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meursius_n beignonius_n and_o other_o of_o great_a note_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o who_o he_o himself_o occasional_o mention_n as_o the_o chief_a encourager_n of_o his_o glossary_n upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n as_o his_o loyalty_n wisdom_n and_o experience_n in_o public_a affair_n will_v sufficient_o recommend_v he_o to_o the_o great_a statesman_n of_o his_o time_n so_o his_o eminent_a piety_n and_o learning_n must_v needs_o make_v he_o high_o esteem_v among_o divine_n and_o scholar_n child_n he_o have_v eight_o child_n four_o son_n and_o four_o daughter_n his_o elder_a son_n the_o heir_n of_o his_o study_n 1._o as_o he_o call_v he_o be_v john_n 226._o spelman_n esq_n a_o scholar_n and_o a_o gentleman_n who_o have_v great_a assurance_n of_o favour_n and_o encouragement_n from_o king_n charles_n i._o this_o good_a prince_n send_v for_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n and_o offer_v he_o the_o mastership_n of_o sutton_n hospital_n with_o some_o other_o thing_n in_o consideration_n of_o his_o good_a service_n both_o to_o church_n and_o state_n but_o after_o his_o humble_a thanks_o to_o his_o majesty_n he_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o be_v very_o old_a and_o have_v one_o foot_n in_o the_o grave_n and_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o much_o great_a obligation_n upon_o he_o if_o his_o
for_o which_o purpose_n conradus_n salicus_n a_o french_a emperor_n but_o of_o german_a descent_n go_v to_o rome_n about_o forty_o five_o year_n before_o the_o time_n of_o our_o king_n edgar_n viz._n sub_fw-la an._n dom._n 915._o to_o fetch_v his_o crown_n from_o pope_n john_n x._o make_v a_o constitution_n upon_o the_o petition_n of_o his_o soldier_n that_o silij_fw-la or_o aviatici_fw-la the_o son_n or_o if_o no_o son_n be_v live_v the_o nephew_n or_o grandson_n as_o they_o call_v they_o of_o some_o of_o they_o shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o feud_n of_o their_o father_n see_v the_o constitution_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o five_o book_n of_o feud_n but_o gerardus_n note_v that_o this_o law_n settle_v not_o the_o feud_n upon_o the_o elder_a son_n or_o any_o other_o son_n of_o the_o feudatarie_n particular_o but_o leave_v it_o in_o the_o lord_n election_n to_o please_v himself_o with_o which_o of_o they_o he_o will_v after_o this_o feud_n be_v continue_v in_o divers_a place_n by_o several_a increment_n to_o the_o three_o four_o five_o six_o and_o seven_o generation_n and_o sometime_o for_o want_n of_o lineal_a issue_n collateral_o to_o the_o brother_n as_o gerardus_n testify_v but_o whether_o by_o some_o positive_a law_n or_o by_o the_o munificence_n of_o the_o lord_n he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o nor_o when_o or_o by_o who_o they_o be_v make_v perpetual_a and_o hereditary_a though_o he_o confess_v that_o at_o last_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v extend_v in_o infinitum_fw-la and_o then_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v settle_v upon_o the_o elder_a son_n who_o former_o have_v no_o pre-eminence_n above_o a_o young_a brother_n but_o while_o they_o stand_v sometime_o produce_v in_o this_o manner_n by_o the_o indulgence_n of_o prince_n to_o the_o three_o four_o or_o five_o generation_n etc._n etc._n some_o man_n of_o learning_n have_v conclude_v they_o to_o be_v hereditary_a as_o though_o there_o be_v no_o medium_n between_o a_o limitation_n how_o far_o so_o ever_o extend_v and_o infinitum_fw-la hereditary_a to_o pass_v by_o that_o let_v we_o now_o go_v on_o in_o examination_n when_o and_o how_o feud_n become_v hereditary_a some_o suggest_v a_o show_n of_o such_o a_o matter_n under_o the_o two_o othones_fw-la german_n emperor_n who_o succeed_v one_o the_o other_o about_o the_o year_n 973._o but_o to_o rest_v upon_o the_o common_a and_o receive_a opinion_n which_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o more_o at_o large_a declare_v the_o truth_n be_v that_o when_o hugh_n capet_n usurp_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n aga_v the_o carolinge_n he_o to_o fortify_v himself_o and_o to_o draw_v all_o the_o nobility_n of_o france_n to_o support_v his_o faction_n about_o the_o year_n 987._o grant_v to_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 988._o that_n whereas_o till_o then_o they_o enjoy_v their_o feud_n and_o honour_n but_o for_o life_n or_o at_o pleasure_n of_o their_o prince_n they_o shall_v from_o thenceforth_o for_o ever_o hold_v they_o to_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n in_o feudal_n manner_n by_o the_o ceremony_n of_o homage_n and_o oath_n of_o fealty_n and_o that_o he_o will_v according_o maintain_v they_o therein_o as_o they_o support_v he_o and_o his_o heir_n in_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n which_o they_o joyful_o accept_v england_n this_o be_v a_o fair_a direction_n for_o william_n of_o normandy_n who_o we_o call_v the_o conqueror_n how_o to_o secure_v himself_o of_o this_o his_o new_a acquire_v kingdom_n of_o england_n and_o he_o pretermit_v not_o to_o take_v the_o advantage_n of_o it_o for_o with_o as_o great_a diligence_n as_o providence_n he_o present_o transfer_v his_o country-custom_n into_o england_n as_o the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o chequer_n witness_v and_o among_o they_o as_o after_o shall_v be_v make_v perspicuous_a this_o new_a french_a custom_n of_o make_v feud_n hereditary_a not_o regard_v the_o former_a use_n of_o our_o saxon_a ancestor_n who_o like_o all_o other_o nation_n save_o the_o french_a continue_v till_o that_o time_n their_o feud_n and_o tenor_n either_o arbitrary_a or_o in_o some_o definite_a limitation_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a manner_n of_o the_o german_n receive_v general_o throughout_o europe_n for_o by_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o colony_n and_o transmigration_n into_o all_o the_o chief_a part_n thereof_o they_o carry_v with_o they_o such_o feodal_n right_n as_o be_v then_o in_o use_n among_o they_o and_o plant_v those_o rite_n and_o custom_n in_o those_o several_a country_n where_o they_o settle_v themselves_o do_v by_o that_o mean_n make_v all_o those_o several_a country_n to_o hold_v a_o general_a conformity_n in_o their_o feud_n and_o military_a custom_n so_o by_o the_o longobard_n they_o be_v carry_v into_o italy_n by_o the_o salique_n into_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o france_n by_o the_o frank_n into_o the_o west_n part_v thereof_o by_o the_o saxon_n into_o this_o our_o britain_n by_o their_o neighbour_n the_o western_a goth_n who_o communicate_v with_o the_o german_n in_o manner_n law_n and_o custom_n into_o spain_n and_o by_o the_o eastern_a goth_n into_o greece_n itself_o and_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o europe_n etc._n etc._n these_o i_o say_v carry_v with_o they_o into_o the_o part_n of_o europe_n where_o they_o settle_v such_o ancient_a feudal_n custom_n as_o at_o the_o time_n of_o their_o transmigration_n be_v in_o use_n among_o they_o but_o the_o more_o prevalent_a and_o more_o general_o receive_v custom_n be_v those_o that_o be_v in_o use_n or_o take_v up_o in_o the_o time_n of_o conradus_n the_o emperor_n and_o when_o feud_n become_v hereditary_a for_o on_o they_o especial_o be_v the_o feudal_n law_n ground_v and_o compose_v though_o enlarge_v oftentimes_o by_o constitution_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o spread_v abroad_o into_o divers_a nation_n by_o their_o example_n countenance_n or_o authority_n wherein_o the_o court_n of_o milan_n be_v chief_o follow_v in_o rebus_fw-la judicatis_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o duarenus_n 1._o and_o merula_n 3._o but_o reserve_v unto_o every_o nation_n their_o peculiar_a right_n and_o custom_n 409._o for_o it_o be_v general_o receive_v into_o every_o kingdom_n and_o then_o conceive_v to_o be_v the_o most_o absolute_a law_n for_o support_v the_o royal_a estate_n preserve_v union_n confirm_v peace_n and_o suppress_v robbery_n incendiary_n and_o rebellion_n i_o conclude_v with_o cujacius_n who_o upon_o the_o abovecited_a passage_n of_o gerardus_n niger_n say_v 21._o quam_fw-la aliam_fw-la feudorum_fw-la originem_fw-la quaerimus_fw-la his_o veluti_fw-la incrementis_fw-la paulatim_fw-la feuda_fw-la constituta_fw-la sunt_fw-la quae_fw-la &_o post_fw-la conradum_fw-la usus_fw-la recepit_fw-la ut_fw-la transirent_fw-la ad_fw-la liberos_fw-la mare_n in_fw-la infinitum_fw-la etc._n etc._n title_n the_o military_a and_o lay-feud_n be_v thus_o advance_v from_o a_o arbitrary_a condition_n to_o become_v perpetual_a and_o hereditary_a 180._o do_v now_o in_o ordinary_a account_n leave_v their_o former_a name_n of_o beneficia_fw-la which_o be_v only_o temporary_a for_o year_n or_o life_n unto_o the_o live_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o retain_v to_o themselves_o the_o proper_a name_n of_o feud_n whereby_o they_o be_v produce_v to_o be_v perpetual_a and_o hereditary_a cujacius_n therefore_o speak_v of_o they_o both_o sai_z ibid._n feudum_fw-la differt_fw-la a_o beneficio_fw-la quod_fw-la hoc_fw-la temporaneum_fw-la fuit_fw-la illud_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la and_o treat_v in_o another_o place_n of_o these_o beneficiarii_fw-la and_o temporarii_fw-la possessores_fw-la he_o say_v further_a 7._o jisdem_fw-la postea_fw-la câ—pit_fw-la concedi_fw-la feudum_fw-la in_o perpetuum_fw-la quod_fw-la est_fw-la verum_fw-la &_o proprium_fw-la feudum_fw-la conclude_v in_o a_o three_o place_n 5._o that_o propria_fw-la feudi_fw-la natura_fw-la haec_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la sit_fw-la perpetua_fw-la so_o that_o cassineus_fw-la in_o the_o feud_n of_o burgundy_n say_v 437._o that_o omne_fw-la feudum_fw-la quocunque_fw-la modo_fw-la acquisitum_fw-la fit_a haereditarium_fw-la cum_fw-la successione_n sit_fw-la redactum_fw-la ad_fw-la instar_fw-la allodialium_fw-la that_o all_o feud_n by_o what_o mean_v soever_o they_o be_v acquire_v be_v make_v hereditary_a in_o so_o much_o as_o by_o the_o continual_a succession_n of_o the_o child_n into_o the_o feud_n of_o their_o father_n the_o feud_n be_v now_o bring_v to_o be_v like_o allodial_a or_o patrimonial_a inheritance_n thus_o feudum_n which_o at_o first_o be_v but_o a_o totter_a possession_n ad_fw-la voluntatem_fw-la domini_fw-la grow_v at_o length_n to_o be_v a_o irrevocable_a estate_n descend_v by_o many_o succession_n from_o son_n to_o son_n become_v at_o last_o to_o be_v a_o absolute_a inheritance_n and_o thereupon_o the_o word_n themselves_o feudum_n and_o haereditas_fw-la in_o common_a use_n of_o speech_n quem_fw-la penes_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la est_fw-la &_o jus_o &_o norma_fw-la loquendi_fw-la to_o be_v voces_fw-la convertibiles_fw-la and_o by_o a_o fair_a metonymia_fw-la each_o to_o signify_v other_o for_o as_o horace_n further_o say_v verborum_fw-la vetus_fw-la interit_fw-la aetas_fw-la et_fw-la juvenum_fw-la ritu_fw-la florent_fw-la modo_fw-la nata_fw-la vigentque_fw-la apt_o
&_o honorem_fw-la nostrum_fw-la ac_fw-la jurium_fw-la &_o dicti_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la commodum_fw-la diligitis_fw-la nullo_n modo_fw-la omittatis_fw-la testae_fw-la rege_fw-la apud_fw-la turrim_n london_n xii_o die_v junii_fw-la per_fw-la ipsum_fw-la regem_fw-la ¶_o vide_fw-la plus_fw-fr de_fw-fr returnis_n ll._n h._n ii_o cap._n 59_o chap._n viii_o why_o i_o have_v use_v so_o much_o canon_n and_o foreign_a law_n in_o this_o discourse_n with_o a_o excursion_n into_o the_o original_a of_o our_o law_n i_o have_v use_v much_o canon_n and_o some_o other_o foreign_a law_n in_o this_o discourse_n yet_o i_o take_v it_o not_o impertinent_o for_o as_o these_o western_a nation_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n deduce_v from_o the_o german_n so_o in_o ancient_a time_n there_o be_v a_o great_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o affinity_n in_o their_o law_n fancy_n non_fw-la omnibus_fw-la una_fw-la nec_fw-la diversa_fw-la tamen_fw-la qualem_fw-la decet_fw-la esse_fw-la sororum_fw-la they_o that_o look_v into_o the_o law_n of_o our_o english_a saxon_n of_o the_o salique_n french_a almayn_v ripuarian_n bavarian_o longobard_n and_o other_o german_a nation_n about_o 800._o year_n since_o shall_v easy_o find_v it_o out_o of_o they_o and_o other_o manner_n rite_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o saxon_n and_o german_n be_v the_o first_o part_n and_o foundation_n of_o our_o law_n common_o call_v the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o common_a law_n two_o other_o principal_a part_n as_o from_o two_o pole-star_n take_v their_o direction_n from_o the_o canon_n law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o our_o brethren_n the_o longobard_n descend_v of_o saxon_a lineage_n as_o well_o as_o we_o call_v otherwise_o the_o feodal-law_n receive_v general_o through_o all_o europe_n for_o in_o matter_n concern_v the_o church_n and_o churchman_n advousons_n patronage_n presentation_n legitimation_n matrimony_n will_n testament_n adultery_n defamation_n oath_n perjury_n day_n of_o law_n day_n of_o vacation_n wager_n of_o law_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n it_o proceed_v sometime_o whole_o sometime_o for_o the_o great_a part_n by_o the_o rule_n and_o precept_n of_o the_o canon_n law_n and_o in_o matter_n touch_v inheritance_n fee_n tenor_n by_o knights-service_n rent_n service_n ward_n marriage_n of_o ward_n relief_n treason_n plea_n of_o the_o crown_n escheat_n dower_n of_o the_o three_o part_n aid_n fine_n felony_n forfeiture_n trial_n by_o battle_n essoine_n warranty_n etc._n etc._n from_o the_o feodal_n law_n chief_o as_o those_o that_o read_v the_o book_n of_o those_o law_n collect_v by_o obertus_n and_o gerardus_n may_v see_v apparent_o though_o we_o and_o divers_a other_o nation_n according_a as_o befit_v every_o one_o in_o their_o particular_a respect_n do_v in_o many_o thing_n vary_v from_o they_o which_o obertus_n confess_v to_o be_v requisite_a and_o to_o happen_v often_o among_o the_o longobard_n themselves_o i_o do_v marvel_n many_o time_n that_o my_o lord_n cook_n adorn_v our_o law_n with_o so_o many_o flower_n of_o antiquity_n and_o foreign_a learning_n have_v not_o as_o i_o suppose_v turn_v aside_o into_o this_o field_n from_o whence_o so_o many_o root_n of_o our_o law_n have_v of_o old_a be_v take_v and_o transplant_v i_o wish_v some_o worthy_a lawyer_n will_v read_v they_o diligent_o and_o show_v the_o several_a head_n from_o whence_o these_o of_o we_o be_v take_v they_o beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o only_o diligent_a but_o very_o curious_a in_o this_o kind_n but_o we_o be_v all_o for_o profit_n and_o lucrando_fw-la pane_fw-la take_v what_o we_o find_v at_o market_n without_o inquire_v whence_o it_o come_v another_o great_a portion_n of_o our_o common_a law_n be_v derive_v from_o the_o civil_a law_n unless_o we_o will_v say_v that_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v derive_v from_o we_o dr._n cowel_n who_o have_v learned_o travel_v in_o compare_v and_o parallel_v of_o they_o affirm_v that_o no_o law_n of_o any_o christian_a nation_n whatsoever_o approach_v near_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n than_o this_o of_o we_o his_o meaning_n be_v no_o municipal_a law_n yet_o he_o say_v that_o all_o of_o they_o generali_fw-la huius_fw-la disciplinae_fw-la aequitate_fw-la temperantur_fw-la &_o quasi_fw-la condiuntur_fw-la have_v he_o not_o say_v it_o his_o book_n itself_o entitle_v institutiones_fw-la juris_fw-la anglicani_n ad_fw-la methodum_fw-la &_o seriem_fw-la institutionum_fw-la imperialium_fw-la compositae_fw-la &_o digestae_fw-la will_v demonstrate_v it_o which_o bracton_n also_o above_o 300._o year_n before_o right_a well_o understanding_n not_o only_o cit_v the_o digest_v and_o book_n of_o civil_a law_n in_o many_o place_n for_o warrant_n of_o our_o common_a law_n but_o in_o handle_v our_o law_n pursue_v the_o method_n phrase_n and_o matter_n of_o justinian_n institutes_n of_o civil_a law_n when_o and_o how_o these_o several_a part_n be_v bring_v into_o our_o common_a law_n be_v neither_o easy_o nor_o definitive_o to_o be_v express_v those_o no_o doubt_n of_o canon_n law_n by_o the_o prevalency_n of_o the_o clergy_n in_o their_o several_a age_n those_o of_o the_o feodal_n by_o military_a prince_n at_o and_o short_o after_o the_o conquest_n and_o those_o of_o civil_a law_n by_o such_o of_o our_o reverend_a judge_n and_o sage_n of_o ancient_a time_n as_o for_o justice_n and_o knowledge_n sake_n seek_v instruction_n thence_o when_o they_o find_v no_o rule_n at_o home_n to_o guide_v their_o judgement_n by_o for_o i_o suppose_v they_o in_o those_o day_n judge_v many_o thing_n ex_fw-la aequo_fw-la &_o bono_fw-mi and_o that_o their_o judgement_n after_o as_o responsa_fw-la prudentium_fw-la among_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o codex_fw-la theodosianus_n become_v precedent_n of_o law_n unto_o posterity_n as_o for_o the_o part_n give_v unto_o common_a law_n out_o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o our_o king_n since_o the_o conquest_n and_o before_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la i_o refer_v they_o as_o they_o proper_o belong_v to_o our_o statute_n law_n though_o our_o lawyer_n do_v reckon_v they_o ordinary_o for_o common_a law_n among_o these_o various_a head_n of_o our_o law_n i_o deduce_v none_o from_o the_o scot_n yet_o must_v i_o confess_v that_o if_o those_o law_n of_o they_o which_o they_o ascribe_v to_o malcolm_n the_o second_o who_o live_v about_o sixty_o year_n before_o the_o conquest_n be_v of_o that_o antiquity_n which_o i_o can_v but_o question_n and_o that_o our_o book_n call_v glanvil_n be_v whole_o in_o effect_n and_o verbatim_o for_o the_o great_a part_n take_v out_o of_o the_o book_n of_o their_o law_n call_v regiam_fw-la majestatem_fw-la for_o they_o pretend_v that_o to_o be_v elder_a than_o our_o glanvil_n i_o must_v i_o say_v ingenuous_o confess_v that_o the_o great_a part_n or_o portion_n of_o our_o law_n be_v come_v from_o scotland_n which_o none_o i_o think_v verse_v either_o in_o story_n or_o antiquity_n will_v or_o can_v admit_v to_o come_v therefore_o to_o the_o point_n if_o my_o opinion_n be_v any_o thing_n i_o think_v the_o foundation_n of_o our_o law_n to_o be_v lay_v by_o our_o german_a ancestor_n but_o build_v upon_o and_o polish_v by_o material_n take_v from_o the_o canon_n law_n and_o civil_a law_n and_o under_o the_o capacious_a name_n of_o german_n i_o not_o only_o intend_v our_o saxon_n but_o the_o ancient_a french_a and_o salique_n not_o exclude_v from_o that_o fraternity_n the_o cimbrian_a nation_n i._n e._n the_o norwegian_n dane_n and_o norman_n and_o let_v it_o not_o more_o mislike_v we_o to_o take_v our_o law_n from_o the_o noble_a german_n a_o prime_a and_o most_o potent_a people_n than_o it_o do_v the_o conquer_a roman_n they_o from_o greece_n or_o the_o learned_a grecian_n they_o from_o the_o hebrew_n good_a it_o be_v not_o credible_a that_o the_o britain_n shall_v be_v the_o author_n of_o they_o or_o that_o their_o law_n after_o so_o many_o transmutation_n of_o people_n and_o government_n but_o especial_o after_o the_o expulsion_n 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ensue_v on_o the_o contrary_a he_o declare_v more_o than_o once_o that_o he_o will_v not_o presume_v to_o judge_v of_o the_o secret_a method_n of_o god_n providence_n but_o only_o relate_v plain_a matter_n of_o fact_n and_o leave_v every_o man_n to_o make_v his_o own_o application_n though_o it_o must_v be_v grant_v that_o many_o of_o the_o instance_n and_o those_o well_o assert_v be_v so_o terrible_a in_o the_o event_n and_o in_o the_o circumstance_n so_o surprise_v that_o no_o consider_v man_n can_v well_o pass_v they_o over_o without_o a_o serious_a reflection_n this_o discourse_n may_v have_v appear_v among_o his_o other_o posthumous_n work_v but_o that_o some_o person_n in_o the_o present_a age_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o interpret_v the_o mention_n of_o their_o predecessor_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n and_o on_o such_o a_o occasion_n as_o a_o unpardonable_a reflection_n upon_o their_o family_n ms._n these_o i_o think_v be_v all_o the_o treatise_n that_o he_o either_o write_v or_o 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concinnatum_fw-la opere_fw-la &_o study_n henrici_fw-la spelman_n collecta_fw-la anno_fw-la
land_n and_o portion_n of_o the_o levite_n be_v give_v to_o do_v the_o service_n of_o the_o tabernacle_n 17._o the_o land_n of_o the_o other_o tribe_n to_o fight_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o lord_n against_o his_o idolatrous_a enemy_n and_o to_o root_v they_o out_o thus_o may_v fancy_n couple_v the_o remote_a thing_n to_o come_v low_o down_o and_o near_a home_n 118._o pausanias_n tell_v we_o we_o that_o when_o brennus_n who_o they_o say_v be_v a_o britain_n invade_v greece_n with_o a_o army_n of_o gaul_n every_o horseman_n of_o the_o better_a sort_n have_v two_o other_o gaul_n horseman_n to_o attend_v and_o second_v he_o as_o his_o vassal_n and_o they_o three_o together_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d trimarcesiam_n i._n e._n a_o society_n of_o three_o horseman_n 118._o but_o caesar_n say_v that_o the_o noble_a gaul_n in_o his_o time_n have_v according_a to_o their_o ability_n many_o horseman_n attend_v they_o in_o war_n who_o by_o a_o german_a word_n he_o call_v ambactos_fw-la which_o proper_o signify_v servant_n vassal_n workman_n ambactâ—_n and_o labourer_n yet_o he_o by_o a_o fair_a name_n expound_v it_o there_o 184._o in_o latin_a clientes_fw-la and_o in_o another_o place_n 124._o call_v they_o among_o the_o german_n comites_fw-la &_o familiares_fw-la as_o account_v they_o like_o abraham_n 14._o 318._o soldier_n to_o be_v all_o their_o lord_n follower_n and_o of_o his_o family_n tacitus_n 129._o likewise_o name_v they_o comites_fw-la as_o companion_n and_o follower_n quod_fw-la bello_fw-la sequi_fw-la dominum_fw-la coguntur_fw-la say_v 284._o cujacius_n but_o tacitus_n further_o say_v gradus_fw-la quinetiam_fw-la ipse_fw-la comitatus_fw-la habet_fw-la judicio_fw-la ejus_fw-la quem_fw-la sectantur_fw-la that_o there_o be_v degree_n in_o those_o company_n as_o he_o who_o they_o follow_v do_v appoint_v like_o they_o perhaps_o in_o after-age_n of_o earl_n baron_n knight_n etc._n etc._n but_o how_o the_o comites_fw-la or_o ambacti_fw-la be_v 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and_o the_o portion_n of_o land_n etc._n etc._n assign_v to_o his_o follower_n for_o their_o stipend_n or_o maintenance_n be_v at_o first_o call_v munera_fw-la after_o beneficia_fw-la and_o last_o feuda_n or_o tenant-land_n which_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n one_o for_o military_a man_n call_v feudum_fw-la militare_fw-la and_o feudum_fw-la nobile_fw-la tenure_n by_o knights-service_n the_o other_o for_o husbandman_n call_v therefore_o feudum_fw-la rusticum_fw-la &_o ignobile_fw-la tenure_n in_o socage_n or_o by_o the_o plough_n thus_o it_o appear_v that_o feud_n and_o tenor_n and_o the_o feudal_n law_n itself_o take_v their_o original_n from_o the_o german_n and_o northern_a nation_n in_o such_o condition_n therefore_o how_o obscure_a soever_o as_o caesar_n and_o tacitus_n leave_v they_o to_o we_o 1._o gerardus_n niger_n the_o consul_n of_o milan_n who_o flourish_v about_o a._n d._n 1176._o and_o first_o compose_v they_o into_o a_o book_n take_v they_o up_o as_o he_o there_o find_v they_o 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tantum_fw-la stabilitatem_fw-la haberent_fw-la res_fw-la in_fw-la feudum_fw-la datae_fw-la thus_o for_o another_o while_n their_o feudal_n vassal_n who_o here_o he_o call_v fideles_fw-la and_o we_o now_o tenant_n by_o knights-service_n enjoy_v their_o feud_n no_o otherwise_o than_o from_o year_n to_o year_n at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o their_o lord_n either_o by_o grant_n or_o sufferance_n 21._o till_o further_a grace_n confirm_v they_o to_o they_o for_o divers_a year_n and_o at_o length_n for_o term_n of_o life_n which_o gerardus_n also_o present_o there_o declare_v say_v deinde_fw-la statutum_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la usque_fw-la ad_fw-la vitam_fw-la fidelis_fw-la producerentur_fw-la feuda_fw-la in_o this_o manner_n stand_v the_o principal_a feud_n themselves_o even_o those_o of_o earldom_n and_o dukedom_n which_o they_o call_v feuda_fw-la majora_fw-la and_o feuda_fw-la regalia_z in_o the_o latter_a time_n of_o the_o saxon_n till_o the_o come_n of_o the_o conqueror_n but_o as_o touch_v the_o lesser_a feud_n which_o we_o call_v knights-fee_n i_o find_v nothing_o in_o abby-book_n otherwise_o than_o a_o numerous_a multitude_n of_o lease_n and_o grant_n make_v by_o bishop_n and_o abbat_n to_o their_o follower_n for_o term_n of_o life_n without_o mention_n of_o tenure_n or_o feudal_n service_n yet_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o there_o be_v a_o notable_a precedent_n â—6_n leave_v we_o by_o oswald_z bishop_n of_o worcester_z in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edgar_n who_o in_o grant_v out_o the_o land_n of_o his_o bishopric_n unto_o his_o follower_n for_o life_n or_o three_o life_n impose_v upon_o they_o by_o a_o solemn_a instrument_n ratify_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o a_o multitude_n of_o service_n and_o charge_n as_o well_o military_a as_o civil_a which_o after_o you_o shall_v here_o see_v and_o then_o consider_v how_o and_o whither_o they_o conduce_v to_o our_o feud_n or_o not_o liâ—e_z if_o we_o understand_v they_o to_o be_v feud_n among_o the_o saxon_n or_o of_o that_o nature_n then_o be_v we_o sure_a they_o be_v no_o more_o than_o for_o life_n and_o not_o inheritable_a nor_o stretch_v further_o without_o further_a grace_n obtain_v from_o the_o lord_n
christian_a king_n cause_v his_o own_o law_n to_o be_v put_v in_o write_v about_o the_o year_n 605._o as_o other_o western_a nation_n in_o a_o age_n or_o two_o before_o have_v do_v and_o as_o bede_n say_v 5._o write_v they_o in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n the_o first_o charter_n if_o i_o shall_v so_o call_v it_o or_o write_v touch_v land_n and_o privilege_n be_v as_o a_o ms._n of_o canterbury_n report_v make_v by_o withredus_n king_n of_o kent_n in_o the_o year_n 694._o and_o as_o that_o charter_n itself_o witness_v be_v appoint_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o the_o church_n of_o our_o saviour_n at_o canterbury_n as_o a_o precedent_n for_o posterity_n to_o imitate_v and_o though_o it_o appear_v not_o there_o in_o what_o language_n it_o be_v write_v yet_o i_o presume_v it_o be_v in_o the_o same_o with_o their_o law_n which_o be_v the_o saxon_a tongue_n for_o there_o be_v two_o copy_n of_o it_o extant_a in_o latin_a so_o differ_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o as_o thereby_o they_o both_o 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saxon_a tongue_n nor_o can_v it_o in_o all_o probability_n be_v otherwise_o for_o at_o the_o very_a time_n when_o it_o be_v make_v viz._n in_o anno_fw-la 868._o learning_n be_v so_o general_o subvert_v throughout_o england_n by_o the_o barbarous_a dane_n that_o king_n alfred_n who_o begin_v to_o reign_v within_o four_o year_n after_o the_o date_n thereof_o say_v 378._o paucissimi_fw-la fuerunt_fw-la cis_fw-la humbrum_fw-la qui_fw-la vel_fw-la preces_fw-la svas_fw-la commune_v sermone_fw-la anglico_fw-la intelligere_fw-la potuerant_fw-la vel_fw-la scriptum_fw-la aliquod_fw-la è_fw-la latino_n transfer_v tam_fw-la sane_fw-la pauci_fw-la fuerunt_fw-la ut_fw-la ne_fw-la unum_fw-la quidem_fw-la recordari_fw-la possum_fw-la ex_fw-la australi_fw-la parte_fw-la thamesis_n tum_fw-la cum_fw-la ego_fw-la regnare_fw-la occaeperam_fw-la but_o as_o their_o original_a charter_n be_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n so_o in_o the_o leiger-book_n in_o which_o they_o be_v preserve_v to_o we_o they_o be_v often_o set_v down_o in_o the_o saxon_a and_o then_o because_o the_o book_n themselves_o be_v in_o latin_a they_o be_v there_o translate_v also_o into_o latin_a and_o often_o time_n set_v down_o in_o the_o latin_a only_o without_o the_o saxon_a as_o in_o the_o book_n of_o ramsey-abby_n which_o have_v no_o charter_n in_o it_o in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n the_o author_n of_o it_o say_v libri_fw-la that_o himself_o have_v there_o translate_v they_o all_o into_o latin_a after_o that_o that_o abbey_n in_o the_o day_n of_o king_n stephen_n have_v recover_v her_o liberty_n yet_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o latin_a charter_n may_v be_v often_o use_v by_o their_o latter_a clergyman_n when_o learning_n which_o in_o beorred_n time_n be_v utter_o subvert_v begin_v at_o last_o to_o recover_v life_n again_o day_n three_o i_o conceive_v that_o the_o word_n feudum_fw-la or_o feodum_fw-la be_v not_o in_o use_n in_o beorredus_n day_n viz._n anno_fw-la 868._o for_o proof_n whereof_o we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o infancy_n youth_n and_o full_a age_n of_o the_o feodal_n law_n for_o according_a to_o these_o several_a time_n the_o feodal_n land_n have_v their_o several_a denomination_n first_o they_o be_v call_v munera_fw-la then_o beneficia_fw-la and_o last_o feuda_n as_o be_v aforesaid_a marculfus_n who_o collect_v the_o formulas_fw-la or_o precedent_n as_o we_o call_v they_o of_o charter_n and_o instrument_n of_o the_o time_n he_o live_v in_o which_o be_v under_o clodovaeus_n ii_o king_n of_o france_n about_o the_o year_n 660._o make_v mention_v in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o munera_fw-la and_o in_o his_o second_o of_o beneficia_fw-la but_o no_o where_o of_o feuda_n and_o he_o who_o a_o hundred_o year_n or_o more_o after_o he_o collect_v the_o formula_n incerti_fw-la autoris_fw-la speak_v divers_a time_n 21._o of_o beneficium_fw-la but_o never_o name_v feudum_n for_o that_o this_o term_n come_v not_o into_o use_n till_o afterward_o when_o these_o beneficia_fw-la begin_v to_o be_v grant_v in_o perpetuity_n beneficium_fw-la regis_fw-la say_v 470._o bignonius_n postea_fw-la feudum_fw-la dictum_fw-la est_fw-la and_o in_o another_o place_n he_o say_v 550._o beneficii_fw-la nomine_fw-la ea_fw-la praedia_fw-la dicta_fw-la sunt_fw-la quae_fw-la feuda_fw-la posteritas_fw-la dixit_fw-la initio_fw-la namque_fw-la vita_fw-la accipientis_fw-la finiebantur_fw-la as_o if_o he_o shall_v say_v they_o be_v call_v beneficia_fw-la when_o they_o be_v grant_v only_o for_o life_n of_o the_o grantee_n but_o be_v call_v feuda_n when_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v grant_v in_o perpetuity_n and_o not_o before_o cujacius_n therefore_o speak_v 7._o of_o feudatarii_fw-la which_o word_n come_v into_o use_n with_o feudum_n for_o relative_n mutuo_fw-la se_fw-la ponunt_fw-la &_o auferunt_fw-la say_v that_o when_o actores_fw-la custodesque_fw-la proediorum_fw-la nostrorum_fw-la temporarii_fw-la perpetui_fw-la esse_fw-la caeperunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n when_o those_o who_o have_v the_o use_n and_o order_n of_o our_o land_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n begin_v to_o enjoy_v they_o in_o perpetuity_n and_o yet_o retain_v their_o latin_a name_n of_o homines_fw-la our_o man_n they_o grow_v then_o also_o to_o be_v call_v after_o new_a and_o foreign_a name_n vassalli_n leude_n and_o feudatarii_fw-la by_o the_o prince_n and_o great_a nobleman_n who_o choose_v rather_o to_o grant_v they_o land_n in_o perpetuity_n in_o consideration_n that_o they_o shall_v do_v they_o military_a service_n and_o he_o say_v that_o these_o name_n be_v first_o bring_v into_o italy_n by_o the_o german_a prince_n where_o and_o particular_o in_o milan_n as_o merula_n report_v the_o feodal_n law_n and_o custom_n have_v have_v their_o original_n and_o from_o thence_o be_v propagate_v throughout_o europe_n by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o word_n feudum_fw-la and_o feudatarii_fw-la be_v not_o in_o use_n till_o that_o the_o word_n munera_fw-la be_v grow_v obsolete_a nor_o afterward_o till_o beneficia_fw-la leave_v to_o be_v temporary_a or_o but_o for_o life_n become_v to_o be_v perpetual_a possession_n which_o as_o i_o have_v often_o say_v be_v not_o long_o before_o the_o conquest_n so_o that_o the_o word_n feudum_n can_v not_o be_v in_o use_n in_o beorredus_n time_n who_o live_v two_o hundred_o year_n before_o beneficia_fw-la four_o though_o the_o word_n feudum_n be_v in_o the_o original_a charter_n of_o beorredus_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o prove_v that_o our_o feud_n be_v then_o in_o use_n for_o call_v they_o beneficia_fw-la or_o call_v they_o feuda_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o neither_o the_o one_o nor_o the_o other_o be_v then_o hereditary_a or_o perpetual_a but_o either_o temporary_a or_o for_o life_n only_o which_o at_o length_n beget_v the_o difference_n between_o feuda_n and_o beneficia_fw-la for_o beneficia_fw-la in_o a_o restrain_a sense_n begin_v to_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n in_o which_o sense_n it_o rest_v at_o this_o day_n in_o our_o clergy-men_n live_n call_v benefice_n and_o the_o word_n feuda_n grow_v to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o such_o beneficia_fw-la or_o benefice_n as_o be_v perpetual_a and_o hereditary_a to_o return_v from_o whence_o we_o digress_v i_o suppose_v it_o now_o appear_v sufficient_o how_o some_o feodal_n word_n be_v creep_v into_o charter_n and_o write_n of_o saxon_a date_n and_o i_o think_v i_o may_v conclude_v that_o the_o word_n before_o mention_v tenura_n tenentes_fw-la tenementa_fw-la tenere_fw-la or_o tenendum_fw-la in_o a_o feodal_a sense_n or_o feodum_fw-la itself_o be_v not_o in_o use_n among_o they_o much_o less_o tenure_n in_o capite_fw-la tenure_n by_o knight-service_n tenure_n in_o socage_n or_o frankalmoign_a though_o the_o like_a service_n be_v perform_v to_o the_o saxon_a lordship_n by_o their_o thanes_z and_o theoden_n their_o socman_n or_o husbandman_n and_o their_o beadsman_n or_o clergyman_n by_o way_n of_o contract_n for_o the_o land_n receive_v from_o they_o as_o be_v after_o the_o conquest_n to_o the_o norman_a lordship_n by_o way_n of_o tenure_n for_o land_n hold_v of_o they_o the_o neapolitan_a and_o sicilian_a constitution_n which_o
have_v their_o original_n from_o prince_n of_o norman_a lineage_n etc._n do_v ....._o the_o conquest_n here_o in_o england_n etc._n make_v mention_n of_o tenens_fw-la tenere_fw-la tenementum_fw-la and_o tenere_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la but_o whether_o the_o norman_n carry_v these_o term_n into_o italy_n when_o they_o conquer_a naples_n about_o the_o year_n 1031._o 4._o or_o bring_v they_o from_o thence_o into_o normandy_n i_o can_v determine_v certain_a it_o be_v that_o from_o the_o norman_n they_o come_v to_o we_o in_o england_n for_o be_v not_o meet_v with_o before_o in_o any_o authentic_a author_n we_o present_o after_o the_o conquest_n begin_v to_o hear_v of_o they_o even_o about_o the_o three_o or_o four_o year_n of_o the_o conqueror_n reign_n as_o appear_v rege_fw-la by_o his_o charter_n of_o emendationes_fw-la legum_n in_o the_o red_a book_n of_o the_o exchequer_n f._n 162._o b._n and_o in_o lambard_n archaionomia_n chap._n iu._n of_o tenor_n in_o capite_fw-la more_o particular_o saxon_n touch_v tenor_n therefore_o in_o capite_fw-la i_o think_v i_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o here_o be_v none_o in_o england_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n after_o the_o manner_n now_o in_o use_n among_o we_o first_o for_o that_o their_o feodal_n land_n as_o we_o have_v show_v be_v not_o descendible_a before_o the_o conquest_n for_o though_o there_o be_v hlaâ—ord_n and_o ðane_a among_o the_o saxon_n that_o be_v lord_n and_o thane_n or_o servitor_n who_o beyond_o the_o sea_n they_o call_v seigneur_n &_o vassal_n alius_fw-la vassallum_fw-la dominum_fw-la &_o clientem_fw-la while_o their_o feud_n be_v arbitrable_a or_o but_o for_o year_n or_o life_n yet_o grow_v not_o the_o word_n of_o tenure_n into_o use_n till_o that_o feud_n become_v descendable_a to_o posterity_n and_o thereby_o oblige_v the_o whole_a succession_n of_o heir_n to_o depend_v and_o hold_v upon_o their_o capital_a lord_n by_o the_o service_n impose_v at_o the_o creation_n of_o that_o feud_n second_o the_o word_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v like_o a_o relative_n in_o logic_n which_o be_v a_o supreme_a degree_n of_o itself_o imply_v some_o other_o degree_n to_o be_v under_o it_o as_o tenant_n in_o medio_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o imo_fw-la or_o both_o viz._n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la tenant_n in_o menalty_n and_o tenant_n paravale_fw-mi or_o at_o least_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o tenant_n paravale_fw-mi which_o inferior_a tenant_n can_v not_o be_v in_o the_o saxon_n time_n for_o that_o the_o grant_n of_o feud_n in_o perpetuity_n out_o of_o which_o the_o under-tenancies_a must_v be_v deduce_v be_v as_o i_o have_v say_v not_o yet_o in_o use_n sort_n three_o to_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o general_n which_o be_v of_o the_o king_n as_o caput_fw-la regni_fw-la &_o caput_fw-la generalissimum_fw-la omnium_fw-la feodorum_fw-la the_o fountain_n whence_o all_o feud_n and_o tenor_n have_v their_o main_a original_n the_o other_o special_a or_o subaltern_a which_o be_v of_o a_o particular_a subject_n as_o caput_fw-la feudi_fw-la or_o terrae_fw-la illius_fw-la so_o call_v because_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o create_v and_o grant_v that_o feud_n or_o land_n in_o that_o manner_n of_o tenure_n wherein_o it_o stand_v and_o be_v therefore_o at_o this_o day_n so_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o ordinary_a word_n in_o our_o deed_n of_o tenendum_fw-la de_fw-la capitalibus_fw-la dominis_n feodi_fw-la illius_fw-la etc._n etc._n signify_v that_o the_o land_n so_o grant_v since_o the_o statute_n of_o quia_fw-la emptores_fw-la terrarum_fw-la must_v now_o be_v hold_v mediate_o or_o immediate_o of_o he_o or_o his_o heir_n or_o assign_v that_o be_v caput_fw-la feodi_fw-la the_o first_o that_o create_v or_o grant_v that_o feud_n in_o that_o tenure_n who_o thereupon_o be_v call_v capitalis_fw-la dominus_fw-la &_o caput_fw-la terrae_fw-la illius_fw-la among_o the_o feudist_n capitanus_n feudi_fw-la illius_fw-la and_o the_o grantee_n and_o his_o heir_n be_v say_v to_o be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la because_o they_o hold_v immediate_o of_o he_o that_o first_o grant_v that_o feud_n or_o land_n in_o that_o manner_n hereupon_o david_n i._o king_n of_o scot_n and_o earl_n of_o huntingdon_n here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o right_a of_o his_o earldom_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n i._o say_v to_o be_v capud_fw-la terrae_fw-la de_fw-la crancfeld_n &_o crawl_v post_fw-la regem_fw-la angliae_fw-la 279._o and_o roger_n de_fw-fr molbray_n about_o the_o same_o time_n or_o short_o after_o make_v a_o grant_n in_o these_o word_n roger_n de_fw-fr molbray_n omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la normannis_fw-la &_o anglis_fw-la salutem_fw-la sciatis_fw-la quod_fw-la ego_fw-la concessi_fw-la roberto_n de_fw-fr ardenna_n clerico_n amico_fw-la meo_fw-la totum_fw-la nemus_fw-la de_fw-la bedericheslea_n cum_fw-la omnibus_fw-la antiquis_fw-la libertatibus_fw-la &_o consuetudinibus_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la nemoris_fw-la ad_fw-la tenendum_fw-la de_fw-la i_o in_o capite_fw-la &_o haeredibus_fw-la meis_fw-la ita_fw-la libere_fw-la &_o quiet_a etc._n etc._n sicut_fw-la ego_fw-la unquam_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o deed_n be_v without_o date_n but_o note_v that_o the_o direction_n of_o it_o be_v omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la normannis_fw-la &_o anglis_fw-la which_o imply_v that_o it_o be_v make_v before_o henry_n ii_n time_n for_o he_o be_v of_o anjou_n in_o france_n and_o bring_v in_o frenchman_n with_o he_o alter_v then_o very_o proper_o the_o direction_n of_o charter_n into_o hominibus_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglis_fw-la yet_o i_o find_v the_o same_o direction_n though_o more_o improper_o to_o be_v some_o time_n use_v under_o the_o norman_a king_n qu._n so_o likewise_o as_o before_o w._n marshal_v the_o great_a earl_n of_o pembrock_n in_o a_o charter_n of_o he_o use_v these_o word_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o henry_n iii_n time_n as_o i_o take_v it_o nisi_fw-la fortè_fw-la forinseca_v tenementa_fw-la tenueris_fw-la de_fw-la i_o in_o capite_fw-la and_o 157._o mat._n paris_n in_o an._n 1250._o make_v mention_n of_o one_o g._n a_o knight_n sai_z that_o rex_fw-la memoratus_fw-la hen._n iii_o cuidam_fw-la militi_fw-la tenenti_fw-la de_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la s._n albani_n in_o capite_fw-la etc._n etc._n warennam_fw-la concessit_fw-la where_o the_o word_n tenenti_fw-la de_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la s._n albani_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v signify_v that_o some_o abbot_n of_o the_o church_n of_o st._n alban_n first_o create_v and_o grant_v that_o feud_n have_v thus_o in_o general_a manner_n prepare_v my_o way_n to_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n i_o shall_v now_o god_n will_v by_o the_o patience_n of_o they_o who_o it_o most_o concern_v examine_v such_o particular_a assertion_n as_o be_v produce_v in_o the_o report_n either_o to_o prove_v our_o tenor_n and_o feud_n with_o their_o dependency_n to_o have_v be_v in_o use_n among_o the_o saxon_n or_o to_o disprove_v what_o i_o have_v affirm_v in_o my_o glossary_n or_o in_o the_o chapter_n here_o precedent_a and_o will_v first_o show_v therein_o as_o follow_v chap._n v._n what_o degree_n and_o distinction_n of_o person_n be_v among_o the_o saxon_n and_o of_o what_o condition_n their_o land_n be_v saxon_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o our_o discourse_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o we_o shall_v show_v what_o degree_n and_o distinction_n of_o person_n be_v among_o the_o saxon_n and_o of_o what_o condition_n their_o land_n be_v touch_v their_o person_n they_o be_v by_o themselves_o divide_v in_o this_o manner_n eorle_n and_o ceorl_n and_o ðegn_n and_o ðeoden_n in_o latin_a come_v and_o villanus_fw-la tainus_n unus_fw-la &_o alius_fw-la singuli_fw-la pro_fw-la modo_fw-la svo_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o earl_n and_o the_o husbandman_n the_o thane_n of_o the_o great_a sort_n call_v the_o king_n thane_n and_o the_o thane_n of_o the_o lesser_a sort_n call_v the_o theoden_a or_o vnderthane_n more_o degree_n the_o saxon_n have_v not_o in_o their_o laity_n and_o among_o these_o must_v all_o the_o tenor_n lie_v that_o be_v in_o use_n with_o they_o as_o for_o their_o bondman_n who_o they_o call_v theowe_n and_o esne_n they_o be_v not_o count_v member_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n but_o parcel_n of_o their_o master_n good_n and_o substance_n bocland_n touch_v land_n among_o the_o saxon_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n bocland_n and_o folcland_n bocland_n signify_v terram_fw-la codicillarem_fw-la or_o librariam_fw-la charter-land_n for_o the_o saxon_n call_v a_o deed_n or_o charter_n a_o bec_fw-la i._n e._n librum_fw-la a_o book_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v their_o terra_fw-la haereditaria_fw-la for_o it_o common_o carry_v with_o it_o the_o absolute_a inheritance_n and_o propriety_n of_o the_o land_n and_o be_v therefore_o preserve_v in_o writing_n and_o possess_v by_o the_o thanes_z and_o noble_a sort_n as_o proedium_fw-la nobile_fw-la liberum_fw-la &_o immune_fw-la a_o servitiis_fw-la vulgaribus_fw-la &_o servilibus_fw-la in_o which_o respect_n the_o thanes_z themselves_z be_v also_o call_v liberales_fw-la as_o appear_v foresta_n by_o canute_n forest-law_n art_n 1._o 3_o
of_o a_o fine_a as_o be_v common_a in_o all_o case_n of_o feodal_n tenor_n empire_n this_o have_v some_o show_n of_o our_o escuage_z and_o may_v well_o have_v take_v that_o name_n from_o the_o manner_n of_o summons_n use_v in_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v by_o erect_v a_o post_n or_o pillar_n and_o hang_v a_o shield_n at_o the_o top_n thereof_o a_o herald_n proclaim_v that_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o this_o manner_n shall_v at_o such_o a_o day_n attend_v the_o emperor_n in_o his_o voyage_n to_o rome_n for_o take_v the_o crown_n of_o italy_n or_o king_n of_o roman_n which_o the_o ligurine_a poet_n thus_o express_v 301._o ligno_fw-la suspenditur_fw-la alte_fw-la erecto_fw-la clypeus_fw-la tunc_fw-la praeco_fw-la regius_fw-la omnes_fw-la convocat_n a_o dominis_fw-la feudalia_fw-la jura_fw-la tenentes_fw-la etc._n etc._n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o our_o glossary_a verbo_fw-la feudum_fw-la he_o use_v clypeus_fw-la for_o a_o shield_n instead_o of_o scutum_fw-la and_o from_o this_o shield_n i_o say_v it_o may_v well_o be_v call_v scutagium_fw-la as_o also_o from_o the_o service_n perform_v in_o it_o cum_fw-la hasta_fw-la &_o scuto_fw-la yet_o this_o summons_n be_v not_o call_v schiltbannum_n but_o heribannum_fw-la that_o be_v indictio_fw-la exercitus_fw-la not_o indictio_fw-la sâ—uti_fw-la but_o to_o keep_v near_o the_o matter_n first_o our_o saxon_n neither_o use_v the_o name_n nor_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o norman_a escuage_z for_o they_o call_v their_o go_v to_o war_n upon_o legal_a summons_n firdfare_n and_o utfare_n in_o latin_a expeditionem_fw-la and_o profectionem_fw-la second_o they_o be_v not_o tie_v to_o any_o definite_a time_n of_o abode_n as_o for_o forty_o day_n or_o more_o or_o less_o but_o as_o the_o law_n say_v 10._o sÆ¿a_o a_o ðon_n ðearf_n sy_n for_o gemeneâ—â—â—re_a neode_n so_o as_o need_v shall_v require_v for_o common_a necessity_n three_o the_o mulct_n or_o forfeiture_n that_o the_o tenant_n in_o escuage_z incur_v for_o not_o go_v forth_o upon_o that_o summons_n be_v uncertain_a among_o the_o norman_n and_o we_o till_o the_o parliament_n assign_v it_o but_o among_o the_o saxon_n he_o that_o offend_v in_o ferdwite_n that_o be_v in_o not_o go_v forth_o in_o the_o expedition_n be_v certain_o fine_v at_o 120_o 13._o four_o whereas_o every_o lord_n among_o we_o have_v the_o fine_a assess_v by_o parliament_n of_o his_o own_o tenant_n for_o the_o land_n hold_v of_o himself_o the_o king_n among_o the_o saxon_n have_v the_o fine_a aforesaid_a of_o every_o delinquent_n who_o tenant_n or_o follower_n soever_o he_o be_v by_o all_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o the_o west-saxon_a law_n by_o the_o mercian_n and_o by_o the_o dane_n law_n though_o otherwise_o they_o differ_v 69._o in_o their_o heriot_n and_o many_o particular_a custom_n so_o that_o to_o talk_v of_o escuage_z among_o the_o saxon_n be_v without_o all_o colour_n or_o probability_n as_o i_o take_v it_o chap._n xxiii_o no_o feodal_n escheat_n of_o hereditary_a land_n among_o the_o saxon_n escheat_n escheat_n of_o eschoeir_n in_o french_a signify_v thing_n come_v accidental_o as_o on_o the_o by_o or_o by_o chance_n the_o fâ—odists_n therefore_o call_v they_o caduca_fw-la a_fw-la cadendo_fw-la and_o excadentias_fw-la the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o exchequer_n escaetas_n excidentia_fw-la and_o excadentia_fw-la but_o among_o our_o saxon_n i_o find_v no_o word_n to_o express_v they_o either_o proper_o or_o paraphrastical_o in_o our_o law_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n regal_a escheat_n and_o feodal_n regal_a be_v those_o obvention_n and_o forfeiture_n which_o belong_v general_o to_o king_n by_o the_o ancient_a right_n of_o their_o crown_n and_o supreme_a dignity_n thus_o king_n david_n give_v the_o land_n of_o mephibosheth_n accuse_v of_o treason_n unto_o ziba_n though_o too_o hasty_o feodal_n be_v those_o which_o accrue_v to_o every_o feodal_n lord_n as_o well_o as_o to_o the_o king_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o seignory_n and_o of_o all_o the_o fruit_n of_o tenure_n none_o so_o great_a as_o this_o if_o we_o may_v call_v it_o a_o fruit_n where_o the_o feud_n or_o tree_n itself_o result_v back_o unto_o the_o lord_n let_v we_o see_v therefore_o if_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o feodal_n escheat_n among_o the_o saxon_n examine_v there_o be_v a_o shrewd_a text_n i_o confess_v in_o canutus_n his_o law_n qui_fw-la fugiet_fw-la à _fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la vel_fw-la socio_fw-la pro_fw-la timiditate_fw-la in_o expeditione_n navali_fw-la vel_fw-la terrestri_fw-la perdat_fw-la omne_fw-la quod_fw-la suum_fw-la est_fw-la &_o svam_fw-la ipsius_fw-la vitam_fw-la &_o manus_fw-la mittat_fw-la dominus_fw-la ad_fw-la terram_fw-la quam_fw-la ei_fw-la dederat_fw-la &_o si_fw-la terram_fw-la haereditariam_fw-la habeat_fw-la ipsa_fw-la in_o manum_fw-la regis_fw-la transeat_fw-la here_o be_v the_o appearance_n of_o a_o tenure_n of_o a_o feud_n of_o a_o forfeiture_n and_o of_o a_o escheat_n the_o tenure_n lie_v between_o the_o lord_n and_o his_o fugitive_a vassal_n who_o the_o saxon_n and_o german_n call_v his_o man_n we_o his_o tenant_n the_o feud_n in_o the_o land_n quam_fw-la dâ—mâ—nus_fw-la â—i_fw-la dederat_fw-la the_o forfeiture_n in_o fugiendo_fw-la in_o the_o vassal_n run_v away_o and_o the_o escheat_n in_o the_o lord_n be_v seize_v of_o the_o land_n manus_fw-la mittat_fw-la dominus_fw-la in_o terram_fw-la quam_fw-la ei_fw-la dederat_fw-la let_v the_o lord_n take_v back_o the_o estate_n which_o he_o give_v in_o the_o temporary_a feud_n but_o for_o the_o hereditary_a land_n he_o say_v transeat_fw-la non_fw-la redeat_fw-la in_fw-la manum_fw-la regis_fw-la all_o this_o be_v nothing_o in_o our_o case_n for_o i_o declare_v in_o the_o beginning_n that_o our_o question_n be_v fix_v upon_o such_o feud_n as_o the_o law_n of_o england_n take_v notice_n of_o at_o this_o day_n that_o be_v of_o feud_n after_o they_o be_v become_v hereditary_a and_o perpetual_a not_o of_o those_o mention_v by_o gerardus_n niger_n which_o be_v temporary_a as_o at_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o for_o year_n or_o for_o life_n like_v they_o here_o intend_v by_o canutus_n this_o very_a law_n observe_v the_o difference_n and_o discover_v also_o that_o feud_n be_v not_o hereditary_a in_o his_o time_n and_o therefore_o give_v the_o feodal_a land_n be_v but_o a_o temporary_a estate_n back_o unto_o the_o lord_n in_o who_o the_o reversion_n be_v by_o inheritance_n as_o a_o feodal_n right_n but_o give_v the_o hereditary_a land_n unto_o the_o king_n as_o a_o regal_a escheat_n for_o that_o there_o be_v no_o mean_a or_o intervenient_a lord_n to_o claim_v they_o by_o any_o feodal_a tenure_n for_o that_o the_o hereditary_a land_n among_o the_o saxon_n otherwise_o call_v bocland_n be_v hold_v of_o no_o body_n nor_o subject_n to_o any_o feodal_a service_n as_o we_o have_v often_o declare_v and_o can_v not_o therefore_o escheat_n unto_o any_o feodal_a lord_n the_o kentish_a custom_n of_o the_o father_n to_o the_o bough_n and_o the_o son_n to_o the_o plough_n suggest_v as_o much_o and_o show_v also_o to_o have_v be_v the_o general_a use_n of_o england_n till_o the_o conqueror_n introduce_v hereditary_a feud_n put_v upon_o we_o therewith_o these_o great_a feodal_n servitude_n of_o wardship_n marriage_n escheat_n etc._n etc._n so_o that_o the_o hereditary_a land_n not_o be_v feodal_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n nor_o the_o feodal_a land_n hereditary_a there_o can_v then_o be_v no_o feodal_a escheat_n among_o they_o and_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v considerable_a whether_o the_o land_n resume_v by_o the_o lord_n upon_o his_o vassal's_n running_n away_o be_v proper_o a_o escheat_n by_o the_o law_n of_o canutus_n or_o rather_o a_o penalty_n only_o impose_v in_o this_o particular_a case_n chap._n xxiv_o thaneland_n and_o reveland_n what_o no_o mark_n of_o tenure_n but_o distinction_n of_o land-holders_n thaneland_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o assertion_n rather_o show_v than_o prove_v 34._o that_o the_o thani_fw-la majores_fw-la or_o king_n thanes_z hold_v by_o personal_a service_n of_o the_o king_n person_n by_o grand_a serjanty_n or_o knights-service_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o the_o reason_n follow_v be_v that_o the_o land_n so_o hold_v be_v in_o those_o time_n call_v thaneland_n as_o land_v reveland_n hold_v in_o socage_n be_v call_v reveland_n so_o frequent_o in_o doomsday_n 〈…〉_z haec_fw-la terra_fw-la fuit_fw-la terra_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la thainland_n sed_fw-la postea_fw-la conversa_fw-la est_fw-la in_o reveland_n coke_n instit_n §_n 117._o thus_o the_o report_n discharge_v itself_o upon_o my_o lord_n coke_n who_o word_n be_v these_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o the_o book_n of_o doomsday_n land_n hold_v by_o knights-service_n be_v call_v thainland_n and_o land_n hold_v by_o socage_n be_v call_v reveland_n i_o reverence_v the_o opinion_n of_o that_o famous_a lawyer_n with_o admiration_n but_o i_o suppose_v he_o speak_v not_o this_o ex_fw-la tripod_n juridico_fw-la for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o it_o and_o that_o which_o be_v before_o deliver_v out_o of_o the_o
time_n and_o that_o they_o be_v not_o make_v otherwise_o than_o for_o life_n or_o three_o life_n for_o so_o i_o find_v they_o in_o the_o abby-book_n and_o i_o also_o suppose_v that_o they_o to_o who_o these_o land_n be_v grant_v be_v the_o thani_n episcopi_fw-la &_o thani_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la speak_v of_o in_o doomsday-book_n and_o that_o the_o land_n themselves_o be_v such_o as_o in_o the_o same_o book_n be_v usual_o call_v thain-land_n ecclesiae_fw-la episcopi_fw-la and_o abbatis_n but_o i_o see_v they_o be_v lade_v with_o many_o service_n which_o the_o land_n of_o the_o king_n thane_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o dignity_n and_o person_n be_v free_a from_o therefore_o when_o this_o very_a bishop_n by_o another_o charter_n grant_v tres_fw-la cassatas_fw-la three_o hide_n of_o land_n in_o cungle_v cuidam_fw-la ministro_fw-la regis_fw-la to_o one_o of_o the_o king_n thanes_z name_v alfwold_n and_o to_o his_o mother_n if_o she_o survive_v during_o their_o life_n he_o put_v no_o service_n upon_o the_o king_n thane_n but_o say_v plena_fw-la glorietur_fw-la libertate_fw-la excepta_fw-la expeditione_n rata_fw-la pontis_fw-la arcisve_fw-la constructione_n the_o common_a exception_n in_o grant_n unto_o the_o king_n thanes_z as_o before_z appear_z and_o yet_o the_o service_n thereby_o except_v belong_v not_o either_o to_o the_o bishop_n or_o the_o king_n himself_o otherwise_o than_o pro_fw-la bono_fw-mi publico_fw-la and_o common_a necessity_n after_o all_o this_o i_o beat_v still_o upon_o the_o old_a string_n that_o here_o yet_o be_v nothing_o to_o prove_v wardship_n or_o marriage_n or_o as_o the_o law_n then_o stand_v a_o tenure_n by_o knights-service_n for_o we_o have_v make_v it_o manifest_v that_o expedition_n and_o build_n of_o castle_n and_o bridges_n be_v no_o feodal_n service_n nor_o grow_v by_o tenure_n and_o as_o for_o these_o that_o be_v tie_v to_o ride_v and_o go_v up_o and_o down_o with_o their_o lord_n baraterius_n a_o old_a 8._o feudist_n say_v that_o a_o knight_n fee_n may_v be_v give_v so_o ut_fw-la vassallus_fw-la in_o diebus_fw-la festivis_fw-la cum_fw-la uxore_fw-la domini_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la vadat_fw-la and_o the_o feudal_a law_n itself_o infer_v as_o much_o lib._n 2._o tit._n 3._o but_o our_o bracton_n speak_v of_o our_o law_n here_o in_o england_n the_o invest_v feud_n in_o his_o time_n touch_v such_o tenant_n call_v they_o rodknight_n alias_o radknight_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 35._o nu_fw-la 6._o ut_fw-la siquis_fw-la debeat_fw-la equitare_fw-la cum_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la de_fw-la manerio_fw-la in_o manerium_fw-la and_o say_v not_o that_o it_o be_v knight-service_n but_o that_o it_o be_v a_o serjantie_n and_o that_o although_o such_o sometime_o do_v homage_n yet_o the_o lord_n shall_v not_o have_v ward_n and_o marriage_n admit_v notwithstanding_o that_o it_o be_v knight-service_n and_o that_o the_o land_n thus_o hold_v be_v knight_n fee_n during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o tenant_n yet_o where_o be_v the_o wardship_n marriage_n and_o relief_n who_o shall_v undergo_v these_o servitude_n since_o the_o tenure_n and_o all_o the_o service_n be_v determine_v with_o the_o life_n of_o the_o tenant_n chap._n xxvii_o inducement_n to_o the_o conclusion_n see_v then_o that_o neither_o the_o great_a thanes_z nor_o the_o lesser_a thanes_z among_o the_o saxon_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o our_o knight-service_n upon_o who_o then_o if_o it_o be_v in_o use_n among_o they_o do_v it_o lie_v for_o as_o touch_v the_o clergy_n it_o be_v say_v in_o the_o law_n of_o edw._n the_o confessor_n cap._n 11._o that_o the_o king_n and_o the_o people_n magis_fw-la in_o ecclesiae_fw-la confidebant_fw-la orationibus_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o armorum_fw-la defensionibus_fw-la and_o the_o report_n itself_o confess_v pag._n 3._o in_o pede_fw-la that_o the_o possession_n of_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n be_v first_o make_v subject_n to_o knight-service_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n for_o their_o land_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o saxon_n in_o pura_fw-la &_o libera_fw-la eleemosyna_fw-la free_a ab_fw-la omni_fw-la servitio_fw-la seculari_fw-la etc._n etc._n though_o this_o be_v not_o true_a in_o the_o latter_a part_n be_v strict_o take_v for_o no_o doubt_n their_o land_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o trinodi_fw-la necessitati_fw-la viz._n expeditioni_fw-la pontis_fw-la arcisque_fw-la constructioni_fw-la as_o before_o appear_v yet_o come_v it_o very_o fit_o to_o my_o purpose_n for_o hereby_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o if_o the_o trinodis_fw-la necessitas_fw-la make_v no_o tenure_n by_o knight-service_n or_o in_o capite_fw-la in_o the_o church_n land_n than_o neither_o do_v it_o in_o the_o thaneland_n as_o before_o we_o have_v show_v and_o then_o much_o less_o in_o the_o land_n of_o churl_n and_o husbandman_n common_o call_v the_o socmanni_n for_o it_o be_v agree_v on_o all_o hand_n that_o their_o land_n be_v hold_v no_o otherwise_o than_o by_o socage_n therefore_o if_o all_o kent_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n be_v gavelkind_a then_o can_v there_o be_v no_o tenor_n by_o knight-service_n in_o all_o that_o county_n for_o glanvil_n lib._n 7._o c._n 3._o tell_v we_o that_o where_o the_o inheritance_n be_v divideable_a among_o the_o son_n it_o be_v socage_n and_o his_o reason_n be_v because_o that_o where_o it_o be_v hold_v by_o knight-service_n the_o primogenitus_fw-la succedit_fw-la in_o toto_fw-la this_o kentish_a custom_n be_v ab_fw-la initio_fw-la the_o general_a law_n of_o england_n and_o of_o all_o nation_n jew_n 2_o greek_n roman_n and_o the_o rest_n and_o so_o continue_v even_o till_o this_o day_n where_o the_o feodal_n law_n have_v not_o alter_v it_o which_o first_o happen_v here_o in_o england_n when_o the_o norman_n introduce_v their_o feud_n settle_v the_o whole_a inheritance_n of_o they_o upon_o the_o elder_a son_n which_o the_o ancient_a feodal_n law_n itself_o do_v not_o as_o we_o before_o have_v note_v till_o feud_n be_v grow_v perpetual_a the_o reason_n as_o i_o take_v it_o that_o beget_v this_o alteration_n be_v for_o that_o while_o the_o feud_n do_v descend_v in_o gavelkind_a to_o the_o son_n and_o nephew_n of_o the_o feodatorie_n the_o service_n be_v suspend_v till_o the_o lord_n have_v choose_v which_o of_o the_o son_n he_o will_v have_v for_o his_o tenant_n and_o then_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o the_o party_n choose_v will_v accept_v of_o the_o feud_n or_o not_o for_o sometime_o there_o may_v be_v reason_n to_o refuse_v it_o to_o return_v where_o i_o leave_v it_o make_v to_o the_o proof_n of_o all_o this_o that_o have_v be_v say_v and_o for_o conclusion_n seem_v to_o be_v unanswerable_a that_o the_o old_a inheritance_n which_o in_o the_o saxon_n time_n belong_v to_o the_o crown_n call_v in_o doomsday_n terra_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o in_o the_o law_n book_n ancient_a demesne_n contain_v a_o great_a part_n of_o every_o county_n have_v not_o any_o land_n within_o it_o or_o within_o any_o manor_n thereof_o hold_v by_o knight-service_n for_o fitz-herbert_n d._n say_v that_o nul_fw-fr terres_fw-la sont_fw-fr ancient_a demesne_fw-la forsque_fw-la terres_fw-la tenus_fw-la en_fw-fr socage_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o tenant_n in_o ancient_a demesne_n will_v claim_v to_o hold_v of_o the_o lord_n by_o knights-service_n it_o be_v good_a cause_n to_o remove_v the_o plea_n because_o that_o no_o land_n hold_v of_o a_o manor_n which_o be_v ancient_a demesne_n be_v hold_v by_o other_o service_n of_o the_o lord_n than_o by_o socage_n for_o the_o tenant_n in_o ancient_a demesne_n be_v call_v socmanni_n that_o be_v to_o say_v tenant_n deal_v carve_v angl._n le_fw-fr plough_n thus_o far_o fitz-herbert_n now_o if_o in_o the_o manor_n of_o the_o king_n himself_o there_o be_v then_o no_o land_n hold_v by_o knight-service_n throughout_o all_o england_n it_o will_v then_o in_o all_o probability_n follow_v that_o there_o be_v none_o likewise_o among_o his_o subject_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n and_o consequent_o that_o our_o feudal_n law_n be_v not_o introduce_v before_o the_o conquest_n mr._n cambden_n by_o their_o own_o confession_n be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n and_o mr._n selden_n himself_o who_o they_o allege_v against_o i_o be_v clear_o with_o i_o as_o before_o i_o have_v show_v if_o these_o our_o three_o opinion_n avail_v nothing_o we_o have_v yet_o a_o four_o to_o strengthen_v bracton_n we_o great_a bracton_n the_o most_o learned_a in_o our_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n that_o have_v be_v in_o this_o kingdom_n who_o speak_v of_o forinsecum_fw-la servitium_fw-la as_o the_o genus_fw-la to_o these_o tenor_n say_v lib._n 2._o cap._n 16._o nu._n 7._o fol._n 36._o a._n that_o it_o be_v call_v regale_n servitium_fw-la quia_fw-la spectat_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la regem_fw-la &_o non_fw-la ad_fw-la alium_fw-la &_o secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o conquestu_fw-la fuit_fw-la adinventum_fw-la here_o bracton_n also_o refer_v the_o invention_n to_o the_o conquest_n but_o the_o report_n wave_v his_o opinion_n as_o well_o as_o we_o notwithstanding_o
be_v now_o corrupt_o so_o call_v for_o triding_n or_o thrithing_n those_o thing_n therefore_o that_o can_v not_o be_v determine_v in_o the_o hundred-court_n either_o for_o difficulty_n or_o miscarriage_n thereof_o be_v from_o thence_o bring_v unto_o the_o trthe_n where_o all_o the_o principal_a man_n of_o three_o or_o more_o hundred_o be_v assemble_v do_v debate_n and_o determine_v it_o or_o if_o they_o can_v not_o do_v then_o send_v it_o up_o nnto_o the_o county_n court_n to_o be_v there_o decide_v as_o in_o parliament_n by_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o county_n this_o appear_v by_o the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n cap._n 34._o where_o it_o be_v say_v erant_fw-la &_o aliae_fw-la potestates_fw-la super_fw-la wapentachia_n quas_fw-la vocabant_fw-la ðriðingas_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o be_v there_o be_v other_o jurisdiction_n over_o wapentake_n or_o hundred_o which_o they_o call_v thrithing_n because_o they_o contain_v a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o province_n or_o county_n and_o those_o that_o govern_v these_o thrithing_n be_v thereupon_o call_v thrithingreves_n before_o who_o be_v bring_v all_o cause_n that_o can_v not_o be_v determine_v in_o the_o wapentake_v or_o hundred_o though_o i_o find_v no_o such_o division_n of_o our_o county_n of_o norfolk_n yet_o i_o see_v the_o use_n thereof_o remain_v there_o both_o till_o and_o after_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conquest_n for_o william_n rufus_n in_o a_o controversy_n of_o the_o abbot_n of_o ramsie_n about_o the_o town_n of_o holme_n in_o norfolk_n send_v his_o writ_n to_o h._n chamberlain_n then_o trithingreve_n as_o it_o seem_v over_o that_o part_n of_o the_o county_n command_v he_o to_o assemble_v three_o hundred_o and_o a_o half_a at_o a_o place_n call_v fliâ—ham-burrough_n which_o to_o this_o day_n bear_v that_o name_n and_o be_v the_o site_n of_o the_o hundred_o of_o frebridge_n there_o to_o determine_v the_o say_a controversy_n which_o write_v for_o review_v of_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o will_v here_o adjoin_v as_o it_o stand_v in_o the_o book_n of_o ramsey_n abbey_n sect._n 197._o willielmus_fw-la rex_fw-la angl._n h._n camerario_fw-la salutem_fw-la fac_n convenire_fw-la &_o consedere_fw-la tres_fw-la hundredos_fw-mi &_o dimidium_fw-la apud_fw-la flicceham-burgh_n propter_fw-la terram_fw-la illam_fw-la de_fw-la holm_n quae_fw-la pertinet_fw-la ad_fw-la ringstedam_fw-la &_o quam_fw-la abbas_n ramesiae_fw-la reclamat_fw-la ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la monachorum_fw-la suorum_fw-la et_fw-la si_fw-la abbas_n poterit_fw-la ostendere_fw-la ratione_fw-la &_o testimonio_fw-la comprovincialium_fw-la quod_fw-la antecessor_n illius_fw-la eandem_fw-la terram_fw-la habuerit_fw-la eo_fw-la die_fw-la quo_fw-la pater_fw-la meus_fw-la fuit_fw-la vivus_fw-la &_o mortuus_fw-la tunc_fw-la praecipio_fw-la ut_fw-la illam_fw-la terram_fw-la &_o omne_fw-la quae_fw-la just_o pertinent_a ad_fw-la abbathiam_fw-la svam_fw-la pacifice_fw-la &_o honorifice_fw-la habeat_fw-la testae_fw-la r._n bigod_n apud_fw-la wind._n out_o of_o which_o writ_n i_o conjecture_v that_o this_o h._n camerarius_fw-la to_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v may_v be_v trithingreve_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o county_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o writ_n name_v he_o not_o vicecome_fw-la as_o in_o the_o next_o precedent_n it_o do_v another_o man_n viz._n will._n rex_fw-la o._n vicecomiti_fw-la salutem_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o that_o these_o three_o hundred_o and_o a_o half_a be_v to_o be_v judge_n of_o the_o cause_n it_o appear_v by_o the_o word_n fac_fw-la consedere_fw-la that_o be_v cause_v they_o to_o sit_v down_o together_o for_o magistrorum_fw-la &_o judicum_fw-la est_fw-la sedere_fw-la famulorum_fw-la &_o ministrorum_fw-la stare_n therefore_o it_o be_v say_v exod._n 18._o 13._o moses_n sit_v to_o judge_v the_o people_n and_o the_o people_n stand_v about_o he_o whereupon_o hugo_n also_o note_v magistrorum_fw-la est_fw-la sedere_fw-la to_o this_o purpose_n also_o be_v the_o law_n of_o h._n i._n ca._n 8._o si_fw-mi aliquis_fw-la in_o hundrâ—…_n agendorum_fw-la penuria_fw-la cum_fw-la judicium_fw-la vel_fw-la casu_fw-la aliquo_fw-la transferendum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o dâ—us_fw-la vel_fw-la tres_fw-la vel_fw-la amplius_fw-la hundredos_fw-mi respectetur_fw-la justo_fw-la sine_fw-la claudendum_fw-la qu._n but_o it_o seem_v that_o these_o judge_n be_v swear_v to_o do_v right_a as_o well_o as_o those_o before_o mention_v in_o the_o hundred_o court_n and_o that_o our_o course_n now_o use_v for_o take_v a_o jury_n out_o of_o many_o hundred_o in_o the_o county_n for_o trial_n of_o a_o cause_n arise_v in_o one_o hundred_o take_v the_o beginning_n from_o the_o trial_n in_o the_o trthe_n and_o that_o thereupon_o the_o trthe_n court_n grow_v out_o of_o use_n the_o alderman_n of_o the_o county_n who_o confuse_o they_o call_v a_o earl_n be_v in_o parallel_n equal_a with_o the_o bishop_n and_o therefore_o both_o their_o estimation_n value_v alike_o in_o the_o law_n of_o ethelstane_n at_o eight_o thousand_o thrymse_n he_o be_v a_o man_n learn_v in_o the_o law_n and_o have_v the_o government_n of_o the_o whole_a shire_n and_o cognizance_n over_o all_o inferior_a court_n and_o person_n both_o in_o civil_a matter_n and_o criminal_a for_o which_o purpose_n he_o hold_v his_o ordinary_a court_n by_o the_o shreve_n ult_n once_o every_o month_n and_o there_o resort_v as_o suitor_n and_o bind_v by_o duty_n all_o the_o lord_n of_o manor_n and_o principal_a man_n of_o the_o county_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o freeholders_n who_o be_v not_o only_a assistant_n but_o judge_n with_o he_o of_o all_o matter_n there_o depend_v whether_o enter_v there_o original_o or_o come_v thither_o by_o appeal_n or_o provocation_n from_o the_o inferior_a court_n ll._n edw._n senioris_fw-la cap._n ult_n i_fw-mi Æ¿ille_fw-mi ðat_fw-mi aelc_a geresa_n hebbe_n gemote_n etc._n etc._n i_o will_v that_o every_o sheriff_n hold_v his_o court_n about_o every_o four_o week_n and_o that_o he_o do_v right_a equal_o to_o every_o man_n and_o make_v a_o end_n of_o all_o suit_n under_o the_o pain_n before_o express_v as_o the_o bishop_n have_v twice_o in_o the_o year_n two_o general_a synod_n wherein_o all_o the_o clergy_n of_o his_o diocese_n of_o all_o sort_n be_v tie_v to_o resort_v for_o matter_n concern_v the_o church_n so_o also_o be_v there_o twice_o in_o the_o year_n a_o general_a assembly_n of_o all_o the_o shire_n for_o matter_n concern_v the_o commonwealth_n wherein_o without_o exception_n all_o kind_n of_o estate_n be_v require_v to_o be_v present_a dukes_z earls_z baron_n and_o so_o downward_o of_o the_o laity_n and_o especial_o the_o bishop_n of_o that_o diocese_n among_o the_o clergy_n for_o in_o those_o day_n the_o temporal_a lord_n do_v often_o sit_v in_o synod_n with_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o bishop_n in_o like_a manner_n in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o temporalty_n and_o be_v therein_o as_o by_o and_o by_o shall_v appear_v not_o only_o necessary_a but_o principal_a judge_n themselves_o ll._n canuti_n regis_fw-la par_fw-fr 2._o ca._n 17._o the_o shyre-gemot_a for_o so_o the_o saxon_n call_v this_o assembly_n of_o the_o whole_a shire_n shall_v be_v keep_v twice_o a_o year_n and_o often_o if_o need_v require_v wherein_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o alderman_n of_o the_o shire_n shall_v be_v present_a the_o one_o to_o teach_v the_o law_n of_o god_n the_o other_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n this_o great_a assembly_n be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o ethelstan_n ca._n 20._o to_o be_v proclaim_v or_o publish_v a_o seven-night_n before_o hand_n and_o every_o man_n tie_v thereupon_o to_o be_v present_a at_o it_o and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n either_o to_o satisfy_v the_o wrong_n he_o have_v do_v to_o another_o or_o to_o undergo_v the_o penalty_n which_o if_o he_o refuse_v all_o he_o have_v be_v present_o to_o be_v sense_v and_o himself_o put_v to_o find_v surety_n for_o his_o appearance_n to_o answer_v but_o because_o this_o notable_a assembly_n otherwise_o call_v by_o the_o author_n of_o that_o time_n mallum_n and_o placitum_fw-la generale_fw-mi be_v the_o supreme_a court_n of_o county-justice_n wherein_o all_o thing_n of_o what_o sort_n soever_o be_v to_o be_v determine_v we_o will_v take_v a_o little_a scope_n in_o description_n thereof_o show_v first_o more_o particular_o who_o be_v bind_v to_o give_v their_o attendance_n here_o then_o what_o lie_v in_o cognizance_n of_o this_o court_n and_o three_o in_o what_o step_n they_o proceed_v to_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o same_o all_o which_o because_o they_o can_v be_v more_o authentical_o deliver_v then_o out_o of_o the_o law_n itself_o i_o will_v even_o from_o thence_o report_v it_o as_o it_o stand_v in_o ll._n h._n i._o ca._n 8._o sicut_fw-la antiqua_fw-la fuerat_fw-la institutione_n formatum_fw-la etc._n etc._n as_o it_o be_v devise_v by_o a_o ancient_a institution_n and_o confirm_v by_o true_a report_n that_o the_o general_a plea_n of_o the_o county_n ought_v to_o be_v assemble_v in_o every_o province_n of_o england_n at_o certain_a place_n and_o before_o certain_a judge_n at_o certain_a time_n thereto_o appoint_v and_o
homicidium_fw-la casu_fw-la commission_n culpa_fw-la non_fw-la praecedente_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la imputandum_fw-la and_o johannes_n sibi_fw-la imputari_fw-la non_fw-la debet_fw-la quia_fw-la fortuitos_fw-la casus_fw-la qui_fw-la praevideri_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la non_fw-la praevidit_fw-la and_o de_fw-fr casu_fw-la fortuito_fw-la nullus_fw-la tenetur_fw-la cum_fw-la praevideri_fw-la non_fw-la possit_fw-la and_o upon_o this_o the_o stream_n of_o the_o canonist_n do_v run_v as_o by_o a_o multitude_n of_o book_n may_v be_v show_v with_o who_o our_o 17._o bracton_n a_o great_a civilian_n and_o common_a lawyer_n too_o homicidium_fw-la casuale_fw-la non_fw-la imputatur_fw-la 5._o the_o two_o head_n whereto_o the_o law_n look_v free_v a_o man_n from_o blame_n and_o express_o from_o irregularity_n be_v that_o the_o person_n by_o who_o the_o action_n be_v perform_v d_o do_v not_o dare_v operam_fw-la rei_fw-la illicitae_fw-la and_o that_o he_o use_v diligence_n of_o his_o part_n that_o no_o hurt_n be_v commit_v 332._o azorius_fw-la the_o jesuit_n say_v irregularitas_fw-la cum_fw-la ob_fw-la delictum_fw-la constituitur_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la ex_fw-la lethali_fw-la peccato_fw-la contrahitur_fw-la nisi_fw-la ex_fw-la homicidio_fw-la fiat_fw-la quis_fw-la irregularis_fw-la eo_fw-la quod_fw-la det_fw-la operam_fw-la rei_fw-la vetitae_fw-la &_o interdictae_fw-la nam_fw-la tunc_fw-la quamvis_fw-la homicidium_fw-la casu_fw-la sequatur_fw-la ob_fw-la culpam_fw-la nostram_fw-la levem_fw-la vel_fw-la levissimam_fw-la multorum_fw-la est_fw-la opinio_fw-la irregularitatem_fw-la contrahi_fw-la 22._o and_o ivo_n in_o his_o canon_n some_o hundred_o of_o year_n before_o he_o si_fw-la duo_fw-la fratres_fw-la in_o sylva_fw-la arbores_fw-la succiderint_fw-la &_o appropinquante_fw-la casura_fw-la unius_fw-la arboris_fw-la frater_fw-la fratri_fw-la dixerit_fw-la cave_fw-la &_o ille_fw-la fugiens_fw-la in_fw-la pressuram_fw-la arboris_fw-la inciderit_fw-la ac_fw-la mortuus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la vivens_fw-la frater_fw-la innocens_fw-la de_fw-la sanguine_fw-la germani_fw-la dijudicatur_fw-la now_o the_o caâ—e_n at_o bramsil_n be_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o these_o two_o condition_n for_o the_o party_n agent_n be_v about_o no_o unlawful_a work_n for_o what_o he_o do_v be_v in_o the_o day_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o forty_o or_o fifty_o person_n the_o lord_n zouch_v who_o be_v owner_n of_o the_o park_n not_o only_o stand_v by_o but_o invite_v to_o hunt_n and_o shoot_v and_o all_o person_n in_o the_o field_n be_v call_v upon_o to_o stand_v far_o off_o partly_o for_o avoid_v harm_n and_o partly_o lest_o they_o shall_v disturb_v the_o game_n and_o all_o in_o the_o field_n perform_v what_o be_v desire_v and_o this_o course_n do_v the_o lord_n archbishop_n use_v to_o take_v when_o or_o wheresoever_o he_o do_v shoot_v as_o all_o person_n at_o any_o time_n present_a can_v witness_v never_o any_o man_n be_v more_o solicitous_a thereof_o than_o he_o evermore_o be_v and_o the_o morning_n when_o the_o deed_n be_v do_v the_o keeper_n be_v twice_o warn_v to_o stay_v behind_o and_o not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o he_o careless_o do_v otherwise_o when_o he_o that_o shot_n can_v take_v no_o notice_n of_o his_o gallop_n in_o before_o the_o bow_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o verdict_n of_o the_o coroner_n inquest_n 6._o this_o case_n at_o bramsill_n be_v so_o favourable_a that_o the_o strict_a writer_n of_o these_o time_n direct_o conclude_v that_o if_o a_o clergyman_n commit_v casuale_fw-la homicidium_fw-la be_v about_o a_o forbid_a and_o interdict_a act_n yet_o he_o be_v not_o irregular_a if_o the_o interdict_a act_n be_v not_o therefore_o forbid_v because_o it_o may_v draw_v on_o homicide_n and_o thereupon_o inasmuch_o as_o hunt_v be_v forbid_v in_o a_o clergyman_n not_o in_o respect_n of_o danger_n of_o life_n but_o for_o decency_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o spend_v his_o time_n in_o exercise_n which_o may_v hinder_v he_o from_o the_o study_n fit_a for_o his_o call_v or_o for_o other_o such_o reason_n irregularity_n follow_v not_o thereupon_o and_o to_o this_o purpose_n write_v at_o large_a 9_o soto_n covarruvias_n and_o suarez_n who_o be_v great_a canonist_n and_o schoolman_n and_o if_o this_o be_v true_a as_o out_o of_o great_a reason_n it_o may_v be_v so_o hold_v how_o much_o further_a be_v the_o present_a case_n in_o question_n from_o irregularity_n 7._o but_o some_o go_v direct_o to_o the_o point_n and_o say_v that_o the_o lord_n archbishop_n do_v navare_fw-la operam_fw-la rei_fw-la illicitae_fw-la because_o he_o be_v on_o hunt_v for_o that_o be_v interdict_v to_o a_o bishop_n by_o the_o canon_n de_fw-fr clerico_n venatore_fw-la and_o so_o by_o a_o consequent_a he_o must_v needs_o be_v irregular_a to_o which_o objection_n see_v how_o many_o clear_a and_o true_a answer_n there_o be_v as_o first_o that_o the_o canon_n be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o decree_n be_v by_o gratian_n himself_o brand_v to_o be_v palea_fw-la no_o better_a than_o chaff_n second_o it_o be_v cite_v out_o of_o the_o four_o council_n of_o orleans_n and_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n to_o be_v find_v as_o the_o gloss_n well_o observe_v three_o it_o forbid_v hunt_v cum_fw-la canibus_fw-la aut_fw-la accipitribus_fw-la and_o none_o of_o these_o be_v at_o bramsil_n and_o if_o you_o will_v enforce_v it_o by_o comparison_n or_o proportion_n the_o rule_n of_o the_o law_n be_v favores_fw-la sunt_fw-la ampliandi_fw-la odia_fw-la restringenda_fw-la where_o mark_n when_o hunt_v with_o dog_n or_o hawk_n be_v forbid_v it_o be_v not_o for_o fear_v of_o slaughter_n for_o there_o be_v no_o such_o danger_n in_o either_o of_o they_o four_o the_o canon_n forbid_v hunt_v voluptatis_fw-la causa_fw-la but_o not_o recreationis_fw-la or_o valetudinis_fw-la gratia_fw-la which_o the_o book_n say_v be_v permit_v etiam_fw-la episcopo_fw-la five_o the_o canon_n have_v si_fw-la saepius_fw-la detentus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la if_o he_o make_v a_o life_n or_o occupation_n of_o it_o which_o the_o world_n know_v be_v not_o the_o archbishop_n case_n but_o a_o little_a one_o time_n in_o the_o year_n direct_v so_o by_o his_o physician_n to_o avoid_v two_o disease_n whereunto_o he_o be_v subject_a the_o stone_n and_o the_o gout_n six_o it_o be_v clamosa_fw-la venatio_fw-la against_o which_o the_o canon_n speak_v not_o quieta_fw-la or_o modesta_fw-la which_o the_o canonist_n allow_v and_o this_o whereof_o the_o question_n arise_v be_v most_o silent_a and_o quiet_a save_v that_o this_o accident_n by_o the_o keeper_n unadvised_a run_v in_o have_v afterward_o make_v a_o noise_n over_o all_o the_o country_n 8._o these_o exception_n as_o they_o natural_o and_o without_o any_o enforce_n give_v answer_n to_o this_o objection_n of_o the_o canon_n so_o there_o be_v another_o thing_n that_o may_v stop_v the_o mouth_n of_o all_o gainsayers_a if_o any_o reason_n will_v content_v they_o and_o that_o be_v that_o by_o the_o stat._n of_o henr._n viii_o 35._o ca._n 16._o no_o canon_n be_v in_o force_n in_o england_n which_o be_v not_o in_o use_n before_o that_o time_n or_o be_v not_o contrary_a or_o derogatory_n to_o the_o law_n or_o statute_n of_o this_o realm_n nor_o to_o the_o prerogative_n of_o the_o royal_a crown_n of_o which_o nature_n this_o be_v for_o in_o charta_n de_fw-fr foresta_n archbishop_n and_o bishop_n by_o name_n have_v liberty_n to_o hunt_n and_o 13._o ric._n ii_o cap._n 13._o a_o clergyman_n who_o have_v 10l._o by_o the_o year_n may_v keep_v greyhoud_n to_o hunt_v and_o linwood_n who_o live_v soon_o after_o that_o time_n and_o understand_v the_o ecclesiastical_a constitution_n and_o the_o law_n of_o england_n very_o well_o in_o treat_v of_o hunt_v speak_v against_o clergyman_n use_v that_o exercise_n unlawful_o as_o in_o place_n restrain_v or_o forbid_v but_o have_v not_o one_o word_n against_o hunt_v simple_o and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n have_v former_o more_o than_o twenty_o park_n and_o chase_n of_o his_o own_o to_o use_v at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o now_o by_o charter_n have_v free-warren_n in_o all_o his_o land_n and_o by_o ancient_a record_n the_o bishop_n of_o rochester_n at_o his_o death_n be_v to_o render_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n his_o kennel_n of_o hound_n as_o a_o mortuary_n whereof_o as_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v the_o law_n take_v notice_n for_o the_o king_n sede_n vacant_a under_o the_o name_n of_o muta_fw-la canum_fw-la and_o mulctura_fw-la to_o this_o may_v be_v add_v the_o perpetuate_v use_n of_o hunt_v by_o bishop_n in_o their_o park_n continue_v to_o this_o day_n without_o scruple_n or_o question_n as_o that_o most_o reverend_a man_n the_o lord_n archbishop_n whitgyfte_v use_v in_o hartlebury-park_n while_o he_o live_v at_o worcester_n in_o ford-park_n in_o kent_n in_o the_o park_n of_o the_o lord_n cobham_n near_o canterbury_n where_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o that_o lord_n he_o kill_v twenty_o buck_n in_o one_o journey_n use_v hound_n greyhound_n or_o his_o bow_n at_o his_o pleasure_n although_o he_o never_o shoot_v well_o and_o the_o same_o be_v credible_o report_v of_o the_o lord_n archbishop_n sand_n and_o it_o be_v most_o true_a that_o the_o
the_o place_n of_o azorius_fw-la and_o ivo_n be_v true_o cite_v and_o i_o doubt_v they_o not_o to_o be_v law_n that_o be_v to_o this_o effect_n that_o it_o work_v no_o irregularity_n where_o in_o a_o lawful_a action_n a_o clerk_n kill_v a_o man_n casual_o have_v first_o use_v all_o diligence_n to_o prevent_v it_o and_o it_o appear_v that_o his_o lordship_n do_v this_o so_o careful_o that_o all_o be_v continual_o call_v upon_o not_o only_o to_o stand_v off_o but_o so_o far_o off_o as_o show_v his_o lordship_n to_o be_v very_o unskilful_a in_o the_o use_n of_o his_o bow_n and_o may_v therefore_o touch_v he_o in_o discretion_n for_o meddle_v with_o so_o dangerous_a a_o engine_n in_o so_o great_a a_o assembly_n and_o consequent_o produce_v irregularity_n even_o by_o the_o word_n of_o azorius_fw-la allege_v to_o excuse_v he_o though_o the_o action_n be_v lawful_a nam_fw-la tunc_fw-la quamvis_fw-la homicidium_fw-la casu_fw-la sequatur_fw-la ob_fw-la culpam_fw-la nostram_fw-la levem_fw-la vel_fw-la levissimam_fw-la multorum_fw-la est_fw-la opinio_fw-la irregularitatem_fw-la contrahi_fw-la but_o not_o to_o fall_v from_o the_o tree_n by_o reach_v at_o a_o twig_n we_o will_v rest_v upon_o the_o chief_a station_n in_o the_o case_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o action_n which_o though_o it_o be_v forbid_v yet_o according_a to_o soto_n covarruvias_n and_o suarez_n as_o it_o be_v allege_v induce_v not_o irregularity_n when_o homicide_n follow_v thereon_o if_o it_o be_v not_o therefore_o forbid_v because_o it_o may_v draw_v on_o homicide_n conclude_v that_o though_o hunt_v be_v forbid_v to_o a_o clergyman_n yet_o for_o that_o it_o be_v not_o forbid_v in_o respect_n of_o danger_n of_o life_n but_o for_o decency_n etc._n etc._n irregularity_n follow_v not_o thereupon_o as_o for_o covarruvias_n and_o suarez_n i_o have_v they_o not_o but_o soto_n be_v not_o happy_o allege_v for_o though_o he_o incline_v to_o that_o opinion_n with_o cajetan_a yet_o he_o take_v a_o a_o distinction_n that_o wound_v the_o case_n in_o question_n and_o that_o be_v venatione_fw-la quae_fw-la armis_fw-la &_o telis_fw-la fit_a profecto_fw-la siet_fw-la clericus_fw-la irregularis_fw-la and_o this_o fall_v out_o to_o be_v now_o the_o case_n for_o this_o hunt_n be_v perform_v with_o a_o cross-bow_n a_o deadly_a and_o a_o dangerous_a weapon_n that_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o many_o bloody_a misfortune_n but_o in_o a_o former_a passage_n soto_n also_o say_v that_o cajetan_a and_o sylvester_n and_o doctores_fw-la â—uris_fw-la canonici_fw-la universalem_fw-la regulam_fw-la astruunt_fw-la quod_fw-la omnis_fw-la qui_fw-la that_fw-mi operam_fw-la rei_fw-la illiâ—itae_fw-la quandocunque_fw-la ex_fw-la illa_fw-la datione_fw-la sequatur_fw-la homicidium_fw-la fiat_fw-la irregularis_fw-la and_o azpilcuâ—ta_n navarrus_n say_v that_o cajetan_a in_o the_o other_o place_n and_o by_o consequence_n sotus_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v with_o a_o limitation_n as_o mean_v venationem_fw-la passerum_fw-la &_o perdiâ—um_fw-la ad_fw-la aucupis_fw-la cantum_fw-la vel_fw-la accipitris_n sine_fw-la armis_fw-la in_o provinciis_fw-la non_fw-la venationem_fw-la ursorum_fw-la aprorum_fw-la &_o cervorum_fw-la quae_fw-la armis_fw-la exercetur_fw-la enchirid._n cap._n 27._o sect._n 237._o wherein_o the_o distinction_n he_o take_v make_v a_o main_a difference_n between_o venationem_fw-la ludiâ—ram_fw-la and_o venationem_fw-la martiam_fw-la conclude_v plain_o the_o case_n in_o hand_n to_o have_v wrought_v irregularity_n and_o the_o apologist_n find_v no_o sure_a ground_n in_o this_o assertion_n build_v no_o otherwise_o upon_o it_o than_o if_o it_o be_v true_a as_o out_o of_o great_a reason_n he_o say_v it_o may_v be_v so_o hold_v and_o pass_v from_o it_o to_o his_o chief_a place_n of_o refuge_n show_v that_o the_o canon_n that_o make_v hunt_v to_o be_v actio_fw-la illicita_fw-la do_v no_o way_n touch_v his_o lordship_n first_o for_o that_o upon_o the_o matter_n there_o be_v no_o such_o canon_n insomuch_o as_o gratian_n himself_o that_o collect_v the_o canon_n brand_v this_o to_o be_v palea_fw-la and_o no_o better_o than_o chaff_n it_o be_v true_a he_o brand_v it_o with_o the_o term_n palea_fw-la and_o be_v a_o worthy_a man_n but_o note_v general_o to_o have_v mistake_v many_o thing_n and_o some_o extreme_o but_o if_o that_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o the_o word_n his_o error_n seem_v very_o perspicuous_a as_o find_v this_o canon_n ascribe_v to_o the_o council_n of_o orleans_n and_o not_o find_v it_o there_o he_o present_o brand_v it_o palea_fw-la but_o the_o canonist_n have_v many_o other_o opinion_n of_o it_o as_o to_o signify_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d antiqua_fw-la or_o of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d rursum_fw-la john_n andrea_n imota_n alexandrinus_n and_o jason_n famous_a professor_n think_v this_o title_n to_o be_v put_v over_o the_o head_n of_o many_o canon_n to_o signify_v they_o be_v add_v by_o protopalea_n a_o cardinal_n since_o gratian_n time_n and_o experience_n exclude_v the_o first_o interpretation_n of_o the_o word_n for_o that_o the_o canon_n so_o entitle_v be_v very_o many_o and_o not_o reject_v as_o spurii_fw-la or_o palea_fw-la beside_o burchard_n bishop_n of_o worm_n who_o live_v long_o before_o gratian_n have_v this_o very_a canon_n in_o his_o second_o book_n cap._n 213._o and_o there_o ascribe_v as_o it_o ought_v to_o the_o council_n of_o meldis_n as_o also_o by_o ivo_n part_n 6._o ca._n 288._o if_o then_o it_o be_v any_o where_o in_o the_o council_n it_o suffice_v though_o the_o collector_n mistake_v the_o place_n which_o be_v easy_o do_v as_o even_o the_o evangelist_n matthew_n ca._n 27._o 9_o cit_v a_o place_n out_o of_o the_o prophet_n jeremy_n which_o be_v not_o find_v there_o but_o in_o zachariah_n it_o be_v apparent_a also_o that_o many_o copy_n of_o council_n be_v unperfect_a and_o want_v some_o of_o the_o true_a canon_n as_o neglect_v or_o not_o finish_v by_o the_o notary_n but_o if_o need_v be_v this_o canon_n have_v further_a warrant_n even_o from_o the_o time_n almost_o of_o the_o primitive_a church_n for_o in_o council_n agathensi_fw-la of_o 35._o bishop_n in_o an._n 435._o ca._n 55._o it_o be_v say_v sacerdotes_fw-la &_o levitae_fw-la canibus_fw-la ad_fw-la venandum_fw-la &_o accipitribus_fw-la non_fw-la utantur_fw-la and_o in_o council_n epaunensi_fw-la of_o 70._o bishop_n in_o an._n 492._o 30._o ut_fw-la episcopi_fw-la venatores_fw-la non_fw-la sint_fw-la nec_fw-la accipitres_fw-la alant_fw-la the_o capitulary_n also_o of_o ludovicus_n imp._n take_v notice_n of_o it_o about_o the_o year_n 820._o prohibit_v priest_n ut_fw-la venationes_fw-la ferarum_fw-la vel_fw-la avium_fw-la minime_fw-la sectentur_fw-la addit_fw-la 3._o ca._n 43._o so_o that_o we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o account_v this_o canon_n either_o supposititium_fw-la or_o paleam_fw-la but_o rather_o to_o be_v as_o it_o be_v indeed_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d antiquum_fw-la or_o ex_fw-la antiquis_fw-la according_a to_o which_o sense_n the_o canon_n of_o like_a nature_n in_o the_o law_n of_o the_o wisigoth_n or_o western-goth_n be_v in_o every_o passage_n entitle_v by_o the_o very_a latin_a word_n not_o the_o greek_a antiqua_fw-la and_o justinian_n himself_o seem_v to_o have_v have_v this_o distinction_n in_o his_o eye_n when_o he_o call_v his_o late_a constitution_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._n e._n novellas_fw-la that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v mark_v from_o those_o of_o old_a which_o cedrinus_fw-la in_o justinian_n life_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d leges_fw-la antiquas_fw-la his_o second_o objection_n be_v that_o it_o be_v cite_v out_o of_o the_o four_o council_n of_o orleans_n and_o it_o be_v not_o there_o this_o we_o have_v already_o answer_v and_o show_v where_o it_o be_v three_o he_o say_v it_o forbid_v hunt_v cum_fw-la canibus_fw-la &_o accipitribus_fw-la and_o none_o of_o these_o be_v there_o it_o be_v strange_a a_o keeper_n shall_v go_v about_o to_o strike_v a_o deer_n and_o not_o have_v his_o lyme-hound_n to_o draw_v after_o he_o but_o the_o canon_n go_v further_a cane_n ad_fw-la venandum_fw-la aut_fw-la accipitres_fw-la aut_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la res_fw-la habere_fw-la non_fw-la licet_fw-la where_o hujusmodi_fw-la res_fw-la seem_v to_o contain_v all_o instrument_n use_v in_o hunting_n four_o voluptatis_fw-la causa_fw-la not_o recreationis_fw-la or_o valetudinis_fw-la which_o the_o book_n say_v be_v permit_v etiam_fw-la episcopo_fw-la what_o his_o book_n say_v i_o know_v not_o but_o my_o book_n say_v thus_o dic_fw-la breviter_fw-la quod_fw-la venari_fw-la causa_fw-la voluptatis_fw-la est_fw-la mortale_fw-la peccatum_fw-la &_o in_o laico_fw-la sed_fw-la venari_fw-la causa_fw-la necessitatis_fw-la vel_fw-la indigentiae_fw-la corporis_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la mortale_fw-la peccatum_fw-la in_o clerico_n tamen_fw-la potius_fw-la prohibetur_fw-la but_o he_o adjoin_v in_o venatione_n potius_fw-la delectatio_fw-la quam_fw-la actus_fw-la attenditur_fw-la atho_n in_o othob_n fol._n 114._o b._n neither_o be_v there_o here_o any_o mention_n of_o recreatio_fw-la unless_o delectatio_fw-la and_o it_o be_v all_o one_o as_o common_o we_o use_v it_o and_o then_o forbid_v beside_o what_o action_n or_o recreation_n belong_v to_o
northampton_n who_o build_v the_o gallery_n there_o but_o in_o queen_n mary_n time_n the_o same_o be_v restore_v to_o that_o see_v where_o it_o so_o continue_v york_n 5._o the_o lord_n archbishop_n of_o york_n house_n be_v the_o whitehall_n much_o enlarge_v and_o reedifyed_a by_o the_o cardinal_n wolsey_n then_o archbishop_n of_o york_n as_o by_o the_o arm_n remain_v in_o wood_n stone_n and_o glass_n in_o sundry_a place_n of_o that_o house_n may_v appear_v and_o after_o the_o say_v cardinal_n conviction_n of_o praemunire_n and_o death_n the_o same_o be_v make_v parcel_n of_o the_o king_n palace_n at_o westminster_n by_o purchase_n from_o the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n as_o appear_z by_o the_o stat._n of_o 28._o hen._n viii_o ca._n 12._o but_o afterward_o until_o anno_fw-la 2._o or_o 3._o of_o queen_n mary_n the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n have_v no_o other_o dwelling-place_n near_o london_n in_o right_a of_o his_o see_n or_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o archbishopric_a but_o the_o house_n at_o battersey_n and_o then_o queen_n mary_n give_v to_o archbishop_n heath_n and_o his_o successor_n the_o late_a duke_n of_o suffolk_n house_n call_v suffolk-place_n in_o southwark_n which_o the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n by_o confirmation_n of_o the_o dean_n and_o chapter_n there_o short_o after_o sell_v away_o to_o other_o and_o purchase_v to_o his_o see_n york-place_n where_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n remain_v together_o with_o the_o house_n adjoin_v to_o the_o street_n which_o house_n be_v sometime_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n place_n and_o the_o same_o norwich_n among_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o see_v of_o norwich_n about_o a_o 27._o hen._n viii_o be_v convey_v to_o the_o king_n by_o a_o private_a act_n of_o parliament_n in_o recompense_n of_o the_o union_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o st._n bennet_n and_o the_o possession_n thereof_o to_o that_o bishopric_n be_v of_o far_o better_a value_n than_o the_o ancient_a land_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o norwich_n assure_v to_o the_o king_n as_o be_v recite_v in_o the_o statute_n of_o 32._o hen._n viii_o ca._n 47._o whereby_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n be_v make_v collector_n of_o the_o ten_o of_o his_o diocese_n as_o other_o bishop_n be_v be_v former_o free_v thereof_o by_o the_o say_v private_a statute_n of_o 27._o hen._n viii_o which_o say_v now_o york-place_n by_o hen._n viii_o be_v convey_v in_o fee_n to_o charles_n brandon_n duke_n of_o suffolk_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o say_v duke_n son_n the_o coheir_n of_o the_o duke_n son_n sell_v the_o same_o to_o the_o say_a archbishop_n heath_n and_o his_o successor_n norwich_n 6._o but_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n be_v limit_v by_o the_o say_v private_a act_n of_o 27._o henry_n viii_o to_o enjoy_v perpetual_o in_o succession_n a_o prebend_n in_o the_o free-chappel_n of_o st._n stephens_n at_o westminster_n after_o dissolve_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o dissolution_n of_o college_n and_o free-chappels_a 1._o ed._n vi_o and_o the_o house_n thereto_o belong_v in_o chanon-row_n whereof_o then_o be_v incumbent_n one_o knight_n but_o the_o house_n be_v say_v to_o be_v lease_v for_o some_o small_a rent_n by_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n to_o sir_n john_n thinn_n knight_n in_o edw._n the_o sixth_n time_n for_o many_o year_n endure_v and_o that_o the_o house_n now_o call_v york-place_n be_v belong_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n be_v prove_v by_o a_o case_n 21._o edw._n iv._o fol._n 73._o in_o a_o presentment_n against_o the_o bishop_n of_o norwich_n in_o the_o king_n bench_n for_o annoyance_n of_o a_o way_n inter_fw-la hospitium_fw-la episcopi_fw-la norwicensis_fw-la &_o dunelmensis_n in_o parochia_fw-la sancti_fw-la martini_n in_o campis_n durham_n 7._o durham-house_n as_o appear_v in_o that_o case_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o durham_n house_n and_o bishop_n tonstal_n about_o the_o 26_o the_o of_o hen._n viii_o convey_v the_o same_o to_o the_o king_n in_o fee_n and_o king_n henry_n viii_o in_o recompense_n thereof_o grant_v to_o the_o see_v of_o durham_n coldharborrowe_n and_o certain_a other_o house_n in_o london_n and_o after_o edw._n vi_o about_o a_o 2._o grant_v durham-house_n to_o the_o lady_n elizabeth_n his_o sister_n for_o life_n or_o until_o she_o be_v otherwise_o advance_v after_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n by_o a_o private_a statute_n not_o print_v of_o 7._o edw._n vi_o be_v dissolve_v and_o all_o the_o possession_n thereof_o give_v to_o king_n edw._n vi_o who_o short_o after_o convey_v in_o fee_n the_o say_v bishop_n late_a house_n at_o coldharborrowe_n and_o other_o house_n in_o london_n to_o francis_n earl_n of_o shrewsbury_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o after_o the_o 2d._o mariae_fw-la ca._n 3._o the_o stat._n of_o 7._o edw._n vi_o for_o dissolve_v that_o bishopric_n be_v repeal_v but_o the_o mansion-house_n of_o coldharborrowe_n and_o other_o tenement_n in_o london_n so_o grant_v to_o the_o say_a earl_n be_v confirm_v and_o the_o bishop_n by_o that_o act_n pray_v a_o recompense_n from_o the_o queen_n at_o his_o charge_n whereupon_o queen_n mary_n about_o anno_fw-la v._n or_o vi_o of_o her_o reign_n grant_v to_o the_o say_a bishop_n of_o durham_n her_o reversion_n of_o durham-place_n in_o succession_n which_o come_v into_o possession_n by_o the_o death_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n the_o late_a bishop_n of_o durham_n now_o lord_n archbishop_n of_o york_n enter_v into_o and_o enjoy_v the_o same_o in_o the_o right_n of_o his_o see_n by_o opinion_n of_o the_o chief_a justice_n of_o the_o land_n refer_v by_o the_o king_n be_v oppose_v by_o sir_n walter_n raleigh_n as_o likewise_o do_v the_o now_o bishop_n of_o durham_n lichfeild_n 8._o the_o bishop_n of_o lichfeild_n and_o coventry_n of_o old_a call_v the_o bishop_n of_o chester_n before_o the_o new_a erection_n of_o the_o new_a bishopric_n of_o chester_n have_v his_o place_n where_o somersethouse_n be_v build_v landaff_n 9_o 10._o as_o likewise_o the_o bishop_n of_o worcester_z and_o landaff_n have_v there_o sometime_o a_o house_n as_o stow_z in_o his_o book_n of_o survey_n of_o london_n say_v but_o the_o say_v three_o bishop_n place_n together_o with_o a_o parish_n church_n call_v straunde-church_n and_o the_o great_a inn_n of_o chancery_n call_v straunde-inn_n belong_v to_o the_o middle_a temple_n be_v deface_v without_o recompense_n to_o any_o of_o the_o say_v three_o last_o mention_v bishop_n parish_n church_n or_o inn_n of_o chancery_n other_o than_o to_o the_o bishop_n of_o worcester_z who_o have_v in_o respect_n of_o his_o former_a house_n a_o house_n in_o the_o white_a friar_n which_o he_o enjoy_v wells_n 11._o arondell-house_n now_o the_o lord_n admiral_n be_v be_v the_o bishop_n of_o bath_n and_o wells_n and_o be_v assure_v in_o edw._n vi_o time_n to_o admiral_n seymer_n and_o be_v now_o quite_o sever_v from_o that_o bishopric_n without_o recompense_n exeter_n 12._o likewise_o the_o bishop_n of_o exeter_n place_n after_o call_v paget_n leicester_n and_o essex-house_n of_o the_o several_a owner_n of_o the_o same_o and_o it_o be_v think_v the_o bishop_n of_o exeter_n have_v likewise_o no_o recompense_n for_o the_o same_o of_o any_o other_o house_n in_o or_o near_a london_n sarum_n 13._o the_o bishop_n of_o sarum_n place_n now_o call_v dorset-house_n before_o call_v sackvile-house_n and_o of_o former_a time_n salisbury_n court_n be_v in_o long_a lease_n make_v by_o bishop_n capon_n who_o be_v bishop_n there_o in_o hen._n viii_o edw._n vi_o and_o queen_n mary_n time_n be_v exchange_v temp_n reginae_fw-la elizabethae_fw-la by_o the_o great_a learned_a reverend_a father_n bishop_n jewel_n for_o recompense_v of_o good_a value_n in_o land_n in_o his_o diocese_n or_o elsewhere_o in_o the_o west_n country_n david_n 14._o the_o bishop_n of_o st._n david_n place_n be_v near_o adjoin_v to_o bridewell_n upon_o the_o ditch_n that_o run_v to_o fleet-bridge_n into_o the_o thames_n and_o be_v grant_v in_o fee-farm_n for_o a_o mark_v rend_v temp_n edw._n vi_o to_o dr._n hewick_n the_o physician_n under_o which_o purchase_n the_o same_o be_v now_o enjoy_v hereford_n 15._o the_o bishop_n of_o hereford_n place_n as_o stow_n in_o his_o survey_n of_o london_n pag._n 357._o say_v be_v in_o the_o parish_n of_o st._n marry_o de_fw-fr monte_fw-fr alto_fw-mi or_o mount-halt_a in_o london_n of_o which_o bishop_n patronage_n the_o say_a church_n also_o be_v which_o place_n be_v in_o the_o tenure_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o hereford_n or_o his_o tenant_n ely_n 16._o 17._o the_o bishop_n of_o london_n place_n at_o paul_n be_v never_o sever_v from_o the_o bishop_n possession_n and_o likewise_o ely_z place_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o that_o see_v other_o than_o such_o part_n thereof_o as_o the_o late_a lord_n chancellor_n hatton_n have_v by_o lease_n for_o many_o year_n from_o the_o late_a bishop_n cox_n bangor_n 18._o the_o bishop_n of_o bangor_n house_n be_v or_o late_o be_v mr._n aleworth_n house_n
&_o seqq_n a_o name_n not_o well_o agree_v with_o feodal_n servitude_n but_o it_o seem_v by_o divers_a abby-book_n that_o some_o estate_n for_o life_n which_o we_o call_v frank_n tenement_n be_v also_o put_v in_o writing_n especial_o among_o the_o latter_a saxon_n yet_o be_v not_o these_o account_v bocland_n for_o they_o be_v lade_v common_o with_o many_o feodal_n and_o ministerial_a service_n whereas_o bocland_n as_o i_o say_v be_v free_a from_o all_o service_n not_o hold_v of_o any_o lord_n the_o very_a same_o that_o allodium_fw-la descendable_a according_a to_o the_o common_a course_n of_o nation_n and_o of_o nature_n unto_o all_o the_o son_n and_o therefore_o call_v gavelkind_a not_o restrain_v to_o the_o elder_a son_n as_o feodal_a land_n be_v not_o at_o first_o but_o devisable_v also_o by_o will_n and_o thereupon_o call_v terrae_fw-la testamentales_fw-la as_o the_o thane_n that_o possess_v they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v testamento_fw-la dignus_fw-la folcland_n folcland_n be_v terra_fw-la vulgi_fw-la the_o land_n of_o the_o vulgar_a people_n who_o have_v no_o estate_n therein_o but_o hold_v the_o same_o under_o such_o rent_n and_o service_n as_o be_v accustom_v or_o agree_v of_o at_o the_o will_v only_o of_o their_o lord_n the_o thane_n and_o it_o be_v therefore_o not_o put_v in_o writing_n but_o account_v proedium_fw-la rusticum_fw-la &_o ignobile_fw-la but_o both_o the_o great_a and_o the_o lesser_a thanes_z which_o possess_v bocland_n or_o hereditary_a land_n divide_v they_o according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o their_o estate_n inland_a into_o two_o sort_n i_o e._n into_o inland_n and_o outland_n 864._o the_o inland_n be_v that_o which_o lie_v next_o or_o most_o convenient_a for_o the_o lord_n mansion-house_n as_o within_o the_o view_n thereof_o and_o therefore_o they_o keep_v that_o part_n in_o their_o own_o hand_n for_o supportation_n of_o their_o family_n and_o hospitality_n the_o norman_n afterward_o call_v these_o land_n terras_fw-la dominicales_fw-la the_o demain_v or_o lord_n land_n the_o german_n terras_fw-la indominicatas_fw-la land_n in_o the_o lord_n be_v own_o use_n the_o feudist_n terras_fw-la curtiles_n or_o intra_fw-la curtem_fw-la land_n appropriate_a to_o the_o court_n or_o house_n of_o the_o lord_n outland_n outland_n be_v that_o which_o lie_v beyond_o or_o out_o from_o among_o the_o inland_n or_o demean_n and_o be_v not_o grant_v out_o to_o any_o tenant_n hereditary_o but_o like_o our_o copy-holds_a of_o ancient_a time_n have_v their_o original_n from_o thence_o mere_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o lord_n cujacius_n 12._o speak_v of_o this_o kind_n of_o land_n call_v it_o proprium_fw-la feudum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v such_o land_n as_o be_v proper_o assign_v for_o feodal_n land_n proprium_fw-la feudum_fw-la est_fw-la say_v he_o extra_fw-la curtem_fw-la &_o consistit_fw-la in_o praediis_fw-la as_o if_o he_o shall_v say_v that_o land_n proper_o be_v a_o feud_n or_o feudal_n land_n which_o lie_v without_o the_o demain_v of_o the_o manor_n and_o consist_v in_o land_n not_o in_o house_n we_o now_o call_v this_o outland_n the_o tenant_n land_n or_o the_o tenancy_n and_o so_o it_o be_v translate_v out_o of_o biritrick_n will_n in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n 495._o this_o outland_n they_o subdivide_v into_o two_o part_n whereof_o one_o part_n they_o dispose_v among_o such_o as_o attend_v on_o their_o person_n either_o in_o war_n or_o peace_n call_v theoden_n or_o lesser_a thanes_z after_o the_o manner_n of_o knight_n fee_n but_o much_o differ_v from_o they_o of_o our_o time_n as_o by_o that_o which_o follow_v shall_v appear_v the_o other_o part_n they_o allot_v to_o their_o husbandman_n who_o they_o term_v ceorl_n that_o be_v carl_n or_o churl_n and_o of_o they_o we_o shall_v speak_v far_o by_o and_o by_o when_o we_o consider_v all_o the_o degree_n aforesaid_a beginning_n with_o the_o earl_n chap._n vi_o of_o earl_n among_o our_o saxon_n ancient_o a_o earl_n in_o the_o signification_n of_o comes_n be_v not_o original_o a_o degree_n of_o dignity_n as_o it_o be_v with_o we_o at_o this_o day_n but_o of_o office_n and_o judicature_n in_o some_o city_n or_o portion_n of_o the_o country_n circumscribe_v ancient_o with_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o that_o diocese_n for_o that_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o earl_n then_o sit_v together_o in_o one_o court_n and_o hear_v joint_o the_o cause_n of_o church_n and_o commonwealth_n as_o they_o yet_o do_v in_o parliament_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n the_o earl_n grow_v to_o have_v the_o government_n common_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n and_o castle_n of_o his_o territory_n and_o withal_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o king_n profit_n arise_v by_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n fines_n forfeiture_n escheat_n etc._n etc._n annex_v to_o the_o office_n of_o his_o earldom_n yet_o all_o this_o not_o otherwise_o than_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o king_n which_o common_o be_v upon_o good_a behaviour_n and_o but_o during_o life_n at_o most_o this_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o severe_a injunction_n of_o king_n alfred_n the_o great_a labour_v 21._o to_o plant_v literature_n and_o knowledge_n among_o the_o ignorant_a earl_n and_o sheriff_n of_o his_o kingdom_n impose_v upon_o they_o that_o they_o shall_v forthwith_o in_o all_o diligence_n apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o study_n of_o wisdom_n and_o knowledge_n or_o else_o forgo_v their_o office_n herewith_o say_v asser_n menevensis_n who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n and_o be_v great_a with_o the_o king_n the_o earl_n and_o sheriff_n be_v so_o affright_v that_o they_o rather_o choose_v insuetam_fw-la disciplinam_fw-la quam_fw-la laboriose_fw-la discere_fw-la quam_fw-la potestatum_fw-la ministeria_fw-la dimittere_fw-la that_o be_v to_o go_v at_o last_o to_o the_o school_n of_o knowledge_n how_o painful_a soever_o rather_o than_o to_o lose_v their_o office_n of_o authority_n and_o degree_n of_o honour_n which_o alfred_n there_o also_o declare_v that_o they_o have_v not_o by_o inheritance_n but_o by_o god_n gift_n and_o he_o dei_fw-la say_v he_o ibid._n dono_fw-la &_o meo_fw-la sapientium_fw-la ministeria_fw-la &_o gradus_fw-la usurpatis_fw-la this_o be_v manifest_a by_o divers_a other_o authority_n and_o example_n in_o my_o glossary_n in_o verbo_fw-la comes_fw-la as_o the_o reader_n if_o he_o please_v may_v there_o see_v hereditary_a some_o conjecture_n that_o deira_n and_o bernicia_n in_o northumberland_n and_o mercia_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o england_n be_v feudal_n and_o hereditary_a earldom_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n those_o of_o northumberland_n present_o after_o their_o first_o arrival_n under_o hengistus_n about_o the_o year_n 447._o that_o of_o mercia_n by_o the_o gift_n of_o alfred_n the_o great_a about_o the_o year_n 900._o to_o ethelredus_fw-la a_o man_n of_o power_n in_o way_n of_o marriage_n with_o his_o daughter_n ethelfleda_n but_o for_o aught_o i_o see_v it_o be_v neither_o prove_v by_o the_o succession_n of_o those_o earldom_n nor_o our_o author_n of_o antiquity_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o think_v it_o not_o strange_a that_o there_o be_v not_o at_o the_o entry_n of_o the_o saxon_n a_o feudal_n and_o hereditary_a earldom_n in_o all_o christendom_n as_o for_o this_o our_o britain_n the_o misery_n of_o it_o than_o be_v such_o as_o it_o rather_o seem_v a_o anarchy_n and_o chaos_n than_o in_o any_o form_n of_o government_n little_o better_a even_o in_o alfred_n day_n through_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o dane_n though_o he_o at_o last_o subdue_v they_o for_o his_o time_n how_o soever_o three_o or_o four_o example_n in_o five_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o conquest_n differ_v from_o the_o common_a use_n be_v no_o inference_n to_o overthrow_v it_o especial_o in_o time_n unsettled_a and_o tumultuous_a the_o noble_a earldom_n of_o arundel_n in_o our_o day_n of_o peace_n differ_v in_o constitution_n from_o all_o the_o other_o earldom_n of_o england_n yet_o that_o impeach_v not_o their_o common_a manner_n of_o succession_n france_n loyseau_n â—lt_n and_o pasquier_n learned_a frenchmen_n speak_v of_o the_o duke_n and_o earl_n of_o france_n which_o england_n ordinary_o follow_v and_o sometime_o too_o near_o the_o heel_n justify_v at_o large_a what_o i_o have_v say_v show_v the_o duke_n and_o earl_n in_o the_o roman_a empire_n from_o who_o example_n other_o every_o where_o be_v derive_v be_v like_o the_o proconsul_n and_o precedent_n of_o province_n simple_a officer_n who_o for_o their_o entertainment_n have_v nothing_o else_o but_o certain_a right_n and_o custom_n raise_v from_o the_o people_n which_o we_o in_o england_n call_v tertium_fw-la denarium_fw-la and_o that_o the_o duke_n and_o earl_n of_o france_n be_v officer_n in_o like_a manner_n but_o have_v the_o seigneurie_n of_o their_o territory_n annex_v to_o their_o office_n so_o that_o they_o be_v officer_n and_o vassal_n both_o at_o once_o that_o be_v to_o say_v officer_n by_o way_n of_o judicature_n and_o vassal_n who_o we_o call_v feodal_n tenant_n for_o their_o seignory_n of_o dukedom_n and_o