the_o subject_n say_v he_o soon_o after_o this_o parliament_n be_v establish_v begin_v to_o stand_v upon_o term_n with_o their_o king_n and_o draw_v from_o he_o by_o strong_a hand_n and_o their_o sword_n their_o great_a charter_n it_o be_v after_o â—…he_a establishment_n of_o the_o parliament_n by_o colour_n of_o it_o that_o â—…hey_n have_v so_o great_a dare_v if_o any_o desire_n to_o know_v the_o â—…ause_n why_o hen._n 1_o call_v the_o people_n to_o parliament_n â—…t_o be_v upon_o no_o very_a good_a occasion_n if_o we_o believe_v sir_n walter_n raleigh_n the_o grand_a charter_n say_v he_o be_v not_o original_o grant_v regal_o and_o free_o for_o king_n hen._n 1._o do_v but_o usurp_v the_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o the_o â—…etter_a to_o assure_v himself_o against_o robert_n his_o elder_a brother_n â—…e_v flatter_v the_o people_n with_o those_o charter_n yea_o king_n john_n â—…hat_o confirm_v they_o have_v the_o like_a respect_n for_o arthur_n dâ—…_n britain_n be_v the_o undoubted_a heir_n of_o the_o crown_n upon_o who_o john_n usurp_v so_o these_o charter_n have_v their_o original_a â—…rom_n king_n de_fw-fr facto_fw-la but_o not_o the_o jure_fw-la and_o then_o afterward_o his_o conclusion_n be_v that_o the_o great_a charter_n have_v â—…rst_v a_o obscure_a birth_n by_o usurpation_n and_o be_v foster_v and_o â—…ewed_v to_o the_o world_n by_o rebellion_n in_o brief_a the_o king_n calâ—…ed_v the_o people_n to_o parliament_n and_o grant_v they_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la that_o they_o may_v confirm_v to_o he_o the_o crown_n the_o three_o point_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n first_o that_o â—…he_a commons_o be_v not_o call_v unto_o parliament_n until_o hen._n 3._o day_n this_o appear_v by_o divers_a of_o the_o precâ—…dents_n former_o cite_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o baron_n weâ—…_n the_o common_a council_n for_o though_o hen._n 1._o call_v aâ—…_n the_o people_n of_o the_o land_n to_o his_o coronation_n and_o agaiâ—…_n in_o the_o 15._o or_o 18._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n yet_o always_o hâ—…_n do_v not_o so_o neither_o many_o of_o those_o king_n that_o diâ—…_n succeed_v he_o as_o appear_z before_z second_o for_o call_v the_o commons_o by_o writ_n find_v it_o acknowledge_v in_o a_o book_n entitle_v the_o privilege_n and_o practice_n of_o parliament_n in_o these_o word_n lâ—…_n ancient_a time_n after_o the_o king_n have_v summon_v his_o parliament_n innumerable_a multitude_n of_o people_n do_v maâ—…_n their_o access_n thereunto_o pretend_v that_o privilege_n â—…_n right_o to_o belong_v to_o they_o but_o king_n hen._n 3._o haviâ—…_n experience_n of_o the_o mischief_n and_o inconvenience_n by_o occasion_n of_o such_o popular_a confusion_n do_v take_v order_n that_o noâ—…_n may_v come_v to_o his_o parliament_n but_o those_o who_o be_v specâ—…ally_o summon_v to_o this_o purpose_n it_o be_v observe_v bâ—…_n master_n selden_n that_o the_o first_o writ_n we_o find_v accompaniâ—…_n with_o other_o circumstance_n of_o a_o summons_n to_o parliamenâ—…_n as_o well_o for_o the_o commons_o as_o lord_n be_v in_o the_o 49_o â—…_n hen._n 3._o in_o the_o like_a manner_n master_n cambden_n speak_v of_o the_o dignity_n of_o baron_n have_v these_o word_n king_n hen._n 3._o out_o of_o a_o great_a multitude_n which_o wâ—…_n seditious_a and_o turbulent_a call_v the_o very_o best_a by_o write_v â—…_n summon_v to_o parliament_n for_o he_o after_o many_o trouble_v aâ—…_n vexation_n between_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o simon_n â—…_n monefort_n with_o other_o baron_n and_o after_o appease_v dâ—…decree_n and_o ordain_v that_o all_o those_o earl_n and_o baron_n uâ—…to_o who_o the_o king_n himself_o vouchsafe_v to_o direct_v hâ—…_n writ_n of_o summons_n shall_v come_v to_o his_o parliament_n anâ—…_n no_o other_o but_o that_o which_o he_o begin_v a_o little_a before_o hâ—…_n death_n edward_n 1._o and_o his_o successor_n constant_o oâ—…served_v and_o continue_v the_o say_v prudent_a king_n edwarâ—…_n summon_v always_o those_o of_o ancient_a family_n that_o be_v most_o wise_a to_o his_o parliament_n and_o omit_v their_o son_n after_o their_o death_n if_o they_o be_v not_o answerable_a to_o their_o parent_n in_o understanding_n also_o master_n cambden_n cambden_n in_o another_o place_n say_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o edw._n 1._o select_a man_n for_o wisdom_n and_o worth_n among_o the_o gentry_n be_v call_v to_o parliament_n and_o their_o posterity_n omit_v if_o they_o be_v defective_a therein_o as_o the_o power_n of_o send_v writ_n of_o summons_n for_o election_n be_v first_o exercise_v by_o hen._n 3._o so_o succeed_v king_n do_v regulate_v the_o election_n upon_o such_o writ_n as_o do_v appear_v by_o several_a statute_n which_o all_o speak_v in_o the_o name_n and_o power_n of_o the_o king_n themselves_o for_o such_o be_v the_o language_n of_o our_o forefather_n in_o 5_o ric._n 2._o c._n 4._o these_o be_v the_o word_n the_o king_n willeth_n and_o command_v all_o person_n which_o shall_v have_v summons_n to_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o every_o person_n that_o do_v absent_v himself_o except_o he_o may_v reasonable_o and_o honest_o excuse_v he_o to_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n shall_v be_v amerce_v and_o otherwise_o punish_v 7_o hen._n 4._o c._n 15._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n at_o the_o grievous_a complaint_n of_o his_o commons_o of_o the_o undue_a election_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o county_n sometime_o make_v of_o affection_n of_o sheriff_n and_o otherwise_o against_o the_o form_n of_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o great_a slander_n of_o the_o county_n etc._n etc._n our_o lord_n the_o king_n will_v therein_o to_o provide_v remedy_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o have_v ordain_v that_o election_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o the_o full_a county-court_n and_o that_o all_o that_o be_v there_o present_a as_o well_o suitor_n as_o other_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o election_n free_o notwithstanding_o any_o request_n or_o command_v to_o the_o contrary_a 11_o hen._n 4._o c._n 1._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n ordain_v that_o a_o sheriff_n that_o make_v a_o undue_a return_n etc._n etc._n shall_v incur_v the_o penalty_n of_o 100_o l._n to_o be_v pay_v to_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n 1_o h._n 5._o c._n 1._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n by_o the_o advice_n and_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o the_o special_a instance_n and_o request_n of_o the_o commons_o ordain_v that_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n be_v not_o choose_v unless_o they_o be_v resiant_a within_o the_o shire_n the_o day_n of_o the_o date_n of_o the_o writ_n and_o that_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v resiant_a dwell_v and_o free_a in_o the_o the_o same_o city_n and_o burrough_n and_o no_o other_o in_o any_o wise_a 6_o hen._n 6._o c._n 4._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n willing_a to_o provide_v remedy_n for_o knight_n choose_v for_o parliament_n and_o sheriff_n have_v ordain_v that_o they_o shall_v have_v their_o answer_n and_o traverse_v to_o inquest_n of_o office_n find_v against_o they_o 8_o hen._n 6._o c._n 7._o whereas_o election_n of_o knight_n have_v be_v make_v by_o great_a outrages_a and_o excessive_a number_n of_o people_n of_o which_o most_o part_n be_v of_o people_n of_o no_o value_n whereof_o every_o of_o they_o pretend_v a_o voice_n equivalent_a to_o worthy_a knight_n and_o esquire_n whereby_o manslaughter_n riot_n and_o division_n among_o gentleman_n shall_v likely_o be_v our_o lord_n the_o king_n have_v ordain_v that_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v choose_v by_o people_n dwell_v in_o the_o county_n every_o of_o they_o have_v land_n or_o tenement_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 2_o l._n the_o year_n at_o the_o least_o and_o that_o he_o that_o shall_v be_v choose_v shall_v be_v dwell_v and_o resiant_a within_o the_o county_n 10._o h._n 6._o our_o lord_n the_o king_n ordain_v that_o knightâ—…_n be_v choose_v by_o people_n dwell_v and_o have_v 2_o l._n by_o the_o year_n within_o the_o same_o county_n 11_o h._n 6._o c._n 11._o the_o king_n willing_a to_o provide_v for_o the_o ease_n of_o they_o that_o come_v to_o the_o parliament_n and_o counsel_n of_o the_o king_n by_o his_o commandment_n have_v ordain_v that_o if_o any_o assault_n or_o fray_n be_v make_v on_o they_o that_o comâ—…_n to_o parliament_n or_o other_o council_n of_o the_o king_n the_o parâ—…_n which_o make_v any_o such_o affray_n or_o assault_n shall_v pay_v doublâ—…_n damage_n and_o make_v fine_a and_o ransom_n at_o the_o king_n wilâ—…_n 23._o h._n 6._o c._n 15._o the_o king_n consider_v the_o statute_n of_o 1_o h._n 5._o c._n 1._o &_o 8._o hen._n 6._o c._n 7._o and_o the_o default_n of_o sheriff_n in_o return_v knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n ordain_v 1._o that_o the_o say_a statute_n shall_v be_v due_o keep_v 2._o that_o the_o sheriff_n shall_v deliver_v precept_n to_o major_n and_o bailiff_n to_o choose_v citizen_n and_o burgess_n 3._o the_o penalty_n of_o 100_o l._n for_o a_o sheriff_n make_v a_o untrue_a return_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o
the_o body_n of_o the_o tribune_n from_o all_o arrest_n or_o other_o violence_n they_o grow_v in_o time_n by_o degree_n to_o such_o boldness_n that_o by_o stop_v the_o legal_a proceed_n of_o the_o consul_n when_o they_o please_v to_o intercede_v they_o raise_v such_o a_o anarchy_n oft_o time_n in_o government_n that_o they_o themselves_o may_v act_v and_o take_v upon_o they_o what_o power_n soever_o they_o please_v though_o it_o belong_v not_o to_o they_o this_o gallantry_n of_o the_o tribune_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o commons_o of_o rome_n who_o be_v diligent_a pretender_n to_o liberty_n and_o the_o great_a master_n of_o this_o part_n of_o politic_n be_v think_v the_o only_a famous_a preserver_n and_o keeper_n of_o the_o liberty_n of_o rome_n and_o to_o do_v they_o right_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v they_o be_v the_o only_a man_n that_o true_o understand_v the_o right_n of_o a_o negative_a voice_n if_o we_o will_v allow_v every_o man_n to_o be_v natural_o free_a till_o they_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o be_v bind_v we_o must_v allow_v every_o particular_a person_n a_o negative_a voice_n so_o that_o when_o as_o all_o have_v equal_a power_n and_o be_v as_o it_o be_v fellow-magistrate_n or_o officer_n each_o man_n may_v impeach_v or_o stop_v his_o fellow-officer_n in_o their_o proceed_n this_o be_v ground_v upon_o the_o general_a reason_n of_o all_o they_o which_o have_v any_o thing_n in_o common_a where_o he_o which_o forbid_v or_o deny_v have_v most_o right_o because_o his_o condition_n in_o that_o case_n be_v better_a than_o he_o which_o command_v or_o move_v to_o proceed_v for_o every_o law_n or_o command_n be_v in_o itself_o a_o innovation_n and_o a_o diminution_n of_o some_o part_n of_o popular_a liberty_n for_o it_o be_v no_o law_n except_o it_o restrain_v liberty_n he_o that_o by_o his_o negative_a voice_n do_v forbid_v or_o hinder_v the_o proceed_v of_o a_o new_a law_n do_v but_o preserve_v himself_o in_o that_o condition_n of_o liberty_n wherein_o nature_n have_v place_v he_o and_o whereof_o he_o be_v in_o present_a possession_n the_o condition_n of_o he_o thus_o in_o possession_n be_v the_o better_a the_o strong_a be_v his_o prohibition_n any_o single_a man_n have_v a_o just_a title_n to_o his_o negative_a voice_n than_o any_o multitude_n can_v have_v to_o their_o affirmative_a to_o say_v the_o people_n be_v free_a and_o not_o to_o be_v govern_v but_o by_o their_o own_o consent_n and_o yet_o to_o allow_v a_o major_a part_n to_o rule_v the_o whole_a be_v a_o plain_a contradiction_n or_o a_o destruction_n of_o natural_a freedom_n this_o the_o commons_o of_o rome_n right_o understand_v and_o therefore_o the_o transcendent_a power_n of_o the_o negative_a voice_n of_o any_o one_o tribune_n be_v able_a of_o itself_o to_o stay_v all_o the_o proceed_n not_o of_o the_o consul_n and_o senate_n only_o and_o other_o magistrate_n but_o also_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o fellow-tribune_n make_v they_o seem_v the_o powerful_a man_n in_o all_o rome_n and_o yet_o in_o truth_n they_o have_v no_o power_n or_o jurisdiction_n at_o all_o nor_o be_v they_o any_o magistrate_n nor_o can_v they_o lawful_o call_v any_o man_n before_o they_o for_o they_o be_v not_o appoint_v for_o administration_n of_o justice_n but_o only_o to_o oppose_v the_o violence_n and_o abuse_v of_o magistrate_n by_o intercede_v for_o such_o as_o appeal_v be_v unjust_o oppress_v for_o which_o purpose_n at_o first_o they_o sit_v only_o without_o the_o door_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o be_v not_o permit_v to_o come_v within_o the_o door_n this_o negative_a power_n of_o they_o be_v of_o force_n only_o to_o hinder_v but_o not_o to_o help_v the_o proceed_n in_o court_n of_o justice_n to_o govern_v and_o not_o to_o govern_v the_o people_n and_o though_o they_o have_v no_o power_n to_o make_v law_n yet_o they_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o propound_v law_n and_o flatter_v and_o humour_v the_o commons_o by_o the_o agrarian_a and_o frumentarian_a law_n by_o the_o first_o they_o divide_v the_o common_a field_n and_o conquer_a land_n among_o the_o common_a people_n and_o by_o the_o latter_a they_o afford_v they_o corn_n at_o a_o cheap_a or_o low_a price_n by_o these_o mean_v these_o demagogue_n or_o tribune_n of_o the_o commons_o lead_v the_o vulgar_a by_o the_o nose_n to_o allow_v whatsoever_o usurpation_n they_o please_v to_o make_v in_o government_n the_o royal_a power_n of_o the_o consul_n be_v never_o take_v away_o from_o they_o by_o any_o law_n that_o i_o hear_v of_o but_o continue_v in_o they_o all_o the_o time_n of_o their_o pretend_a popular_a government_n to_o the_o very_a last_o though_o repine_v at_o and_o oppose_v in_o some_o particular_n by_o the_o commons_o the_o nopower_n or_o negative_a power_n of_o the_o tribune_n do_v not_o long_o give_v content_a to_o the_o commons_o and_o therefore_o they_o desire_v that_o one_o of_o the_o consul_n may_v be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o commonalty_n the_o eager_a propound_v of_o this_o point_n for_o the_o commons_o and_o the_o diligent_a oppose_v of_o it_o by_o the_o nobility_n or_o senate_n argue_v how_o much_o both_o party_n regard_v the_o sovereign_a power_n of_o a_o consul_n the_o dispute_v last_v fourscore_o year_n within_o two_o the_o tribune_n press_v it_o upon_o all_o advantage_n of_o opportunity_n never_o give_v over_o till_o they_o carry_v it_o by_o strong_a hand_n or_o stubbornness_n hinder_v all_o election_n of_o the_o curule_n or_o great_a magistrate_n for_o five_o year_n together_o whereby_o the_o noble_n be_v force_v to_o yield_v the_o commons_o a_o consul_n place_n or_o else_o a_o anarchy_n be_v ready_a to_o destroy_v they_o all_o and_o yet_o the_o nobility_n have_v for_o a_o good_a while_n allow_v the_o commons_o military_a tribune_n with_o consular_a power_n which_o in_o effect_n or_o substance_n be_v all_o one_o with_o have_v one_o of_o the_o consul_n a_o commoner_n so_o that_o it_o be_v the_o bare_a name_n of_o a_o consul_n which_o the_o commons_o so_o long_o strive_v for_o with_o the_o nobility_n in_o this_o contentionsome_a year_n consul_n be_v choose_v some_o year_n military_a tribune_n in_o such_o confusion_n that_o the_o roman_a historian_n can_v agree_v among_o themselves_o what_o consul_n to_o assign_v or_o name_n for_o each_o year_n although_o they_o have_v capitoline_n table_n sicilian_n and_o greek_a register_n and_o calendar_n fragment_n of_o capitoline_n marble_n linen_n book_n or_o record_n to_o help_v they_o a_o good_a while_o the_o commons_o be_v content_a with_o the_o liberty_n of_o have_v one_o of_o the_o consul_n a_o commoner_n but_o about_o fourscore_o year_n after_o they_o enjoy_v this_o privilege_n a_o desire_n take_v they_o to_o have_v it_o enact_v that_o a_o decree_n of_o the_o commons_o call_v a_o plebiscitum_fw-la may_v be_v observe_v for_o a_o law_n hortensius_n the_o dictator_n yield_v to_o enact_v it_o thereby_o to_o bring_v back_o the_o seditious_a commons_o who_o depart_v to_o janiculum_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o tybur_n because_o they_o be_v deep_o engage_v in_o debt_n in_o regard_n of_o long_a sedition_n and_o dissension_n the_o eleven_o book_n of_o livy_n where_o this_o sedition_n be_v set_v down_o be_v lose_v we_o have_v only_o a_o touch_n of_o it_o it_o in_o florus_n his_o epitome_n and_o st._n augustine_n mention_n the_o plunder_v of_o many_o house_n by_o the_o commons_o at_o their_o depart_n this_o sedition_n be_v above_o 220_o year_n after_o the_o expulsion_n of_o king_n in_o all_o which_o time_n the_o people_n of_o rome_n get_v the_o spoil_n of_o almost_o all_o italy_n and_o the_o wealth_n of_o very_a many_o rich_a city_n and_o yet_o the_o commons_o be_v in_o so_o great_a penury_n and_o over_o whelm_v with_o debt_n that_o they_o fall_v to_o plunder_v the_o rich_a house_n of_o the_o citizen_n which_o sound_v not_o much_o for_o the_o honour_n of_o a_o popular_a government_n this_o communicate_v of_o a_o legislative_a power_n to_o the_o commons_o touch_v power_n of_o enfranchise_v ally_n judgement_n penal_a and_o fine_n and_o those_o ordinance_n that_o concern_v the_o good_a of_o the_o commons_o call_v plebiscita_fw-la be_v a_o divide_v of_o the_o supreme_a power_n and_o the_o give_v a_o share_n of_o it_o to_o other_o as_o well_o as_o to_o the_o consul_n and_o be_v in_o effect_n to_o destroy_v the_o legislative_a power_n for_o to_o have_v two_o supremes_n be_v to_o have_v none_o because_o the_o one_o may_v destroy_v the_o other_o and_o be_v quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o indivisible_a nature_n of_o sovereignty_n the_o truth_n be_v the_o consul_n have_v but_o annual_a sovereignty_n be_v glad_a for_o their_o own_o safety_n and_o ease_n in_o matter_n of_o great_a importance_n and_o weight_n to_o call_v together_o sometime_o the_o senate_n who_o be_v their_o ordinary_a council_n and_o many_o time_n the_o century_n of_o the_o people_n who_o be_v
baron_n make_v a_o ordinance_n touch_v the_o exemption_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o bury_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n in_o the_o ten_o year_n of_o the_o conqueror_n episcopi_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o barones_n regni_fw-la regius_fw-la potestate_fw-la ad_fw-la universalem_fw-la synodum_fw-la pro_fw-la causis_fw-la audiendis_fw-la &_o tractandis_fw-la convocati_fw-la say_v the_o book_n of_o westminster_n in_o the_o 2_o year_n of_o william_n 2._o there_o be_v a_o parliament_n de_fw-fr cunctis_fw-la regni_fw-la principibus_fw-la another_o which_o have_v selden_n quosque_fw-la regni_fw-la proceres_fw-la all_o the_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o seven_o year_n be_v a_o parliament_n at_o rockingham-castle_n in_o northamptonshire_n episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la cunctique_fw-la regni_fw-la principibus_fw-la una_fw-la coeuntibus_fw-la a_o year_n or_o two_o after_o the_o same_o king_n de_fw-fr statu_fw-la regni_fw-la acturus_fw-la etc._n etc._n call_v thither_o by_o the_o command_n selden_n of_o his_o writ_n the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o all_o the_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o the_o coronation_n of_o hen._n 1._o all_o the_o people_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n be_v call_v and_o selden_n law_n be_v then_o make_v but_o it_o be_v per_fw-la commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la baronum_fw-la meorum_fw-la by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o my_o baron_n in_o his_o three_o year_n the_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v call_v without_o any_o mention_n of_o the_o commons_o selden_n and_o another_o a_o while_n after_o consensu_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_fw-la by_o the_o consent_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n florentius_n wigoriensis_fw-la say_v these_o be_v statute_n which_o anselm_n and_o all_o the_o other_o bishop_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o king_n henry_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o his_o baron_n ordain_v and_o in_o his_o ten_o year_n of_o earl_n and_o peer_n and_o in_o his_o 23._o of_o earl_n and_o baron_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v the_o same_o king_n hold_v a_o parliament_n or_o great_a council_n with_o his_o baron_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a king_n hen._n 2._o in_o his_o ten_o year_n have_v a_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n at_o clarendon_n which_o be_v a_o assembly_n of_o prelate_n and_o peer_n 22._o hen._n 2._o say_v hovenden_n be_v a_o great_a council_n at_o nottingham_n and_o by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n earl_n and_o baron_n the_o kingdom_n be_v divide_v into_o six_o part_n and_o again_o hovendeâ—…_n say_v that_o the_o same_o king_n at_o windsor_n apud_fw-la windâ—…_n shore_n communi_fw-la concilio_n of_o bishop_n earls_z and_o baron_n divide_v england_n into_o four_o part_n and_o in_o hiâ—…_n 21_o year_n a_o parliament_n at_o windsor_n of_o bishop_n earlâ—…_n and_o baron_n and_o another_o of_o like_a person_n at_o northampton_n king_n richard_n 1._o have_v a_o parliament_n at_o nottingham_n in_o his_o five_o year_n of_o bishop_n earls_z and_o baron_n thiâ—…_n parliament_n last_v but_o four_o day_n yet_o much_o be_v donâ—…_n in_o it_o the_o first_o day_n the_o king_n disseise_v gerard_n the_o canvil_n of_o the_o sherifwick_n of_o lincoln_n and_o hugh_n bardolâ—…_n of_o the_o castle_n and_o sherifwick_n of_o york_n the_o second_o day_n he_o require_v judgement_n against_o his_o brother_n john_n who_o be_v afterward_o king_n and_o hugh_n de_fw-fr novaâ—…_n bishop_n of_o coventry_n the_o three_o day_n be_v grant_v to_o thâ—…_n king_n of_o every_o plow-land_n in_o england_n 2_o s._n he_o require_v also_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o service_n of_o every_o knight_n fâ—…_n for_o his_o attendance_n into_o normandy_n and_o all_o the_o wooâ—…_n that_o year_n of_o the_o monk_n cisteaux_fw-fr which_o for_o that_o 〈◊〉_d be_v grievous_a and_o unsupportable_a they_o fine_a for_o moâ—…ny_n the_o last_o day_n be_v for_o hear_v of_o grievancesâ—…_n and_o so_o the_o parliament_n break_v up_o and_o the_o same_o yeaâ—…_n hold_v another_o at_o northampton_n of_o the_o noble_n of_o thâ—…_n realm_n king_n john_n in_o his_o five_o year_n he_o and_o his_o great_a mâ—…met_n rex_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la convenerunt_fw-la and_o thâ—…_n selden_n roll_v of_o that_o year_n have_v commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la bâ—…ronum_fw-la meorum_fw-la the_o common_a council_n of_o my_o baronâ—…_n at_o winchester_n in_o the_o six_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n 3._o the_o nobleâ—…_n grant_v to_o the_o king_n of_o every_o knight_n fee_n two_o markâ—…_n in_o silver_n in_o the_o seven_o year_n he_o have_v a_o parliament_n at_o london_n a_o assembly_n of_o baron_n in_o his_o thirteen_o year_n a_o assembly_n of_o the_o lord_n at_o westminster_n in_o his_o fifteen_o year_n of_o noble_n both_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a m._n par._n say_v that_o 20._o h._n 3._o congregati_fw-la sunt_fw-la magnates_fw-la ad_fw-la colloquium_fw-la de_fw-la negotiis_fw-la regni_fw-la tractaturi_fw-la the_o great_a man_n be_v call_v to_o confer_v and_o treat_v of_o the_o business_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o at_o merton_n our_o lord_n the_o king_n grant_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o great_a man_n that_o hereafter_o usury_n shall_v not_o run_v against_o a_o ward_n from_o the_o death_n of_o his_o ancestor_n 21._o hen._n 3._o the_o king_n send_v his_o royal_a writ_n command_v all_o belong_v to_o his_o kingdom_n that_o be_v to_o say_v archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n install_v earl_n and_o baron_n that_o they_o shall_v all_o meet_v at_o london_n to_o treat_v of_o the_o king_n business_n touch_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o at_o the_o day_n prefix_v the_o whole_a multitude_n of_o the_o noble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n meet_v at_o london_n say_v mat._n westminster_n in_o his_o 21_o year_n at_o the_o request_n and_o by_o the_o council_n of_o the_o lord_n the_o charter_n be_v confirm_v 22._o hen._n 3._o at_o winchester_n the_o king_n send_v his_o royal_a writ_n to_o archbishop_n bishop_n prior_n earl_n and_o baron_n to_o treat_v of_o business_n concern_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n 32._o hen._n 3._o the_o king_n command_v all_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o be_v call_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o state_n of_o his_o kingdom_n mat._n westm_n '_o 49._o hen._n 3._o the_o king_n have_v a_o treaty_n at_o oxford_n with_o the_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n m._n westminster_n at_o a_o parliament_n at_o marlborow_n 55._o hen._n 3._o statute_n be_v make_v by_o the_o assent_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n here_o the_o place_n of_o bracton_n chief_a justice_n in_o thiâ—…_n king_n time_n be_v worth_a the_o observe_n and_o the_o ratheâ—…_n for_o that_o it_o be_v much_o insist_v on_o of_o late_a to_o make_v foâ—…_n parliament_n be_v above_o the_o king_n the_o word_n iâ—…_n bracton_n be_v the_o king_n have_v a_o superior_a god_n also_o thâ—…_n law_n by_o which_o he_o be_v make_v king_n also_o his_o court_n viz_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n the_o court_n that_o be_v say_v iâ—…_n those_o day_n to_o be_v above_o the_o king_n be_v a_o court_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n not_o a_o word_n of_o the_o commons_o or_o thâ—…_n representative_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v any_o paâ—…_n of_o the_o superior_a court_n now_o for_o the_o true_a senâ—…_n of_o bractons_n word_n how_o the_o law_n and_o the_o court_n 〈◊〉_d earl_n and_o baron_n be_v the_o king_n superior_n theâ—…_n must_v of_o necessity_n be_v understand_v to_o be_v superior_n 〈◊〉_d far_o only_o as_o to_o advise_v and_o direct_v the_o king_n out_o of_o hiâ—…_n own_o grace_n and_o good_a will_v only_o which_o appeaâ—…_n plain_o by_o the_o word_n of_o bracton_n himself_o wherâ—…_n speak_v of_o the_o king_n he_o resolve_v thus_o nec_fw-la potest_fw-la 〈◊〉_d necessitatem_fw-la aliquis_fw-la imponere_fw-la quod_fw-la injuriam_fw-la svam_fw-la corrigâ—…_n &_o emendat_fw-la cum_fw-la superiorem_fw-la non_fw-la habeat_fw-la nisi_fw-la deum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d satis_fw-la ei_fw-la erit_fw-la ad_fw-la poenam_fw-la quod_fw-la dominum_fw-la expectat_fw-la ultoreâ—…_n nor_o can_v any_o man_n put_v a_o necessity_n upon_o he_o to_o correâ—…_n and_o amend_v his_o injury_n unless_o he_o will_v himself_o sinâ—…_n he_o have_v no_o superior_a but_o god_n it_o will_v be_v sufficieâ—…_n punishment_n for_o he_o to_o expect_v the_o lord_n a_o avengeâ—…_n here_o the_o same_o man_n who_o speak_v according_o to_o somâ—…mens_n opinion_n say_v the_o law_n and_o court_n of_o earl_n aâ—…_n baron_n be_v superior_a to_o the_o king_n in_o this_o place_n telâ—…_n we_o himself_o the_o king_n have_v no_o superior_a but_o god_n thâ—…_n difference_n be_v easy_o reconcile_v according_a to_o the_o dâ—…stinction_n of_o the_o schoolman_n the_o king_n be_v free_a from_o tâ—…_n coactive_a power_n of_o law_n or_o councillor_n but_o may_v be_v suâ—…ject_n to_o their_o directive_n power_n according_a to_o his_o owâ—…_n will_v that_o be_v god_n can_v only_o compel_v but_o thâ—…_n law_n and_o his_o court_n may_v advise_v he_o rot._n parliament_n 1_o hen._n 4._o nu_fw-la 79._o the_o commons_o express_o affirm_v judgement_n in_o parliament_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o lord_n these_o precedent_n show_v that_o from_o the_o conquest_n until_o a_o great_a
all_o man_n shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o compound_v a_o name_n for_o such_o a_o perfect_a form_n of_o government_n unless_o we_o shall_v believe_v that_o they_o esteem_v this_o kind_n of_o commonwealth_n so_o superlative_o excellent_a as_o to_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o government_n of_o all_o government_n or_o polity_n of_o polity_n but_o howsoever_o aristotle_n in_o his_o book_n of_o politic_n vouchsafe_v we_o not_o a_o name_n yet_o in_o his_o book_n of_o ethique_n he_o affirm_v it_o may_v very_o proper_o be_v call_v 12._o a_o timocratical_a government_n where_o magistrate_n be_v choose_v by_o their_o wealth_n but_o why_o aristotle_n shall_v give_v it_o such_o a_o name_n i_o can_v find_v no_o reason_n for_o a_o polity_n by_o his_o doctrine_n be_v the_o government_n of_o many_o or_o of_o a_o multitude_n and_o the_o multitude_n he_o will_v have_v to_o be_v the_o poor_a sort_n insomuch_o that_o except_o they_o be_v poor_a he_o will_v not_o allow_v it_o to_o be_v the_o government_n of_o a_o multitude_n though_o they_o be_v never_o so_o many_o for_o he_o make_v poverty_n the_o true_a note_n of_o a_o popular_a estate_n and_o as_o if_o to_o be_v poor_a and_o to_o be_v free_a be_v all_o one_o he_o make_v liberty_n likewise_o to_o be_v a_o mark_n of_o a_o popular_a estate_n for_o in_o his_o four_o book_n and_o four_o chapter_n he_o resolve_v that_o 〈◊〉_d a_o popular_a state_n be_v where_o free_a man_n govern_v and_o a_o oligarchy_n where_o rich_a man_n rule_v as_o if_o rich_a man_n can_v not_o be_v free_a man_n now_o how_o magistrate_n shall_v be_v choose_v for_o their_o wealth_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d among_o all_o poor_a man_n be_v to_o i_o a_o riddle_n here_o i_o can_v but_o wonder_v why_o all_o our_o modern_a politician_n who_o pretend_v themselves_o aristotelian_o shall_v forsake_v their_o great_a master_n and_o account_v a_o democraty_n a_o right_a or_o perfect_a form_n of_o government_n when_o aristotle_n brand_v it_o for_o a_o transgression_n or_o a_o deprave_a or_o corrupt_a manner_n of_o government_n they_o have_v do_v better_a to_o have_v follow_v aristotle_n who_o though_o other_o grecian_n can_v not_o yet_o he_o can_v find_v out_o the_o name_n of_o a_o timocraty_n for_o a_o right_n popular_a government_n but_o it_o may_v be_v our_o politician_n forbear_v to_o use_v the_o word_n timocraty_n because_o he_o afford_v a_o ill_a character_n of_o it_o say_v that_o of_o all_o the_o right_a kind_n of_o government_n a_o monarchy_n be_v the_o best_a and_o a_o timocraty_n the_o worst_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d yet_o afterward_o aristotle_n in_o the_o same_o chapter_n make_v amends_o for_o it_o in_o say_v a_o democraty_n be_v the_o least_o vicious_a because_o it_o do_v but_o a_o little_a transgress_v from_o a_o timocraty_n but_o not_o to_o insist_v long_o on_o the_o name_n of_o this_o nameless_a form_n of_o government_n let_v inquiry_n be_v make_v into_o the_o thing_n itself_o that_o we_o may_v know_v what_o aristotle_n say_v be_v the_o government_n of_o many_o or_o of_o a_o multitude_n for_o the_o common_a good_n this_o many_o or_o multitude_n be_v not_o the_o whole_a people_n nor_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o people_n or_o any_o choose_v by_o the_o people_n to_o be_v their_o representor_n no_o aristotle_n never_o say_v or_o mean_v any_o such_o thing_n for_o he_o tell_v we_o 5._o the_o best_a city_n do_v not_o make_v any_o artificer_n or_o handicraftsman_n a_o citizen_n and_o if_o these_o be_v exclude_v out_o of_o the_o number_n of_o citizen_n there_o will_v be_v but_o a_o few_o leave_v in_o every_o city_n to_o make_v his_o timocratical_a government_n since_o artificer_n or_o mercenary_a man_n make_v far_o the_o great_a part_n of_o a_o city_n or_o to_o say_v 7._o a_o city_n be_v a_o community_n of_o free_a man_n and_o yet_o to_o exclude_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n from_o be_v citizen_n be_v but_o a_o mockery_n of_o freedom_n for_o any_o man_n will_v think_v that_o a_o city_n be_v a_o society_n of_o man_n assemble_v to_o the_o end_n to_o live_v well_o that_o such_o man_n without_o who_o a_o city_n can_v subsist_v and_o who_o perform_v necessary_a work_n and_o minister_v to_o all_o in_o public_a shall_v not_o be_v bar_v from_o be_v citizen_n yet_o say_v aristotle_n 5._o all_o those_o be_v not_o to_o be_v deem_v citizen_n without_o who_o a_o city_n can_v subsist_v except_o they_o abstain_v from_o necessary_a work_n for_o he_o resolve_v it_o 〈◊〉_d impossible_a for_o he_o to_o exercise_v the_o work_n of_o virtue_n that_o use_v a_o mechanical_a or_o mercenary_a trade_n and_o he_o make_v it_o one_o of_o his_o conclusion_n that_o 4._o in_o ancient_a time_n among_o some_o man_n no_o public_a workman_n do_v partake_v of_o the_o government_n until_o the_o worst_a of_o democraty_n be_v bring_v in_o again_o aristotle_n will_v have_v his_o best_a popular_a government_n consist_v of_o free_a man_n and_o account_v the_o poor_a sort_n of_o people_n to_o be_v free_a man_n how_o then_o will_v he_o exclude_v poor_a artificer_n who_o work_n for_o the_o public_a from_o participate_v of_o the_o government_n further_o it_o be_v observable_a in_o aristotle_n that_o quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o greek_a name_n the_o government_n of_o a_o multitude_n may_v be_v term_v a_o oligarchy_n if_o they_o be_v rich_a and_o the_o rule_n of_o a_o few_o a_o democraty_n if_o they_o be_v poor_a and_o free_a after_o much_o incertainty_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o politic_a government_n which_o want_v a_o name_n aristotle_n at_o last_o resolve_v that_o this_o general_a commonweal_n or_o politia_n be_v compound_v of_o a_o democraty_n and_o oligarchy_n for_o 8._o to_o speak_v plain_o a_o polity_n be_v a_o mixture_n of_o a_o democraty_n and_o a_o oligarchy_n that_o be_v one_o perfect_a form_n be_v make_v of_o two_o imperfect_a one_o this_o be_v rather_o a_o confound_a than_o compound_v of_o government_n to_o patch_v it_o up_o of_o two_o corrupt_a one_o by_o appoint_v a_o oligarchical_a penalty_n for_o the_o rich_a magistrate_n that_o be_v choose_v by_o election_n and_o a_o democratical_a fee_n for_o the_o poor_a magistrate_n that_o be_v choose_v by_o lot_n last_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o aristotle_n do_v not_o offer_v to_o name_v any_o one_o city_n or_o commonweal_n in_o the_o world_n where_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o government_n as_o he_o call_v a_o polity_n for_o he_o to_o reckon_v it_o for_o a_o perfect_a form_n of_o government_n and_o of_o such_o excellency_n as_o to_o carry_v the_o name_n from_o all_o other_o and_o yet_o never_o to_o have_v be_v extant_a in_o the_o world_n may_v seem_v a_o wonder_n and_o a_o man_n may_v be_v excuse_v for_o doubt_v or_o for_o deny_v any_o such_o form_n to_o be_v possible_a in_o nature_n if_o it_o can_v be_v make_v manifest_a what_o it_o be_v nor_o when_o nor_o where_o it_o ever_o be_v in_o conclusion_n since_o aristotle_n reckon_v but_o three_o kind_n of_o perfect_a government_n which_o be_v first_o a_o monarchy_n of_o one_o second_o a_o aristocraty_n of_o a_o few_o three_o a_o polity_n of_o a_o multitude_n and_o if_o these_o two_o latter_a can_v be_v make_v good_a by_o he_o there_o will_v remain_v but_o one_o right_a form_n of_o government_n only_o which_o be_v monarchy_n and_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o aristotle_n in_o 〈◊〉_d manner_n do_v confess_v as_o much_o where_o he_o inform_v we_o 13._o thâ—…_n the_o first_o commonweal_n amoâ—…_n the_o grecian_n after_o kingdom_n be_v make_v of_o those_o that_o wage_n war_n mean_v that_o the_o grecian_n when_o they_o leave_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o king_n fall_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o army_n theâ—…_n monarchy_n be_v change_v into_o a_o stratocraty_n and_o not_o into_o a_o aristocraty_n or_o democraty_n for_o if_o unity_n in_o government_n which_o be_v only_o find_v in_o monarchy_n be_v once_o break_v there_o be_v no_o stay_n or_o bind_v until_o it_o come_v to_o a_o constant_a stand_a army_n for_o the_o people_n or_o multitude_n as_o aristotle_n teach_v we_o can_v excel_v in_o no_o verâ—…_n but_o military_a and_o that_o that_o be_v natural_a to_o they_o and_o therefore_o in_o a_o popular_a estate_n 7._o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v iâ—…_n the_o sword_n and_o those_o that_o aâ—…_n possess_v of_o the_o arms._n so_o that_o any_o nation_n or_o kingdom_n that_o be_v not_o charge_v with_o the_o keep_n of_o a_o king_n must_v perpetual_o be_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o pay_v and_o keep_v of_o a_o army_n these_o brief_a observation_n upon_o aristotle_n perfect_a form_n of_o government_n may_v direct_v what_o to_o judge_v of_o those_o corrupt_a or_o imperfect_a form_n which_o he_o mention_n for_o rectum_fw-la est_fw-la index_n svi_fw-la &_o obloqui_fw-la and_o he_o reckon_v they_o to_o be_v
all_o one_o in_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o to_o differ_v only_o in_o their_o end_n the_o end_n of_o the_o perfect_a form_n be_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o govern_v and_o of_o the_o imperfect_a for_o the_o benefit_n only_o of_o the_o governor_n now_o since_o aristotle_n can_v not_o tell_v how_o to_o define_v or_o describe_v his_o right_n or_o perfect_a form_n of_o government_n it_o can_v be_v expect_v he_o can_v satisfy_v we_o concern_v those_o he_o call_v imperfect_a yet_o he_o labour_v and_o bestirr_v himself_o main_o in_o the_o business_n though_o to_o little_a purpose_n for_o howsoever_o the_o title_n of_o his_o book_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o politic_n and_o that_o he_o mention_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d for_o a_o special_a form_n of_o government_n which_o have_v the_o common_a name_n of_o a_o policy_n yet_o when_o he_o come_v to_o dispute_v in_o particular_a of_o government_n he_o argue_v only_o about_o democracy_n and_o oligarchy_n and_o therein_o he_o be_v copious_a because_o only_o those_o which_o he_o call_v corrupt_a form_n of_o government_n be_v common_a in_o greece_n in_o his_o day_n as_o for_o a_o aristocracy_n or_o a_o policy_n which_o he_o mention_n they_o be_v only_o speculative_a notion_n or_o airy_a name_n invent_v to_o delude_v the_o world_n and_o to_o persuade_v the_o people_n that_o under_o those_o quaint_a term_n there_o may_v be_v find_v some_o subtle_a government_n which_o may_v at_o least_o equal_a if_o not_o excel_v monarchy_n and_o the_o inventor_n of_o those_o fine_a name_n be_v all_o but_o rebel_n to_o monarchy_n by_o aristotle_n confession_n where_o he_o say_v the_o first_o commonweal_n of_o greece_n after_o king_n be_v leave_v be_v make_v of_o those_o that_o wage_v war._n l._n 4._o c._n 13._o as_o aristotle_n be_v irresolute_a to_o determine_v what_o be_v â—…uly_o perfect_a aristocracy_n and_o policy_n so_o he_o be_v to_o seek_v in_o describe_v his_o imperfect_a form_n of_o government_n as_o well_o oligarchy_n as_o democracy_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v drive_v to_o invent_v several_a fort_n of_o they_o and_o to_o confound_v himself_o with_o subdivision_n we_o will_v allege_v some_o of_o his_o word_n the_o cause_n why_o there_o be_v many_o kind_n of_o commonweal_n be_v for_o that_o there_o be_v many_o part_n of_o every_o city_n sometime_o all_o these_o part_n be_v in_o a_o commonweal_n sometime_o more_o of_o they_o sometime_o few_o whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o there_o be_v many_o commonweal_n differ_v from_o each_o other_o in_o kind_n because_o the_o part_n of_o they_o differ_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n for_o a_o commonweal_n be_v the_o order_n of_o magistrate_n distribute_v either_o according_a to_o the_o power_n of_o they_o that_o anâ—…_n partaker_n of_o it_o or_o according_a to_o some_o other_o common_a equality_n belong_v to_o poor_a and_o rich_a or_o some_o other_o thing_n common_a to_o both_o it_o be_v therefore_o necessary_a that_o then_o be_v so_o many_o commonweal_n as_o there_o be_v order_n according_a to_o the_o excellency_n and_o difference_n of_o part_n but_o it_o seem_v principal_o there_o be_v but_o two_o chief_a kind_n of_o commonweal_n the_o democracy_n and_o the_o oligarchy_n for_o they_o make_v the_o aristocracy_n a_o branch_n of_o oligarchy_n as_o if_o it_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o oligarchy_n and_o that_o other_o which_o be_v proper_o a_o policy_n to_o be_v a_o branch_n of_o democracy_n so_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o esteem_v of_o commonweal_n but_o it_o be_v both_o true_a and_o better_o that_o there_o be_v two_o right_a form_n or_o one_o that_o all_o the_o other_o be_v transgression_n here_o we_o find_v aristotle_n of_o several_a mind_n sometime_o he_o be_v for_o many_o commonweal_n sometime_o for_o two_o or_o sometime_o for_o one_o as_o for_o his_o many_o commonweal_n if_o he_o allow_v they_o according_a to_o the_o several_a part_n of_o a_o city_n he_o may_v as_o well_o make_v three_o thousand_o kind_n of_o commonweal_n as_o three_o if_o two_o artificer_n and_o three_o soldier_n shall_v govern_v that_o shall_v be_v one_o kind_n of_o commonweal_n if_o four_o husbandman_n and_o five_o merchant_n that_o will_v be_v a_o second_o sort_n or_o six_o tailor_n and_o ten_o carpenter_n a_o three_o sort_n or_o a_o dozen_o sailor_n and_o a_o dozen_o porter_n a_o four_o and_o so_o in_o infinitum_fw-la for_o aristotle_n be_v not_o resolve_v how_o many_o part_n to_o make_v of_o a_o city_n or_o how_o many_o combination_n of_o those_o part_n and_o therefore_o in_o his_o reckon_a of_o they_o he_o differ_v from_o himself_o sometime_o make_v more_o sometime_o few_o part_n and_o oft_o conclude_v at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o account_n with_o et_fw-la cetera_fw-la and_o confess_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o man_n may_v act_v several_a part_n as_o he_o that_o be_v a_o soldier_n may_v be_v a_o a_o husbandman_n &_o a_o artificer_n and_o in_o his_o four_o book_n and_o four_o chapter_n he_o seem_v to_o reckon_v up_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o city_n but_o in_o the_o tale_n of_o they_o he_o miss_v or_o forget_v the_o six_o 1._o he_o name_v the_o ploughman_n 2._o the_o artificer_n 3._o the_o tradesman_n or_o merchant_n 4._o the_o mercenary_a hireling_n 5._o the_o soldier_n here_o aristotle_n fall_v foul_a upon_o plato_n for_o make_v but_o four_o part_n of_o a_o city_n 1._o the_o weaver_n 2._o the_o ploughman_n 3._o the_o tailor_n 4._o the_o carpenter_n afterward_o as_o if_o these_o be_v not_o sufficient_a he_o add_v the_o smith_n and_o the_o freeder_n of_o necessary_a cattle_n the_o merchant_n and_o the_o engrosser_n or_o retayler_n while_o aristotle_n be_v busy_a in_o this_o reprehension_n of_o plato_n he_o forget_v himself_o and_o skip_v over_o his_o six_o part_n of_o a_o city_n and_o name_n the_o 7._o rich_a man_n 8._o the_o magistrate_n in_o the_o same_o chapter_n he_o offer_v at_o another_o division_n of_o the_o part_n of_o a_o city_n or_o commonweal_n first_o divide_v it_o into_o a_o populacy_n and_o nobility_n the_o people_n he_o divide_v first_o into_o husbandman_n 2._o into_o artificer_n 3._o into_o merchant_n or_o those_o that_o use_v buy_v or_o selling._n 4._o into_o those_o that_o frequent_a the_o sea_n of_o who_o some_o follow_v the_o war_n other_o seek_v for_o gain_n some_o be_v carrier_n or_o transporter_n other_o fishermen_z 5._o handicraftman_n that_o possess_v so_o little_a good_n that_o they_o can_v be_v idle_a 6._o those_o that_o be_v not_o free_a on_o both_o side_n and_o any_o other_o such_o like_a multitude_n of_o people_n the_o kind_n of_o nobleman_n be_v distinguish_v by_o riches_n by_o lineage_n by_o virtue_n by_o learning_n and_o other_o such_o like_a thing_n that_o there_o may_v be_v more_o part_n of_o a_o commonweal_n than_o be_v here_o number_v aristotle_n confess_v or_o suppose_v and_o of_o a_o multitude_n of_o part_n and_o of_o a_o multitude_n of_o mixture_n of_o such_o part_n may_v be_v make_v 〈◊〉_d world_n of_o form_n of_o oligarchy_n and_o democraty_n this_o confusion_n of_o the_o part_n and_o kind_n of_o commonweal_n drive_v aristotle_n rather_o to_o rest_v upon_o the_o division_n of_o rich_a and_o poor_a for_o the_o main_a part_n of_o 〈◊〉_d commonweal_n than_o any_o other_o the_o distinction_n of_o a_o few_o and_o of_o a_o multitude_n or_o the_o whole_a people_n might_n seem_v more_o proper_a to_o distinguish_v between_o a_o oligarchy_n and_o a_o democraty_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v aristotle_n look_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o greece_n and_o find_v that_o in_o every_o of_o they_o even_o in_o athens_n itself_o there_o be_v many_o of_o the_o people_n that_o be_v not_o allow_v to_o be_v citizen_n and_o to_o participate_v in_o the_o government_n and_o that_o many_o time_n he_o be_v a_o citizen_n in_o one_o sort_n of_o government_n who_o be_v not_o a_o citizen_n in_o another_o and_o that_o citizen_n differ_v according_a to_o every_o commonweal_n he_o consider_v that_o if_o he_o shall_v place_v 〈◊〉_d right_o in_o the_o whole_a people_n either_o to_o govern_v or_o to_o choose_v their_o form_n of_o government_n or_o the_o party_n that_o shall_v govern_v he_o shall_v hereby_o condemn_v the_o government_n of_o all_o the_o city_n in_o greece_n and_o especial_o of_o aristocraty_n which_o as_o he_o say_v allow_v 〈◊〉_d artificer_n to_o be_v a_o citizen_n and_o beside_o he_o shall_v thereby_o confute_v a_o main_a principle_n of_o his_o own_o politic_n which_o be_v that_o some_o man_n be_v bear_v slave_n by_o nature_n which_o quite_o contradict_v the_o position_n that_o all_o meâ—…_n be_v bear_v equal_a and_o free_a and_o therefore_o aristotle_n think_v it_o fit_a to_o allow_v all_o imaginable_a form_n of_o government_n that_o so_o he_o may_v not_o disparage_v any_o one_o city_n than_o to_o propound_v such_o a_o form_n as_o may_v condemn_v and_o destroy_v all_o the_o rest_n though_o aristotle_n allow_v so_o
i_o read_v that_o the_o senator_n who_o be_v all_o choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o seldom_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o 28_o with_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o realm_n do_v choose_v their_o king_n they_o have_v always_o in_o a_o manner_n set_v the_o king_n elder_a son_n upon_o the_o royal_a throne_n the_o nobility_n of_o denmark_n withstand_v the_o coronation_n of_o frederick_n 1559_o till_o he_o swear_v not_o to_o put_v any_o nobleman_n to_o death_n until_o he_o be_v judge_v of_o the_o senate_n and_o that_o all_o nobleman_n shall_v have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o their_o subject_n without_o appeal_n and_o the_o king_n to_o give_v no_o office_n without_o consent_n of_o the_o council_n there_o be_v a_o chancellor_n of_o the_o realm_n before_o who_o they_o do_v appeal_v from_o all_o the_o province_n and_o island_n and_o from_o he_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o i_o hear_v of_o nothing_o in_o this_o kingdom_n that_o tend_v to_o popularity_n no_o assembly_n of_o the_o commons_o no_o election_n or_o representation_n of_o they_o sweden_n be_v govern_v by_o a_o king_n heretofore_o elective_a but_o now_o make_v hereditary_a in_o gustavus_n time_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o province_n a_o appeal_n lie_v from_o the_o viscount_n of_o every_o territory_n to_o a_o sovereign_a judge_n call_v a_o lamen_n from_o the_o lament_n to_o the_o king_n council_n and_o from_o this_o council_n to_o the_o king_n himself_o now_o let_v the_o observator_fw-la bethink_v himself_n whether_o all_o or_o any_o of_o these_o three_o country_n have_v find_v out_o any_o art_n at_o all_o whereby_o the_o people_n or_o community_n may_v assume_v its_o own_o power_n if_o neither_o of_o these_o kingdom_n have_v most_o country_n have_v not_o nay_o none_o have_v the_o people_n or_o community_n in_o these_o three_o realm_n be_v as_o absolute_a vassal_n as_o any_o in_o the_o world_n the_o regulate_a power_n if_o any_o be_v be_v in_o the_o nobility_n nor_o be_v it_o such_o in_o the_o nobility_n as_o it_o make_v show_v for_o the_o election_n of_o king_n be_v rather_o a_o formality_n than_o any_o real_a power_n for_o they_o dare_v hardly_o choose_v any_o but_o the_o heir_n or_o one_o of_o the_o blood_n royal_a if_o they_o shall_v choose_v one_o among_o the_o nobility_n it_o will_v prove_v very_o factious_a if_o a_o stranger_n odious_a neither_o safe_a for_o the_o government_n though_o the_o king_n be_v swear_v to_o reign_v according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o be_v not_o to_o do_v any_o thing_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o council_n in_o public_a affair_n yet_o in_o regard_n they_o have_v power_n both_o to_o advance_v and_o reward_v who_o they_o please_v the_o nobility_n and_o senator_n do_v comply_v with_o their_o king_n and_o boterus_n conclude_v of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v most_o moderate_v that_o such_o as_o be_v their_o valour_n dexterity_n and_o wisdom_n such_o be_v their_o power_n authority_n and_o government_n also_o bodin_n say_v that_o these_o three_o kingdom_n be_v state_n changeable_a and_o uncertain_a as_o the_o nobility_n be_v strong_a than_o the_o prince_n or_o the_o prince_n than_o the_o nobility_n and_o the_o people_n be_v so_o far_o from_o liberty_n that_o he_o say_v divers_a particular_a lord_n exact_v not_o only_a custom_n but_o tribute_n also_o which_o be_v confirm_v and_o grow_v strong_a both_o by_o long_a prescription_n of_o time_n and_o use_v of_o judgement_n the_o end_n a_o advertisement_n to_o the_o juryman_n of_o england_n touch_v witch_n advertisement_n to_o the_o juryman_n of_o england_n the_o late_a executon_n of_o witch_n at_o the_o summer_n assize_n in_o kent_n occasion_v this_o brief_a exercitation_n which_o address_v itself_o to_o such_o as_o have_v not_o deliberate_o think_v upon_o the_o great_a difficulty_n in_o discover_v what_o or_o who_o a_o witch_n be_v to_o have_v nothing_o but_o the_o public_a faith_n of_o the_o present_a age_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a evidence_n unless_o the_o universality_n of_o elder_a time_n do_v concur_v with_o these_o doctrine_n which_o ignorance_n in_o the_o time_n of_o darkness_n bring_v forth_o and_o credulity_n in_o these_o day_n of_o light_n have_v continue_v such_o as_o shall_v not_o be_v please_v with_o this_o tractate_n be_v leave_v to_o their_o liberty_n to_o consider_v whether_o all_o those_o proof_n and_o presumption_n number_v up_o by_o mr._n perkins_n for_o the_o conviction_n of_o a_o witch_n be_v not_o all_o condemn_a or_o confess_v by_o himself_o to_o be_v unsufficient_a or_o uncertain_a he_o bring_v no_o less_o than_o eighteen_o sign_n or_o proof_n whereby_o a_o witch_n may_v be_v discover_v which_o be_v too_o many_o to_o be_v all_o true_a his_o seven_o first_o he_o himself_o confess_v to_o be_v insufficient_a for_o conviction_n of_o a_o witch_n his_o eight_o next_o proof_n which_o he_o say_v man_n in_o place_n have_v use_v he_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v false_a or_o insufficient_a thus_o of_o his_o eighteen_o proof_n which_o make_v a_o great_a show_n fifteen_o of_o they_o be_v cast_v off_o by_o himself_o there_o remain_v then_o his_o sixteen_o which_o be_v the_o confession_n of_o a_o witch_n yet_o present_o he_o be_v force_v to_o yield_v that_o a_o bare_a confession_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a proof_n and_o so_o he_o come_v to_o his_o seventeen_o proof_n which_o be_v two_o credible_a witness_n and_o he_o here_o grant_v that_o the_o league_n between_o the_o devil_n and_o the_o witch_n be_v close_o make_v and_o the_o practice_n of_o witch_n be_v very_o secret_a that_o hardly_o a_o man_n can_v be_v bring_v which_o upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n can_v aver_v such_o thing_n therefore_o at_o last_o when_o all_o other_o proof_n fail_v he_o be_v force_v to_o fly_v to_o his_o eighteen_o proof_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o yet_o there_o be_v a_o way_n to_o come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o witch_n which_o be_v that_o satan_n use_v all_o mean_n to_o discover_v a_o witch_n which_o how_o it_o can_v be_v well_o do_v except_o the_o devil_n be_v bind_v over_o to_o give_v in_o evidence_n against_o the_o witch_n can_v be_v understand_v and_o as_o mr._n perkins_n weaken_v and_o discredit_v all_o his_o own_o proof_n so_o he_o do_v the_o like_a for_o all_o those_o of_o king_n james_n who_o as_o i_o remember_v have_v but_o three_o argument_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o a_o witch_n first_o the_o secret_a mark_n of_o a_o witch_n of_o which_o mr._n perkins_n say_v it_o have_v no_o power_n by_o god_n ordinance_n second_o the_o discovery_n by_o a_o fellow_n witch_n this_o mr._n perkins_n by_o no_o mean_n will_v allow_v to_o be_v a_o good_a proof_n three_o the_o swim_n of_o a_o witch_n who_o be_v to_o be_v fling_v across_o way_n into_o the_o water_n that_o be_v as_o wierus_n interpret_v it_o when_o the_o thumb_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v bind_v to_o the_o great_a toe_n of_o the_o left_a foot_n and_o the_o thumb_n of_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o the_o great_a toe_n of_o the_o right_a foot_n against_o this_o trial_n by_o water_n together_o with_o a_o disability_n in_o a_o witch_n to_o shed_v tear_n which_o king_n james_n mention_n delrio_n and_o mr._n perkins_n both_o argue_v for_o it_o seem_v they_o both_o write_v after_o king_n james_n who_o put_v forth_o his_o book_n of_o daemonologie_n in_o his_o youth_n be_v in_o scotland_n about_o his_o age_n of_o thirty_o year_n it_o concern_v the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n to_o be_v more_o diligent_o instruct_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o witchcraft_n than_o those_o of_o foreign_a country_n because_o here_o they_o be_v tie_v to_o a_o strict_a or_o exacter_n rule_n in_o give_v their_o sentence_n than_o other_o be_v for_o all_o of_o they_o must_v agree_v in_o their_o verdict_n which_o in_o a_o case_n of_o extreme_a difficulty_n be_v very_o dangerous_a and_o it_o be_v a_o sad_a thing_n for_o man_n to_o be_v reduce_v to_o that_o extremity_n that_o they_o must_v hazard_v their_o conscience_n or_o their_o life_n a_o difference_n between_o a_o english_a and_o hebrew_a witch_z the_o point_n in_o question_n be_v brief_o this_o whether_o such_o a_o witch_n as_o be_v condemn_v by_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o this_o land_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o with_o the_o witch_n forbid_v by_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n the_o witch_n condemn_v by_o our_o statute-law_n be_v 1_o jacob_n cap._n 12._o one_o that_o shall_v use_v practice_n or_o exercise_v any_o invocation_n or_o conjuration_n of_o any_o evil_a or_o wicked_a spirit_n or_o consult_v covenant_n with_o entertain_v or_o employ_v feed_v or_o reward_v any_o evil_a or_o wicked_a spirit_n to_o or_o for_o any_o intent_n or_o purpose_n or_o take_v up_o any_o dead_a man_n woman_n or_o child_n out_o of_o he_o her_z or_o their_o grave_n or_o any_o other_o place_n where_o the_o dead_a body_n rest_v or_o the_o
sepultura_fw-la hazimos_fw-la acuerdo_v it_o may_v be_v wonder_v that_o neither_o mr._n perkins_n nor_o the_o jesuit_n have_v any_o other_o or_o better_a text_n to_o prove_v this_o contract_n between_o the_o witch_n and_o the_o devil_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v it_o be_v very_o little_a that_o either_o of_o they_o say_v of_o this_o great_a point_n but_o pass_v it_o over_o perfunctory_o perhaps_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o king_n james_n have_v say_v or_o bring_v more_o and_o better_a proof_n in_o this_o point_n but_o i_o do_v not_o find_v that_o he_o do_v meddle_v with_o it_o at_o all_o but_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v that_o if_o there_o be_v witch_n there_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o covenant_n and_o so_o leave_v it_o without_o further_a proof_n a_o second_o note_n be_v that_o the_o agreement_n between_o the_o witch_n and_o the_o devil_n they_o call_v a_o covenant_n and_o yet_o neither_o of_o the_o party_n be_v any_o way_n bind_v to_o perform_v their_o part_n and_o the_o devil_n without_o doubt_n notwithstanding_o all_o his_o craft_n have_v far_o the_o worst_a part_n of_o the_o bargain_n the_o bargain_n run_v thus_o in_o mr._n p._n the_o witch_n as_o a_o slave_n 12._o bind_v himself_o by_o vow_n to_o believe_v in_o the_o devil_n and_o to_o give_v he_o either_o body_n or_o soul_n or_o both_o under_o his_o hand-writing_n or_o some_o part_n of_o his_o blood_n the_o devil_n promise_v to_o be_v ready_a at_o his_o vassal_n command_v to_o appear_v in_o the_o likeness_n of_o any_o creature_n to_o consult_v and_o to_o aid_v he_o for_o the_o procure_n of_o pleasure_n honour_n wealth_n or_o preferment_n to_o go_v for_o he_o to_o carry_v he_o any_o whither_o and_o do_v any_o command_n whereby_o we_o see_v the_o devil_n be_v not_o to_o have_v benefit_n of_o his_o bargain_n till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o witch_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n he_o be_v to_o appear_v always_o at_o the_o witch_n command_v to_o go_v for_o he_o to_o carry_v he_o any_o whither_o and_o to_o do_v any_o command_n which_o argue_v the_o devil_n to_o be_v the_o witch_n slave_n and_o not_o the_o witch_n the_o devil_n though_o it_o be_v true_a which_o delrio_n affirm_v that_o the_o devil_n be_v at_o liberty_n to_o perform_v or_o break_v his_o compact_n for_o that_o no_o man_n can_v compel_v he_o to_o keep_v his_o promise_n yet_o on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v as_o possible_a for_o the_o witch_n to_o frustrate_v the_o devil_n contract_n if_o he_o or_o she_o have_v so_o much_o grace_n as_o to_o repent_v the_o which_o there_o may_v be_v good_a cause_n to_o do_v if_o the_o devil_n be_v find_v not_o to_o perform_v his_o promise_n beside_o a_o witch_n may_v many_o time_n require_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o devil_n which_o god_n permit_v not_o the_o devil_n to_o do_v thus_o against_o his_o will_n the_o devil_n may_v lose_v his_o credit_n and_o give_v occasion_n of_o repentance_n though_o he_o endeavour_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o his_o power_n to_o bring_v to_o pass_v whatsoever_o he_o have_v promise_v and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o benefit_n of_o his_o bargain_n though_o he_o have_v the_o hand-writing_n or_o some_o part_n of_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o witch_n for_o his_o security_n or_o the_o solemnity_n before_o witness_n as_o delrio_n imagine_v i_o be_o certain_a they_o will_v not_o say_v that_o witchcraft_n be_v like_o the_o sin_n against_o the_o holy_a ghost_n unpardonaable_a for_o mr._n perkins_n confess_v the_o contrary_a and_o delrio_n deny_v it_o not_o for_o he_o allow_v the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o eucharist_n to_o be_v administer_v 18._o to_o a_o condemn_a witch_n with_o this_o limitation_n that_o there_o may_v be_v about_o four_o hour_n space_n between_o the_o communion_n and_o the_o execution_n in_o which_o time_n it_o may_v be_v probable_o think_v that_o the_o sacramental_a species_n as_o they_o call_v it_o may_v be_v consume_v 3._o delrio_n in_o his_o second_o book_n and_o four_o question_n give_v this_o rule_n which_o he_o say_v be_v common_a to_o all_o contract_n with_o the_o devil_n that_o first_o they_o must_v deny_v the_o faith_n and_o christianism_n and_o obedience_n to_o god_n and_o reject_v the_o patronage_n of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n and_o revile_v she_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n mr._n perkins_n affirm_v that_o witch_n renounce_v god_n and_o their_o baptism_n but_o if_o this_o be_v common_a to_o all_o contract_n with_o the_o devil_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o none_o can_v be_v witch_n but_o such_o as_o have_v first_o be_v christian_n nay_o and_o roman_a catholic_n if_o delrio_n say_v true_a for_o who_o else_o can_v renounce_v the_o patronage_n of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n and_o what_o shall_v be_v say_v then_o of_o all_o those_o idolatrous_a natious_a of_o lapland_n finland_n and_o of_o divers_a part_n of_o africa_n and_o many_o other_o heathenish_a nation_n which_o our_o traveller_n report_v to_o be_v full_a of_o witch_n and_o indeed_o what_o need_v or_o benefit_n can_v the_o devil_n gain_v by_o contract_v with_o those_o idolater_n who_o be_v sure_a his_o own_o than_o any_o covenant_n can_v make_v they_o 4._o whereas_o it_o be_v say_v that_o witchcraft_n be_v a_o art_n work_v wonder_n it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o the_o art_n must_v be_v the_o witch_n art_n and_o not_o the_o devil_n otherwise_o it_o be_v no_o witchcraft_n but_o devils-craft_n it_o be_v confess_v on_o all_o hand_n that_o the_o witch_n do_v not_o work_v the_o wonder_n but_o the_o devil_n only_o it_o be_v a_o rare_a art_n for_o a_o witch_n by_o her_o art_n to_o be_v able_a to_o do_v nothing_o herself_o but_o to_o command_v another_o to_o practice_v the_o art_n in_o other_o art_n mr._n perkins_n confess_v that_o the_o art_n master_n be_v able_a by_o himself_o to_o practice_v his_o art_n and_o to_o do_v thing_n belong_v thereunto_o without_o the_o help_n 4._o of_o another_o but_o in_o this_o it_o be_v otherwise_o the_o power_n of_o effect_v strange_a work_n do_v not_o flow_v from_o the_o skill_n of_o the_o witch_n but_o be_v derive_v whole_o from_o satan_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n he_o say_v that_o the_o mean_n of_o work_a wonder_n 1_o be_v charm_n use_v as_o a_o watchword_n to_o the_o devil_n to_o cause_v he_o to_o work_v wonder_n so_o that_o the_o devil_n be_v the_o worker_n of_o the_o wonder_n and_o the_o witch_n but_o the_o counsellor_n persuader_n or_o commander_n of_o it_o and_o only_o accessary_a before_o the_o fact_n and_o the_o devil_n only_o principal_a now_o the_o difficulty_n will_v be_v how_o the_o accessary_a can_v be_v due_o and_o lawful_o convict_v and_o attaint_v according_a as_o our_o statute_n require_v unless_o the_o devil_n who_o be_v the_o principal_a be_v first_o convict_v or_o at_o least_o outlaw_v which_o can_v be_v because_o the_o devil_n can_v never_o be_v lawful_o summon_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o our_o common-law_n for_o further_a proof_n that_o the_o devil_n be_v the_o principal_a in_o all_o such_o wonder_n i_o shall_v show_v it_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o king_n james_n in_o a_o case_n of_o murder_n which_o be_v the_o most_o capital_a crime_n our_o law_n look_v upon_o first_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o devil_n teach_v witch_n how_o to_o make_v picture_n of_o wax_n and_o clay_n that_o by_o the_o roast_n thereof_o the_o person_n that_o they_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o may_v be_v continual_o melt_v or_o dry_v away_o by_o continual_a sickness_n not_o that_o any_o of_o these_o mean_n which_o he_o teach_v they_o except_o poison_n which_o be_v compose_v of_o thing_n natural_a can_v of_o themselves_o help_v anything_o to_o these_o turn_v they_o be_v employ_v in_o second_o king_n jame_n affirm_v that_o witch_n 5._o can_v bewitch_v and_o take_v the_o life_n of_o man_n or_o woman_n by_o roast_v of_o the_o picture_n which_o be_v very_o possible_a to_o their_o master_n to_o perform_v for_o although_o that_o instrument_n of_o wax_n have_v no_o virtue_n in_o the_o turn_n do_v yet_o may_v he_o not_o very_o well_o by_o that_o same_o measure_n that_o his_o conjure_a slave_n melt_v that_o wax_n at_o the_o fire_n may_v he_o not_o i_o say_v at_o these_o same_o time_n subtle_o as_o a_o spirit_n so_o weaken_v and_o scatter_v the_o spirit_n of_o life_n of_o the_o patient_a as_o may_v make_v he_o on_o the_o one_o part_n for_o faintness_n to_o sweat_v out_o the_o humour_n of_o his_o body_n and_o on_o the_o other_o part_n for_o the_o not_o concur_v of_o these_o spirit_n which_o cause_n his_o digestion_n so_o debilitate_v his_o stomach_n that_o his_o humour_n radical_a continual_o sweat_v out_o on_o the_o one_o part_n and_o no_o new_a good_a suck_v be_v put_v in_o the_o place_n thereof_o for_o lack_v of_o digestion_n on_o the_o other_o he_o at_o last_o shall_v vanish_v away_o even_o as_o his_o picture_n will_v