quite out of the towne I think no. Euen so if smal white wines should driue humors from diuerse places of the bodie and shoulde not carrie them forth by the water vesselles but let them lie stinking there it ought not to be called a scourer but a defiler an hurter of the bodie If the maister of the pudding cart before named would let the filthines of the butcherie tarie so long there vntill it stanke so sore by reason of long continuing in that place and for lacke of carying out betime that both they of the butcherie and all the neighbours about were grieuouslye vexed with the foule stinke of that filth that taried so long there if an other carter offred for the same wages euery seconde day to carie out all the vncleannesse of the towne which of these two mē were more worthy to haue the office and name of the townescourer Smal white wines scoure and driue out the vncleannesse of the bodie as much as it is possible to be done by them and red and Clared wine stoppe and hold backe and fill the bodie full of ill humors now which are most profitable to be taken most commonly of a man for the kéeping of his health But although small white wine by nature hath such properties to driue out by vrine vnprofitable humors that are commed within the compasse of their working yet the vertue of it is hindered either if the man by eating and drinking to much continually fill the bodie with so many excrementes that nature euen being holpen with white wine cannot driue them out by reason of the ouerflowing plentie of them also if that the meat lie to long in the stomach and the excrements to long in the guttes and goe not downe at conuenient times to the stoole White wine sometime cannot driue out humors sufficiently if it be hindered by ill diet Than the white wine for lacke of helpe can not doe his office And it is plaine that banketting and much eating and drinking and keeping of the meat to long in the stomache and the excrements vnscoured out of the bellie giue the most part of the material cause vnto the stone which thing may be easilye proued by the authority of Aetius writing of the stone in these wordes The materiall cause of the stone Ye must beware of such meats as are hard of substance and are not esie to be broken with chowing and also them that haue much substance Holding of humors to long in the body is the cause of the stone and not the driuing of them forth dayly in good season and nourish verye much and those that are conueyed in by heapes into the bodie before they be fully digested or made ripe also meates of an heauy qualitie and are hardly chaunged and swim aboue and go to slowly downe to the belly fill it ful of wind Flie also such as stop the ways and veynes of the bodie or otherwise abide to long in the bellies for the bellie being made wearie with such meates sendeth them forth either as yet raw or halfe sodden to the liuer and kidneyes and so it that was brought in by heapes rawe is sifted or streyned vnfitlye and against nature and with an hastie rage is caried to the kidneyes and by and by it groweth togither and is thickned and standeth there still Thus farre Aetius Of whome we may learne plainly howe the stone is made and of what causes and that neither small white wine neyther any other wine will preserue a man from the stone except he kéepe good diet withall and emptie out the excrements of the bellie dailye And the same sayth afterward ventrem semper probè laxum habere oportet Hic enim si bene subierit puriora lotia prodibunt That is ye must haue your bellie alway well losed for if the bellie worke well downeward your water shall come forth the fairer and cleaner If so often emptying of the bellye as nature requireth maketh a mans water cleare and faire then the to much stopping of the bodie maketh a foule drousie or dreggye water But such foule geare bréedeth the stone therfore to much stopping of the bellye is oft the cause of the stone For when as such plentie of filthie matter cometh forth by the water there must néedes be much aboue in the kidneyes and bladder wherof the stone may be ingendred if there be anye excessiue heate in the kidneyes and bladder All men therefore may plainly sée that small white wine is falslye accused to be a bréeder of the stone when as ill diet and the stopping of ill humors within the bodye is the cause thereof and that wines that are hoter and stronger than white and Rhennish wines be engender rewmes and bréede the goute more than the white small wines do as it is by places aboue alleaged fully prooued Of the natures of wynes after their tastes THe wines that are commonlye brought into England named by their tastes in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that in Latine vina dulcia astringentia austera acerba and such like as are acria and acida for the most part wherof we haue neuer one proper name in English though we can name dulce vinū well in English swéete wine but what shall we call acre austerum and acerbum in common vsed English surely I cannot tell for I cannot giue to euery one of these wordes one seuerall vsed English word without circumlocution wherfore séeing that the proper English wordes are so harde to be found and the meaning of the words are as little knowen of the most part of all men I think it shall be necessarye to shewe by the authoritie of some old learned writer what these words adstringens austerum and acerbum acer and acidus doe signifie and betoken If any man say that I nede not to take this paine bicause the great and costlye booke called Thesaurus linguae Romanae Britannicae that is the treasure of the Latin and English tongue hath done that thing alreadie I aunswere that I asked counsell of that great booke and in dede as I found great plentie both of good Latin wordes and fine maners of speaking gathered wyth great paines and ordered with no small learning and iudgement but in the English as I found to much plentie of light and new inckhorne termes so in some places I founde such scarcenesse lacke and want of proper and true Englishe names that the author is faine to giue one name to diuerse Latin wordes for when I looked how he englished Acer he englisheth it thus Eger sharpe tart soure or fell Lo here is great plentie of wordes and yet we can not tell what acer in taste doth properly signifie and a litle after he writeth these wordes acer acidus succus Vitruuius eger By this booke we may English lac acidum eger milke And afterwarde where as of purpose he expoūdeth what Acidus betokeneth he englisheth it eger soure sharp
therefore the drinking of wine is profitable for olde men but to them that are in growing it is excéeding hurtfull moreouer Plato did not suffer that the souldiers shoulde drinke any wine in the campe neither bondmen in the citie neyther princes nor gouernors in the cōmonwelth neither iudges neither any other that should enter in the counsell about any matter bicause that wine as a certain tyrant doth rule ouercome the powers of the soule Hitherto Galen But bicause it hath bene diuerse times sayd that wine is good for olde men and it is not as yet fullye shewed what maner of wine that should be it shal be best to teache men by Galen what wines are best for old men Galen lib. 5. de sanitate tuenda sayth All your counsell must goe to this ende in chosing of wine fit for old men that it may be very thin or subtil in color redish yellow or yellow or pale yellow which is of a middle color betwéene bright yellow and white The warming of all the members in olde mens bodies There are two profites that come to old men by the vse of wine one is that it warmeth all the members of their bodies and the other is that it scoureth out by the water all the whayishnesse or thin waterishnes of the bloud and bicause it doth so effectuallye The scouring awaye of the whaiish waterynesse of the bloud it is best for olde men But such wine is it that is thin in substance driueth forth water and is yellow in color for that is the proper color of hote wines and so also which haue bene from the beginning verye white and haue gotten a certaine yellownesse when they haue waxed old wherevpon they begin first to be a little yellowishe pale and afterwarde to be plainly yellow pale But such wines as are eyther pale yellow or bright yellow and a fat substaunce increase the bloud nourish the bodie by reason wherof they are now then good for old men to wete at such times whē as they haue not much wheyish moisture would be more plenteously norished but for all that aged mē had more nede for the most part such wines as make a man pisse much bicause they haue such plenty of waterish excrements Now good reader séeing that almighty God our heauenly father hath giuen thée this noble creature of wine so manye wayes profitable for our bodies and mindes thanke him with all thy heart not onely for it but also for that he hath sent learned Phisitions to tell thée how in what measure and in what time thou should vse them and not vse them and for what complexions and ages they are good and for what complexions and ages they are euill If thou take any harm by misusing this noble creature of God blame not him but thine owne selfe that hast abused it contrary to his will and to the learning of his officers seruants that taught thee the right vse of it Honor be giuen to God for euer Amen FINIS This Booke sheweth at large the powers commodities vertues and properties of the three most renouned and famous Preseruatiues or Triacles to weete of the great Triacle called in Latine Theriaca Andromachi of the Triacle Salt and of it that is called by the name of the first finder out and maker Mithridatium Gathered out of Galen and Aëtius by the labours and paines of William Turner Doctor of Phisicke Newly corrected and amended Mellis si nimia est copia bilis erit William Turner to the gentle Reader FORASMVCH AS both Christian charity and the common ciuil loue that euerye man oweth to his countrye woulde and doth require that all Christians and men liuing ciuilly togither in one common countrye shoulde one helpe another with such giftes either of the minde as learning knowledge wisedome and cunning or with bodily giftes as riches strength and all kinde of mans helpe if they be more richly replenished therwith than their neighbors be Methinke we that professe the science of Phisick and can shewe great helpe and comfort vnto our brethren and countrymen as wel as men of other countries to wete Italians Germanes and Spaniards haue done might iustlye be accused of vnkindnesse if none of vs being so many would take in hand to declare in the English tong the manifolde and worthie vertues of the great Triacle made by Andromachus and of the Triacle Salt which is called in Latine Saltheriacalis Wherefore seeing that hitherto I haue not perceiued any man to haue taken that labour in hand for the loue that I owe vnto almightie God and his people my countrymen of England I will aduenture as well as I can to declare the nature vertue propertie and operations of the forenamed Triacle and also of the Triacle Salt And bicause I am not minded to bring out any new thing of mine owne inuention I entend for to gather the summe of this whole matter out of an olde Graecian named Galen the most famous writer of Phisicke that wrote this .xiiij. hundred yeare in all Europa Asia or Africa and out of another famous Graecian named Aëtius a man of great learning who gathered into a booke that is now abrode in Latin all the most notable compositions that his predecessor noble Galen lest behind him and a great number of compositions of medicines written before Galens time by noble Phisitions wherof Galen made no mention and also of no small number of excellent compositions of medicines inuented by learned Phisitions after Galens time If this my paine taken in this matter shall be perceiued to be thankefull vnto thee and to be well taken if God sende me longer life and health I will set something more forth to the profite of all my country men both my friendes and foes also The maner of making of the great Triacle and Triacle Sale and Mithridatium maye be had both in Galen to Piso and also in Aetius Wherefore if there be any Apothecaries of Lōdon that dare take in hande to make these noble compositions they may know now where to haue thē or if that for lacke of some simple medicines not easilye to he had in England they dare not aduenture vppon the making thereof they maye haue them made alreadye from Venice as faithfully compounded at this time as euer any Triacles haue bene made there these .xl. yeres But now let vs reherse the vertues and properties of these excellent medicines And first of the great Triacle ¶ Galen writeth to Piso this THE TRIACLE DEuised by Andromachus the elder is verye good against the biting of all wilde beastes and Serpentes against poysoned medicines against diseases of the stomach shortnesse of winde against the Colicke against the iaundise the dropsey the consumption of the lunges all kinde of crampes or drawings togither the pleurisie sores of the bladder stopping of water paines of the kidneyes pestilent diseases and also the biting of a mad dog if it be taken in the weight
for their natures and complexions and diseases or no. The which thing if they will not doe neither will learne in what quantitie they ought to be taken neither what persons of what ages neither at what times they ought to be taken doubtlesse I thinke that it will chaunce sometime that the most precious medicines shall turnē to their owne destructions Let no man now say but he is sufficiently warned The great Triacle the Mithridatium may be had wel euen of the best making of the most part of the Apothecaries of the citie of London and sometimes of other that trauaile to Venice all these three sortes are nowe lately made and dressed in the famous Citie of Venice THE NAMES OF DISeases and griefes that maye be healed by the great Triacle called Theriaca Andromachi as Galen writeth in his booke vnto Piso THE biting of all venemous beasts and serpents All kinde of poysons and poysened drinkes The diseases of the stomach Shortnesse of winde The Colicke The Iaundise or Guclesought The Dropsey The consumption of that Lungs or ptisick All kinde of Cramps or drawings togither or shrinking of sinewes The pleuresey or side ague with a stitch and spitting of bloud and vlcerations Sores of the bladder Stopping of water or vrine Paines of the Kidneyes Pestilence and pestilent diseases The biting of a mad dog Olde headakes Disinesse of the head Hardnesse of hearing The dulnesse of the eye sight The falling sicknesse Vomiting of bloud Wormes in the guttes The diseases of the Liuer The diseases of the Milt The bloudie flix The common flix The turning tormentes of the guttes Wasting away with to much sweating The stopping of womens monthly sicknesse The stopping of the mother The stopping of the Emrodes All superfluous flowings of the body All diseases of the ioyntes Poysoning and falling to perillous diseases The common Lepre called Elephantiasis The disease of the minde that came of melancholye All melancholicke diseases Plentie of choler called melancholy The quartaine ague The feare of water after the biting of a mad dog The weakenesse of the wittes or senses THE NAMES OF THE diseases and griefes that maye be healed by the Triacle Salt according vnto the learning of Galen and Aëtius All the diseases of the skin but chiefly these that follow THe white Morphew The Lepre of the Grecians and scripture The wilde scurfe The common Lepre called in Latin Elephantiasis The blacke morphew Wilde scabbes The falling of the heare Thinnesse of the heares Stopping of sweate Ouermuch plentie of flegmaticke excrements Lacke of digestion Lacke of appetite Dulnesse of senses or wittes Suffusions that bréede the hawe and pearle in the eye called of some Cataracta Stopping of venemous diseases The outragious flowing of venemous diseases The bitting of venemous beasts and serpentes The pestilence and contagious aire The disease of the kidneyes The debilitie and weakenesse of the kidneys Olde headaches The falling sicknesse Olde Iaundise The diseases of the Milt The Colicke The dropsey The vnsatiable hunger called Bulimos The cold that a mā taketh in cold weather Shakings and tremblings that come before agues Consumptions Ptisicks and wastings of the bodye The Palsie and weaknesse of the ioints and other members The Goute All diseases of the ioyntes Olde quartaines Dotings and madnesse that come of melancholie All kinde of wormes that breede within a man The rotting other diseases of the téeth Rheumaticke humors in the head Certaine diseases of the eyes THE NAMES OF THE diseases that may be healed by the noble preseruatiue medicine called Mithridatium as Galen and Aëtius and all other learned Phisitions that wrote after them of such matter do beare witnesse in their writings THe stopping of the Liuer Olde reumes flowing downe into the stomacke and brest Impostumes Déepe vlcerations and of scraping of the skin that are farre in the body Consumptions and Ptisicks Windynesse in the body The common flixe The dull appetite Euill fauored color of the face and other places of the body The stone Hardnesse and painefulnesse in making of water Gathering togither of melancholy Dulnesse of the eye sight All deadly poyson FINIS ¶ Imprinted at London by William Seres dwelling at the West ende of Paules at the signe of the Hedge-bogge
A new Boke of the natures and properties of all Wines that are commonlye vsed here in England with a confutation of an errour of some men that holde that Rhennish and other small white wines ought not to be drunken of them that either haue or are in daunger of the stone the reume and diuers other diseases made by William Turner doctor of Phisicke Whervnto is annexed the booke of the natures and vertues of Triacles newly corrected and set foorth againe by the sayde William Turner Jmprinted at London by William Seres Anno. 1568. TO THE RIGHT honorable Sir William Cecill Knight chiefe Secretarie vnto the Queenes Maiestye and maister of hir Highnesse Courts of Wardes and Liueries c. and somtime his Constudent in the Vniuersitie of Cambridge William Turner wisheth all prosperitie both of bodye and soule through Iesus Christ our Sauiour SIR AFTER that I perceiued that my age ioined with continuall sickenesse would suffer me no more to be profytable too Christes Church and common welth by my voyce wordes and going abrode thought it meete by such meÌ„bers and meanes as GOD hath left in me as yet vnhurt and vntouched for that portion of liuing that I haue to profit the Church of God as much as I coulde And therefore within these xij Monethes I haue translated one booke out of Latin into English and haue writteÌ„ one homily against Gluttonye and Drunkennesse and other vices annexed thervnto and haue set them abrode for the promoting and increasing of the kingdome of GOD. I thought also seeing that God hath also endued mee with the knowledge of bodilye Phisicke after that I had sought to promote the kingdome of GOD to communicate some part of my knowledge that God hath giuen vnto me in naturall knowledge vnto my brethren that had nede therof But when as I perceiued that there was so much vse of Wine in all couâ—tries of Englande and so many errors committed in the abusing of it both of the most part of the Laitie and also of some of the learned that professe naturall knowledge I thought I should doe no small benefite vnto the Church and Common welth of England if that I shoulde set out a booke of the natures of Wines and confute the errors and ill opinions that all men haue concerning the natures and properties of them And this booke haue I now ended and dedicate vnto your Honor for a token of the good will that I beare vnto you desiring you also to be a Patrone of it against all such babling and vnlearned Sophisters as wyll speake agaynst it not being armed with learning authoritie and reason but onelye with their olde Sophistrie which they learned in the time of ignoraunce and darkenesse If these will be to busie in defending of their errors and will goe about to defende them and confute the truth that I haue taught in this booke if that I can haue by the helpe of God graunted vnto me any truce betweene me and my disease I entende to put you to small paine in the defending of my Booke for I haue beene matched with as big men as these bee I thanke GOD and well haue escaped without dishonor But if my sicknesse will not suffer me to doe it that I would otherwise doe then I must desire you and other of my friendes to defende mee so farre forth as I defende the truth Furthermore whereas I set out of late a boke declaring at large the vertues and properties of the great Triacle called Theriaca Andromachi and of the Triacle of Mithridates called Mithridatium and also of the Triacle Salt and the booke was negligentlye and falselye printed and diuerse honest men think it necessarie to be printed againe I purpose to doe the same bicause it were necessary to haue a patrone for it which it hath wanted hitherto I dedicate and giue this boke also vnto your learned Honor desiring you also by your learnyng and wisedome to be patrone vnto it as I â—aue made you of my other booke No more at this time but the Lorde Iesus encrease you with the knowledge of his holy worde and with grace to lyue alwayes according to the same Amen OF THE NATVRES properties profits hurtes and helps that come of Wyne ALTHOVGH the order of learning do require that euerye man that shall write of anye thing should declare open by definitioÌ„ it that he entendeth to entreate of yet nede not I as I iudge going about to write of wine to take any great paine to make a definition of it bicause all men women and childer that are cummed to any perfite age know well inough that Wine is the iuice of grapes pressed out and put vp into vessels to be drunken afterwards at coÌ„uenient times of men for diuerse endes and purposes that the Grape maker hath ordeyned it for For manye great causes it shall be more necessarye to diuide Wine into his kindes and sortes that thereby the reader may the better know what kinds of Wines are best for what endes and purposes Wines may be diuided into sixe sorts at the least Wines may be numbred and diuided either by the countrie and places that they grow in or by their colors or by their youth or age and by their tastes smelles and by properties that they haue and some of the maner of making and euery one of these kindes may bee diuided againe into certaine other speciall sortes or vnder kindes Some Wine is called Creticum of Creta which is named in English Candie some is called Graecum of Graecia some Rhennish bicause it groweth beside the Rhene some Gallicum that is French Wine bicause it groweth in France and some is called Rheticum bicause it groweth in Rhetia and so a greate sorte of other Wines haue their names of the countries places wheras they growe But it is best as I thinke first of all according to nature to intreat of new and olde Wines and of it that is a middle Wine betwene them both Of new and olde Wine and of it that is of a meane age that is neyther to be called new nor olde THere are twoo sortes of newe Wine one that is called Must Two kindes of newe wine and that is but latelye made or pressed out of the grapes and is swete in tast troubled in color and thick in substaunce and this sort is properlye called in Latin Mustum And another sorte is called newe Wine which hath left his swéetnes gotten clearenesse Galene but yet it is not long since it was made New wine after Galen Galen in his booke of making of medicines séemeth to call all Wine that is not fully fiue yeares olde newe wine and it that is past fiue yeares vntill it hee ten yeare olde wine of middle age and it that is aboue the age of ten yeares olde wine and Dioscorides writing of the nature of Wines in his fifte booke calleth it Wine of middle age that is more than
as Galen alloweth it for them that haue the falling sicknesse and sayth that it doth not hurt the stomach neyther trouble the head as hote wines do of which sortes they alow some for their patients for common table wine as diuerse kinds of Clared wine whereof euery one of them is hotter and more headie and fumish than the common Rhennishe and French wines are of the which matter we will talke hereafter more largelye if God will That the thin small and waterish wines do not hurt the head so that they haue a littell astriction Galen declareth plainly in his booke de euchymia cacochymia in these words And euē as firish red wines seeing that they are hote of nature by and by fill the head Fierish red wines fill the head by and by bicause they be hote euen so those wines that are thin and waterish and gently binding are not onlye vnhurtfull vnto the head but also sometime they take away those small head aches which come of humors gathered togither in the stomach Out of Aetius OF all wines Which wines hurte least the head and sinewes white wines are least hurt waterish wines neyther bréedeth the head ache neyther hurt the sinewes Wines that are white in color nourish least of all other Wines if they be thin in substaunce and after a maner like vnto water Aetius alloweth white wine for a preseruatiue against the stone Aetius also prescribing a diet for thē that are deliuered of the stone how that they maye be preserued from falling into the disease of the stone againe alloweth a small wine that prouoketh water and is not verie olde And the author of the booke of healing of the stone which is ascribed vnto Galen and iudged of manye to be his in expresse wordes fayth as followeth here Vinum sit tenue admodum album non ita vetus dulcia verò nigra vina calculosis sunt inepta That is let your wines be verye small and white Red that is Clared wine is not good for the stone and not so olde but swéete wines and blackish red wines are verye vnméete for them that haue the stone And the author sayeth in the same booke a littell after Vinum tibi conuenit tenue album quod misturam non ita patitur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nam eiusmodi facile descendit succos qui sunt in nobis attenuat secernit per vrinas virtutemque roborat That is white and small wine is good and méete for you which being small cannot abide to be menged with much water for such wine doth easilye go downe and maketh subtill or fine the iuices or humors that are in vs and sifteth them out by the water and strengthneth the power of man Of the natures of white and diuers other wynes taken out of Actuarius the last of the noble Greeke writers of phisicke GRosse and thicke wines nourysh much Grosse or thick wines Thin or subtill wines and are cause of grosse bloud and of the stopping of inward partes but thin or subtill wines which driue out water are of a contrarye nature Redish yellow wines are hotest of all Wines in color red are next in heat to readish yellow Least hote of all are waterish and small wines and they trouble the head least A small white wine is best for a common table wine for they engender fine or thin bloud Some wines that haue a little astriction are better for the stomach but nourish lesse but swéete wines are of the contrarie nature but white wines are lesse hote thā other wines Of wines are hotest of all redish yellow and next vnto them are hotest Wines of red color they are least hote that are waterish which are called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bicause they wil not suffer to be delayed which much water such wines as these do trouble the head least But strong and wel colored wine are more fit for them that labor for to be of a good plite and to looke well But for thée that carest only for thy simple health and for thy liuely spirite it maye séeme that a weake wine which is white and thin should he sufficient for thee and thou ought therewith to be content except thou be compelled to flie for néedes sake to vse hoter wines when as thou art to much cooled in thy body Of the nature of red wine which here in England is commonly called Clared wyne and of the nature of blacke wine which is called commonlye in England red wine out of Galen in his thirde booke de alimentis Red wine and thicke wine IF that whatsoeuer doth norish be meat thē is wine to be placed among the number of meates that is of things that doe féede and encrease the bodie No color of any wine is liker to bloud than it that we call Clared wine for the blacke wine that we call red wine is blacker thā it may be compared vnto bloud Rufa atque crassa vina Deinceps nigra Rufa aut nigra crassa adstringentia Of all wines red and thicke wines are most méete to make bloud as such as néede little chaunging to be turned into bloud after these folow in order blacke wines grosse and swéete and also those which in color is red and blacke and in substance or composition are thick ioyned with a binding quality The same sentence hath Aetius in these words following Rufa itaque crassa ex omnibus ad sanguinem generandum commodissima sunt vt quae parua egeant in sanguinem transmutatione Deinceps nigra simul dulcia ac crassa Deinde colore quidem rufa aut nigra compage vero crassa habentia simul adstringentem qualitatem Out of the fourth booke of Galen de sauitate tuenda REfuse and flie thicke and blacke wines bicause they make an euill iuice and enter thorow and go very slowly down and in the fift booke he sayth Such wines as tarie long in the bellie are none of them fit for an olde man and that blacke wines that are grosse and thicke and are binding tarie and abide long in the bellie and stir vp flowinges in it But they that are blacke and thick and haue no astriction in déede they tarie shorter while in the bellie But yet they stirre not a man to make water some take them before meat but they are not good for olde men neyther any other which make a thick iuice for these stop the liuer milt and kidneys whereby it commeth to passe that some olde men vsing these more largelye fall into the dropsey and other fall into the stone Of the nature of wynes of diuers and sundry colors out of Galen de methodo medendi sexto .12 IN the sixt booke Whatsoeuer Wines be swéete and also of a readish yelow color all such are sharpe or biting and hote aboue measure Wines good for them that swounde In the .xij. booke To them that swoune
and he englisheth acidula pira foure peares he englisheth Acerbum vnripe soure displeasant and Acerbitas sourenesse of taste sharpnesse or grieuousnesse of time He englisheth Austerus soure sharpe vnpleasant and gustus austerus a rough or soure tast Now how shall a man know by this booke what difference is betwéene acer acidus austerus and acerbus when as he calleth them all soure and putteth so small difference betwéene one and another Surely we haue but small helpe of that booke in declaring of these words many such other that are much occupied in phisicke and philosophy and in other both liberall and mathematical sciences Wherfore I wishe to the ende that the booke may be in dede as it is called that one learned phisition philosopher like vnto Linaker one olde and learned graÌ„marian like vnto Clemond and one perfite Englishman like vnto Sir Thomas Moore had the amendment and making persite of this booke commited vnto them But now as Terence sayeth quoniam hac noÌ„ successit alia aggrediendum est via Galen in the first of his bookes that he writeth of the powers of simple medicines sayth Cap. 39. If any man doe taste quinces or apples or medlers or mirtels doubtlesse he shall know that there is an other féeling that is moued vnto vs of these things in the tongue and another of bodies astringentibus that is that are onely binding for those things that are binding appeare to driue inwarde that part of vs that they touche in al places equally or in like as pulling stopping as drawing togither But austera séeme to goe downe euen vnto the bottome and to moue a rough and vnequal féeling and drying vp and wasting all the moisture of féeling bodies Furthermore when as that bodie which is moued vnto our tongue doth mightilye drie and draw togither and maketh it rough euen to the bottome as choke peares that are not ripe and cornelles euerye such is called acerbum differing from austero in the excesse of these qualities That is to say austerum in many things is like vnto acerbo but acerbum is in all those things wherein they are something like much stronger and mightier than austerum is and Galen in another place writeth that astringent is weaker than acerbum and austerum in all those properties that they haue anye likenesse in And Galen in the .ix. booke de simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus sayeth that adstringentia draw togither bind togither and do make thick our substance and therfore vpon whatsoeuer part of our bodie they be layde without by and by they make it full of wrinkles and draw togither Furthermore after the doctrine of Galen we may perceiue in some kindes of peares marked at diuerse times gustum acerbum austerum astringentem When the peares are newly growen if ye taste of them at the first ye shall perceyue that they are harde and drie and are verye rough in taste and then they are called acerba but after that they are more than halfe ripe when that hardnesse and drinesse is gone then become they moyster and softer and are in taste austera And when they are full ripe they are astringentia with a swéete taste ioyned therwith By this discription I trust wise and learned men by taking of some paine in reading of olde English writers shall come by the knowledge of right and proper English wordes for these .iij. Latin or els at the least I iudge that men shall vnderstande what difference is betweene astringens austerum and acerbum In the meane time vntill that we may spede better we may english astringens binding austerum soure binding and acerbum rough and binding like choke peares And Galen lib. 1. simpl medic facultatibus cap. 39. and in diuerse other places maketh an open and plaine difference betweene acre and acidum contrarie to it that is alleaged of Vitruuius who maketh them both one For Galen sayeth that acria are calida and that acida are â—old Acer may be Englished biting sharp and acidum may be named soure as sorrell and soure milke and diuers other things Actius writeth that wine that is soure with an harrish binding so that it be well smelling withall hurteth the head but it which is waterishe Waterish wines neyther brede the headach neither hurt the sinewes then when as the gout is the hurting of the sinewes and ioyntes how engender small waterish wines the gout neither bréedeth the headach neither hurteth the sinewes Galen also sayth that soure binding wines stoppe flowings and strengthen the stomach and hurt not the head but that they helpe not them that are fallen into a swounde Wines that are rough and binding in taste like vnto choke peares stop vomitings and flowings of the belly and they coole and drie Moreouer they goe hardlye downe when as those things that are only of a soure taste go easily downe I haue learned by experience sayeth Galen that all those things that binde and are also soure are manifestly cold Simeon Sethi sayeth wines that are a little and gently binding are in colorred and in substance thin are good for them that are of a good and a meane complexion and temperature But they are of a good complexion and of a mean temperature that are neither to hote nor to colde neither to moyst nor to drie of the which sort I wéene we shall finde as few at this time almost as we shal be able to finde citizens of Platoes common welth in euery parish of England And Galen a man of more authoritie than Simeon Sethi is of writeth in the booke of good and euill iuices that as fierie red wines for asmuch as they are hote in working by and by fill the heade euen so those wines that are thin and waterishe and doe lightly bind not only are not vnnoysome vnto the head but also take awaye small headaches and he saith afterward all wines that are binding are comfortable for the stomache and that such as are soure and colde be of subtill partes but they that are binding are of grosse parts de simplie med facultatib lib. 4. cap. 2. Of sweete wines Whatsoeuer things are swéete cannot be colde therfore swéete wines are of an hote complexion and Dioscorides sayth sweete wines hath grosse partes in it and doth breath out of the bodie more hardlye it filleth the stomache full of winde it troubleth the bellye and the guttes as Must doth but it maketh not a man so sone drunken but it is most fit of all other for the kidneys the bladder To whom wine is ill and vnmete and verie hurtfull ARistotell sayeth that wine is neither fit for children nor nurses and Galen counsayleth that children shall taste no wine at all and woulde that not euen springoldes that are full growen shoulde take wine but in small quantitie bicause that it maketh them fall headlongs into wrath and into lust of the bodie and maketh the reasonable part of the minde dull and