church_n man_n it_o be_v call_v the_o cannon_n law_n and_o though_o it_o have_v here_o no_o positive_a authority_n as_o be_v compile_v by_o private_a person_n at_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o pope_n especial_o since_o the_o reformation_n yet_o our_o ecclesiastic_a right_n be_v settle_v thereby_o before_o the_o reformation_n and_o because_o many_o thing_n in_o that_o law_n be_v found_v upon_o material_a justice_n and_o exact_o calculate_v for_o all_o church_n man_n therefore_o that_o law_n be_v yet_o much_o respect_v among_o we_o especial_o in_o what_o relate_v to_o conscience_n and_o ecclesiastic_a right_n our_o municipal_a law_n of_o scotland_n be_v make_v up_o partly_o of_o our_o write_a and_o partly_o of_o our_o unwritten_a law_n our_o write_a law_n comprehend_v first_o our_o statutory_a law_n which_o consist_v of_o our_o statute_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n secundo_fw-la the_o act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la which_o be_v statute_n make_v by_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o particular_a act_n of_o parliament_n 93._o impower_v they_o to_o make_v such_o constitution_n as_o they_o shall_v think_v fit_a for_o order_v the_o â—rocedur_n and_o form_n of_o administrate_a justice_n and_o these_o be_v call_v act_n of_o sederunt_fw-la because_o they_o be_v make_v by_o the_o lord_n sit_v in_o judgement_n but_o be_v not_o proper_o law_n the_o legislative_a power_n be_v the_o king_n prerogative_n tertio_fw-la the_o book_n of_o regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la which_o be_v general_o look_v upon_o as_o a_o part_n of_o our_o law_n and_o they_o and_o the_o leges_fw-la burgorum_fw-la and_o the_o other_o tractate_v join_v by_o skeen_n to_o they_o be_v call_v the_o old_a book_n of_o our_o law_n by_o many_o express_a act_n of_o parliament_n 115_o though_o the_o book_n of_o regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la be_v original_o but_o the_o work_n of_o one_o private_a lawyer_n write_v by_o way_n of_o institution_n and_o be_v now_o very_a much_o abrogate_a by_o custom_n our_o unwritten_a law_n comprehend_v the_o constant_a tract_n of_o decision_n pass_v by_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n which_o be_v consider_v as_o law_n the_o lord_n respect_v very_o much_o their_o own_o decision_n and_o though_o they_o may_v yet_o they_o use_v not_o to_o rece_v from_o they_o except_o upon_o grave_a consideration_n secundo_fw-la our_o ancient_a custom_n make_v up_o a_o part_n of_o our_o unwritten_a law_n which_o have_v be_v universal_o receive_v among_o we_o the_o tacit_a consent_n of_o the_o people_n operate_n as_o much_o in_o these_o as_o their_o express_a consent_n do_v in_o make_v law_n and_o such_o be_v the_o force_n of_o custom_n or_o consuetude_n that_o if_o a_o statute_n after_o long_o stand_v have_v never_o be_v in_o observance_n or_o have_v be_v have_v run_v in_o desuetude_n consuetude_n prevail_v over_o the_o stâ—â—â—â—e_n till_o it_o be_v renew_v either_o by_o a_o succeed_a parliament_n or_o by_o a_o proclamation_n from_o the_o council_n for_o though_o the_o council_n can_v make_v law_n yet_o they_o may_v revive_v they_o general_o all_o law_n shall_v look_v forward_o 18._o though_o declaratory_a law_n regulat_fw-la what_o be_v past_a since_o their_o design_n be_v to_o declare_v what_o be_v law_n prior_n to_o the_o statute_n and_o to_o direct_v judge_n how_o to_o decide_v in_o case_n that_o need_v the_o decision_n of_o a_o parliament_n law_n shall_v command_v not_o persuade_v and_o though_o the_o rubric_n or_o title_n and_o narrative_a of_o the_o statute_n may_v direct_v a_o doubt_a judge_n yet_o if_o the_o statutory_a word_n be_v clear_a they_o shall_v be_v follow_v in_o all_o case_n all_o law_n shall_v be_v so_o interpret_v as_o to_o evite_v absurdity_n and_o as_o may_v best_o agree_v with_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o legislator_n and_o analogy_n or_o general_a design_n of_o the_o common_a law_n correctory_n law_n so_o we_o call_v these_o which_o abrogate_v or_o restrict_n former_a law_n be_v to_o be_v strict_o interpret_v for_o we_o shall_v rece_v as_o little_a as_o can_v be_v from_o receive_v law_n honourable_a law_n be_v to_o be_v extend_v and_o the_o parity_n of_o reason_n often_o prevail_v with_o our_o judge_n to_o extend_v law_n to_o case_n that_o be_v found_v on_o the_o same_o reason_n with_o what_o be_v express_o determine_v by_o the_o statute_n tit._n ii_o of_o jurisdiction_n and_o judge_n in_o general_n have_v resolve_v to_o follow_v justinians_n method_n to_o the_o end_n there_o may_v be_v as_o little_a difference_n find_v betwixt_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o we_o as_o be_v possible_a and_o that_o the_o reader_n may_v not_o be_v distract_v by_o different_a method_n i_o do_v resolve_v first_o to_o lay_v down_o what_o concern_v the_o person_n of_o who_o the_o law_n treat_v â—at_a â—do_n what_o concern_v the_o thing_n themselves_o treat_v of_o such_o as_o right_n obligation_n etc._n etc._n tertio_fw-la the_o action_n whereby_o these_o right_n be_v pursue_v which_o answer_v to_o the_o civilian_n objecta_fw-la juris_fw-la viz._n personae_fw-la res_fw-la &_o actiones_fw-la the_o person_n treat_v of_o in_o law_n be_v either_o civil_a or_o ecclesiastic_a the_o chief_a of_o both_o which_o be_v judge_n with_o who_o we_o shall_v begin_v and_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o their_o office_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o know_v that_o jurisdiction_n be_v a_o power_n grant_v to_o a_o magistrate_n to_o cognosce_fw-la upon_o and_o determine_v in_o cause_n and_o to_o put_v the_o sentence_n or_o decreet_a to_o execution_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o either_o his_o commission_n law_n or_o practice_n do_v allow_v all_o jurisdiction_n flow_v original_o from_o the_o king_n 18._o so_o that_o none_o have_v power_n to_o make_v depute_n except_o it_o be_v contain_v in_o their_o commission_n and_o if_o a_o depute_v appoint_v any_o under_o he_o that_o sub-depute_a be_v call_v proper_o a_o substitute_n and_o every_o judge_n be_v answerable_a for_o the_o malversation_n of_o his_o depute_v jurisdiction_n be_v either_o cumulative_a or_o privative_a cumulative_a jurisdiction_n be_v when_o two_o judge_n have_v power_n to_o judge_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o general_o it_o be_v to_o be_v remember_v that_o the_o king_n be_v never_o so_o denude_v but_o that_o he_o retain_v a_o inherent_a power_n to_o make_v other_o judge_n with_o the_o same_o power_n that_o he_o give_v in_o former_a 3._o commission_n and_o thus_o he_o may_v erect_v land_n in_o a_o regality_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o a_o heritable_a sheriff-ship_n and_o burgh_v royal_a within_o the_o bound_n of_o a_o regality_n and_o these_o bound_n within_o which_o a_o judge_n may_v exerce_fw-la his_o commission_n be_v call_v his_o territory_n so_o that_o if_o any_o judge_n exercise_n jurisdiction_n without_o his_o territory_n his_o sentence_n be_v null_a and_o among_o those_o who_o have_v a_o cumulative_a jurisdiction_n he_o who_o first_o cite_v can_v only_o judge_v and_o this_o be_v call_v jus_o praeventionis_fw-la privative_a jurisdiction_n be_v when_o one_o judge_n have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o judge_v exclusive_a of_o all_o other_o such_o power_n have_v the_o lord_n of_o session_n in_o judge_v of_o all_o competition_n among_o heritable_a right_n and_o here_o there_o can_v be_v no_o prevention_n jurisdiction_n be_v found_v to_o any_o judge_n either_o because_o the_o defender_n dwell_v within_o his_o territory_n which_o be_v call_v sortiri_fw-la forum_n ratione_fw-la domicilij_fw-la or_o secundâ—_n because_o the_o crime_n be_v commit_v within_o his_o territory_n which_o be_v call_v ratione_fw-la delicti_fw-la or_o tertio_fw-la if_o the_o person_n pursue_v have_v any_o immovable_a estate_n within_o his_o territory_n though_o he_o live_v not_o within_o the_o same_o he_o may_v be_v pursue_v by_o any_o action_n to_o affect_v that_o estate_n which_o be_v call_v sortiri_fw-la forum_n ratione_fw-la rei_fw-la sitae_fw-la a_o jurisdiction_n be_v say_v to_o be_v prorogate_v when_o a_o person_n not_o other_o way_n subject_a submit_v himself_o to_o it_o as_o when_o he_o compear_v before_o a_o incompetent_a judge_n and_o propon_n defence_n all_o judge_n with_o we_o must_v take_v the_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n 11._o and_o the_o test_n 18._o whereby_o they_o swear_v to_o maintain_v the_o government_n of_o church_n and_o state_n as_o it_o be_v now_o establish_v and_o a_o oath_n de_fw-fr fideli_fw-la administratione_fw-la before_o they_o exerce_fw-la their_o office_n and_o no_o excommunicate_a person_n nor_o rebel_n against_o the_o government_n can_v judge_v by_o our_o law_n if_o a_o person_n be_v pursue_v before_o a_o judge_n who_o be_v not_o competent_a he_o may_v complain_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o session_n and_o they_o will_v grant_v letter_n of_o advocation_n whereby_o they_o advocate_n that_o be_v to_o say_v call_v that_o cause_n from_o the_o incompetent_a judge_n to_o themselves_o and_o if_o after_o the_o letter_n of_o advocation_n be_v intimate_fw-la to_o that_o judge_n he_o yet_o proceed_v his_o decreet_a will_v be_v null_a as_o give_v spreto_fw-la mandato_fw-la jurisdiction_n be_v
edinburgh_n march_v 18._o 1684._o it_o be_v order_v by_o the_o lord_n of_o his_o majesty_n most_o honourable_a privy_a council_n that_o none_o shall_v re-print_n or_o import_n into_o this_o kingdom_n the_o book_n intitutle_v the_o institution_n of_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n by_o sir_n george_n mackenzie_n of_o rosehaugh_n his_o majesty_n advocate_n for_o the_o space_n of_o nineteen_o year_n after_o the_o date_n hereof_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o author_n under_o the_o pain_n of_o confiscation_n of_o the_o whole_a copy_n to_o john_n reid_n printer_n of_o the_o say_a book_n extract_v by_o i_o pat._n menzies_n cls._n sti._n cli._n the_o institution_n of_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n by_o sir_n george_n mackenzie_n of_o rosehaugh_n his_o majesty_n advocate_n edinburgh_n print_v by_o john_n reid_n anno_fw-la dom._n m_n dc_o lxxxiv_o to_o the_o earl_n of_o middleton_n my_o lord_n the_o natural_a way_n of_o learn_v all_o art_n and_o science_n be_v to_o know_v first_o the_o term_n use_v in_o they_o and_o the_o principle_n upon_o which_o they_o be_v found_v with_o the_o origin_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o other_o a_o collection_n of_o these_o term_n and_o principle_n be_v in_o law_n call_v institution_n and_o the_o natural_a and_o easy_a way_n of_o write_v these_o be_v by_o go_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n to_o a_o second_o and_o from_o that_o to_o a_o three_o the_o admire_a method_n of_o euclid_n in_o his_o element_n though_o much_o neglect_v by_o all_o who_o have_v write_v institution_n of_o law_n in_o which_o not_o only_o many_o thing_n unnecessary_a be_v insert_v as_o almost_o all_o the_o three_o book_n of_o justinian_o institution_n the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o sabiniani_fw-la and_o proculiani_fw-la etc._n etc._n many_o fundamental_a title_n be_v ommit_v as_o all_o the_o matter_n of_o restitution_n and_o many_o thing_n be_v teach_v in_o the_o first_o book_n which_o can_v be_v understand_v till_o the_o four_o be_v read_v i_o have_v therefore_o in_o these_o my_o institution_n treat_v nothing_o save_o term_n and_o principle_n leave_v out_o nothing_o that_o be_v necessary_a and_o insert_v nothing_o that_o be_v controvert_v in_o all_o which_o i_o have_v proceed_v build_v always_o one_o principle_n upon_o another_o and_o express_v every_o thing_n in_o the_o term_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n or_o in_o the_o style_n of_o we_o respective_o so_o that_o if_o any_o man_n understand_v full_o this_o little_a book_n natural_a reason_n and_o think_v will_v easy_o supply_v much_o of_o what_o be_v diffuse_v through_o our_o many_o volume_n of_o treatise_n and_o decision_n whereas_o the_o study_v those_o will_v not_o in_o many_o year_n give_v a_o true_a idea_n of_o our_o law_n and_o do_v rather_o distract_v than_o instruct_v and_o i_o have_v often_o observe_v that_o more_o lawyer_n be_v ignorant_a for_o not_o understand_v the_o first_o principle_n than_o for_o not_o have_v read_v many_o book_n as_o it_o be_v not_o the_o have_v travel_v long_o but_o the_o have_v know_v the_o way_n which_o bring_v a_o man_n to_o his_o lodging_n soon_o and_o secure_o my_o lord_n you_o observe_v very_o just_o to_o i_o that_o institution_n be_v a_o grammar_n and_o therefore_o which_o be_v a_o great_a encouragement_n to_o all_o reader_n of_o institution_n they_o who_o understand_v the_o institution_n of_o any_o one_o nation_n will_v soon_o learn_v the_o law_n of_o any_o other_o for_o though_o term_n form_n and_o custom_n differ_v yet_o the_o great_a principle_n of_o justice_n and_o equity_n be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o nation_n i_o send_v i_o therefore_o to_o your_o lordship_n not_o because_o you_o need_v they_o but_o that_o you_o may_v judge_v if_o my_o institution_n will_v be_v able_a to_o justify_v your_o parallel_n nec_fw-la phoebo_n gratior_fw-la ulla_fw-la est_fw-la quam_fw-la sibi_fw-la quae_fw-la vari_n praescripsit_fw-la pagina_fw-la nomen_fw-la the_o index_n of_o the_o title_n part_n i._n title_n i._o of_o law_n in_o general_n page_n 1_o title_n ii_o of_o jurisdiction_n and_o judge_n in_o general_a page_n 9_o title_n iii_o of_o the_o supreme_a judge_n and_o court_n of_o scotland_n page_n 17_o title_n iv._o of_o inferior_a jurisdiction_n and_o court_n page_n 27_o title_n v._o of_o ecclesiastic_a person_n page_n 33_o title_n vi_o of_o marriage_n page_n 46_o title_n vii_o of_o minor_n and_o their_o tutor_n and_o curator_n page_n 47_o part_n ii_o title_n i._o of_o the_o division_n of_o right_n and_o the_o several_a way_n of_o acquire_a property_n and_o dominion_n page_n 74_o title_n ii_o of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o heritable_a and_o movable_a right_n page_n 83_o title_n iii_o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o heritable_a right_n by_o charter_n and_o season_n page_n 92_o title_n iv._o of_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o hold_v title_n v._o of_o the_o casualty_n due_a to_o the_o superior_a page_n 108_o title_n vi_o of_o the_o right_n which_o the_o vassal_n acquire_v by_o get_v the_o feu_fw-fr page_n 13â—_n title_n vii_o of_o transmission_n of_o right_n by_o confirmation_n and_o of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o base_a and_o public_a infeftment_n page_n 14â—_n title_n viii_o of_o redeemable_a right_n page_n 15â—_n title_n ix_o of_o servitude_n page_n 16â—_n title_n x._o of_o â—eynds_n page_n 18â—_n title_n xi_o of_o inhibitions_n page_n 19â—_n title_n xii_o of_o comprysing_n and_o adjudication_n page_n 20â—_n part_n iii_o title_n i._o of_o obligation_n and_o contract_n in_o general_a page_n 217_o title_n ii_o of_o obligation_n by_o write_n or_o word_n page_n 228_o title_n iii_o of_o obligation_n and_o contract_n arise_v from_o consent_n and_o of_o accessary_a obligation_n page_n 232_o title_n iv._o of_o the_o dissolution_n or_o extension_n of_o obligation_n page_n 255_o title_n v._o of_o assignation_n page_n 261_o title_n v._o of_o arrâ—stments_n and_o poiâ—â—ings_n page_n 265_o title_n vi_o of_o prescription_n page_n 275_o title_n vii_o of_o succession_n in_o heritable_a right_n page_n 282_o title_n viii_o of_o succession_n in_o movables_n page_n 323_o title_n ix_o of_o â—â—st_n heir_n and_o bastard_n page_n 330_o part_n iu._n title_n i._o of_o action_n page_n 334_o title_n ii_o of_o probation_n page_n 362_o title_n iii_o of_o sentence_n and_o their_o execution_n page_n 368_o title_n iv._o of_o crime_n page_n 375_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n first_o part_n tit._n i._o of_o law_n in_o general_n justice_z be_v a_o constant_a and_o perpetual_a will_n and_o inclination_n to_o give_v every_o man_n what_o be_v due_a to_o he_o law_n be_v the_o science_n which_o teach_v we_o to_o do_v justice_n this_o law_n in_o a_o large_a acceptation_n be_v divide_v in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n law_n of_o nation_n and_o the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n of_o each_o particular_a country_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n comprehend_v those_o dictate_v which_o nature_n have_v teach_v all_o live_a creature_n instance_n whereof_o be_v self_n defence_n education_n of_o child_n and_o general_o all_o those_o common_a principle_n which_o be_v common_a to_o man_n and_o beast_n and_o this_o be_v rather_o innate_a instinct_n than_o positive_a law_n the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v peculiar_a to_o mankind_n only_o dictate_v by_o right_a reason_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o original_a and_o primarie_a law_n of_o nature_n that_o flow_v from_o the_o first_o and_o pure_a principle_n of_o right_a reason_n such_o as_o reverence_n to_o god_n respect_n to_o our_o country_n and_o parent_n and_o the_o secundarie_n and_o consequential_a law_n of_o nature_n consist_v of_o these_o general_a conclusion_n in_o which_o ordinary_o all_o nation_n agree_v and_o which_o they_o draw_v by_o way_n of_o necessary_a consequence_n from_o those_o first_o principle_n and_o under_o this_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v comprehend_v the_o obligation_n arise_v from_o promise_n or_o contract_n the_o liberty_n of_o commerce_n the_o ransome_v of_o prisoner_n security_n of_o ambassador_n and_o the_o like_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n be_v the_o particular_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o every_o nation_n or_o people_n who_o be_v under_o one_o sovereign_a power_n the_o roman_n have_v study_v with_o great_a exactness_n the_o principle_n of_o equity_n and_o justice._n their_o emperor_n justinian_n do_v cause_n digest_v all_o their_o law_n into_o one_o body_n which_o be_v nowcal_v by_o most_o polit_fw-la nation_n for_o its_o excellency_n the_o civil_a law_n and_o as_o this_o civil_a law_n be_v much_o respect_v general_o so_o it_o have_v great_a influence_n in_o scotland_n except_o where_o our_o own_o express_a law_n or_o custom_n have_v recede_v from_o â—31_n it_o and_o by_o the_o common_a law_n in_o our_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v mean_v the_o 31._o civil_a law_n the_o pope_n of_o rome_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n make_v a_o body_n of_o law_n of_o their_o own_o which_o because_o it_o be_v compile_v by_o
set_v a_o sub-tack_n which_o will_v be_v as_o valid_a as_o the_o principal_n tack_v if_o clad_v with_o possession_n rental_n be_v also_o a_o kind_n of_o tack_n but_o more_o favourable_a and_o easy_a because_o the_o rentall_a and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v be_v ancient_a possessor_n and_o kindly_a tenant_n and_o he_o pay_v a_o grassume_a or_o acknowledgement_n at_o his_o entry_n and_o yet_o they_o last_v no_o long_o than_o for_o a_o year_n if_o there_o be_v no_o time_n express_v and_o if_o they_o be_v grant_v to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n they_o last_v only_o to_o the_o first_o heir_n for_o else_o they_o behove_v for_o ever_o to_o belong_v to_o the_o heir_n and_o so_o will_v want_v a_o be_v but_o no_o tack_v be_v account_v a_o rental_a except_o it_o be_v in_o write_v and_o the_o write_v bear_v the_o same_o rental_n can_v be_v assign_v except_o that_o power_n be_v grant_v in_o the_o rental_a and_o if_o the_o rentale_a assign_n he_o lose_v his_o rental_a though_o a_o tacksman_n forfeit_v not_o his_o right_n by_o assign_v it_o the_o assignation_n be_v only_o null_a when_o the_o year_n of_o the_o tack_n expyre_n or_o though_o there_o be_v no_o tack_v yet_o the_o master_n can_v summary_o remove_v his_o tennent_n or_o possessor_n except_o from_o liferented_a land_n and_o house_n or_o tower_n and_o fortalice_n and_o vicious_a possessor_n who_o he_o can_v remove_v by_o a_o summons_n on_o six_o day_n but_o in_o all_o other_o case_n he_o must_v warn_v he_o 40_o day_n before_o the_o term_n of_o whitsonday_n though_o the_o term_n at_o which_o he_o be_v to_o remove_v by_o paction_n be_v martinmass_o or_o candlemass_o which_o warning_n must_v be_v execute_v that_o be_v to_o say_v intimate_v personal_o to_o the_o tennent_n and_o upon_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o land_n and_o at_o the_o parish_n kirk_n immediate_o after_o sermon_n and_o if_o he_o than_o refuse_v he_o must_v be_v pursue_v to_o remove_v upon_o six_o day_n and_o after_o this_o citation_n the_o master_n will_v get_v against_o he_o violent_a profit_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o double_a of_o the_o avail_n of_o the_o tenement_n within_o burgh_n and_o the_o high_a advantage_n that_o the_o heritor_n can_v have_v get_v if_o the_o tennent_n possess_v land_n in_o the_o country_n nor_o will_v the_o tennent_n be_v allow_v to_o defend_v against_o this_o remove_n till_o he_o find_v caution_n to_o pay_v the_o violent_a profit_n 39_o the_o master_n have_v likewise_o a_o tacit_fw-la hypotheque_fw-fr in_fw-la the_o fruit_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o he_o set_v to_o his_o tennent_n in_o so_o far_o as_o concern_v a_o year_n duty_n that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o be_v impignorat_a by_o the_o law_n for_o that_o year_n duty_n and_o he_o will_v be_v prefer_v either_o to_o a_o creditor_n who_o have_v do_v diligence_n or_o to_o a_o stranger_n who_o have_v buy_v they_o though_o in_o a_o public_a mercat_n and_o a_o landlord_n within_o burgh_n have_v a_o tacit_n hypotheque_fw-fr in_o all_o the_o good_n bring_v in_o to_o his_o house_n by_o his_o tennent_n which_o he_o may_v retain_v aâ—_n and_o while_o he_o be_v pay_v of_o his_o year_n rend_v title_n vii_o of_o transmission_n of_o right_n by_o confirmation_n and_o of_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o base_a and_o public_a infeftment_n the_o fie_o being_n thus_o establish_v in_o the_o vassal_n person_n the_o same_o may_v be_v transmit_v either_o to_o universal_a or_o singular_a successor_n the_o first_o be_v proper_o call_v succession_n which_o shall_v be_v handle_v in_o the_o third-book_n transmission_n of_o right_n to_o singular_a successor_n be_v voluntar_n by_o disposition_n and_o assignation_n or_o necessary_a by_o appryse_v and_o adjudication_n and_o consiscation_n when_o they_o be_v forefault_v for_o crime_n etc._n etc._n if_o the_o vassal_n sell_v the_o land_n the_o superior_a be_v not_o oblige_v to_o receive_v the_o sub-vassal_n except_o he_o please_v though_o the_o charter_n bear_v to_o he_o and_o his_o assigny_n and_o if_o he_o receive_v he_o there_o be_v in_o law_n a_o year_n rend_v due_a to_o the_o superior_a as_o a_o acknowledgement_n for_o change_v his_o vassal_n land_n be_v dispone_v either_o to_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o disponer_n superior_a and_o that_o be_v call_v a_o public_a infeftment_n because_o it_o be_v presume_v it_o will_v be_v public_o know_v be_v hold_v of_o the_o superior_a and_o it_o be_v likewise_o call_v a_o infeftment_n a_o i_o because_o the_o disponer_n give_v it_o to_o be_v hold_v a_o i_o de_fw-fr superiore_fw-la meo_fw-la and_o this_o infeftment_n be_v null_a until_o it_o be_v confirm_v 66._o by_o the_o superior_a which_o be_v do_v by_o a_o charter_n of_o confirmation_n wherein_o the_o superior_a narrate_v the_o vassal_n charter_n and_o subjoin_v thereto_o his_o own_o confirmation_n or_o ratification_n of_o it_o and_o the_o last_o right_a be_v first_o confirm_v be_v still_o prefer_v sometime_o also_o the_o vassal_n dispones_fw-la land_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o himself_o and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o base_a infeftment_n and_o have_v be_v allow_v by_o our_o law_n contrare_fw-la to_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o feudal_n law_n in_o favour_n of_o creditor_n who_o get_v right_o for_o payment_n of_o their_o debt_n be_v unwilling_a to_o be_v at_o the_o expense_n to_o get_v a_o confirmation_n from_o the_o superior_a and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o infeftment_n de_fw-fr i_o because_o the_o disponer_n give_v they_o tenendas_fw-la de_fw-mi i_o &_o successoribus_fw-la meis_fw-la these_o base_a infeftment_n be_v clothe_v with_o possession_n be_v as_o perfect_a and_o valid_a as_o a_o public_a infeftment_n for_o possession_n be_v to_o a_o infeftment_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o disponer_n the_o same_o thing_n that_o confirmation_n be_v to_o a_o infeftment_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o superior_a and_o therefore_o as_o in_o a_o competition_n betwixt_o two_o infeftment_n of_o the_o same_o land_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o superior_a the_o first_o confirmation_n will_v be_v prefer_v it_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n in_o law_n that_o among_o right_n of_o equal_a perfection_n prior_n in_o tempore_fw-la est_fw-la potior_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la so_o if_o a_o base_a infeftment_n be_v clothe_v with_o possession_n before_o the_o public_a infeftment_n be_v confirm_v the_o base_a infeftment_n will_v be_v prefer_v though_o it_o be_v grant_v after_o the_o public_a infeftment_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o base_a infeftment_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o know_v that_o possession_n be_v in_o law_n natural_a or_o civil_a that_o be_v natural_a possession_n by_o which_o a_o man_n be_v natural_o and_o corporal_o in_o possession_n as_o by_o labour_v of_o the_o ground_n but_o because_o sometime_o man_n can_v not_o attain_v to_o the_o natural_a possession_n for_o clothing_n their_o right_n therefore_o the_o law_n be_v force_v to_o allow_v another_o possession_n by_o the_o mind_n as_o that_o be_v by_o the_o body_n and_o this_o be_v call_v civil_a possession_n because_o it_o be_v allow_v and_o introduce_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o which_o there_o be_v many_o kind_n in_o scotland_n as_o primo_n the_o obtain_v decreet_n for_o meal_n and_o duty_n and_o even_o citation_n upon_o a_o heritable_a right_n secundo_fw-la payment_n of_o annualrent_n by_o the_o debtor_n to_o the_o creditor_n who_o have_v infeftment_n of_o annualrent_a tertio_fw-la if_o a_o man_n be_v infeft_v in_o land_n and_o for_o warrandice_n of_o these_o land_n be_v infeft_v in_o other_o land_n possession_n of_o the_o principal_a land_n be_v repute_v in_o the_o construction_n of_o law_n possession_n of_o the_o warrandice_n land_n quarto_fw-la if_o a_o woman_n be_v infeft_v by_o her_o husband_n in_o a_o life-rent_a the_o husband_n possession_n be_v account_v the_o wife_n possession_n quinto_fw-la if_o a_o man_n dispone_fw-la land_n reserve_v his_o own_o liferent_a the_o liferenters_n possession_n be_v account_v the_o fiar_n possession_n and_o a_o base_a infeftment_n be_v say_v to_o be_v clothe_v with_o possession_n if_o he_o who_o be_v infeft_v have_v attain_v either_o to_o natural_a or_o civil_a possession_n for_o the_o law_n can_v punish_v a_o man_n for_o not_o apprehend_v possession_n who_o can_v not_o apprehend_v it_o and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n if_o the_o time_n of_o entry_n be_v not_o come_v he_o who_o be_v infeft_v by_o a_o base_a infeftment_n will_v be_v prefer_v in_o that_o case_n as_o if_o he_o be_v in_o possession_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o all_o this_o be_v because_o our_o law_n consider_v that_o base_a infeftment_n be_v clandestine_o make_v betwixt_o confident_a and_o conjunct_a person_n to_o the_o ruin_n of_o lawful_a creditor_n who_o can_v not_o know_v the_o same_o there_o be_v then_o no_o register_n of_o seasin_n it_o therefore_o declare_v all_o base_a infeftment_n to_o be_v simulat_fw-la which_o be_v not_o clothe_v with_o possession_n and_o therefore_o before_o the_o term_n