if_o both_o party_n do_v agree_v upon_o the_o fact_n and_o each_o do_v claim_v that_o by_o law_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v it_o and_o will_v still_o in_o that_o sort_n maintain_v their_o right_n than_o it_o be_v call_v a_o demurrer_n in_o law_n law_n demurrer_n in_o law_n which_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o judge_n so_o that_o if_o all_o case_n be_v reduce_v under_o these_o few_o title_n namely_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o right_a or_o title_n of_o land_n of_o debt_n of_o trespass_n of_o account_n of_o trover_n and_o of_o the_o case_n then_o may_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v bring_v naked_o before_o the_o jury_n distinguish_v from_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o law_n for_o all_o case_n be_v either_o criminal_a or_o civil_a personal_a case_n criminal_a real_a and_o personal_a or_o criminal_a real_a and_o personal_a for_o life_n honour_n and_o good_n or_o land_n and_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o describe_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o and_o the_o like_a action_n the_o law_n be_v singular_a in_o her_o distinction_n which_o will_v diminish_v the_o practice_n thereupon_o whereas_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o fact_n be_v first_o examine_v by_o witness_n law_n original_n by_o the_o civil_a law_n indices_fw-la torment_n and_o the_o like_a probation_n to_o find_v the_o truth_n thereof_o and_o that_o do_v the_o advocat_n do_v dispute_v of_o the_o law_n to_o make_v of_o it_o what_o they_o can_v say_v exit_fw-la facto_fw-la ius_fw-la oritur_fw-la which_o be_v long_o and_o tedious_a the_o plead_n of_o general_a issue_n with_o addition_n of_o the_o word_n modo_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la make_v the_o matter_n difficult_a many_o time_n when_o the_o jury_n conceive_v that_o this_o mean_v some_o matter_n of_o law_n when_o it_o be_v only_a matter_n of_o fact_n the_o juror_n therefore_o be_v principal_o to_o look_v whether_o the_o issue_n and_o evidence_n do_v concur_v which_o they_o ought_v to_o follow_v true_a it_o be_v there_o be_v sometime_o matter_n of_o law_n which_o alter_v the_o case_n when_o there_o must_v be_v prove_v a_o lawful_a consideration_n of_o quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la what_o it_o be_v otherwise_o it_o be_v nudum_fw-la pactum_fw-la ex_fw-la quo_fw-la non_fw-la oritur_fw-la actio_fw-la wherefore_o i_o have_v see_v some_o plea_n plain_o distinguish_v the_o matter_n so_o that_o the_o jury_n may_v perceive_v the_o naked_a issue_n of_o the_o fact_n before_o they_o in_o question_n with_o all_o the_o circumstance_n which_o be_v sometime_o do_v by_o way_n of_o replication_n there_o be_v a_o maxim_n or_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n that_o if_o the_o defendant_n or_o tenant_n in_o any_o action_n plead_v a_o plea_n that_o amount_v not_o to_o the_o general_a issue_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v compel_v to_o take_v the_o general_a issue_n issue_n the_o plead_n of_o general_a issue_n and_o if_o he_o will_v not_o he_o shall_v be_v condemn_v for_o lack_v of_o answer_n the_o general_a issue_n in_o assize_n be_v that_o he_o that_o be_v name_v the_o disseisor_n have_v do_v no_o wrong_n nor_o no_o disseisin_n and_o in_o a_o writ_n of_o entry_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o assize_n the_o general_a issue_n be_v that_o he_o disseise_v he_o not_o and_o in_o a_o action_n of_o trespass_n that_o he_o be_v not_o guilty_a and_o so_o every_o action_n have_v his_o general_a issue_n assign_v by_o the_o law_n and_o the_o party_n must_v of_o necessity_n either_o take_v the_o general_a issue_n or_o plead_v some_o plea_n in_o the_o abatement_n of_o the_o writ_n and_o the_o cause_n why_o this_o be_v do_v be_v because_o the_o matter_n of_o law_n shall_v not_o be_v put_v to_o the_o trial_n of_o the_o jury_n of_o twelve_o man_n m_o r._n fortescue_n say_v that_o the_o trial_n of_o twelve_o man_n be_v more_o indifferent_a than_o the_o trial_n before_o a_o judge_n because_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o find_v out_o two_o man_n among_o a_o number_n of_o man_n that_o may_v be_v of_o the_o party_n acquaintance_n so_o void_a of_o charity_n and_o conscience_n which_o for_o dread_n love_n or_o profit_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o gainsay_v all_o truth_n and_o to_o this_o purpose_n he_o allege_v the_o example_n of_o the_o two_o witness_n against_o susanna_n according_a to_o which_o precedent_n the_o witness_n be_v to_o be_v examine_v asunder_o and_o not_o in_o the_o hear_n of_o one_o another_o as_o be_v now_o accustom_a and_o if_o their_o oath_n touch_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v record_v brief_o the_o evidence_n will_v be_v more_o certain_a for_o witness_n will_v be_v more_o careful_a upon_o which_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o jury_n depend_v if_o the_o action_n be_v local_a of_o land_n or_o house_n juror_n proceeding_n of_o juror_n the_o jury_n be_v empanel_v of_o man_n from_o as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v to_o that_o county_n where_o the_o thing_n in_o controversy_n lie_v nevertheless_o the_o defendant_n may_v take_v exception_n against_o some_o of_o the_o juror_n albeit_o for_o little_a or_o no_o cause_n and_o then_o other_o be_v take_v in_o place_n for_o there_o be_v twenty_o before_o man_n warn_v but_o twelve_o be_v sufficient_a unless_o it_o be_v upon_o a_o action_n real_a where_o twenty_o four_o must_v be_v empanel_v and_o the_o oath_n give_v to_o juror_n be_v that_o they_o shall_v deal_v just_o and_o true_o between_o party_n and_o party_n but_o the_o witness_n be_v to_o speak_v the_o truth_n the_o whole_a truth_n and_o nothing_o but_o the_o truth_n and_o so_o they_o take_v their_o oath_n and_o to_o the_o end_n the_o proceed_n in_o law_n shall_v not_o be_v hinder_v therefore_o if_o the_o juror_n fall_v out_o not_o to_o be_v full_a in_o number_n circumstantibus_fw-la decem_fw-la tales_n dâ—_n circumstantibus_fw-la than_o the_o sheriff_n may_v take_v decem_n tales_n de_fw-la