standing for 23 Here the numerical figure 5 is put for the greek letter 5 but this was doubtless the Printers ignorance yet I do not finde that the Greeks reckoned by their letters as Sir Walter set's down here for they do not write 26 by {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} 5 but by {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} which among them hath the valuation of 20 and 5 which is 6 so {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} is not 23 but {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} for {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} is 2 and {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} 3 which joined together make but 5 but this kinde of joining letters is not used among the Greeks Lib. 3. cap. 10. 11. NEar the river Phasis the Chalybes were seated These were the Chalybes of Scythia called by Plinie Armenochalybes Somtimes saith Strabo they were called Chaldaei and Halizones in Homer Chalybes and Alibes are thought to bee th esame These were thought to bee the first inventors or users of steel or the hardning of iron into steel but Gregorie Nazianzen make the Cyclopes the first inventors but indeed Vulcan or Tubal Cain rather was the first before the Flood perhaps after these Chalytes from whom steel is called Chalybs were the first that made use of it There were also in Spain a people called Chalybes from a river of the same name of these Justin speak's in his last book Virgil and Mela in his first book These Asian Chalybes are called by Atschylus {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} workers in Iron becaus they prepare it for steel and the Countrie hee call's {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Lib. 3. cap. 1. 1. Macedon so called of Macedon the son of Osiris I think it was rather called Macedonia from Makos or Mekos that is Long and hedone Pleasure becaus of the long and continuing pleasures of Tempe in Thessalie which was a part of Macedonia hence Macedonia was call'd of old Edonia it was called also Maketia and the inhabitants Macetae of whom Auson declar urb cap. 2. Maceturrque attollite nomen And Philip in A. Gellius l. 9. cap. 3. is called Terrae Macetiae Rex King of Macetia that is Macedon perhaps from the Hebrew Chittim for Alexander of Macedonia is said in the first book of Macab l. 1. c. 8. 5. to com out of the Land of Chittim {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} And Persius whom the Romans subdued is called {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} King of the Citei and Isaiah tell's the Tyrians chap. 22. ver. 1. that their destruction should break out Meeret Kithim from the land of Chittim for Alexander overthrew Tyrus I know also that It lie is called Chittim in Scripture but of that I will not now saie anie thing This region of Macedon had other names to wit Emathia and Emonia from Emus King thereof and husband of Rhodope who both for their pride were converted into hills of their own name Lib. 3. cap. 1. 11. NEbuchadnezzar lived and fed himself after the same manner and with the same food that beasts do not that hee was changed in figure external If hee was not changed in his outward shape why should Daniel writing his historie relate it so it is more consistent with an historical phrase and description to affirm hee was truly metamorphosed in his external figure then the other was it agrce's also more with the omnipotence of God who when hee is displeased with sinners can change them into beasts and when hee pleaseth restore them again to their ancient shape This also is consonant to other transformations in Scripture as of Lot's wife into a Pillar of Salt of Moyses his rod into a Serpent of water into wine of dust into lice c. If wee saie that Nebuchadnezzar's change was not in external figure so wee may affirm that Lot's wife was not truly transformed in her outward shape Lib. 4. cap. 3. THe last act of Demosthene's poisoning himself argue's som valor in him This last act argued no valor but cowardise in him for it is a cowardly trick for a souldier to fling down his Arms and run away out of the Camp without leav of his General Everie man is a souldier in this life placed in his proper Station by Almightie God the great General which station if hee forsake without leav hee is a coward Such a coward was Demosthenes who never more deserved the name of Ripsaspis then now Such a coward was Cato uticensis as Saint Austin de civit Dei lib. 1. prov's Such was Brutus and even Hannibal when hee poisoned himself for these out of pusillanimitie durst not look their enemies in the face and rather then they would shew anie courage in enduring the disgraces or tortures that they might bee put to did cowardly run away out of their life Hee is manlie couragious that can endure miseries Fortiter ille facit qui miser esse potest Such couragious champions was Christ such were his Aposties and Martyrs If wee would behold a brave couragious Romane indeed then look upon M. Attilius Regulus who rather then hee would kill himself and die like a coward did volentarily profer himself to the Carthaginians to endure all tortures This cowardlie trick of self murther is more proper for women then men and indeed wee finde in histories more women guiltie of this vice then men as Lucretia Cleopatra Dido and her sister Anna Phyllis Amata the wife of Latinus Iuturna the sister of Turnus Sappho the Lesbian mad Jocasta the daughter of Creon Phaedra the step-mother of Hippolitus Dejanira the wife of Hercules Statyra and Roxane the sisters of Mithridates the Lemnian Virgins who usually hanged themselvs and multitudes more And when wee read that som valiant men have killed themselvs wee must know that they never did this but when they had lost their masculine courage and were becom cowards and effeminate as Sardanapalus and Hercules who sate spinning and carding among women This cowardise of self-murther was so hated by the Athenians that they did not bestow on such the honor of burial and the Lemnians used to drag the naked bodies of self-murtherers up and down the streets The Prince of Poets placeth them in Hell bewailing their cowardise and wishing they were again upon the earth to endure all miseries lucemque perosi Projecere animas quam vellent aethere in alto Nunc pauperiem duros perferre labores Fata obstent Lib. 1 cap. 1. 3. HEe recovered the citie Crenides somtimes Datus and called it Philippi Where this citie of old stood it is much controverted Florus Ovid and Servius place it in Thestalia Plinie and Mela in Thracia but Ptolomie in Macedonia and so doth Saint Luke Act. 16. nor is it certain whether there were not two towns of that name in those countries Near to Philippi were those spacious fields called Philippici where
SOM ANIMADVERSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS UPON Sr WALTER RALEIGH'S Historie of the WORLD Wherein his mistakes are noted and som doubtful passages cleered By Alexander Ross LONDON Printed by William Du-gard for Richard Royston and are to bee sold at the Angel in Ivie-lane TO THE READER IN my navigation through the large sea of Sir Walter Raleigh's Historie I lighted now and then upon som shelvs and quick-sands which made mee strike sail ever and anon and cast anchor and with the plummet of observation to sound the depth of those places a few of which I here present to thy view that thou maiest see wherein hee was either defective or mistaken There are divers other passages in his book which deserv Animadversion if I had time or leasure from my other Studies onely take notice of this one which now com's in my memorie Hee undertake's to prove by three reasons that the Flood did not utterly deface the marks of Paradise 1. Becaus Moses who lived long after make 's a particular description of Paradise 2. Becaus one of Seth's pillars was exstant long after the Flood 3 Becaus the trees were not rooted up by it as appear's by the Olive branch brought by Noah's Dove How feeble these reasons are anie man though weak-sighted may see For 1. Moses his particular description of Paradise was from Tradition or Revelation as all his otherrelations of Genesis were both before and after the Flood and not from anie visible marks of Paradise after the Flood Hee describe's particularly the Tree of Life in the midst of the Garden with the Tree of Knowledg will anie hence infer that these trees were exstant after the Flood 2. To prove that Paradise was not quite defaced becaus one of Seth's pillars was exstant after the Flood is a weaker reason then the former for these pillars were not set up in Paradise nor by Adam nor before the Fall but without the Garden by Seth's posteritie about 900 years after the Fall His third reason That the trees were not rooted up becaus of the Olive branch is weakest of all for were the trees no where in the World but in Paradise or was the Olive peculiar onely to that Garden Surely these three Reasons are of less validitie then that of Irenaeus Justin Martyr and Tertullian who would have Paradise exstant becaus Enoch and Elias were there But indeed Paradise was utterly defaced with the Flood which rose fifteen cubits higher then the mountains It 's true that the place was not removed by the Flood yet the beautie delights and form of it was utterly abolished as a punishment of Adam's sin I could touch divers other passages in his Book but that I am imploied in a greater voiage through the vast Ocean of Historie from the Second Macedonian War to these our Modern times conteining all remarkable passages of these last two thousand years of the World which voiage I hope to end in a shorter time then Drake did his beeing almost within four hundred leagues of our own shore in the interim make use of these Observations which I have caussed to bee printed in the same volume with the Epitome that they may bee bound together God grant that the end of all our labors may bee to glorifie Him and to finde out the Truth without which our knowledg is but ignorance our light darkness and all our meditations vexations of minde Farewel A. R. A short Alphabetical Table of the chief matters here touched A A egypt why called Mezre pag. 21. 22 Amazons who and where 49. 50 Amraphel who p. 21 Angels predestinated 3 Antigonia 56 Antiochus Epiphanes in Daniel 59 Ararat where 8. 9 Ark where it rested 8 Armenian hills how called 9 Artillerie when invented 50 Assyria where 13 B Balsamum not Opobalsamum 35 Belus Nimrod the same 16. 17 C Chalybs what 45 Carthage built by Dido 33 Crenides 84 D Daniel how much canonical 44 Datu ' 48 Delubrum what 7 Demosthenes a coward 46 Diomedes his horses 37 E EAST inferior to the WEST 12 Empyrean heaven 1 Erythreus who so called 24 F Fortune ancient 4 Fortune what 59. 40 G Greek numerical letters 24 Greek's three-fold computation 51. 52 Giants 53 H Horeb what 26 I Iberia what 19 Ierusalem when so called 35. 36 Iethro who 27 Israelites dominion how great 31. 32 Italie commended 11 Ituraei who 54 Iustice of divers sorts 23 L Lex jus aequum fas 28 Light what 2 M Macedon whence derived 45 First matter 3 Mercurius why Trismegistus 31 The minde in sleep 5 Monie in Greece when 36 how called 37 Moses why so called 23. 24. his excellencie and sepulchre 29 N Nebuchadnezar truly transformed 40 Ninive where 19. 20 Noah why Prometheus 6 where he planted his vineyard 10 O Olympian games whence called 40 Olympias what space of time 41 P Paganus what 31 Parthians good archers 32 subjects to whom 56. 57 Periander who 43 Philippi where 48 Pison why called Basilius 6 Prometheus who and why so called 25 R Rains in Egypt 45 Red sea why so called 29 Rings how and when used 54. 55 Romans valor and commendations 50. 51 defended 53. 54. their triumphs moderate 55 56 they justly pursued Annibal 56. 57. and fought with Antiochus 57 S Salem what 36 Sangus who 58 Self-murther cowardise 47 Sibyl's prophesies Selnecia built by whom 55. 56. true 57. 58 Septuagints how much they translated 43 Sicilie whence 52. 53 Simon Magus his altar 58 Sinai and Horeb one hil 26 Soul actually in every part 4 Spain whence 19 T Talents what 38 Tharsis what 18 Typhon and Typheus 22 V Victors their rewards 41 Vicus what 12 Virgil vindicated 34 Urbs and oppidum whence 15. 16 Vulcan why the god of mice 41 Z Zoroaster not Cham. SOM ANINADVERSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS Upon Sr WALTER RALEIGH'S Historie of the WORLD By ALEXANDER ROSS Lib. 1. cap. 1. §. 4. SIR WALTER here speak's favorably of Eugubinus and Mercer's opinion That the Empyrean Heaven is an uncreated light A conceit derogatorie to God's Eternitie and Infinitie as if something which is not God should bee equal with him Secondly it 's repugnant to Scripture which affirm's all things to bee created by God Thirdly it 's against the nature of that light which whether it bee a corporeal or spiritual substance cannot bee eternal except it bee God much less if it bee an accident which is alwaies posterior to the substance but becaus at last Sr Walter retract's this opinion I will saie no more of it Lib. 1. Cap. 1. 7. ARistotle calleth Light a qualitie inherent to a diaphanous bodie but this saith Sir Walter should bee rather a vouched of the heat Aristotle saith indeed somtimes that Light or Lumen for Lux is that which is in the lucid bodie it self is {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} somtimes an act habit or qualitie {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} but still {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} of a
yoke and kingdoms that invited in their own conquerors And when hee write's for the Romans hee asscribe's all their distasters to their carelesness and cowardise but their Virtues to Fortune more injurious to that noble people then a Cisero was to Cesar his enemie who though hee consesseth that Fortune claim'd som share in his victories yet in his virtues of mercie and clemencie shee had not anie Interest Illa ipsa rerum humanerum domina Fortuna inistiu se societatem gloriae non offâ—rt tibi cedit tuam esse totam propriam fatetur nunquam enim te merit as cum sapientiâ tommiscetur nec ad confi ium casus admittitur Lib. 2. cap. 23 5. THe Olympian games took name not from the hill Olympus but from the citie Olympia But indeed these games were not called Olympian either from the hill Olympus or the citie Olympia but from Jupiter to whose honor they were instituted by Hercules and his four Brothers therefore these games were called Quinquennales Now Jupiter's name was Olympus as Virgil in Aen. 10. sheweth Panditur intere a domus omnipotentis Olympi And by the Greek Poëts Olympius So Sophocles in Elect. {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} And so Homeria Iliad 6. {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} And Jupiter was so called from him that had the government and Education of him and these that assisted him against the gyants are called Olympii from assisting Jupiter or Olympus and heaven is called Olympus from Jupiter not Jupiter from it for God is all light as the Word sheweth and that originally the heaven hath no light but from him not hee from it and as heaven so the citie was named from him becaus there stood his Image and Temple Lib. 2. cap. 23. 5. THe Rewards given to the Victors were none other then Garlands of Palm and Olive These were not the sole Rewards for they had also Statues erected to them which by Pausanias lib. 5. are called {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} although hee shew's in lib. 6. that all the Victors had not Statues bestowed on them except such as were eminent divers of whose Statues hee mentioneth and it is recorded that the Olympian Grove was full of these Statues The Victors also had this honor for a reward that with great solemnitie their praises were publickly proclamed three times and they were carried home to their own cities by their fellow-citizens not through the gates but on a bridg made over the walls Neither were their Garlands meerly of Palm and Olive but of Gold also inter-woven between the leavs or els all of Gold therefore Pindarus call's these games {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} except by Golden Garlands hee mean's comlie and fair Garlands Lib. 2. cap. 23. §. 5. THese games were exercised from everie fourth year complete They were exercised everie fift year therefore they were call'd Ludi Quinquennales and so Olympias is taken for the space of five years Ovid de Pont. lib. 4. El 6. In Scythia nobis quinquennis Olympias act a est jam tempus lustri transit in alterius So the Poëts make Olympias and lustrum which was the space of five years to bee all one By the Greeks it is therefore called {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} but yet in respect there are but four years complete the same space of time is called {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Lib. 2. cap. 26. 7. I Think that this Image did represent Sennacherib and that the Mous in his hand did signifie the shameful issue of his Expedition I do not think that the Egyptian would honor Sennacherib so far as to place his Image in the temple of Vulcan one of their chief gods especially hee beeing their immortal enemie therefore it is more likely that this was the Image of Vulcan who held a mous in his hand to shew that not onely by his help these mice were sent to defeat Sennacherib but also to let us see that the main caus of generation and multiplication of Mice is heat whereof Vulcan was the god for which caus also in Apollo's temple tame mice were kept and fed and hee was called Sminthius as Aelian de Animal lib. 12 cap. 5. shew's which signifies's a Mous in the Aeolian and Trojan language becaus hee was held the god of Mice for by his heat Mice do engender and multiplie Lib. 2. cap. 28. 5. PEriander was one of the seven Sages but a cruel Tyrant This Periander that was King of Corinth was not one of the seven Sages for there were two of this name the one was a Tyrant the other one of the Sages as Diogenes Laertius sheweth out of Sotion Heraclides and Pamphila but Neanthes saith that these two Perianders were cousin germans and indeed it is unlikely that the Grecians who hated Tyrannie as much as anie other nation should so far honor this cruel Tyrant as to reckon him one of their so much renowned Wisemen Lib. 3. cap. 1. 2. THe Septuagint who translated the Old Testament did also turn this book of Daniel The Septuagint translated no more of the Old Testament but onely the five books of Moses commonly called the LAW so saith Josephus in Prooem. Antiq. and the Talmudists affirm the same and so doth Aristaeus de 70 Interpret who was one of those Embassadors which Ptolomie the son of Lagus as Irenaeus thinketh or rather of Ptolomie Philadelphus his successor as most suppose sent to Eleazer the High Priest about this Translation som 290 years before Christ Of this opinion is * Philo also and so is Saint Hierom in his Hebrew Questions and on Ezec. cap. 5. and cap. 2. Micheae yet somtimes hee nameth the Greek Translation of the Prophets and call's it the Septuagints becaus it then went under that name and so may Justin Irenaeus and Epiphanius beee understood when they speak of the Septuagints Translation Lib. 3. cap. 1. 2. THe Book of Daniel so much I mean as is found in the Hebrew is Canonical But the second third fourth fifth sixth and seventh chapters of Daniel are not found in Hebrew and yet they are Canonical for they are in the Chaldee tongue which is so far different from the Hebrew that when Daniel came to Chaldea hee was fain to learn that tongue and Jeremie Chap. 5. tell's the Jews that God would bring a Nation upon them whose Language they did not understand Therefore Rabsaces was desired by Ezecbia that hee would no speak to the Jews in the Hebrew but in the Chaldee or Syriac tongue becaus they understood it not but after the Captivitie the Jewish tongue was called the Syriac as beeing made up of the Chaldee or Syriac and Hebrew So much then of Daniel as is not in Greek is Canonical Lib. 3. cap. 1. §. 7. THe numeral notes {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} 5 expressing 26 c. and {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}