that there was a litle book given to my supposed mother sealed with the signe manuell of king Perseus which shee was to deliver unto me when I came once to ripe age and to be 14 yeres old charging her most streightly of all loves to conceale the whole matter until that time were come when I was grown to that age aforesaid then the book was given mee wherin mention was made of two chists of treasure left for mee by my father Then the woman who knew full well that I was no child of hers but onely so reputed bewraied my birth unto me who was aforetime ignorant of mine own descent also the woman laid great wait upon me to depart out of those quarters before that Eumenes a professed enemie to Perseus came to the knowledge thereof for feare to bee murdered In which respect I being affrighted and hoping withall to find some aid at the hands of Demetrius went into Syria and there first I tooke heart unto mee and dared openly to professe who I was and never before Thus much of Andriscus this counterfet kings sonne Of the L. booke THessalie at what time as the foresaid counterset Philip would have invaded and kept it by force of arms was by the means of the Roman embassadors together with the aid of the Achaeans defended Prusias king of Bithynia a favourer of the basest persons and lewdest vices was by his owne sonne Nicomedes murdered with the helpe of Attalus King of Pergamus Another son he had who in stead of the upper row and course of distinct teeth is reported to have had one entier bone for all growing out at his gumbs When the Romans had sent their embassadours to conclude a peace betweene Nicomedes and Prusias of which embassadours the one had his head full of many skarres the other was troubled with the gout in the feet and the third reputed but blockish of spirit by nature and none of the wisest Cato said That there was an embassage head-lesse footlesse and hart-lesse In Syria which at that time had for their king one indeed of the line race of Perseus K. of Macedonie but another Prusias up and downe for cowardise idlenes and base mind it so fell out that whiles he haunted taverns stewes and brothelhouses and lay there altogether Ammonius swaid the scepter and raigned as King by whose practise the kings friends also Loodice the Queene and Antigonus the sonne of Demetrius came to their end and were killed Masanissa king of Numidia a man above foureskore and ten yeeres old a famous prince and every way excellent yeelded to nature and died Among other youthfull parts which hee performed to his dying day this one That in this old age of his he was so lustie that after the foureskore and sixth yeere of his life he got a boy Among his three sonnes Mycipsa the eldest Gulussa and Manastabal who also had good knowledge in the Greeke tongue Publius Scipio Aemylianus divided the administration of the kingdome for their father had left it in common for them all and had given order to part it at the discretion of the same Scipio Likewise he persuaded Phamias the commaunder under Himilco of the Carthaginian Cavallerie a valiant warrior and whom the Carthaginians emploied most of all others in service to revolt with his men of armes and to turne Romane Of those three embassadors abovesaid who were sent to Masanissa Claudius Marcellus was cast away in a tempest upon the sea and swallowed up of the waves in a ghust The Carthaginians murdered in their Counsel-Chamber Asdruball nephew of Masanissa and their Pretour for the time being upon suspition of treason This iealousie of theirs arose hereupon for that hee was neere in kindred and bloud to Gulussa who friended and succoured the Romanes Publius Scipio Aemylianus when hee sued to be Aedile was by the people propounded and nominated for Consull and when as by law he might not for his young yeres be created Consull hard hold there was about him whiles the commons laboured with might and maine for him and the nobles and lords of the Senate gainesaid it a good while but in fine he was dispensed with notwithstanding the law in that behalfe created Consul Marcus Manilius Pro-consull forced certaine citties situate about Carthage Counterfet Philip after he had slaine M. Inventius the Pretor and Q. Caelius together with them defeated the armie was in Macedonie vanquished himselfe and taken prisoner and so Macedonie was recovered againe which had bene lost before Of the LI. booke CArthage which tooke up in circuite the compasse of foure and twentie miles was with exceeding paine and travaile besieged and woon by peece-meale first under the conduct of Mancinus the lieutenant afterwards of Scipio the Consull unto whom without lot the province of Africke was extraordinarily graunted The Carthaginians having made a new peere for that the old haven was choked and stopped up by Scipio and gathered secretly in a small time a good fleet fought a battaile at sea unfortunately Moreover the campe of Asdruball their Generall pitched in a place of most difficult accesse neere the towne Nepheris was forced and his armie defeated by Scipio who also in the end was the very cittie of Carthage in the seven hundred yere after it was first founded The greatest part of the spoile and pillage there found was restored to the Sicilians from whome it had been taken In the utmost extremitie and finall destruction of that citie when Asdruball had yeelded and submitted to Scipio his wife who some daies before could not obtain at her husbands hands to abandon the towne and flie to the conquerour cast her selfe with her two children headlong from the castle into the mids of the flaming fire wherewith the citie burned Scipio following the example of his father Aemylius Paulus who had conquered Macedonie set forth certaine solemn and plaies and pastimes wherein the renegates and fugitives he presented and obiected to savage beasts The causes of the Athaean warre bee heere reported The Romane embassadours who had bene beaten and ill intreated by the Achaeans were sent unto Corinth to sever and disioine those citties which had bene under the seignorie of Philip from the generall diet and parliament of the Achaeans Of the LII booke QVintus Caecilius Metellus fought a battaile at Thermopylae with the Achaeans that had to aid them the Boeotians and Chalcidians who being overcome Critolaus their chiefe captain shortned his owne life by poison and in his place Drachus the first authour of the troubles in Achaea was by the Achaeans chosen Generall of the field and by L. Mummius the Consull vanquished neere to Isthmus who having received all Achaea by surrender rased and destroied utterly Corinth by an Act and commission directed out of the Senate because the Romane embassadours were there abused Thebes also and Chalcis which had aided the Achaeans were overthrown and pulled downe Mummius for his owne part bare
all the time of Augustus Caesar and died in the fourth yeere of Tiberius By vvhich account hee lived full LXXVI yeeres as appeareth by an auncient Epitaph upon his tombe at Padua where it is thought hee died with the pourtraict of his visage whereof the one is represented here and the other immediatly before the beginning of the Historie T·LIVIVS PATAVINVS· TITVS LIVIVS PATAVINVS Cujus invicto calamo invicta Romanorum facta scripta sunt TITE LIVIE OF PADUA Who wrote long since with peere-lesse pen The acts of Romanes match-lesse men Other evidences there be concerning the same which needlesse it were to call to witnesse for no Epitaph nor inscription either enchased in stone or cut in brasse is there left better than the monuments of his owne writings if they had come entire to our hands and the testimonie of good and approoved authors For during the time of Augustus he wrote the worthie deeds of the Romanes and continued the narration thereof from the verie foundation of the cittie of Rome unto the one and twentieth yeere of his Empire A storie of 750 yeeres and a peece of worke for the artificiall frame and elegant setting out comparable to the best in that kind My purpose is not here to enter into a large field and rhetoricall discourse of his praises in regard of any gifts of fortune wherewith he was plentifully enriched namely the place of his nativitie a citie more auncient by 400 yeeres than Rome flourishing in martiall puissance able to set out and maintaine 100000 fighting men for the warres in stately port at home having a nobilitie of 400 in numbers in gorgeous and costly buildings in traffique and frequent affluence of Merchants thither as also that Venice was a Colonie deducted and drawne from thence and which is not the least how at this day the famous Vniversitie there affourdeth excellent professors in all kind of learning nor his happinesse and felicitie to live and die with the glorie and beautie of Rome and not to behold with his eyes those daies of her declining state and deformitie which in great wisdome he foresaw in his spirit and denounced accordingly ne yet the speciall favour wherein hee stood with his prince Augustus and Livia the Empresse much lesse then meane I to set forth the singular qualities and perfections of his mind and namely his rare and passing eloquence which my pen is no more able now to describe and amplifie to the worthinesse thereof than it was to imitate and expresse the same in translating of his storie Moreover if I should set into his commendation besides that I must needs come farre short of his merit the thing it selfe would but renew the iust griefe that all learned men have taken for the piteous maime and defect of that norable peece of worke and uniforme composition which hee left unto posteritie For having digested the whole historie into an hundred and two and fortie bookes as Petrarch was of opinion and as Sigonius therein well collecteth like as also it is evident by the Breviaties of L. Florus the Epitomist whereof vve have 140 vvith an evident flavv and default of twaine to vvit the 136 and 137 see the partiall iniurie of the time the crooked maligne destinie of the man Bookes of farre lesse moment and importance yea and those of greater antiquitie have been spared and remaine safe but of that vvork of his one fourth part hath not escaped the envie of fortune and that vvhich novv is extant hath been delivered unto us either by fragments of old copies unperfect or by the over-curious medling of some busie Aristarches of late daies depraved who vvith their correcting have corrupted in stead of reforming vvords have deformed the naturall sense and primitive construction Where by the vvay I must advertise the Reader of that vvhich Petrus Crinitus hath observed even against the common opinion approoved by those vvho othervvise are vvell learned namely that our Author dispensed not this historie into Decades that is to say luted and sorted them not into severall Tomes and Sections of ten bookes a peece For Priscian and other old Grammarians vvhen they cite any testimonie out of Livie quote the book and make no mention at all of any Decade and with him the abovenamed Petrarch Florus Politian doe agree Now in these 35 bookes so few as they be preserved as another Palladium out of a generall skarefire vve may conceive the rare and vvonderfull eloquence of our vvriter in the whole for the farther he proceedeth into a world as it vvere of matter the more copious still he sloweth and vvith such varietie as that he never iterateth one thing twice but at every change of nevv affaires returneth alvvaies fresh and gay furnished vvith nevv devises inventions and phrases much like a second Antaeus gathering greater strength moreforces stil at every turn or after the maner of a little rill vvhich issuing from a small source is maintained vvith fresh springs and nevv riverets hasting toward the vast ocean carieth a deeper channell broader streame For the forme of his style I referre the readers to the sound staied iudgement rather of Quintilian who cōpareth him vvith Herodotus Thucydides the best Greeks than to the fantastical conceits of some Criticks of our time vvho seeking nodum inscirpo have dreamed of I vvot not vvhat Paravinitie in him What should I speake of that Patheticall spirit of his in moving affections But that which most of all commende than historie which being lux veritatis ought especially to deliver with synceritie the whole truth nothing but the truth without respect of face or person to keep only to the substance train of the subiect argumēt the due orderly regard of the important circumstances there to belonging vvithout inserting extravagant impertinent by-matters much lesse then fabulous tales therein he hath the pricke and price above all others For neither for beareth he to reprove as occasion is offered the Romans in whose favour he might be thought to have vvritten nor doubteth to praise the good parts the valiant exploits of their mortall enemies The Gauls he may seem to gallmore bitterly upon a sinister affection glauncing at them as he doth in many places for their greedie desire of gold idle slouth as not able to endure any long travell and heat least of all yet so as the French novv living seeme not much offended therewith for above other nations they have given him most friendly intertainment and twise enfranchised him among them I am not unwilling to touch by the way this principal point and vertue of an Historiographer I meane the deliverie of a simple trueth in his narrations for that I have observed in him throughout that he hath been most modest in reporting from others by heare say any thing that soundeth to an untruth so little deserveth he to be noted with the infamous brand of lier The vvarie circumsection of his in
thy head foreshewed that one day it should bee highly advanced Now let that heavenly blaze raise thee up now awake in verie deed what man wee also being strangers have borne the scepter consider with thy selfe who thou art now and not from whence thou art descended And if in so suddaine an occurrence thine owne wits be astonied and to seeke then follow my reed and be advised by my counsell In this while the noice and violence of the people was so great that it could not well be suffered Then Tanaquil from the upper lost of the house out at a window that opened into the new street for the king kept his court hard by the temple of Iupiter Stator spake unto the people willing them to be of good cheare The king indeed quoth she was amased and swowned at the suddaine stroke howbeit it went nothing deepe for now is he come againe to himselfe his wound cleansed from bloud and searched all signes of life and no danger of death and I trust in God within a while you shall see himselfe againe In the meane time his pleasure his that the people shall be obeysant to Servius Tullius the shal minister justice and give lawes he shall execute and performe all theoffices of the king Then came Servius abroad in his roiall robe called Trabea attended with the Lictors and sitting in the kings throne some causes he dispatcheth himselfe of othersome he maketh as though he would consult and conferre with the king Thus for certaine daies the king being dead and his death concealed he under colour of executing the function of another garthereth strength to himselfe But when at the last it was openly knowne by the wailing and lamentation which arose in the pallace that the king was departed Servius accompanied with a strong guard shewed himselfe and was the first that without the election of the people onely by the will and consent of the nobles tooke the kingdome upon him The ionnes of Ancus at the first seeing the murderers attached and hearing that the king was alive and Servius so mightie retired themselves as banished persons to Suessa Pometia And Servius now sought meanes to make himselfe strong as well by private helpes as by publicke And least peradventure the children of Tarquinius should another day be as ill affected against him as the children of Ancus were against Tarquinius he gave in marriage his two daughters to Lacius and Aruns two of the kings sonnes late deceased Yet could not the with all the policie of mans wit stay the fatall necessitie nor stop and divert the course of the destinies but that the envie that followeth a kingdome bred all distrust disloiltie and mallice even among those of his owne household for all their alliance and affinitie Howbeit in very good time and sitly for the quietnesse of the present state was the warre with the Veientes for now was the tearme of the truce expired and other Tuscanes taken in hand In which warre both the valour and also so the good fortune of Tullius was well seene and greatly renowmed Who having discomsited a mightie host of the enemies as undoubted king in the conceit and judgment as well of the Senatours as of the commons if their hearts had been sounded returned to Rome Then in hand went he with a worke of peace and of all other the greatest and of most importance To the end that as Nyma was the first author of divined law and religion so the posteritie for ever after might report and record that Servius was the founder of all distinction and order whereby betweene degrees of worship and wealth there might be seene due difference and regard of worth For the devised and ordained the Cense to wit the assessing and taxation of the cittizens a thing most profitable to that state and government which was like in time to come to grow so mightie By which Cense the charges and contributions either in war or peace was not levied by the poll upon the citizens as aforetime but according to the valuation of their wealth and abilitie So he erected certaine Classes and Centuries and appointed their degrees according to the assessing and valuation meet in decent manner to serve in warre and meet to be emploied in peace And first of those who were rated at an * hundred thousand ASSES and above he ordained so Centuries 40 of the eldersort and as manie of the yonger and all jointly were counted the first Classis The elder were charged to be in readinesse at all howers for defence of the cittie the younger to follow the warres abroad These were bound to find harneis for defence of their owne bodies an headpeece or morion a shield greeves and corselet all of brasse and for offence of the enemie a javelin and a sword To this Classis were adjoined two Centuries of carpenters and smiths or engineers who were in wage and served without amount and their charge was to find the campe engines of batterie and artillerie The second consisted of those that were valued betweene I00000 and 75000 Asses And of this sort both young and old were enrolled twentie Centuries who were enjoined to provide for their armour a target or buckler in stead of a shield and excepting onely a corselet in all points as the former The third he would have to be of those that were esteemed worth 50000 Asses and as manic Centuries of them and with the same distinction of age Neither concerning their armour was any thing altered only for their greeves they were dispensed with In the fourth Classis were those that were assessed in the Subsidie booke betweene 50000 and 25000 Asses and of them were to manie Centuries Their armour was changed having no more but a speare and a casting dart with a looped called Verutum The fist was greater containing thirtie Centuries These carried with them slings and stones to sling a farre off among whom were reckoned the beadels of criers together with the trumpetters cornestiers who were divided into three Centuries This band stood of them that were assessed from 25000 unto II000 Asses The valuation under this comprised all the rest of the multitude Whereof arose one Centurie freed and exempted from warfare Thus having furnished and disposed the forces of the Infanterie he enrolled besides twelve Centuries of horsemen and those out of the principall men of the cittie and sixe other Centuries likewise to those three that Romulus instituted retaining the same name still that they in their first solemne institution had These horsemen for to buy their great horses had 10000 Asses out of the chamber of the citie a peece for to find and keepe those horses were the rich widdows set yearely at 2000 Asses a peece Thus were all these charges and burdens shifted from off the pooremens shoulders and laid upon the rich And therefore afterwards was their dignitie and honour so much the more For in the
as well by Consuls as Tribunes that present yeare and no longer ago For who may ever hereafter quoth he have benefit of appeale if it be not lawfull for me who stand yet not condemned nor attainted and have not pleaded for my selfe what commoner what meane person may find reliefe by those lawes if Appius Claudius may not It will be seene in me and mine example shall be a precedent and proofe to others Whether by these new statutes lordly rule or equall libertie be established whether the calling for helpe by way of mediation and intercession or by plaine appealing against the wrongfull proceedings of magistrates be granted in very deede or but onely pretended in bareshew under vaine colourable pretences and foolish letters patents Against all this Virginius made his rejoinder and said That Appius was the man alone exempt out of all benefit of lawes and excluded from all civile and humane societie Let men but looke backe toward the tribunal feare the very well head as it were and receptacle the fortresse and hold of all wickednesse whereon that perpetuall Decemvir practising his crueltie upon the goods the bodies and lives of free citizens menacing whipping cheere and hangmans worke unto all persons a contemner both of God and man garded with a crue of executioners and butcherly tormentours rather than Serjeants proceeding on from spoile and bloudshed to set his heart on lecherie and carnal lust plucked a maiden by birth free from out of the very armes of her father as if she had ben taken captive in war and that in the fight of the people of Rome and gave her away to one of his followers even to a groome of his bedchamber Where by a cruell decree of his and detestable sentence adjudging her bond he caused the father to lay violent hands upon his owne daughter where he commanded the espoused husband and Vnckle of the Virgin that tooke up her bodie halfe dead to be had away to the Gaol as being more displeased with them for disappointing and putting him beside his purpose of abusing and spoiling her than for the murder upon her by them committed Adding moreover and besides That he had built a prison which hee used to tearme The habitation and dwelling house of the Commons of Rome And therefore plead hee eftsoones and as often as hee will his appeale I will not give over quoth Virginius but as often tender a judge betweene and be able to prove that he gave not sentence and pronounced her free but bond but in case hee will not abide to bee consured by a competent judge then I command him to be carried to prison as attaint and convicted Thus was he committed toward and as there was none misliked of this proceeding so everieman was greatly troubled in spirit to see so great a personage punished the very Commons themselves thought their liberty too large and excessive The Tribune set him downe a day before hand to plead for himselfe make his answere Amid these affaires there came to Rome Embassadours from the Latines and Hernicks to congratulate and to shew their joy and great contentment for the unitie and concord betweene the Nobles and the Commons in token whereof they brought as a present unto Iup. Opt. Max. a crowne of gould not very massie in weight but according to their abilitie which was not much yet aunswerable to their devotion which men performed rather with religion and zeale in those daies than in portly shew and magnificence By relation and intelligence from them they were certified also that the Aequians and Volscians prepared warre with all the power they could make Wherupon the Consuls were commanded to part their provinces between them To Horatius befell the Sabines and to Valerius the Aequians and Volscians And when they had proclaimed musters against these warres such was the forward affection and favour of the Commons that not onely the younger folke but also a great sort of those that by law were dispensed with and discharged from warfare and lived of their pensions offered their voluntarie service and were readie to enter their names into the muster-masters booke whereby the armie was not onely in number greater but also for the goodnesse of men more puissant as having the old beaten and experienced souldiors among them But before they went out of the cittie the Decemvirall lawes which now are knowne by the name of the twelve Tables they set up openly to beseene engraven in brasse Some writers have delivered that the Aediles performed this office as they had it in charge from the Tribunes C. Claudius who upon a detestation and deepe hatred of the Decemvirs leaud and wicked enormities but especially above all others of the insolent pride of his brothers sonne which hee could no longer abide had removed and departed to Regillus his old native countrie Hee being now a very aged man returned to sue and intreat for his deliverance out of danger whose vices hee abhorred and in sullied weed and poore array accompanied with those of his linage and other his followers and vassals went through the common place and laboured everie man one by one Beseeching them not to set that brand of ignominie and bring such a staine upon the house and name of the Claudij as that they should bee thought worthie of imprisonment and yrons nor suffer a man of most honourable qualitie a singular patterne of Nobilitie to his posteritie in time to come the lawmaker and founder of the Romane lawes to lie in chaines amongst fellons night-theeves robbers by the high way side but to turne away their minds a while from anger and wrath and encline to a due regard and consideration of matters and rather at the suite and earnest petitions of so many of the Claudji to forgive them one man than for the hatred of one man to reject the praiers of so many suppliants As for himselfe he protested that he did thus much for kinred and names sake Neither was he reconciled unto him and they made friends again yet could he wish that his adverse fortune poore condition were relieved Concluding with this in the end That as their libertie was recovered againe by vertue and prowesse so the concord of all degrees and estates might be established sure by clemencie Some there were whom he mooved more in regard of his owne kindnesse and love than in any respect of him for whom he spake But Virginius praied them To take pittie and compassion rather of him and his daughter and to give eare to the praiers and supplications not of the Claudij who have had the day and tyrannised over the Commons but to the neerest friends of Virginius the three Tribunes who being created for the aid and succour of the Commons doe now themselves implore and beseech the helpe and assistance of the Commons And verily these tears were thought more reasonable and like to speed Thus when Appius law all meanes of
were the Heraulds by vertue of the decree sent to Rome together with the dead corps of Brutulus for he to avoid shame and punishment wilfully killed himselfe It was thought good that with his bodie all his goods also should be delivered Howbeit none of all these things but only the captives and whatsoever could justly be owned out of the booty was received all the rest were offered but in vain for nothing was accepted The Dictator by vertue of an act of the Senat triumphed Some write that this war was fought by the Consuls and that they triumphed over the Samnites and that Fabius also went forward into Apulia and from thence brought away great and rich prizes But without all controversie A. Cornel. was Dictatour that yeare this onely was the doubt whether he were created for the conduct of this war or at the Romane games Circenses because L. Cautius happened to bee grievously sick to give the signall when the chariots steeds should be let out of the Barriers to run the race for their prize that having done that function of a charge ywis not worth the remembrance he should leave his Dictators place It is not an easie thing to prefer either one matter or one author before another I suppose rather for my part that the record and memoriall of these matters hath been depraved and cortupted by these funerall Orations of praises and by these counterfeit and false titles of images whiles every house and familie draweth to it the honour and renowne of noble exploits martiall feats and dignities by any untruth and lie so it be colourable And hereupon certes it is that both the deeds of particular persons and the publike records and monuments of Actes are confounded neither is there extant any one writer who lived in those daies upon whom as a true and certaine author we might ground and rest ourselves THE NINTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the ninth Booke TItus Veturius and Sp. Posthumius Consuls having engaged their armie so far within the Gullet or streight of Caudium into a place of great disadvantage that they had no means nor hope to get forth againe sell to capitulation with the Samnites and compounded with them and after they had delivered unto them 600 Romane horsemen for hostages they went away with the rest of the armie but so as they were forced all of them to passe shamefully under the gallowes The same Consuls even by the motion of one of them Sp. Posthumius who persuaded the Senate that by rendring of those into the enemies hands through whose default so shamefull and ignominious covenant was concluded the citie might be delivered and discharged of the promise given in the name thereof with two Tribunes of the Commons and as many besides as had subscribed to the foresaid accord and agreement were sent and yeelded to the Samnites but they might not be received Not long after Papyrius surnamed Cursor defaited the Samnites put them likewise under the gallows and recovered again those 600 Roman horsemen aforesaid that were left for hostages By which meanes the shame and disgrace of the former beastly Act was cancelled and abolished Two Tribes were added to the rest Vsentina and Falerina New inhabitants were sent to people Suessa and Pontiae Ap. Claudius being Censor brought a chanell of water to the cittie called of his name Claudia and paved the highway named after him likewise Appia He admitted also into the raunge of Senators the sons of Libertines But for as much as this state and degree of Citizens seemed as it were polluted with these unworthie persons among them the Consuls of the yeare following in the review of the Senatours and chusing new held-themselves to the order that other Censors next before had observed This booke conteineth moreover the prosperous wars against the Apulians Tuscanes Vmbrians Marsians Pelignians Aequians and Samnites with whom was renewed the ancient league and amitie Flavius the scribe or notarie the sonne of a Libertine or enfraunchised Romane was made Aedile Curule by the faction of the base common people Which faction because it troubled and disquieted all the assemblies for Elections and whole court in Mars field wherein they bare a great stroke and ruled all by meanes of might and strong hand were by Q. Fabius the Censor reduced into foure Tribes by themselves Which was the thing that purchased Fabius the surname of Maximus i. right Great AFter this yeare immediately followed the peace made at Caudium so memorable for the Romanes foile and misfortune which happened in the Consulship of T. Veturius Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius During which the Samnites had for their Generall Conducter C. Pontius the sonne of Herennius a most prudent and politicke father and was himselfe a worthie warrior and a most excellent captaine This Pontius after the Embassadours aforesaid who had been sent to yeeld and deliver the goods were returned home without peace concluded spake thus in a frequent assemblie of the Samnites and said Maisters and friends thinke never but good there hath ben done in this voiage and our Embassage hath taken some effect For look what wrath the gods in heaven conceived against us by our breach of covenant truce is thereby wholly satisfied and fully done away This I know assuredly that the gods above whose pleasure it was that we should be driven to this neere point and hard exigent as to render the goods claimed of us by vertue of an accord and covenant were nothing contented and pleased that this our satisfaction and recompence for the breach thereof was so prowdly and disdainefully despised and rejected of the Romanes For what could possiblie have ben done more either to pacifie the gods or to appease men than that which we offered and performed Whatsoever we won by way of hostilitie and spoile from our enemies and which by right of warre seemed to bee ours wee sent backe againe the counsellors and persuaders of taking armes because wee could not send alive wee delivered dead as they were and their very goods also because nothing might remaine with us to bring us within the compasse of their guiltinesse we brought to Rome What owe I more to thee o Romane what am I bound to performe besides in regard either of covenant or of the gods the judges of the covenant Whome shall I chuse and take for an indifferent arbitratour betweene thine anger and my punishment No State and bodie of people in generall no privat person in particular doe I refuse and if no equitie and reason for the poore needie be reserved amongst men against the greater more mightie yet flie will I have recourse to the gods the revengers of such intollerable pride and I will pray them to turn their anger upon those whom neither restitution of their owne goods not the tendering of other mens withall to boot
and from thence being frighted with the stirre and noyse of the dwellers by cast himselfe downe Moreover there was seene in the welkin or element the resemblance of a navie of ships and the temple of Lady Spes standing in the hearbe market was smitten with lightning Likewise at Lanuvium the speare of Iuno shooke and brandished of it selfe and a Raven flew into Iunoes church and lighted upon the very Shrine or Alter of Iuno In the territorie of Amiternum in many places were seene men as it were in white garments but only a farre off for as folke went neerer and neerer they appeared not and could not be met withall In Picenum it rained stones and at Cere the lots were found diminished and in Gaule a VVolfe drew forth a watchman his sword out of his scaberd and caryed it away For other prodigious tokens order was given to the Decemvirs to peruse the books of Sibylla But for the raining of stones in Picenum there was ordeined a Novendial feast for nine dayes and for the expiation of the other prodigies the whole citie in manner was occupied in their devotions And now above all other things the citie was solemnly purged and greater beasts killed in sacrifice in the honor of those gods for whom they were ordeined and a present of gold weighing 40 pound was caried unto Iuno at Lanuvium And the dames and matrons of Rome erected a molten image of brasse for Iuno in Aventinum at Caere where the lots were diminished was appointed a Lectisterne and a procession or supplication to Fortune in Algidum At Rome also there was a Lectisterne solemnified to Iuventa the goddesse of youth and a solemne procession at the church of Hercules Moreover expresse commaundement was given to all the people to make procession and supplication at every altar and Shrine of their gods And to god Genius they sacrificed five greater beasts And C. Attilius Serranus the Pretor was commaunded to pronounce a solemne vow in case the Commonweale continued in the same good estate ten yeares and decayed not These portentuous prodigies thus expiated and vowes made according to Sibyls bookes eased mens hearts mightily of their religious feare Then one of the elect Consuls to wit Flaminius to whome were allotted those Legions which wintered at Placentia sent an Edict with letters to the Consull that the armie should bee in campe at Ariminum upon the Ides of March His purpose was to enter into his Consulship in the province remembring the old contentions and debates which hee had with the Nobles first when hee was a Tribune of the Com. and afterwards when he was Cos. as wel about the Consulship of which they would have deprived him as also about the triumph which they denied him Hated he was besides of the Senate for the new Act or Law which Q. Claudius a Tribune of the Commons had made so prejudiciall to the Senate and onely C. Flaminius of all the Nobles supported it and set it forward namely That no Senator or father of a Senator should have a ship at sea bearing above 300 Amphores for that was thought sufficient to transport their commodities and fruits to Rome rising out of their lands and livings And as for all other gaine by trafficke it was not beseeming a Nobleman and Senator This matter having been debated with great contention caused the proposer of this law Flaminius to incur much evill will and displeasure with the Nobilitie but it procured him the affection and love of the Commons and in processe of time a second Consulship Supposing therefore that with iterating the Auspices and putting him to take the presages anew by the flight of birds and by finding other delaies upon occasion of the Latine holy daies and one businesse or other belonging to the Consuls charge they would detaine and keepe him backe still in the cittie he set a countenance as though hee would take a journey like a private person and so departed secretly into the Province Which thing when it was once blazed abroad made the Nobles who were afore maliciously bent against him to be angrie anew and they gave out that it was not the Senate onely that C. Flaminius warred against but the immorrall gods also For hee who before time had been made Cos. without regard of taking Auspices and having the approbation of the birds when he was reclaimed and called both by God and man out of the field obeied not and now having a heavie conscience surcharged with offences past hath fled from the Capitoll and the solemne nuncupation making of vowes for that he would not upon the ordinarie day of entering his Magistracie visite the Temple of Iup. Opt. Max. nor because he was odious to the Senate and they likewise hated of him alone see them and aske their advise and counsaile nor proclaime the Latine holydayes and celebrate to Iup. Latialis the solemne yearely sacrifice upon the Alban hill ne yet after he had entred into the Capitoll by the luckie flight and token of birds pronounce his vowes there and depart from thence in his rich coate-armor toward the province They sayd moreover that he was slipt and stolne secretly away like a drudge that followeth the camp without the ensignes and ornaments of authoritie without Sergeants and officers as if hee had bene banished and so left his countrie minding belike to enter his governement more for the honor and dignitie of Ariminum than of Rome and to put upon him his purple robe of estate embrodred with skarlet rather in an hostelrie and common Inne than in his owne house They all every one opined and judged that he should be recalled and brought back againe peremptorily yea and be forced personally at home to performe all duties belonging to God and man before that he went forth to the province and to the armie About this embassage for they thought meete to send embassadors went Q. Terentius and M. Antislius but they prevailed no more than in his former Consulship the letters missive had done which were sent from the Senate A few dayes after he entred his office and as he was sacrificing the calfe or yong bullock being alreadie stickt got away from the hands of the sacrificers spotted many of the standers by with bloud But they that stood farre off not knowing what the matter was of that sturre fled away and ran too and fro which of most men was judged a foretoken and presage of some great affright and trouble After this when he had received the two legions of Sempronius the Consull of the yeare before and other two of C. Attilius the Pretor hee began to conduct his armie into Tuskane by the way of Apenninum THE XXII BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the two and twentith Booke ANniball came into Hetruria after he had lost one of his eies by occasion of continuall watching
it was thought hee might be named and by reason that Italle was so overspread and forlaied with the Pâ—â—â—icke forces there might no courier be well dispatched nor letters safely sent unto him and for that the people had not authoritie of themselves to create a Dictatour they therefore elected a Pro-dictatour a thing that was never seene and practised before that day namely Q. Fabius Maximius and for his Generall of the Cavallerie M. Minuthus Râ—â—â—â— These had commission from the Senate to fortifie the wals and towers of the cittie to plant and bestow guards thereon where they though meet and to cut up and breake downe the bridges upon the great rivers shewing hereby that since they were not able to keepe and defend Italie they were now to fight for house and home and to gard the very citie â—â—â— Anniball in this meane time was come directly by the way of Vmbria as farre as to Spoletum And after he had grievously wasted and spoiled the territorie the assaied to give assault to that citie but from thence he had the repulse with the losse of many of his men And guessing by the strength of that one Colonie where heesped but badly in the attempt of it how great and difficult the enterprise might be of assailing the citie of Rome he turned another way into the Picenecountrie not onely abounding in plentie of all kind of corne and graine but also affourding rich spoile and pillage which the hungrie and needie soldiours haried and caried away as gredily beyond all measure And therefor certaine daies he kept a standing campe and refreshed his soldiours toiled as well with winter journeies and boggie waies as also in the late battell which was more joious and fortunat in the loose and parting than light and easie in the conflict and fighting After he had rested and refreshed his soldiours sufficiently who tooke more pleasure in booties and reises than in case and repose hee dislodged and journied forward wasting and spoiling first the Pretutian and Adrian territories and then the Marsians Marrucines and Pelignians and all about Arpi and Luceria being a region next adjoining unto Apulia Cn. Servilius the other Consull having had some light skirmishes with the Gauls and woon from them one meane towne of small importance after he was advertised once of the death of his Colleague and the defeature of the armie fearing even then what danger might beâ—ide the wals of his native countrie least peradventure hee should bee absent in the hazard of the maine chaunce put himselfe in his journey toward the cittie of Rome Q. Fabius Max. the Pro-dictatour aforesaid the same day that he entred his office assembled the Senate and began first with matters of religion and concerning the gods and after he had laid open unto the LL. of the Senate that the Consull Flaminius had faulted more in the neglect and contempt of divine ceremonies and the Auspices than otherwise in rashnesse and for want of skill in fears of warre and that the gods themselves were to bee consulted about the purging and expiation of sinnes and offences and what might appease their wrath gained and obtained this one point That the Decemvirs were commaunded to repaire unto the bookes of Sibylla a thing not usually decreed but when strange signes and prodigious wonders are reported who having perused the bookes of destinies made relation and informed the Senators first That the vow made unto Mars for the good cheevance of that war was not performed with due complements and therfore ought to bee accomplished anew and in more ample manner also that the great Games and Plaies should be vowed unto Iupiter with temples likewise to Venus Erycina and to Mens Moreover that a solemne supplication and a Lectisterne should be celebrated and a sacred Spring vowed if the gods graunted them an happie end of warre and the Commonweale to remaine in the same estate wherein it stood before the warre began The Senate gave order that for as much as Fabius was to bee emploied in the warres M. Aemylius the Pretour should have in charge to see all the premisses performed with all good speed according to the will and mind of the Colledge of the Bishops or Prelates These Ordinances of the Senate being enacted Lucias Cornelius Leâ—tulus the Arch-prelate with the advise of the whole Colledge of the Prelates thought good and gave advise that first above all other things the opinion and pleasure of the people as touching the sacred spring should be knowne for that without the voices and consent of the people it could not bee vowed And in this forme of wordes was the bill propounded unto the people PLEASETH IT YOU THAT THIS GRACE MAY PASSE AND THE THING DONE WITH YOUR ASSENT IN THIS WISH IF THE STATE OF THE PEOPLE OF ROME AND THE QUIRITES FOR FIVE YEARES NEXT ENSUING CONTINUE SAFELY PRESERVED IN THESE VVARS AS I DESIRE IT SHOULD THEN THAT THE PEOPLE OF ROME AND QVIRITES PERFORME AN OBLATION AND GIFT VOVVED AND PROMISED NAMELY IN THE VVARRE BETVVEENE THE PEOPLE OF ROME AND THE CARTHAGINNIANS AND IN THE VVARS VVITH THE GAVLES ON THIS SIDE THE ALâ—â—â— TO VVIT THAT THE ENCREASE VVHICH THE SPRING SHALL Yâ—ELD AND AFFOORD OVT OF SHEEPE AND SVVINE 〈…〉 AND â—INE AND ALL THINGS THAT SHALBE PROPHANE BE SACRIFICED UNTO I 〈◊〉 ACCOUNTING FROM THAT DAY THAT THE SENATE AND PEOPLE 〈…〉 ORDAINE 〈…〉 VVHICH SHALL SACRIFICE MAY DOE IT WHEN HE VVILL AND IN VVHAT MANER HE WILL AND IN VVHAT SORâ— SO EVER HE SHALL SACRIFICE THAT IT MAY STAND FOR GOOD AND RIGHT 〈…〉 IT DID THAT SHOULD BE SACRIFICED LET IT BE COVNTED PROPHANE AND NOT AS VVICKED I 〈◊〉 MAN LANE OR MAIME OR KILL THE SAME 〈…〉 UNTO HIM AS CRIMINALL IF ANY PERSON CONCEâ—â—â— AVVAY 〈◊〉 SAME OR HIDE IT OUT OF THE VVAY LET IT NOT BE IMPUTED FOR VVICKEDNESSE UNTO THE PEOPLE NOR TO HIM FROM VVHOM IT SHALBE SO STOLLEN OR HIDDEN IF ONE CHAUNCE BY IGNORANCE TO SACRIFICE UPON AN UNLUCKIE AND DISMAâ— DAY LET IT BEE ACCOUNTED GOOD AND LAVVFULL VVHETHER BY NIGHT OR DAY VVHETHER BOND OR FREE SHAL SACRIFICE LET IT BE TAKEN AND HELD GOOD IF BEFORE IT THE SENAT AND PEOPLE SHALL ORDAIN THOSE SACRIFICES TO BE DONE OR SHALL SACRIFICE LET THE PEOPLE BE ASSOILED AND DISCHARGED FREELY THERFORE And for the same purpose were the great games before vowed performed with the expertise of 333333 asses one third part of an Asse besides the sacrifice of 300 oxento Iupiter and of white oxen and other sacrifices unto many other saints After these vows pronounced and made accordingly the supplication was proclaimed and in procession there went with their wives and children not onely the multitude of the cittie but also of the countrie so many as had their private estate any way depending upon the publicke The Lectisterne likewise was prepared and trimmed and continued for three daies and the Decemvirs deputed for holy ceremonies had the ordering thereof The
and savegard of the citie When all the assembly liked well and approved of this opinion and went euery man on Fabius his side without contradiction so as the market place by authoritie of the Magistrates was cleered and voided of the multitude and the Senatours were divided and gone sundrie wayes to appease the uproness then at last came letters from Terentius the Consull importing that L. Aemylius the Consull was slaine togither with the armie that himselfe was at Cannusium busy in rallying the reliques of so great an overthrow as it were after a shipwrack upon the sea that there were ten thousand souldiours of them or very neere and those much out of frame and good order As for Anniball he sate still now at Cannae busily occupied about the raunsoming of prisoners and intentive to the rest of the spoyle and pillage not measuring the victorie with the mind and courage of a conquerour nor yet after the guise and manner of a noble warriour and great commander Then were the private and particular losses also divulged and spredabroad through every man his house and familie and the whole citie was so filled with sorrow and lamentation that the Anniversarie solemnitie of sacrifices to Ceres was 〈◊〉 because it was not lawfull for those that mourned to celebrate the same and there was 〈…〉 throughout the citie but was in heavinesse and sorrow for the time Least therefore other sacrifices likewise as well publick as private upon the same occasion should be neglected and discontinued 〈◊〉 passed 〈◊〉 of the Senate by vertue whereof a terme was prefixed to make amend of mourning within 〈◊〉 dayes Now was the trouble of the citie no 〈◊〉 allayed and the Senatours called againe into the Counsell house but to mend the matter there were other letters brought out of Sicilie from T. Octacilius the Vicepretor notifying thus much That the realme of Hiero was much wasted by the Carthaginian navie and when he would have succoured him at his earnest suite petition there was another Armado readie rigged decked furnished riding by the Ilands Aegates waiting the opportunitie of the time that when the Carthaginians perceived once that he had turned and bent his forces to the defence of the coast and river of Saracose they might immediatly set upon Lilybaeum and the rest of the Romane province And therefore in case they were minded to aid and maintaine a confederate king and defend the realme of Sicilie they must of necessitie rig and man another fleete out of hand When the letters both of the Consull and also of the Vice-Pretor were read agreed it was and thought meet that M. Claudius Admirall of the fleet which rid in theharbour of Ostia should bee sent unto the armie at Cannusium and letters be dispatched withall unto the Consull willing him upon the deliverie of the armie to the Pretour to repaire unto Rome with all speed possible and not faile so farre forth as he might without any detriment hinderance of the Commonweale Besides these so great losses and adversities men were put in feare with sundrie prodigious tokens and among others in that one yeare two Vestall virgins Opimia and Floronia were detected and attainted of manifest whoredome the one of them was buried quick as the manner was under the ground at the gate Collina the other killed herself L. Cantilius a Secretary or Scribe unto the Bishops whom now they call Minores Pontisices the partie who had committed fornication with Floronia was by the chiefe or high Priest so beaten with rods in the Comitium that he dyed under his hand This heinous fact and enormious offence falling out among so many misfortunes and calamities was reckened I say as usually it is for a portentuous signe and therefore the Decemvirs were commaunded to search and peruse the Bookes of Sibylla And Q. Fabius Pictor was sent to Delphos to consult with the Oracle there of Apollo and to learne by what prayers and supplications they might pacifie the gods and what would be the end of so great and fearefull miseries In the meane while out of the learning conteined in those bookes of destinies there were performed certain extraordinary Sacrifices among which a Frenchman together with a French woman likewise a Grecian man and woman were let downe alive in the Beast market into a vault under the ground stoned all about a place aforetime embrued and polluted with the bloud of mankind sacrificed but not according to the ceremonies and religion of the Romanes When they had sufficiently as they thought pacified the gods M. Claudius Marcellus sent from the haven of Ostia for the defense and guard of the citie 1500 souldiours whom he had levied and enrolled for the service at sea Himselfe having sent afore the legion belonging to the Armada which was the third with Theanus Sidicinus a Coronell and delivered the fleete unto P. Furius companion with him in commission within few dayes after made hast and with great journeis arived at Cannusium At Rome by vertue of the authoritie of the Senatours M. Iunius was created Dictatour and T. Sempronius Generall of the horse who proclaimed a muster and enrolled all the younger sort above 17 yeares old yea and some also under that age that yet were in their Pretexia and were not come to Toga virilis Of these were made up foure legions full and a thousand horsemen Likewise they sent unto their Allies and namely to the Latine nation to receive souldiours from thence according to the forme of the league geving commaundement that harnesse weapons and all other habiliments of warre should be in readinesse Also to furnish out the armie they plucked from the temples and publike gallerie stand walking places the auncient spoyles and armour of their enemies And for very neede and want of free men they were compelled to devise a new kind of mustering never used before for they bought up in market ouvert with the citie money 8000 lustie strong young men meete bondslaves but they demaunded first of every one by himselfe whether they were willing to serve in the warres and so they put them in armour And they thought it better to take up and levie souldiours thus than to redeeme and buy againe their own who were captives albeit they might have been raunsomed for smaller summes of money For Annibal after this so fortunate field fought at Cannae setting his minde wholly upon the affaires belonging to an absolute conquest rather than any more warres caused his captives to be brought forth and severed the Romane confederates apart from the rest and unto them as he had done aforetime at Trebia and the Lake Thrasymenus hee spake graciously and sent them home unraunsomed The Romanes also hee called unto him and gave them kind and loving words more than ever hee had done before What wee and the Romanes quoth hee warre not mortally and deadly one with the other to the utterance nay our quarrell is rather for honour and
with which because he would make them equall to the left wing of the enemie hee set up the trinkets or small sailes meaning to make way into the deepe commanding them that followed still to make head and direct their prows against the right wing neere the land Eumenes was the rere-admirall and kept the rereward close together but so soone as they began to bee troubled with taking down e their tackling he set forward with all speed and hast that hee could make and by this time were they in view one of the other Two Carthaginian ships led before the Romane navie which were encountred with three of the kings ships And considering the ods of the number two of the kings came about one And first they wiped away the oares on both sides then they shewed themselves alost with their weapons and bourded her and after they had either overturned or killed the defendants they were masters of that ship The other that was in single fight and assailed but by one seeing the other ship taken by the enemies fled backe into the maine fleet before shee was environned by the three enemies Livius chasing hereat and angrie at the heart advaunced forward with the Admirall ship afront the enemie against her those other two which had enclosed the Carthaginian ship aforesaid hoping to doe the like by this came onward which Livius perceiving commaunded the rowers to let their oares hang in the water on both sides for the more stay and steadinesse of the ship and likewise to cast their yron hookes fashioned like hands for to grapple the enemies ships as they approched and came neere unto them and when they were come to close fight in manner of land-service then to remember the valour of the Romanes and not to hold the kings slaves for men of any worth And with much more facilitie and ease than the two ships before conquered one this one for that gained two By this time the maine fleet on both sides encountred on all sides and fought pell mell Eumenes who being in the rereward came last in place after the conflict was begun perceiving that Livius had disordered the left wing of the enemies made head against the right where he saw them fighting on even hand not long after the left wing began to flie For Polyxenidas so soone as he saw himselfe without all question overmatched in valor of the soldiors caused the trinquets and all the cloth he had to be set up and purposed to flie amaine Those likewise that were toward the land and fought with Eumenes within a while did no lesse The Romans and Eumenes so long as the marriners were able to plie their oares and so long as they were in hope to annoy the taile of the enemies followed the chase lustily ynough but after that they perceived their owne ships charged heavily loaden with victuals follow after to no purpose to lag behind nor like to overtake them which were the swifter because they were the lighter staied at length their pursuit after they had taken 13 ships both with their soldiors mariners sunketen Of the Romane Armada there perished but one Carthaginian which at the first encounter was beset with two ships Polyxenidas never gave over flight but made way stil until he had recovered the haven of Ephesus The Romans abode that day in the place from whence the kings armada came purposing on the morrow to make fresh saile after the enemie And in the mids of their course they met with those 35 Rhodian ships covered conducted by Pisistratus their admirall and taking those also with them they followed the enemie even as far as Ephesus where in the mouth of the haven they rid in order of battel by which bravado having wroong as it were from the enemies a plaine confession that they were vanquished the Rhodians and Eumenes were sent home The Romanes setting their course for Chius first sailed by Phoenicus an haven towne of Erythraea and having cast anker that night the next day they weighed and arived within the Island close to the citie it selfe where having sojourned some few daies especially to refresh their rowers they passed forward to Phocaea Where leaving source quinquereme galeaces the fleet arrived at Canae and because the Winter approched the ships were laid up in their dockes on drie land and for their safetie were trenched and paled about In the yeeres end the Generall assemblie for election of magistrates was holden at Rome wherein were created Consuls L. Cornelius Scipio and C. Laelius For now all men had an eie to the finishing of the warre against Antiochus The next morrow were the Pretours also chosen namely M. Tuccius L. Aurunculeius Cneus Fulvius L. Aemylius P. Iunius and C. Atinius Labeo THE XXXVII BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the seven and thirtith Booke LVcius Cornelius Scipio the Consull having for his lieutenant P. Scipio Africanus according as hee had promised that he would be lieutenant to his brother if Greece and Asia were ordained to bee his province whereas it was thought that C. Lalius for the great credite that hee was in with the Senate should have had that province given him tooke his voiage for to warre against Antiochus and was the first Romane that ever sailed over into Asia as captaine and commaunder of an armie Aemylius Regillus sought fortunately with the aid of the Rhodians before My 〈◊〉 against the voiall navie of Antiochus The sonne of Africanus taken prisoner by Antiochus was first home to his father M. Acilius Glabrio triumphed over Antiochus whome hee had driven out of Greece as also over the Rhodians Afterwards when Antiochus was vanquished by L. Cornelius Scipio with the assistance of king Eumenes the sonne of Attalus king of Pergamus hee had peace graunted unto him upon condition that hee should quit and forgoe all the provinces on this side the mount Taurus And Eumenes by whose helpe Antiochus was overcome had his kingdome enlarged To the Rhodians also for their helping hand certaine citties were given and graunted One Colonie was planted called Bononia Aemylius Regillus who vanquished the captaines of Antiochus in a navall battell obtained also a navall triumph L. Cornelius Scipio who finished the warre with Antiochus had the like surname given him as his brother and was called after Asiaticus WHen L. Cornelius Scipio and C. Laelius were Consuls after order taken for the service of the gods there was no matter treated of in the Senate before the suite of the Aetolians And as their embassadours were instant and earnest because the tearme of their truce was but short so T. Quintius who then was returned out of Greece to Rome seconded them The Aetolians relying more upon the mercie of the Senate than the justice of their cause and ballancing their old good turnes done to the Romanes to the late harmes and trespasses committed used
Rome for that bruit also runneth currant have written How he went at his funerals before the biere and the mourners with a cap of libertie on his head like as hee had done before in his triumph and gave sweet wine or mede to all those that attended the convoy as farre as to the gate Capena This honour he did Scipio at his death for that among other prisoners in Affrick he was by his meanes recovered out of the enemies hand But it should seeme rather that hee was such an enemie to that familie that for the cankred rancour and malice which he caried against that name he was by the adverse faction of the Scipions chosen especially of purpose to sit upon and execute this inquisition But certein it is before this Pretour all in his extremities who either in love and friendship or in hatred and enmitie kept no meane information was given immediately against L. Scipio Presentments were made likewise and the names received of his lieutenants A. Hostilius and L. Hostilius both Catoes of his treasurer besides C. Furius Aculeo And to the end that it should appeare to the world that they were all attaint of this crime of purloining and robbing the publick treasure of the common weale in one complot there were two secretaries also and one of his sergeants called into question But these three last mentioned and L. Hostilius before-named were found unguiltie and acquit before Scipio had his judiciall triall howbet Scipio and A. Hostilius his lieutenant together with C. Furius were condemned Scipio for that he as Valerius Antias writeth to make a more easie peace to the contentment of Antiochus received 6000 pound weight of gold and 480 pound weight of silver more than he brought into the citie chamber A. Hostilius for that he likewise deteined eightie pound weight of gold and 483 pound of silver and Furius the Questor for keeping back to his own use 130 pound of gold two hundred of silver These summes I set downe of gold and silver as I find them gathered and registred by Valerius Antias in his Chronicle As for the summes of gold and silver which L. Scipio should embezele I would rather thinke that the clerke or secretarie faulted with his pen in writing the copies than the authour lied so lowd with his tongue in the first enditing of the Originall For it is more likely of the twaine that the weight of the silver was more than of gold As also that the fine wherein he was condemned should amount but to fortie thousand Sestertius is the fourth part of a Romane denarius 3 halfepence farthing cue Sesterces than arise to two hundred and fortie thousand And the rather I am induced thus to calculate because it is said that P. Scipio himselfe was required in the Senate to give his account but of such a summe and when he had bidden his brother L. to fetch him that booke of accounts he tooke it of him and there before the Senat tare and rent it with his owne hands with great indignation that having brought into the Treasurie two millions of Sesterces hee was called to his account for fortie thousand In which confident boldnesse of spirite and courage ' when the Questours durst not against the order of law take foorth money out of the Treasurie hee called for the keies and said he would bee so bold as to open the chists of the Treasurie since hee was the cause that they were locked Many things besides are diversly reported of Scipio especially as touching the latter end of his life his trouble and accusation his death his funerals and last of all of his sepulchre and tombe which distract mee so that I wot not what report to cleave unto nor which records to beleeve For they accord not as concerning his accuser Some write it was M. Naevius others againe say that they were the Petilians that called him to his answere Neither agree they in the time when he was thus troubled nor in the yeere no nor the place wherein he died ne yet where he was enterred Some affirme he ended his daies and was buried at Rome others at Liternum And in both places there are monuments and Statues of his to be seene For at Liternum there stood a tombe and over the same tombe an image of his personage erected which of late time we our selves saw overthrowne in a tempest At Rome likewise without the gate Capena there be three statues upon the monument of the Scipioes whereof two are said to be of Pub. and L. Scipio and the third of Q. Ennius the Poet. And this difference among authours is not touching his acts and affaires onely but also about the very Orations if so be they were the Orations indeed of P. Scipio and Tiberius Gracchus which are commonly so taken and caried about which disagree so much as they doe For the title of the Oration that goeth for P. Scipio hath the name of M. Naevius a Tribune of the Commons but through the whole Oration it selfe there is no mention at all of that accuser He tearmeth him one while Nebulo Knave and another while Nugator Cousiner In like sort the Oration of Gracchus maketh no mention at all either of the Petilij the accusers of Africanus or of the day assigned unto him for his answere And we must devise to tell the whole tale otherwise if we would have it to agree with the Oration of Gracchus and follow wee must those authours who write that when L. Scipio was accused and condemned for taking bribes of king Antiochus his brother Africanus was embassador in Tuscane and upon the newes of his brothers trouble and misfortune left his embassage made hast to Rome Where hee tooke his way directly from the gate to the common place for that it was told him how his brother was going to prison and thrust the seargeant from his bodie yea and when the Tribunes themselves would have restrained him he used violence against them and carried himselfe in this action so as as he shewed more kindnesse and love to his brother than manners and civilitie otherwise For thus complaineth Gracchus in his Oration That the Tribunes authoritie and power was infringed and broken by a private person And in the latter end when he promised to assist L. Scipio hee knit up his speech with these words That it was a thing more tollerable that both the Tribunitian puissance and the Commonweale should seeme overcome and surmounted by Tribunes themselves than by a private man But hee aggravated and enforced this one violence and excessive outrage against him made it odious in such sort that in blaming him for so much overshutting himselfe and degenerating as it were from his owne nature he rehearsed the commendable parts of his moderation and temperat cariage of himselfe aforetime and that in so good tearmes and ample manner that thereby he made him some part of amends for the sharpe reprehension he used for the present
soudered with lead Both these chests had a superscription upon them in Greeke and Latine letters to this effect That in the one of them lay buried Numa Pompilius the sonne of Pompo sometime king of Rome and in the other were bestowed the bookes of the said Numa The owner of this ground opened these coffers by the advise and counsell of his friends and that which carried the title and inscription of the kings sepulture was found emptie without any shew or token of the reliques of a mans body or anything els by reason the bones and all were rotten and consumed in continuance of time after so many yeers past In the other were found two fardels wrapped within waxe candles or ceare-clothes conteining either of them seven bookes which were not only whole and sound but also seemed very fresh and new One seven of them were written in Latin as touching the Pontificiall law the other seven in Greeke entituled The discipline or doctrine of Philosophie such as those daies might affourd Valerius Antias saith moreover That they were the bookes of Pythagoras according to the common received opinion of Numa that he was the disciple of Pythagoras herein giving credit to a probable lie resembling a truth These books were first read by those friends of his who were present at the place where the chests were opened but afterwards as they came into more mens hands to be read it chaunced that Q. Petilius the lord cheefe justice of the citie desirous to peruse those bookes borrowed them of L. Petilius with whom he was familiarly acquainted by reason that the abovenamed Quintus Petilius had chosen the foresaid Lucius into the decurie of the Scribes and Secretaries Who after he had read the titles with the summaries and contents of every chapter and finding the most part thereof tending directly to abolish the state of religion then established said unto L. Petilius that he purposed to fling those bookes into the fire but before hee did so hee would permit him to use what meanes hee thought by order of law or otherwise would serve his turne to recover the said bookes out of his hands and good leave hee should have to take that course without his displeasure or any breach of friendship betweene them The Scribe or notarie aforesaid goeth to the Tribunes for their assistance the Tribunes put the matter over to the Senat before whom the Pretour said plainely That he was readie to take his corporall oth if he were put to it that those bookes ought neither to be read nor kept Whereupon the Senate judged that for such a matter the offer onely of the Pretors oth was sufficient and that the bookes should be burned with all speed possible in the open place of assemblies called Comitium but they awarded withall that there should bee paied unto Q. Petilius the right owner as much money for the bookes as the Pretour and the more part of the Tribunes of the Commons esteemed them worth The Scribe would touch none of the money but his bookes were burnt in the foresaid place before all the people in a light fire made by the ordinarie servitours attending upon the sacrificers The same summer there arose suddainely a great warre in higher Spaine The Celtiberians had gathered a power of five and thirtie thousand men a number more than lightly at any time before they had levied Now as Q. Fulvius Flaccus lord Deputie of that province Hee for his part because he was advertised that the Celtiberians put their youth in armes had raised and assembled as great aids of the confederates as he could but nothing came hee neere to the enemie in numbers of souldiours In the beginning of the Spring hee led his armie into Carpetania and encamped before the towne Ebura after hee had planted a meane garrison within it A few daies after the Celtiberians pitched their tents within two miles from thence under a little hill When the Romane Pretour perceived they were come he sent his brother Marcus Fulvius with two companies of the horsemen of allies in espiall to view the enemies campe willing him to approach as neere to the trench and rampier as hee could and to see what compasse the campe tooke but to forbeare skirmish and in any hand to retire in case he perceived the Cavallerie of the enemies made out against him According to this direction hee did in every respect And so for certaine daies together there was nothing done but onely these two companies of horsemen shewing first and afterwards retiring backe so soone as the Cavallerie of the enemies issued out of their campe At length the Celtiberians also came forth and advaunced forward with all their power as well horse as foot and having set them in ordinance of battell staied as it were in the middes betweene The whole ground was a smooth and even plaine fit to joyne a battaile in There stood the Spaniards I say expecting their enemies but the Romane Pretour kept his men within the rampier foure dayes togither and they likewise of the other side held the same place still in battaile array The Romanes all that while st irred not a foot The Celtiberians then seeing the enemies refused fight held themselves quiet also within their camp onely the horsemen rid forth and they kept a corps de guard to be in readines if peradventure the enemies should be busie come abroad Both of the one side and the other they went out at the back-side of their camp to purvey forage fewel and impeached not one another The Roman Pretor supposing now that after so many daies rest the enemies were borne in hand and hoped fully that hee would never begin first commanded L. Actlius to take with him the left wing of the cavallerie six thousand of the provinciall auxiliaries and to fetch a compasse about the hill which stood behind the enemies and from thence so soone as they heard a crie to run downe a maine and charge upon their campe And because they might not be dscovered in the night time they departed Flaccus the next morning by peepe of day sent out C. Scribonius a colonell of the allies against the enemies campe with the extraordinarie horsmen of the left wing whom when the Celtiberians beheld both approaching neere toward them and also more in number than uually they had bene they put forth all their Cavallerie at once out of the gates withal gave the signal to the Infanterie also to come abroad Scritonius according to the direction given him so soon as ever he heard the first noise shout of the horsmen turned the head of his horse and retired back full upon the campe therwith the enemies followed more freely first the horsemen and within a while the footmen also making full account to be masters of the Roman leaguer that day verily now were they not past halfe a mile When Flaccus supposed that they were trained farre enough from their owne camp for succouring
skared and affrighted yet they had nothing in their mouth but That the gods forced them to run away and that the skie fell upon them Being thus disparkled with this tempesteous storme and returned as it were out of a shipwracke into the campe from whence they set forth and most of them but halfe armed they began to debate in counsell what to doe Heere upon arose some dissension among them whiles part were of opinion to returne backe into their own countrie and part advised to follow the way still and pearce forward into Dardania About thirtie thousand and persons went through under the conduct of Clondicus the rest of the multitude returned the same way they came into the parts beyond Danubius Perseus being possessed of the kingdome commanded Antigonus to be put to death and whiles hee was setting the states in order establishing himself in his own seat he sent embassadours to Rome as well to renew the aminie that his father had with the Romanes as also to request that he might be styled with the name of king by the Senate of Rome And these were the affaires in Macedonie that yeere Q. Fulvius the other Consull triumphed over the Ligurians and known it was for certaine that this triumph was graunted unto him more for favour than for any great exploit of his that might deserve such honour He carried in shew a mightie deale of the enemies armour but little or no money at all Howbeit he dealt among his souldiours thirtie Asses a peece to everie Centurion he gave twise as much and to each gentleman serving on horseback the same threefold There was nothing in this triumph more memorable and worthie the noting than this that as it fell out hee triumphed now the very same day that he had the yeere before upon his Pretourship After his triumph he published the generall assembly for the election of Magistrates wherein where created Consuls M. Iunius Brutus and A. Manlius Volso This done when there had been three of the Pretours elected a suddaine tempest brake up and dissolved the assembly The morrow after which was foure daies full before the Ides of March the other three were chosen namely Marcus Titinius Gurvus Titus Claudius Nero and T. Fonteius Capito The Roman games were exhibited again the second time by the two Aediles of the Chaire Cn. Servilius Capto and Ap. Claudius Cento by occasion of certaine prodigies that hapned for there was an earth-quake and in the publike pavilions and tabernacles where the sacred beds of the gods were solemnely spread the heads of the gods which were laid in those beds turned away of their owne accord and the wooll together with the other coverlets which were laid before Iupiter fell downe It was taken also for a prodigious wonder that the mice and rats had gnawne and tasted before of the olives upon the table of Iupiter for the satisfaction expiation of which prodigies nothing else was done but the solemnzing of those games and plaies againe as is aforesaid THE XLI BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the one and fortith Booke THe fire in the temple of Vesta went out Tib. Sempromus Gracchus the Proconsull vanquished the Celtiberians and received their submission and for a memoriall of the worthie deeds by him atchieved he built a towne in Spaine called Gracchmis Psoileumius Albinus the Proconsull subdued the Vacceans and Lusitanes and both of them triumphed Anticcbus the sonne of king Antiochus whome his father had given in hostage to the Romanes after the death of his brother Seleucus who succeeded his father late deceased was sent from Rome into the realme of Syria The Censors held a review and numbering of the citizens and solemnly purged the citie There were enrolled in their bookes of Romane citizens 273244. Q. Veconius Saxa a Tribune of the Commons published a law That no man should make a woman to be his full beiâ— M. Cato was the man that persuaded and spoke for this law and his Oratum is extant Moreover this booke conteineth the warres and exploits of many captaines against the Ligurians Istrians Saxdians and Celtiberians also the occasions and causes of the Macedonian warre which Perseus the sonne of Philip began for he had sent an embassage to the Carthagenians which they gave audience unto in the night season Other states also and cities of Greece he sollicited This Perseus setting religion aside for many stately and magnificent temples bee built in divers places and namely at Athens to Iupiter Olympius and at Antiochia to Inp. Capitolinus was otherwise a king of most base demeanour and carriage THe beginning of this booke and the greater part thereof immediatly ensuing is lost Imprimis As touching the disposition of the provinces by lot as well of Consuls as Pretors and namely how the government of Gaule sell to A. Manlius and of Liguria to M. Iunius and how of the Pretours M. Titinius was assigned to the hither province of Spaine and T. Fonteius to the farther Nero to Etruria T. Ebutius to Sardinia Item as concerning the fire of Vesis the exploits of Tib. Gracchus and L. Albinus in Biskai and Portugall the survey and taxing of the cittie of Rome holden by the Censors the law Voconia as touching the inheritance of women mentioned in Cicero in S. Augustine de civitate Dei and others finally of the acts atchieved by M. Iunius about Genoway And thus it sheweth a praerupt and broken front as ye see To have armed the same which in peace he had received of his father and for that cause it is said That hee was passing well beloved of the youth and lustie gallants who desired nothing more than to spoile and raise booties Now when the Consull was in deliberation with his councell as touching warre in Istria some were of opinion to proceed thereunto incontinently before that the enemies could assemble their forces others advised to consult first with the Senate but their counsell imported who were for speedie expedition So the Consull dislodged from Aquileia and encamped neer the lake Timavus which lyeth hard by the sea Thither came Caius Furius one of the navall Duumvirs with ten ships for two such Duumvirs or wardens had been chosen to make head against the Illyrian fleet who with twentie ships in all keeping the upper sea were to guard the sea-coasts so as they had Ancona as it were the middle centre betweene for L. Cornelius tooke the charge of all that lay on the right hand thereof as farre as to Tarentum and C. Furius of the left unto Aquileia These ten vessels I say were sent to the next port against the marches of Istria with other ships of burden fraughted with store of victuals and provision The Consull followed after with his legions and pitched his campe five miles from the sea And within a short time there was a good
thereof begun thought good it was and requisite that order first should be taken for the expiation of prodigies and the pacification of the gods by way of humble praiers such as were represented and delivered unto them out of the fatall bookes of Sibylla For at Lanuvium were seene as the common voice went certaine shewes and resemblances of a mightie great navie Item At Privernum there grew blacke wooll out of the earth Also in the Veientian territorie neere a towne called Remens it rained stones Moreover all the countrey Pomptinum was overcast as it were with clouds of Locusts and within the land of Gallia there were seen certain fishes to leap from under the clots of earth that were turned with the plow as it took stitch and made surrow For these straunge and fearfull sights the foresaid bookes were looked into and perused and out of them the Decemvirs declared pronounced both unto what gods sacrifice should be offered and what beast were to be slain therfore moreover that the one supplication should bee holden as propitiatorie for those prodigious tokens as also the other which the yeare before had been vowed for the health of the people should now bee performed and holydaies kept therefore So the sacrifices were accomplished according to the order and forme set downe in writing by the Decemvirs The very same yeere was the church of Iuno Lacinia uncovered upon this occasion Q. Fulvius Flaccus the Censor was building of a temple to Fortuna equestris which hee had vowed during the warre against the Celtiberians when he was lord pretour in Spaine His desire and earnest endevor was to straine himselfe that there might not be in Rome a temple of more state and magnificence than this And supposing that it would be a great beautie and ornament unto it in case the roofe were covered with tiles of marble hee went into the Brutians countrey and there he was so bold with the church abovesaid of Iuno Licinia as to untile the one halfe thereof making full account that so much would served for to cover that temple which hee was a building Boates and barges hee had readie for to receive and carrie away the said tiles or sclates without being empeached or controlled for this sacriledge by the allies whom he held in awe and frighted by his Censorian authoritie Now after the Censor was returned to Rome those marble sclates were disbarked out of the foresaid vessels and conveighed to the temple And albeit no words were made from whence they came yet concealed it could not bee And hereupon arose much muttering in the Senate and from all parts thereof they called hard upon the Consuls to have the matter put to question and debated of The Censor was sent for who was no sooner entered into the Senate but both all in generall and also every one in particular had a fling at him and much more sharpely reproched him to his face in these tearmes That hee could not bee content to abuse and violate the most holy and stately church in those parts which neither Pyrrhus nor Anniball ever offered violence unto unlesse he uncovered it also in foule sort and in manner laid it ruinate The lanterne thereof was taken away and gone the rouse left bare and naked exposed and open to raine and soule weather and thereby subject to rot that hee being chosen Censor for to reforme the manners of other to whome it appertained by his office after the auncient maner and custome to see that the temples were close and covert to call upon that all publicke places be kept wind-tight and water-tight and in sufficient repaire that he I say of all others should raunge over the cities of allies and consederate States pulling downe their temples as hee goeth and uncovering the roases of the sacred edifices and in demolishing the churches of the immortall gods commit that which if he did but practise upon the privat houses of allies might seem an unworthie act and a great indignitie and finally by rearing one temple with the ruine of another obligue the people of Rome with the verie guilt of his owne crime as if ywis the immortall gods were not the same in all places but that we must honour and adorne some of them with the spoile of others Now as it was apparent before the matter was put to the censure of the Senate which way the LL. enclined in opinion so immediately upon the proposing thereof they all opined and gave one sentence That order should bee taken with the publicanes of the citie workes for the carrying backe againe of the same sclates to the former temple and that certaine propitiatorie sacrifices should bee offered for the pacification of Iuno As for all ceremonies requisite toward the divine service aforesaid they were with all complements performed accordingly but the farmers who had undertaken at a price to recarie those tiles brought word that they had landed them in the churchyard and there left them because they might not meet with any workeman who could devise with all the skill cunning he had how to bestow them as they were laid and couched before Of those Pretours who were gone into their provinces M. Fabius as he was in his journey toward high Spaine died at Massiles by the way and therefore upon intelligence given thereof by the Massilian embassadours the Senate ordained that P. Furius and Cn. Servilius whome to succeed others were to be sent should cast lost betweene themselves whether of them should continue still in government and have the charge of high Spaine And the lot fell out very well and fit that the said P. Furius who had ruled the said province before should there remaine The same yere by occasion that a good part of the Ligutians and Gaules territorie woon by conquest lay void and was not as yet in the tenor and occupation of any man there passed an Act of the Senate that it should be divided by the poll So A. Attilius the L. chiefe Iustice of the cittie of Rome by vertue of a decree graunted out of the Senat created ten Decemvirs or commissioners for that purpose to wit M. Aemylius Lepidus C. Cassius T. Ebutius Parrus C. Tremellius P. Cornelius Cethegus I and L. both named Apulius M. Caecilius C. Salonius and C. Munatius To every Romane cittizen they set out ten acres apeece and to the Latine allies three About the same time that these affaires passed at Rome there arrived thither embassadours out of Aetolia about their owne civill discords and seditions Likewise there came others from Thessalie reporting what was a doing in Macedonie For Perseus casting now in his mind how to compasse that war which during his fathers life he devised and thought upon endevoured to draw and win unto him not onely all the nations but the citties of Greece by sending his embassages among them and promising liberally more than he performed Howbeit the hearts of the most part were inclined to him and favoured
be the deepe malice and hatred which he hath conceived against the Romans which is the cause that he is of that countenance and so gracious among them Nay with the very kings and princes of other nations he is highly esteemed of passing authoritie The daughter of Seleucus he hath taken to wife without any suit of his owne but being earnestly wooed and requested thereunto And to Prusias he hath given his owne sister in mariage after much seeking and instant intreatie These two weddings were solemnized with the exceeding joy and innumerable presents of infinite embassages and whould be present to celebrate the Auspices and complements yea and give those spouses in marriage but the noblest and most renowmed States that were The Baeotian nation had been much sollicited by Philip yet could never bee induced to draw or pen any covenants of accord and amitie with him but now there is to be seene a league engrossed yea and engraven in three severall conspicuous places the one in Thebes a second at Sidenum within a most holy sacred and renowmed temple and the third at Delphi What should I speake of the generall counsell of the Achaeans wherein had not the dessigne beene dashed by some there in place who intimated and alleadged hard the seignorie and empire of the Romanes it would have gone very hard but that he should have serfoot even within Achaea But contrariwise I assure you my due and deserved honors unto whom it is hard to say whether they bee more bounden and obligued for private pleasures or publicke benefites are either forlet through rechlesse difuse and negligence or els annulled and abolished of wilfull malice and hostile hatred As for the Aetolians who knoweth not that in their civile broiles and feditions they sought to Perseus for releefe and succour and not to the Romanes Being thus upheld with societies and amities he hath provided such furniture of his own and made that preparation for war at home as he needs none from abroad Of himselfe he is thirtie thousand strong in foot and five thousand in horse For ten yeares he is stored with corne aforehand so as for that kind of purveiance he may spare his owne territories and also forbeare his enemies As for mony in readie coine he hath such abundance that over and above the forces of naturall Macedonians hee wageth ten thousand mercenarie souldiours and hath wherewith to make due pay for as many yeeres besides the yearely customes and profites that atise out of the kings mines Now for armour he hath gathered together into his arcenals and armories sufficient to furnish three such armies What should I speake of the youth and serviceable men for warre Set the case that Macedonie failed him and were not able to find ynough all Thrace is subject unto him from whence he may serve his turne as out of an ever-running fountaine and lively spring The rest of his speech he knit up with an exhortation in this manner I relate not these things quoth he my LL. of Rome as blowne abroad and vented by headlesse hearsay and doubtfuli rumors neither have I ben so readie to beleeve them as a man desirous that such criminous imputations should be verified upon my enemie but as undoubted and certaine reports upon mine own knowledge as if I had been sent by you of speciall purpose to be aspie and declared that and no more which I had seene with mine eies and not otherwise Neither would I have left mine owne realme wherin by your means goodnes in glorious and magnificent State I sit warme ynough for to saile over so large a sea as I have done to carrie vain tales and untruths to you thereby to crack my credite with you for ever hereafter But I tell you these eies of mine have seene the most renowmed and noblest cities of Asia and Greece discovering more and more from day to day what they intend and what their meaning is who if they bee let alone and permitted to run on as they begin would be engaged so far as they might not possibly returne againe and save themselves by any repentance Beheld I have Perseus I say how hee containeth not within the realme of Macedonie but one while seizeth upon this by force of armes anotherwhile gaineth and getteth that by favour and good will which with violence hee could never have conquered I perceived and considered well how unequall the match and condition is whiles hee upon you prepareth warre and you againe performe to him securitie of peace Although in my conceit and so farre as I could see into it hee made no more any preparation thereof but was alreadie upon action and execution For he chased Abrupolis a confederate prince and friend of yours forth of his kingdome And Arietarus the Illyrian another of your associates and allies he killed outright because hee found that he had written some letters unto you As for Eversa and Caellicrates both Thebanes and two principal States of that citie for no other reason but because in a parliament of the Baeotians they had spoken their mind against him too franckely and avowed that they would repeat unto you what things had passed hee caused to be made away and murdered The Bizantines hee succoured against the order taken in the accord upon Dolopia hee levied warre Thessalie and Doris both hee invaded and overran with his armie to the end that in some intestine and civile war by the help of the worse part he might afflict and plague the better He shuffled all together and made a very confusion of the State in Thessalie and Perrhaebia upon the hope of cancelling all bonds and crossing out all debt bookes that thus by a power and multitude of bankrupts such as were over-deeply engaged and whom he had obligued and bound to himselfe hee might depresse and oppresse the great men and principall personages Having wrought these practise uncontrolled whiles you sit still looking on and suffring all he seeing you to let him doe with Greece what he list maketh full account that no man will put on armes and make head against him before he bee passed over into Italie How safe this may bee for you nay how this can stand with credite and honestie see you to that and bee advised For my selfe I assure you I thought it a meere shame and very villanie that Perseus your enemie should enter into Italie to make war upon you before that I your friend and allie came to give you warning for to take heed and stand upon your guard Now since I have in this manner performed my devoire done that office which I was bound unto of necessitie and in some measure acquit my selfe and discharged my bounden dutie and obligation of fidelitie what remaineth more behind for mee to doe but to be your beadsman to all the gods and goddesses to vouchsafe you that grace that you may provide both for your own Commonweale and also for us your friends and allies
education to the end that being there brought up hee might from his first infancie be acquainted with their fashions and converse with the people of Rome His suit and request to them was that they would vouchsafe unto him not onely the ordinarie entertaiment and protection that private persons affourd to their guests but also to take the charge of publicke tuition and as it were the guardianage of him This embassage of the king was well taken of the Senat and pleased them highly Whereupon they ordained that Cn Stnius the Pretour should let out a mansion house with all the furniture wherein the young prince and his traine might keepe their resiance The Thracian embassadours likewise presented themselves before the Senat to debate their owne controvercies in their hearing and withall desired their friendship and amitie They obtained their suite and besides their was sent unto them by way of present the summe of 2000 Asses apeece Glad were the LL. of the Senate that these States were received into their societie by reason that Thracia lyeth hard on the backe-side of Macedonie but to the end that they might have perfit intelligence and notice how all things went in Asia and the Ilands they sent thither T. Claudius Nero and M. Decimius in embassage whome they commaunded also to visit Creete and Rhodes and withall both to renew the amitie and also to spie and observe whether the hearts of those allies had been sollicited and tempted by K. Perseus As the citie was thus in doubtfull suspence and expectation of the event of this new warre behold in a tempest that arose in the night a certaine columne or pillar garnished and set out with the beake-heads of warre ships which had been erected in the Capitoll during the first Punicke warre by M. Aemylius the Consull who had for his companion in government Serg. Fulvius was by a clap of thunder and lightning rent and cloven from the very base to the chapter This was taken for a prodigious token and report thereof was made to the Senat. The LL. gave order that the Aruspices should be conferred with about it and their advise taken likewise they commaunded the Decemvirs to looke into their bookes of Sibylla The Decemvirs for their part pronounced and declared that the citie should be purged and hallowed publicke supplications and prayers made unto the gods and greater beasts killed for sacrifice as well at Rome in the Capitoll as in Campaine neere the promontorie of Minerva Also that with all convenient speed there should be plaies solemnly exhibited for ten daies togither in the honor of most mightie and most gracious Iupiter All this was done with diligence accordingly but the soothsayers and Aruspices aforesaid made answer out of their learning That this prodigie portended good and signified the advancement and enlarging of their owne territories togither with the ruine and destruction of their enemies for that those beak-heads which the storme overthrew and cast downe had been the spoiles of ships woon from the enemies There happened other occurrents besides to encrease the scrupulous religion and devotion of men for reported it was how at Saturnia within the towne it rained bloud three daies togither Item At Calatia an asse was soled with three feet and a bull togither with five kine were strucken starke dead with one thunderbolt and flash of lightning last of all at Oximum there was a showre of very earth and nothing else In regard of these woonders also sacrifices were celebrated supplications made and one day kept holiday and all shop-windowes shut Yet were not the Consuls departed into their provinces because they neither would obey and condescend unto the Senate in proposing the matter as touching Popilius at the councell table and the LL. were as resolute for their parts to let no decree passe before that were done The spight and heart-burning they bare against M. Popilius grew the more by occasion of his owne letters wherein hee wrate and gave them to understand That being Proconsull hee had now a second time fought with the Statellates in Liguria and put ten thousand of them to the sword by reason of which hard courses and extremities of warre the other nations likewise of the Ligurians were entred into armes At which newes not onely Popilius was blamed behind his backe for making warre against all law and equitie upon them that had yeelded and thereby provoking those who before were quiet to goe out and put themselves in action of rebellion but the Consuls also were checked to their faces in the Senate because they set not forward to their charge and government M. Martius Sermo and Quintius Martius Scylla two Tribunes of the Commons seeing the LL. of the Senat thus drawing all in a line tooke heart unto them and both menaced the Consuls to fine them unlesse they made more hast unto their province and also recited in the Senat a law which they had drawne and framed and were upon the point to promulge as touching the foresaid Ligurians who had submitted The tenure whereof ran in this forme THAT VVHAT PERSON SOEVER OF STATELLAE HAD YEELDED HIMSELFE AND VVAS NOT RESTORED TO LIâ—RRTIE AND FREEDOME BEFORE THE CALENDS OF SEXTILIS NEXT ENSUING THE SENAT UPON THEIR OTH SHOULD ORDAINE ONE SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO MAKE INQUISITIONEY VVHOSE FRAUD COVIN AND NOTICE HEE VVAS IN VILLENAGE AND PUNISH THE PARTIE ACCORDINGLY Then by authoritie and approbation of the Senate they published this for a law Now before that the Consuls tooke their journey the Senat assembled in the temple of Bellona in regard and favour of C. Cicereius the Pretor of the former yeere Where audience was given him and after he had declared what exploits he had performed in Corsica there upon demaunded triumph which when hee could not obtaine he made no more adoe but rode triumphant in the Albane hill for now it was taken up and grown for a custome so to doe and aske the authoritie and the State no leave The foresaid law proposed by the Martij the Commons with a generall consent by their voices graunted and enacted By vertue of which act of the Commons C. Licinius the Pretour put to question in the Senat Whom they would have to sit upon the inquisition according to the forme of the said law And the LL. ordained himselfe to be the inquisitor Then at length and not asore the Consuls put themselves in their way toward their province received the charge of the armie from M. Popilius This Popilius durst not yet returne to Rome for feare hee should be called in question and put to his answere before that Pretour and supreme judge who had required the advise of the Senate as touching that enquest framed and drawne of purpose against him knowing full well as he did how the Senate was not well affected to him and the people much more maliciously bent and set against him But the Tribunes of the Commons thought they would prevent and meet with
thousand footmen and three hundred horse I am not ignorant that from the same prophane negligence irreligion wherby commonly men now a daies are of beleefe that the gods portend and forésignifie nothing to come by signs and tokens it proceedth also That no prodigies which happen should any more either bee published and reported abroad or recorded in the annales and chronicles Howbeit for mine owne part in writing of these actes and monuments of ancient times I know not how but me thinkes I carie a mind that is become as it were antique also yea and some scrupulous devotion ariseth in my spirit which moveth me to account the things not unworthie to have place in my histories which those sage fathers and most prudent personages in old time thought meet to be considered off by the State yea and to require publicke explation Wel to proceed from Anagnia were two fearefull sights reported that yeere namely That a burning and blazing flame was seene in the skie and a cowknowne to speake kept and nourished at the publicke charges at Minturnae also much about those daies the welkin seemed to be on light fire At Reare there fella shower that rained stones In the fortresse at Comes the image of Apollo wept three daies and three nights continually In the citie of Rome two sextains or keepers of the temples made report the one That in the church of Fortune ther was a serpent seen by many men crested with a mane the other That about the chappell of Fortuna Primigenia which standeth upon the Capitoll hill there hapned two divers and different prodigious signs namely That in the chappell yard there sprung up a palme tree and all one day it rained bloud Two other strange things there were whereof there was no regard nor account made the first because it chanced in a privat place for T. Martius Figulus reported That there grew up a palme or date tree in his court-yard the second because it happened in a forrain place for spoken it was That at Fregellae in the house of M. Atreus a launce or speare which he had bought for his sonne a souldiour burned in the day time for two houres space and more yet so as the fire consumed nothing thereof In regard of those publicke prodigies the Decemvits had recourse to the books of Sibylla who out of them declared That the Consuls should sacrifice fortie head of greater beasts they shewed also to what gods They added moreover and gave advise to hold a publicke procession and that all the magistrates at every shrine and upon every altar of the gods should sacrifice greater beasts and the people weare guirlands and chaplets of flowers All things were executed accordingly as the Decemvirs suggested and directed After this the assembly was published for the chusing of Censours In election there were for this dignitie of Censureship the very principal persons and of best note in all the citie C. Valerius Lâ—vinus L. Posthumius Albinus P. Mutius Scâ—vola C. Iunius Brutus C. Claudius Pulcher and Tib. Sempronius Grâ—cchus These two last rehearsed the people of Rome chose for Censors When as by occasion of the Macedonian warre a greater care was had about the taking of musters than at other times before the Consuls found much fault with the common people and complained unto the Senate that the young and able men for service being called would not answere to their names But C. Sulpitius and M. Claudius two Tribunes of the Commons maintained the cause against them in the behalfe of the Commons saying That it was no hard difficult matter for Consuls to levie souldiours marie for corrupt affectionate and popular Consuls it was not so easie a thing and namely such as would be sure to enroll no souldiours against their wils And to the end that the LL. of the Senate might know this to bee a truth they should see the Pretours if the Senate were so content and thought well thereof whose power of commaund and authoritie of government was lesse than the Consuls to go through with the musters without empeachment So that charge was committed to the Pretours with the great assent of the Senatours but not without some backbiting and detraction of the Consuls And the Censours for to assist and set forward that affaire made it knowne and protested in the full assembly of the people that they would publish an act as touching the review and estimate of every mans havoir an habilitie that besides the ordinarie oth of all citizens they should sweare to these points in this forme following Art thou under sixe and fortie yeeres of age then by vertue of the edict made by the Censours C. Claudius and Tib. Sempronius comeforth and shew thyselfe at the musters so often as there shall bee any levie taken and what Censours soever shall happen to be in place thou shalt appeare and be enrolled in case thou wert not a prest souldiour before Moreover because the voice went that many soldiors of the Macedonian legions were absent from the armie had obtained large pasports without limitation of return that through the corruption and favour of the Generals they published an edict as touching the souldiours enrolled for Macedonie when P. Aelius and C. Popilius were Consuls or anytime after That as many of them as remained within Italie after they were enrolled and registred first under their hands should within thirtie daies repaire againe to their colours into the province and whosoever of them were at the disposition of father or grandsir their names should be presented and declared before them Semblably they would take knowledge of their causes who were cleane dismissed and cassed and look whomsoever they judged to have obtained their discharge by any speciall grace and favour before they had served out their full time by law required they would commaund them to be enrolled souldiours againe By vertue of this edict of the Censors as also by their letters sent out and divulged abroad in all incorporate townes and places of resort for market and merchandise there assembled together and came to Rome such a multitude of lustie young and able men that their unusual and extraordinarie number was chargeable and comberous to the citie Thus besides the former levie taken of those that were to bee sent and emploied in supplie of the old armies foure legions more were enrolled by C. Sulpitius the Pretour and within eleven daies the musters were accomplished and ended Then the Consuls cast lots for their provinces For the Pretours had their governments allotted unto them before and the sooner by reason of the civile causes whih required their jurisdictions The one over the citizens was fallen to C. Sulpitius the other over forrainers to C. Decimius M. Claudius Marcellus obtained the regiment of Spain Serg. Cornelius Lentulus of Sicilie P. Fenteius Capito ruled Sardinia C. Martius Figulus had the conduct of the navie And then I say to Q Servilius one of
taken a solemne survey of his armie about it hee conducted his power to Stratus at the request of the Epitores This Stratus then was the strongest cittie of all AEtolia Situate it is upon the gulfe of Ambracia neare the river Achelous He advaunced thither with ten thousand foot and not above 300 horse of them hee tooke the fewer with him in number by reason of the streight passages and rugged waies Being come at the third daies end so farre as to the mount Citius after hee had with much difficultie passed over it the snow lay so deepe that hardly and with much adoe could hee find a convenient place to encampe in From thence he remooved more for that he could not there abide and remaine than for any intollerable way and weather hee met with all in his dismarch and journey forward so with passing great travaile and trouble of his beasts especially the second day he arrived at the temple of Iupiter called Niceus and there lodged Then after he had taken an exceeding long journy he abode at the river Arachthus being staied there by reason of the deepe water during which time he made a bridge over and transported his forces and when hee was gone a daies journey onward he encountered on the way Archidamus a principall person of the AEtolians by whose meanes the citie of Stratus was to be delivered up unto him And that day hee lodged upon the frontiers of AEtolia from whence the next morrow hee journeyed as farre as to Stratus where having encamped neere the river Achelous hee looked that the Aetolians would run out unto him by heaps at all their gates to yeeld themselves unto his protection but in stead thereof he found their gates shut and a garrison of Romanes received into the citie that very night when he came togither with the lieutenant C. Popilius For the chiefe of the citie who induced and enforced by the authoritie of Archidamus whiles he was present in place had sent for the K. became more slacke and negligent by occasion that Archidamus was gone forth to meet with him and therby gave advantage and opportunitie to the adverse faction to send for Popilius with a thousand footmen from Ambracia In verie fit time and to right good purpose came Dinarchus also a captaine of the AEtolian Cavallerie accompanied with sixe hundred foot and a hundred horse Knowne it was for certain that he marched toward Stratus as intending to band and take part with Perseus but changing his mind togither with the turning of fortune hee joyned with the Romans banded against him for whom he set out at the first Neither was Popilius among these wavering and inconstant spirits more secured than he should be and therfore incontinently gat the keies of the gates into his hands and possessed himselfe of the guard of the walls As for Dinarchus and the AEtolians togither with the youth and able men of Stratus he bestowed them all in the fortresse under a colour of guarding the same Perseus having assaied to parly with them from the hils which commaunded the higher part of the cittie finding them perverse and obstinate and seeing them readie to set him farther off with shot of their darts encamped five miles off from the cittie beyond the river Petitarus There hee called a councell in which Archidamus togither with the revolts and renegates of the Epirotes exhorted him there to sojourne and continue but the chiefrains of the Macedonians contrariwise were of advise that there was no striving with that troublesome and daungerous season of the yeere considering their provisions were not readie and the assailants were like sooner to feele the scarsitie and want thereof than the defendants in regard whereof and especially for that the enemies wintered not far from thence hee dislodged and remooved to Aperantia The Aperantians by reason of the great credit and reputation of Archidamus among them received him with a generall consent And the same Archidamus was made captaine there over a garison of eight hundred souldiors And so the king returned into Macedonie with lesse trouble both of his men and beasts than he came thither Howbeit the bruit blowne abroad that Perseus led his forces against Stratus caused Appius to levie his siege from before Phanotes And Clevas with a brave regiment of lustie men well appointed followed hard after him and at the foot of the hiles which were almost unpassable hee slew well-neere a thousand of them as they marched heavily armed and encombred and tooke prisoners about two hundred But after that Appius was passed those streights and come into the plaine called Eleon he lay encamped there some few dayes meane whiles Clevas accompanied with Philostratus the chiefe commaunder of the Epirotes passed over into the territorie of Antigonea The Macedonians went about to rob and spoile but Philostratus with his cohort sate him downe in await under a covere and hidden place for the purpose And when as those of Antigonea issued forth in armes and charged upon the forraiers as they raunged over the fields and dispearsed in straggling-wise pursuing them too eagerly in their flight they chaunced to engage themselves over farre within the valley where the enemies lay in ambush and there to the number of a thousand of them lost their lives and almost an hundred were taken prisoners And so the enemies having sped well in all their enterprises remooved their campe close to that of Appius to the end that the Romane armie might doe no violence and outrage upon their friends and allies Thus Appius spending the time in these parts to no purpose and doing no good after hee had discharged the companies of the Chaonians and as many of the Epirotes as were with him returned into Illyricum with his Italian souldiours and when hee had distributed them among the consederate cities of the Partynians there to winter returned himselfe to Rome by occasion of a certaine solemne sacrifice Perseus sent to Cassandrea for to lie in garrison there a thousand foot and two hundred horse whom hee had caused to come againe out of the countrey of the Penestines And they that returned from Gentius related still the same song from him yet never rested hee nor gave over to rempt and importune him sending embassadors after embassadors unto him knowing right well that in him rested great importance yet could not hee by any meanes possible bring the man to expend ought and to be at any charge in a matter every way of greatest consequence THE XLIIII BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the foure and fortith Booke QVintus Martius Philippus passing through wilds and woods entered into Macedonie and surprised many cities The Rhodians sent embassadors to Rome threatning to aid Perseus unlesse the people of Rome would conclude peace and contract amitie with him whereas was taken great scorne and disdaine Now when the charge of this wave
apparell Not long after were letters brought as concerning Misagenes the second sonne of Masanissa who after that Paulu had vanquished Perseus was sent home by the said Paulus into Africk with his Cavallerie but as he sailed was driven sicke as he was upon Brundusium with three ships onely for that the rest of the fleet was dispearsed in the Adriaticke sea Stertinius the treasurer was sent to him at Brundusium with the like gilts as were bestowed upon his brother at Rome and a charge to see to his lodging ********* By vertue of an act granted out of the Senate the Libertines t. the sonnes of freed men were enrolled into the foure tribes of the citie all save those who had a sonne above five yeeres old with expresse commaundement That when they were to be enrolled at the review next ensuing their goods also should be valued and they accordingly entred into the subsidie bookes namely That as many of them as possessed any manour or manours in the countrey esteemed better worth than thirtie thousand Sesterces should be enrolled and assessed This ordenance beeing thus observed Claudius denied flatly that the Censor had authoritie to to take from any particular person and much lesse from a whole state and degree of men the right and libertie of suffrages without the warrant and ordinance of the people for say that he have power to casse a man out of his tribe which is nothing else but to commaund him to change his tribe it followeth not then that he may dispossesse and displace him out of all the five and thirtie tribes which is as much as to strike him out of the number of citizens and deprive him quite of his freedom and bargeoisie and is not I say to limit and set down in what raunge he shall be enrolled but to exclude him full and wholly out of all enrolment This dispute and debate passed between them untill at last they grew to this point that of the foure citie tribes they should cast lots openly in the hall of cloister of Libertas for one tribe in which all they should be registred and comprised who had been villaines sometimes and were enfranchised Now this lot fell to the tribe Exquilunea Then Tib. Gracchus pronounced That ordained it was to enroll in it all the Libertins Great honour and reputation with the Senate gained the Censors by this act Sen. pronius likewise wan much thankes therefore because hee had persisted constantly in that good enterprise so well commensed and Claudius went not without his due thank for that he was no hinderance to this proceeding In this review and survey taken by the Censors more Senators were remooved and put out of the councell yea and more gentlemen commaunded to sell their horses of service than by other Censors in former time And all those by both of them joyntly were not only displaced out of their tribes made no better than Aerarij i. to loose their voice but also to pay all taxes whatsoever to the utmost And looke who was noted and disgraced by the one had no reliefe nor hope to recover his credit and place by the other Now when these Censors demaunded That according toa custome and order they might be allowed a yeers space and two moneths to looke into the repartions of the publick edifices that they were maintained wind-right and water-tight as also to see whether they who had undertaken to finish certaine workes at a price had performed their bargaine accordingly Cn. Tremelius a Tribune interposed himselfe and denied this demaund for anger that he was not chosen and taken into the Senat. The same yeere C. Cicertius dedicated a chappell in the Albane mount which he had vowed five yeers before Also that yeere was L. Posthumius Albinus enstalled a Flamine of Mars The Consuls Q. Aetus and M. Iunius propounded in the Senat as touching the government of their provinces and the LL. ordained That Spaine should be divided againe into two provinces which had been united in one during the Macedonian warre also that the same L. Paulus and L. Anictus should defend and keep in obedience as before Macedonie and Illyricum untill such time as they by the advise of certaine deputed commissioners had both composed all matters and affaires disordered and troubled by the warres and also reformed the estate of that realme by inducing it into a new forme The provinces assigned unto the Consuls were Pisae and Gaule and they had the commaund of two legions of footmen and four hundred horsemen apeece The Pretours had their lots for government as followeth The civill jurisdiction over citizens fell to Q. Casius and over strangers to M. Invencius Talva Tib. Claudius Nero was L. deputie of Sicilie Cn. Fulvius of the hither Spaine and C. Licinius Nerva of the father last of all A. Manlius Torquatus was appointed to the government of Sardinia but into his province he could not goe by occasion that hee was deteined at home by vertue of an act of the Senate to make inquisition into certaine fellonious and capitall crimes After this consultation there was in the Senat as touching the prodigies which were reported The chappell of the Penates protectors of the citie in Velia was smitten with thunder and lightning Also in the towne Minervium two gates and a good part of the wall felt the like harme At Anagnia it had rained earth and in Lanuvium there appeared in the skie a burning flame Moreover M. Valerius a citizen of Rome gave knowledge that in Calatia within the publicke territorie of that citie for the space of three dayes and two nights togither bloud gushed out in his chimney hearth where he kept fire and for this straunge sight above all the rest the Decemvirs were commaunded to have recourse unto the bookes of Sibylla who proclaimed a publicke supplication of the people for one day and sacrificed fiftie goats in the common market place of the citie Also in regard of the other prodigies a supplication was holden another day and men did their devotions at everie altar of the gods greater beasts were killed for sacrifices and the citie was solemnly cleansed and purged This done as touching the honor of the immortall gods the Senat ordained that for asmuch as the two kings Perseus and Gentius their enemies were overcome now at the devotion of the people of Rome together with Macedonie and Illyricum Q. Cassius and M. Inventius the Pretours should give order for as great oblations to be offered unto the gods at every shrine and altar as had been heretofore when App. Claudius and M. Sempronius were Consuls for the defeature of king Antiochus Then they ordained certaine delegates by whose advise L. Paulus and L. Anticius the two Generals might set all affaires in order namely ten into Macedonie and five into Illyricum For Macedonie were nominated A. Posthumius Luseus and C. Claudius who both had been Censours C. Licenius Crasius late companion to Paulus in the
like as to the magistrates of Rome chuse wither he would slay and offer them at Rome or Preneste Also that out of that fleet which rid in the harbour of Brundusium there should be twentie gallies assigned him to use until such time as the king were arrived at the fleet which was given him Finally that L. Cornelius Scipio should accompanie him never depart from him but bear the charges both of him his retinue about him untill they were embarked ashipbourd It is said that the king joied wonderously at this courtesie and kindnes offered him by the people of Rome that he would needs pay for those presents which were given him onely hee commaunded his son to take a gift at the hands of the people of Rome Thus much have our historians written as touching K. Prusias But Polybius reporteth that this K. was unwoorthie the majesty of so honorable a name for that he was wont to meet the embassadours of Rome with his head shaven and a cap upon it also to acknowledge cal himselfe the freed villaine and vassaile of the people of Rome and to testifie so much he ware the badge and token of that degree and condition At Rome likewise when he entred the Counsel-house hee stouped downe and kissed the very doore sill calling the Senatours gods his saviours yea and to have used other speeches not so honourable to the hearers as base and unsitting his own person When hee had sejourned in and about the cittie not above thirtie daies hee tooke his leave and departed into his owne Realme To the Reader FRom the five and fortith booke forward all the rest of Livie to the great maine blemish of the Latin tongue and no small griefe of learned men is lost even 100 bookes wanting five like as those ten betweene the tenth and one twentith books commonly called the second Decade For as it appeareth by L. Florus the Epitomist there were in all 140 and the arguments of so many remaine at this day by him collected But if it be true that Frauncis Petrarch saith Livie wrote in all 142 and as Charles Sigonius probably coniectureth the 36 and 37 Breviaries of L. Florus be wanting of this latter number How all these complete bookes of T. Livius should miscarrie it is not certenly knowne Some hope there is that they are but mis-cast and laid out of the way For like as within these hundred yeeres some fragments of the storie were discovered in Magunce and the last five bookes now extant found by Simon Grinaeus in the Librarie of a monasterie over-against the citie of Wormbs and dedicated by Erasmus of Roterdam unto Charles the son of William Lord Montjoy in the reigne of Henrie the eight of famous memorie K. of England c. so wee are not to despaire of the rest In the meane time we must make much of these briefe summaries left unto us Even as therefore I have inserted those ten Breviaries in stead of the bookes so I thought it not amisse in hope that one day the verie bookes themselves will come to light to proceed in the rest following and the rather for that neither bee that translated Livie into the Tuscane language nor they who have done him into French as farre as I could ever see have taken that paines THE BREVIARIES OF L. FLORVS VPON THE REST OF T. LIVIVS HIS BOOKES WHICH ARE NOT EXTANT Of the six and fortith Booke EVmenes came towards Rome Now because in the Macedonian warre he had carried himselfe indifferent betweene Perseus and the Romanes there passed a law in generall tearmes That no King might repaire to Rome to the end that if he were excluded he should not be reputed an enemie nor if he were admitted acquit and cleered of all fault Cl. Marcellus the Consull subdued the Gaules inhabiting the Alpes and C. Sulpitius Gallus the Ligurians The Embassadours of K. Prusias complained of Eumenes for that hee invaded and wasted their borders and they enformed besides that hee had conspired with Antiochus against the people of Rome At the earnest suit and entreasie of the Rhodians a league was contracted with them The Censors tooke a review and survey of the city wherein were enrolled and sessed 327022 citizens of Rome M. Aemylius Lepidus was elected president of the Senat. Ptolomaeus the king of the Aegyptians was by his younger brother expelled out of his realme but by the meanes of Embassadours sent from Rome he was restored to his kingdome Vpon the death of Ariarathes king of Cappâ—docia his sonne Ariarathes came to the crowne and by entercourse and mediation of Embassadours renewed amittie with the people of Rome This booke containeth besides the warres against the Ligurians Corsians and Lusitanians fought with variable fortune the troubles also in Syria after the death of Antiochus who left behind him Antiochus his sonne a very child This young prince togither with his guardian Lysias Demetrius the sonne of Selencus who had been sent in hostage to Rome murdered privily because he was not set at large and dismissed by the Romanes and so himselfe entred upon the kingdome L. Aemylius Paulus who had conquered Perseus departed this life whose incorruptions and abstinence from the publicke treasure was such that notwithstanding he had brought both out of Spaine and Macedonie so great store of wealth and riches yet when his goods were prized and sold there would be hardly raised thereof sufficient to repay his wife her dowrie The Pomptine marishes were drawen drie by Cor. Cethegus the Consull unto whom that charge was by lot fallen and the same turned into firme ground Of the XLVII booke CNeus Tremellius a Tribune of the Commons had a fine set on his head for that he had contended in a wrongfull cause with M. Aemylius Lepidus the soveraigne Pontifie The power and authoritie of the cleargie magistrates was greater and mightier than before A law was enacted as touching inordinate suit for offices In the survey of the citie there were taxed in the subsidie booke 328314 Romane citizens L. Aemylius Lepidus was chosen againe president of the Senat. Betweene the two breethren Ptolomees who were at variance there passed this accord and agreement That the one should reigne in Aegypt and the other in Cyrenae Ariarathus king of Cappadocia by the politick plot forcible power of Demetrius king of Syria dispossessed of his kingdome was by the Senat set into it againe Certein embassadors were sent as delegates from the Senat to determinie of the litigigius ground betweene Masanissa and the Carthaginians C. Martius the Consull fought against the Dalmatians at the first unfortunatly but afterwards atchieved the victorie The occasion of the waâ— with them was this for that they had made wast upon the Illyrians who were allies of the people of Rome The same nation Cornelius Nasica the Consull brought in subiection Q. Opimius the Consull subdued the Ligurians beyond the Alpes who had spoiled Antipolis and Nicaes
there was in opinion between M. Portius Cato whom they reputed for the wisest and Scipio Nasica who by the Senat was iudged the best honestest man in the city Cato was altogether for the wars advised to destroy Carthage quite Nasica contrariwise dissuaded what he could Neverthelesse in the end ordained it was Thâ—t because against covenant accord they kept a navie at sea had led foorth an armie out of their borders also for that they entred into armes and levied war upon Masanissa a friend and confederat to the people of Rome and received not into their town Gulussa his sonne who was in the companie of the Romane embassadours warre should be proclaimed against them But before that any forces were embarked and had taken the sea the embassadours of Vtica repaired to Rome yeelding themselves and all that they bad That embassage as a speciall presage to the issue and event of the war was acceptable and pleasing to the lords of the Senate but heavie and greevous to the Carthaginians In Terentum a place it was in Campus Martius whereupon the pastimes Terentini tooke their name were plates exhibited to Father Dis the infernall god according to the direction of the bookes of Sibylla These had been set out one hundred yeeres before in the first Punicke war and in the five hundreth yeere and one after the citie was founded Thirtie embassadors came to Rome by whome the Carthaginians presented their submission But the sentence of Cato imported and prevailed to hold still their former determination and that the Consuls with all speed should set forward in their iourney to the warre Who having passed the seas and arrived in Affricke received of them three hundred hostages whome they had required and demaunded and also tooke into their hands all their armors and weapons and what furniture of warre soever they found at Carthage They proceeded moreover after all this to commaund them by warrant and authoritie form the LL. of the Senate to build them a new towne for to inhabite in some other place so that it were tenne miles at least remote from the sea by which indignititie offered they provoked the Carthaginians to rise and take armes againe L. Martius and M. Manilius the Consuls began to besiege and assault Carthage during which siege and assault it fortuned that two Colonels unadvisedly adventured to breake into the citie with their cohorts at one part therof where the wals were neglected when by the townsmen they were sore beaten and killed by the meanes of Scipio Affricanus they were rescued by whome also a certeine scone and fort of the Romanes which the enemies by night assailed with the helpe of a few horsemen was delivered Moreover hee saved the campe against which the Carthaginians sallied forth of their citie to give the assault at once upon it with all their forces by which service hee above the rest woon great honor Over besides when as the Consull for the other was gone to Rome to hold the election of Magistrates seeing the siege and assault of Carthage tooke no better effect minded to lead the armie against Asdruball who with another power of men kept the narrow streights of a certaine passage he counselled the said Cos. first not to give battell in a place of such disadvantage but afterwards overweighed and borne downe by the opinions of the greater number who envied as well his wisedome as vertue hee also entered into the same streights And when the Roman armie according as he foretold was discomfited and put to flight and two cohorts beset round and invested by the enemies hee with certeine small cornets of horse returned into those streight reskued them and brought them away in safetie Which valour of his even Cato a man otherwise more readie of his tongue to find faults so recommended in the Senate that in these terms he gave out and said That all there rest whowere emploied in the warres of Affricke served as shaddowes and dead men but Cato had true vigour and spirit indeed The people of Rome besides cast such a savour and good liking to him that at the next election most of the tribes pricked him for to bee Consull notwithstanding he was by law under age When L. Scribonius a Tribune of the Commons had promulged a law That all the Portugals who according to covenant and composition yeelded to the people of Rome and yet by Sergius Galba were sold in Fraunce should be restored to their freedome M. Cato most earnestly pleaded in the behalfe of that law and maintained it His Oration is extant to be seene included within his Annales Q. Fulvius Nobilior albeit he was by him shaken up and well checked in the Senate answered in the behalfe of Galba Yea and Galba also seeing himselfe at the point to bee condemned tooke in his armes and embraced his owne two sonnes being Praetextati and a sonne of Caius Sulpitius whose Guardian hee was and made such pitteous and rusull mone all the while hee spake in his owne cause that the foresaid law was revoked and cancelled Three Orations of his there are to bee seene two against Libo a Tribune of the Commons and his proposed lawes as touching the Portugales and one against Lucius Cornelius Cethegus in which hee confesseth and avoweth the killing of the Portugales encamped neere unto him for that hee knew certeinly that they after their manner had sacrificed an horse and a man and under a colour of peace entended to set upon and charge his armie Andriscus one of base birth and the most abiect lowest condition who made the world beleeve that hee was king Perseus his son and thereupon chaunged his name and was called Philip having made an escape and fled secretly from Rome whither Demetrius king of Syria had sent him in regard of this his notorious lie had many men come flocking unto him embracing a forged counterfeit fable of his as if it had bene a true same and report by which means hee gathered an armie together and either with the good will of the inhabitants or by force of armes seized all Macedonie and held it in his hands Now had he devised framed the pageant in this wise That Perseus the king had begotten him forsooth of a concubine that he was committed to one Cyrthesa to bee fostered and brought up to the end that if ought should fall out but well unto the K. in that war which he waged with the Romanes there might be yet some seed as it were and yssue remaining of the kings bloud and royall race When Perseus was deceased he had his education at Adramittium until he was 12 yeres old supposing him to be his naturall father who fostered kept him wist not at all from what stocke he was descended Now it sell out saith he that the said foster father of mine lay very sicke beeing at the point of death bewraied at length my birth parentage Moreover
himself most abstinent and uncorrupt for of all that wealth those goods and ornaments wherewith Corinth was mightily enriched there came not one parcell into his house Quintus Caecilius Metellus triumphed for the conquest of Andriscus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Affricanus Aemylianus likewise over Carthage and Asdruball Viriatus in Spaine first of an heardman became an hunter and of a hunter prooved to bee a very theefe and robber and within a while after was chosen Generall of a complete and maine armie and seized to his owne use all Portugall He took prisoner M. Vitilius the Pretor when he had first discomfited his hoast in the field After whom C. Plautius the Pretour sped no better in fight This enemie so terrified the Romanes that to make head against him they found it necessarie to employ a full consular armie and a Consull commander Moreover in this booke be recorded the troubles of Syria and the warres between the kings Alexander an obscure person and base borne having staine as is beforesaid Demetrius the king reigned in Syria Him Demetrius the son of Demetrius slew by the help of Ptolomaeus king of Aegypt whose daughter Cleopatra he had espoused and married This Demetrius in times past had bene sent out of the way into Gnidos by his father fearing the doubtfull chaunces of the war and he entred upon this action by occasion of the contemptible sloth and cowardise of the said Alexander Ptolomeus was grievously wounded in the head and in the cure whiles the Chirurgians went about to trypanize the bones of his skull died under their hand And in his stead Ptolomeus his younger brother who reigned in Cyrenae succeeded and tooke upon him the crowne Demetrius for his crueltie which he exercised upon his people by racking and other torments was vanquished in battaile by Diodorus one of his owne subjects who made claime to the kingdome in the right and title of Alexanders sonne a young child hardly two yeeres old whereupon he fled to Seleucia Lucius Mummius triumphed over the Achaeans in which solemnitie he carried in pompeous shew sundrie images as well of brasse as marble besides pictures and peinted tables Of the LIII booke APpius Claudius the Consull subdued the Salassians a nation inhabiting the Alpes A second Mock-Philip there was in Macedonie who by L. Tremellius the treasurer was with his army defeated and slaine Q. Cecilius Metellus the Pro-consul gave the Celtiberians an overthrow The most part of Portugal was regained by Q. Fabius the Pro consull and many cities therof by assault forced C. Iulius a Senator by calling wrate the Romane historie in the Greeke tongue Of the L IIII. booke QVintus Pompeius the Consull subdued the Termeslines in Spaine with whome verily as also with the Numantines by occasion of his infirmitie and sicklinesse he concluded peace Are-view and numbring of the citizens was taken by the Censors wherein were enrolled foure hundred twentie eight thousand three hundred fortie two polls At what time as the Macedonian embassadours came to complaine of D. Iunius Syllanus the lord deputie over them for that hee tooke their money and neverthelesse made an havocke of the province and thereupon the Senate was willing to have the hearing of their complaints T Manlius Torquatus the father of Syllanus exhibited a request and obtained that the inquirie and decision of such a matter as this might bee referred over and committed unto him And after he had sitten upon this commission at home in his own house and found his sonne guiltie he both condemned him and put him away nay when afterwards as hee had hanged himselfe for that was his end he would not be so much as present at his funerall but according to his ordinarie manner and custome sat in his house attending all clients and commers to him for counsell Q. Fabius the Proconsull after he had managed the warres in Spain right prosperously marred all with this foule blot and spot of dishonour in that he contracted a peace with Viriatus upon even and equal conditions This Viriatus by a practise complotted by Servilius Caepio was trecherously murdered by traitors and of his own armie was much bewailed At his death he was rung out of this world with a notable peale of farewell and right honorably enterred an excellent man and most brave captaine for the space of thirteene yeeres during which time he warred with the Romanes and ever for the most part went away with the winning hand Of the LV. booke VVHiles P. Cornelius Nasica who by way of mockerie was surnamed Serapio by scoffing Curatius a Tribune of the Commons D. Iunius Brutus the Consul took the musters there happened in the very sight of the new and raw souldior an occurrent of great consequence for example sake exceeding profitable For C. Matienus was iudicially accused before the Tribunes of the Commons for that he had abandoned and forsaken his owne armie in Spaine whereupon he being convict was condemned and scourged a long while with rods carrying a forke or crosse upon his shoulders and in the end sold as a slave for a small peece of silver of three halfepence farthing cue The Tribunes of the Commons because they might be allowed to exempt from militarie service tenne souldiors apeece whom it pleased them to chuse commaunded the Consuls to prison Iun. Brutus the Consul whiles he was in Spaine endued those soldiors who had served under Viriatus with land and living and gave them a towne to inhabit called Valentia M. Popilius together with his armie was soiled and put to the rout by the Numantines with whom the peace that was concluded the Senate had passed an act that it should not stand in force The occasion was this As C. Mancinus the Consull was devoutly sacrificing the sacred chickens chaunced to flie away out of their cage or coupe Afterwards as he was about to take sea and goe a shipboord for to passe over into Spain there happened a voice to be heard saying Stay Stay Mancinus These proved in the effect to be unfortunate and heavie presages unto Mancinus for he received an overthrow at the Numantines hands and was turned cleane out of his camp And seeing no-hope els to save his armie he entred into a dishonorable peace with them but the Senat expresly revoked and annulled the same 30000 Romans were defeited by 4000 Numantines no more D. Iunius made a generall conquest of all Portugall even as far as to the Ocean by forcing and sacking their citties and strong townes and when his soldiors were loth to passe over the river Oblivio hee caught up a banner from the port-ensigne and carried it over with him and by this means persuaded them to go through Alexanders son king of Syria a child not above ten yeers old at the most was trecherously murdered by Diodorus his guardian or protector surnamed Tryphon There were physicians by corruption bribed suborned to give it out and beare
the people in hand most falsly that the young prince pined away with the paine of the stone in the bladder and whiles they would seeme to cut him for it they killed him out of hand in the very section Of the LVI booke DEcius Iunius Brutus had good fortune in the farther province of Spaine fighting with the Gallicians But M. Aemylius Lepidus pro-consull sped far otherwise in his wars against the Vaccci and suffered the like overthrow to that other received from the Numantines When Mancinus the autheur and maker of the accord 〈…〉 when he was unwilling to accept thereof by reason of a law forbidding expressely that any 〈…〉 hee created Cos. the second time hee had a dispensation and was freed from the law in that 〈…〉 as from the other in his former Consullship There was an insurrection of bondslaves arose 〈…〉 when it could not be suppressed by the Pretours and lord governours C. Fulvius had the charge of that province and service This war began by occasion of one Etinus a bondslave and a Syrian borne who having assembled together a power of rusticall peasants and countrie slaves broken prisons sons and horses of correction came to have a full and complete armie Moreover Cleon also another notable slave raised to the number of 70000 villaines like himselfe and they both ioining their forces together waged war many times against the people of Rome and their armie in those parts Of the LVII booke SCâ—pio Africanus laid sâ—gâ— to Numantia and whereas the armie was grown to be corrupted through 〈◊〉 and loose lâ—sâ— hee reclaimed the same and reduced it unto a most streight and severe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—ed 〈◊〉 For he cut off all the meanes and occasions of delight some pleasures hee sent pasâ—â—ing away two thousand whores and truls that followed the campe hee held the souldiours hard to 〈◊〉 everyday hee forced each one to carrie on his shoulders corne for thirtie daies and seven good slaves besides for a pallaâ—sadâ— if he spied one of them to go heavily under his lode he would say thus unto him Sâ—â—â—ha when you have the skill to empale your selfe with your swords point then cease to carrie pâ—â—â— but not before When hee saw another practise to weeld very nimbly a little light buckler hee commaunded him to beare a targuet of a bigger size and weightier than ordinarie as finding fault that he 〈◊〉 better how to hold his shield for defence of his owne bodie than to handle his sword for offence of the enemie Met he with a soldior out of his ranke and file if he were a Roman up he went and was well â—â—dged swaddled with vâ—ne-wands by the centurions if a stranger swinged tierked he was with birthjen rods by the Lictors And verily all the pack horses and other labouring beasts he caused to be sold because they should not ease the soldiors of their cariage Well many a time he bare himselfe worthily in fight and had a fortunat hand against the enemies that sallied forth against him The Vacceans were strenghtly besieged and after they had killed their wives and children they slew their owne selves upon them Scipio at what time as Antiochus king of Syria had sent unto him most rich and stately presents whereas other Generals of the field were wont to conceale the gifts of KK he avowed the accepting of them in open sight of all men even at the very Tribunall seat And when he had so done he commaunded the trâ—â—sâ—â—er to receive all and enter in his booke of receits for the state promising out of that stock to reward the hardiest men most valiant knights When he had blocked and invested Numentia on every side and saw the enemies driven to great distresse for hunger hee for bad expressely to kill any of tâ—â—m that went forth of the towne to forage and purvey victuals saving That the more they were in number the sooner they would consume and spend up the corne which they had Of the LVIII booke ITherius Sempronius Graâ—chus a Tribune of the Commons when hee promulged an Agrariâ—n law that no man should hold and occupie above five hundred arpens or acres of the citie lands seeing the Senat and order of gentlemen to storme against it grew into such an heat of cholâ—r and furious rage that presently by an act made hee deprived of Tribunitian power 〈◊〉 his Collâ—gue for maintaining the cause of the adverse part and withall created himselfe his brother C. Graechus and App. Claudius his owne wives father Triumvirs or commissaries for dividing of the said lands He proposed also and published another Agrarian law by vertue whereof if any man encroched farther and went above that stint proportion the same Triumvirs and none but they should set down and determine how far forth the common grounds the privat lands should râ—â—ch Afterwards when there sell out to be lesse ground than could be devided he protested that without the offence of the common people because erewhile he had stirred up their appetite to hope for great matters he would preferre a law That amongst all them who by vertue of the law Sempronia ought to receive lands the mony which belonged sometime to King Attalus should be devided Now this Attalus the king of Pergamus and son of Eumenes had left behind him the people of Rome his fall beire of all that he had The Senat upon these so many indignities offered by Gracehus was highly displeased and Pub. Mucius the Consull above the rest who after hee had enveighed in the Senate against him was by him haled forth before the people and accused unto the Commons howbeit hee declaimed against him once againe openly from the Rostra When Gracchus would have been chosen Tribune of the Commons a second time by the advise and procurement of P. Cornelius Nasica the cheefe peeres and nobles slew him in the Capitoll He caught his first knocke with the broken peeces of the Tribunes puâ—s And he among others slaine in that seditious garboile was never committed to the earth but throwne into the river Moreover this booke containeth the battels in Sicilie fought against the fugitive slaves with variable fortune and event Of the LIX booke THe Numantines forced by great extremities and of famine especially murdered themselves in course by turnes After the citie was woon Scipio Affricanus rased and destroied it utterly over it triumphed in the foureteenth yeere after the ruine of Carthage P. Attilius the Consull dispatched and ended the warre in Sicilie with the foresaid fugitives Arislonicus the sonne of king Eumenes invaded Asia and held it to his owne use whereas by the last will and testament of king Attalus it was bequeathed as a legacie unto the people of Rome and ought to have ben freed Against him P. Lâ—tinius Crassus the Consul Archbishop besides a thing never done or seene before took a iourney with an armie out of Italie and in a baâ—tel was
their forces together In which they say one hundred and fortie thousand men were slaine and 60000 taken prisoners Marius was honourably received at his returne with a generall accord of the whole cittie and whereas two triumphes were offered unto him hee was content with one The principall peeres and nobles of the cittie who a long time before had envied him as a man newly start up risen and advaunced to so great honours confessed now that the common weale by him was preserved Publicius Metellus for murdering his owne mother was the first man sowed up in a leather bag and so throwne into the sea Here is recorded how the sacred shields Ancilia stirred of themselves with a great rusling noise before the Cimbrians warre was finished Finally this booke comprehendeth the warres betweene the two kings of Syria Of the LXIX booke CNeus Apuleius Saturninus by the helpe of C. Marius and by occasion that A. Nonius his competitour and concurrent was by his souldiours slaine was by forcible meanes created Tribune of the commons and bare the Tribuneship as violently as he gat it And when he had proposed an Agrarie law and passed it by force he arrested Metellus Numidicus to aunswere at a day for that he had not subscribed sworne to the said law who being manteined and defended by the cittizens of the better sort because he would give none occasion of unseemly debates and evill contentions went in voluntarie exile to Rhodes and there he emploied his time in reading of bookes and giving audience to great and famous men After he was departed C. Marius the chieftaine and authour of that sedition who now had purchased a sixth Consullship by a largesse of money skambled amongst the tribes proclaimed him as excommunicate and enterdicted from fire and water like an outlaw The same Apuleius Saturninus Tribune of the commons slew C. Memmius in his white gowne standing to be Consul for that he feared him above all others to crosse his proceedings wherupon the Senat was exceedingly moved in the cause and behalf of C. Memmius and when C. Marius a man by nature mutable in his counsaile variable one who ever loved to be on the better side of the hedge and to band with the mightier was not able to beare him out and protect him the said Saturninus together with Glaucia the Pretour other his complices in that outrage was slain by one Rabirius Q. Caecilius Metellus was recalled out of banishment with exceeding great love and favour of the whole citie Manius Aquilius the Proconsull dispatched and ended the slaves-warre raised in Sicilie Of the LXX booke VVHen Manius Aquilius should plead his owne defence or aunswere in case of extortion hee would not himselfe intreat and crave the favour of the Iurie But M. Antonius his advocate who pleaded for him at the bar sitt his coat downe along his brest to shew the honourable skarres received in the forepart of his bodie which being by the Iudges seen they made no doubt but acquit him Of this thing Cicero is the onely authour Didius the Pro-consull mannaged his wars against the Celâ—berians happily Ptolomaeus K. of Cyrenae surnamed Apion when he died lest the people of Rome his heire the Senat ordained that the cities of his realme should be free Ariobarzanes was restored to his kingdome of Cappadocia by L. Cornelius Sylla The Parthian embassadours sent from their K. Arsaces came unto Sylla to treat and sue for amitie with the people of Rome P. Rutilius a man of uncorrupt and innocent life who beeing lieutenant under L. Mucius the Pro-consull had defended Asia from the wrongful dealings of the Publicans or common farmers being odious to the order of knighthood or gentlemen of Rome who now as iudges had the iurisdiction in their hands was condemned for extortion and banished C. Geminus the Pretor fought untowardly against the Thracians The Senate would no longer abide the unrulines and wilfull abuses committed by the gentlemen in excercising of their iurisdiction and therefore began by all meanes possible to endevour for to reduce and translate that prerogative again to themselves in which enterprise M. Livius Drusus a Tribune of the commons stood in their behalfe who to gain more strength to the cause raised the commons by proposing unto them a pernicious hope of a largesse Moreover in this booke are comprised the sturres and troubles of the kings in Syria Of the LXXI booke MArcus Livius Drusus a Tribune of the commons for the better maintenance of the Senates cause which he had undertaken solicited the allies and the nations of Italie upon hope to bee enfranchised citizens of Rome by whose assistance having gone through by strong hand with the Agrarian and Frumentarian lawes hee obtained also the foresaid law Iudicialis in this manner That all iudgements should passe indifferently and equally by Senate and gentlemen After this when the freedome of Rome promised to the allies could not bee compassed and performed the Italians in a chase and heat of choler began to complot how to revolt whose conventicles conspiracies and orations delivered in the assemblies and diets of their princes are in this booke reported In regard whereof Livius Drusus became hatefull even to the Senate as the author of a sociall warre and in his owne house was murdered but by whom God knoweth Of the LXXII booke THe Italian states revolt namely the Picents Vestines Marsians Pelignians Marrucines Lucanes and Samnites The Picents first entred into armes and began the warre Quintus Servilius the Pro-consull was slaine in Asculum together with all the Romane citizens which were in that towne whereupon the whole people of Rome put on armes and souldiours coats Servus Galba being surprised by the Lucanes escaped captivitie by the meanes of one woman in whose house he toke up his lodging Esernia and Alba two colonies were by the Italians besieged After this heere are reported the aids of the Latines and other forreine nations sent unto the people of Rome moreover the expeditions and alternative winning of citties as well by the one side as the other Of the LXXIII booke LVcius Caesar the Consull in a battaile against the Samnites went downe and had the worse Nola the colonie fel into the hands of the Samnites together with L. Posthumius the Pretour who there was slain Many more nations revolted to the enemies for that P. Rutilius the Consul had fought with losse against the Marsians and lost his life in the battaile C. Marius his lieutenant had a better conflict with the enemies in the end and upshot Servius Sulpitius vanquished the Pelignians Q. Caepio another lieutenant of Rutilius who having bin by the enemies besieged had sallied forth upon the enemies gotten the upper hand for this good successe he was made equall in government commaund with C. Marius But heereupon he grew to bee too rash and being over-taken by an ambush of the enemies was slaine and the armie defeated L. Caesar the Consull
same fire was burnt and consumed to ashes Now whereas these civill warres might have bene suppressed in the beginning such was the fraudulent dealing of Cn. Pompeius who seeming to mainteine both partes gave strength to Cinna and set not to his helping hand before that the Nobles side went down such also was the faintnes and coldnes of the Consull that Cinna and Marius tooke heart and grew strong and so with foure armies whereof two were committed to the conduct of Q. Sertorius and C. Carbo they invested the cittie of Rome Marius wan by force the colonie Oslia and most cruelly ransacked it Of the LXXX booke THe Italian nations were by the Senat enfranchised and obteined the freedome of Rome The Samnites who onely continued in armes banded againe with Cinna and Marius By them was Plancius slaine and his armie defeated Cinna and Marius together with Carbo and Sertorius were possessed of Ianiculum and being discomfited and repelled by Octavius the Consull retired and departed Marius spoiled and laid desolate Antium Aricia Lavinium three colonies When as now the nebilitie and LL. of the Senate had no hope at all left to withstand the contrary faction by reason of the cowardise and treacherie as well of souldiours as leaders who upon corruption either would not fight at all or else went over to the adverse part Cinna and Marius were received into Rome who as if it had beene an enemie-cittie forced by assault made havocke of all with saccage and massacres In this garboile Cn. Octavius the Consull lost his life and all the nobilitie of the other side were murdered and among the rest M. Antonius a most eloquent oratour and C. Caesar whose heads were set upon the pulpit Rostra Yong Crassus the sonne was by the horsemen of Fimbria killed and Crassus the father because he would not endure any indignitie unworthie his vertue fell upon his owne sword Without any assembly or election at all L. Cinna and C. Marius declared themselves Consuls for the next yeere and the same day whereon they entered into their magistracie Marius caused Sex Licinius a Senatour to bee throwne downe the rocke Tarpcia and after many wicked and heinous outrages committed upon the Ides of Ianurie he departed out of this world a man whose vices if they were weighted together with his vertues hardly could it be determined whether he were in warre a better souldiour or in peace a more daungerous citizen For the common weale which hee in his armour saved the same in his long ' gowne hee overthrew first with all manner of cousenage and deceit and last by plaine hostilitie and force of armes Of the LXXXI booke LVcius Sylla streightly beleaguered Athens which Archelaus a governour under king Mithridates held with a garrison and after much toile and labour wan it To the cittie hee graunted their libertie again and restored unto the citizens all that was their own Magnesia the onely cittie in Asia that remained true and loâ—al was most valiantly defended against Mithridates Over and besides heere ye shall read the exploits performed by the Thracians in Macedonie Of the LXXXII booke SYlla vanquished in battaile the power of king Mithridates which having kept Macedonie in obedience was now come into Thracia He slew one hundred thousand enemies and was maister of the campe Afterwards when the war was renued hee discomfiâ—ed and defeated quite the kings whole armie Archelaus together with the kings fleet yeelded to Sylla L. Valerius Flaccus the Consull companion in government with Cinna being sent to succeed Sylla was for his covetousnesse so odious unto his armie that he was slaine by C. Fimbria his owne lieutenant a most audacius and desperate person and so the conduct and command of the armie was translated to Fimbria Moreover here is recorded what citties in Asia Mithridates wan how cruelly hee spotled and vexed the province and how the Thracians made rodes and invasions into Macedonie Of the LXXXIII booke CAius Fimbria after hee had discomfited certaine forces of Mithridates wan the cittie Pergamus besieged the king there missed but a little of taking him prisoner The cittie Ilion which stood out reserved it selfe to the behouse devotion of Sylla he forced and destroied and the greater part of Asia he recovered Sylla in many battailes defeited the Thracians When L. Cinna and C. Papyrius Carbo who for two yeeres together were Consuls of their own making prepared war against Sylla by the meanes of L. Valerius Flaccus the President of the Senate who made an oration in the Counsell-house and those who loved concord and sought for amitie affected it was in the end that embassadours should be sent unto Sylla to treat about a peace Cinna was murdered by his owne souldiours whom hee forced against their wils to be embarked and to take a voiage against Sylla by which occasion Carbo alone bare the Consulship Sylla beeing passed over into Asia made peace with Mithridates upon this capitulation That the king should quit these provinces namely Asia Bithynia and Cappadocia Fimbria being forsaken of his owne armie which revolted unto Sylla gave himselfe a fore wound and yeelding his neck unto his own bondslave obtained this favour at his hands as to dispatch him outright Of the LXXXIIII booke Sylla returned this answere unto the embassadours sent unto him from the Senate That he would bee ordered by them in case those citizens who upon the hard usage of Cinna fled unto him might be restored The Senate thought this a reasonable condition a iust demand but by means of Carbo and that faction who made reckoning that warre would bee more commodious unto them there ensued no agreement and accord The same Carbo when he was minded to exact hostages of all the townes and colonies of Italie thereby to bind them upon their alleagance against Sylla was by a generall consent of the Senate crossed and inhibited The new enfranchised citizens by vertue of an act by the Senate granted were allowed the priviledges of their suffrages and voices Q. Metellus Pius who had sided with the nobilitie whiles he levied warre in Affricke was by C. Fabius the Pretour discomfited and by the faction of Carbo and those that followed the part of Marius an Act of Senat passed That all armies and forces wheresoever should be cassed and discharged The Libertines were distribâ—ted indifferently throughout the five and thirtie tribes Besides all this heere is specified the preparatâ—on of warre which was raised against Sylla Of the LXXXV booke SYlla crossed the seas with an armie over into Italie and when those embassadours which hee sent to treat for peace were by the Consull C. Norbanus evill intreated he overcame the said Norbanus in a battaile And when he was about to assaile the campe of L. Scipio the other Consull with whom hee had travailed and assaied all meanes to conclude peace and could not compasse it the whole armie of the Consull in generall beeing sollicited by souldiours whome Sylla
at length upon surrender got it Maylene also the onely cittie in Asia which after that Mithridates was subdued mainteined war was fired and rased downe to the ground Of the XC booke SYlla departed this life and this honour was done unto him by the Senate that he was enterred in Mars field M. Lepidus going about to cancile and abolish the acts of Sylla raised new warre and by Q. Catulus his companion in government was driven out of Italie and when he prepared to wage warre but to no effect in Sardinia there he perished and came to his death M. Brutus who held Lumbardie was by Cn. Pompeius slaine Q. Sertorius another proscript outlaw levied a great war in the netherlands of Spaine Lucius Manlius the Pro-consul and M. Domitius a lieutenant were in fight overcome by Herculeius the treasurer Moreover this booke conteineth the acts performed by P. Servilius the Pro-consull against the Cilicians Of the XCI booke CNeus Pompeius being as yet but a gentleman of Rome was sent with full commission of Consular commaund against Sertorius Certain cities had Sertorius woon by assault brought under many States to be at his devotion Ap. Claudius the Proconsull overcame the Thracians in divers and sundry battels Q. Metellus the Proconsull defeated and slew L. Hirculeius the treasurer of Sertorius with all his armie Of the XCII booke CNeus Pompeius hither to fought with Sertorius in doubtfull event so as of both parts one of the wings and points of the battell had the better hand Q. Sertorius overthrew in fight Metellus Perpenna with their two armies Pompeius desirous to carie away his part in that victorie entred into the field but made no saving game of it Afterwards Sertorius was besieged within Caligurium but by daily and continuall sallies forth gave the enemies that lay in siege within as good as they brought Over and besides herein are contained the deeds atchieved by Curio the Pro-consull in Thrace against those Dardanians together with sundry cruel and bloudie parts plaied by Q. Sertorius even with those of his owne side For many of his owne friends and such as were with him outlawed upon imputations of treason pretended against them he put to death Of the XCIII booke PVblius Servilius the Proconsull in Cilicia subdued the Isaurians and wan certaine townes of the pirates Nicomedes king of Bithynia at his death made the people of Rome his full heire his kingdome was reduced into the forme of a province Mithridates contracted a league with Sertorius and waged warre against the people of Rome Herein is shewed the great preparation of warre that the king made as well by land as sea and how he seized upon Bithynia M. Aurelius Cotta the Consul was in battell vanquished by the king at Chalcedon Moreover this book containeth the exploits of Pompeius and Metellus against Sertorius who in all warlike feats and martiall prowesse was equall unto them whom also he raised from the siege before the towne Calagurium and compelled to goe into divers countries Pompeius into the farther province of Spaine and Pompeius into Gallia Of the XCIIII booke LVcius Lucullus the Consull fought against Mithridates and in horse-service had the better hand of him Certaine rodes he made with good successe and when his souldiors called hard upon him for battell he staied them from mutinie Deiotarus a tetrarch of Gallogrecia defeated the captaines of king Mithridates who levied warre in Phrygia Moreover this book containeth the fortunat atchievements of Pompeius against Sertorius in Spaine Of the XCV booke CAius Curio the Pro-consull vanquished and subdued the Dardanians in Thrace Threescore and foureteene sword-plaiers of Capua fled out of the fenseschoole of Lentulus at Capua who having gathered together a number of slaves and hired hines raised warre under the leading of Chrysus Spartacus and vanquished in plaine field Cl. Pulcher a lieutenant and P. Varinius the Pretour L. Lucullus the Proconsull with the famine and the sword together tamed and subdued the hoast of Mithridates at the citie Cizicus and when they had chased him out of Bithynia after many overthrowes in warre and misfortunes of shipwracke at sea wherewith his heart was quailed he compelled him to flie into Pontus Of the XCVI booke OVintus Arrius the Pretour defeated and slew Chrysus the captaine of the fugitives and with him twentie thousand men Caius Lentulus the Consull received a foile and overthrow at the hands of Spartacus Hee also overcame in fight Lu. Gellius the Consull and Quintus Arrius Sertorius was at a banket slaine by Manius Antonius and M. Perpenna with other conspirators in the eight yeer of his dukedome A captain and brave warrior he was He fought with Pompeius and Metellus two famous Generals and commaunders Many a time he saved his owne but more oftener hee went away winner howbeit in the end he was abandoned and betraied The soveraigne commaund of that side was made over to Marcus Perpenna whom Cn. Pompeius vanquished tooke prisoner and slew so about the tenth yeere after the warre began he recovered Spaine C. Cassius the Proconsull and Cneus Manlius the Pretor were foiled by Spartacus in the field and that war was committed over to the managing and conduct of M. Crassus the Pretour Of the XCVII booke Marcus Crassus the Pretour first fought with a power of the fugitives aforesaid consisting of Frenchmen and Germanes and woon the better for he slew 35000 enemies and their cheefetain Granicus After that he warred against Spartacus killed him also and 40000 with him Manius Antonius the Pretour maintained war unfortunately against the Cretensians and by his death it tooke an end M. Lucullus the Proconsull brought the Thracians under subiection L. Lucullus had the upper hand in a battell of Mithridates in Pontus and slew above sixtie thousand enemies M. Crassus and Cn. Pompeius were created Coss. and as Crassus immediately by out of his Pretorship stepped to that dignitie so Pompey was of a gentleman of Rome and no better advanced thereunto even before he had borne the office of Treasurer They restored againe the Tribunes power and authoritie By the meanes of Aurelius Cotta the preheminence of iudges also was translated unto the gentlemen of Rome Mithridates seeing his owne estate lying in despaire fled unto Tigrantes king of Armenia for succour Of the XCVIII booke MAchares the son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus was by L. Lucullus received into amitie Cn. Lentulus and L. Gellius the Censors administred their office with great severitie and rigor and deposed three score from Senators dignitie they also held a review and purged the citie Enrolled there were 450000 citizens of Rome L. Metellus lord Pretor in Sicilie fought fortunatly against the pyrates and rovers The temple of Iupiter in the Capitoll which by fire had ben consumed was reedified by Qu. Catulus and dedicated anew L. Lucullus in Armenia discomfited in many battels Mithridates Tigranes with a mightie power of both kings Q. Metellus the
CXXI booke CAssius who had in commission from the Senate to pursue by force of armes Dolabella iudged an enemie to the commonweale being borne out by the authoritie and warrant of the State possessed himselfe of Syria and became maister of three armies which were in that province He besieged Dolabella within the citie of Laodicaea and did him to death C. Antonius was likewise taken prisoner and by commaundement from M. Brutus slaine Of the CXXII booke MArcus Brutus had but bad successe in fight against the Thracians After that all the provinces beyond-sea and the armies were under his hands and Caius Cassius they complotted both together at Smyrna what course to take for the future warre Publicola the brother of M. Messala they vanquished and yet by common consent they pardoned him Of the CXXIII booke SExtus Pompeius the sonne of Magnus assembled together out of Epirus a number of outlawes and banished persons and having a long time with this armie robbed only by way of piracie and setled as yet upon the possission of no peece upon the land first seized Messana a towne in Sicilie and afterwards the whole province And after that A. Pompeius Bithynicus the Pretour there was by Pompeie slaine he the said Pompeie in a battaile at sea vanquished Q. Salvidienus a lieutenant of Caesar. Caesar and Antonie with their armies sailed over into Greece with intent to wage warre against Brutus and Cassius Quintus Cornificius in Africke over came in plaine fight T. Sestius the captain of the Cassian faction Of the CXXIIII booke CAius Caesar together with Antonie fought at Philippi with variable fortune against Brutus and Cassius in such sort as the right points of both battailes had the better ech of them woon the others campe But the death of Cassius was it that turned the ballance made the difference who being in that point that reculed and went downe supposed that the whole armie and maine battaile was discomfited and so killed himselfe In another conflict afterwards M. Brutus also was overcome and there ended his life for hee intreated Strato that accompanied him in his flight to set his swords point toward him and so hee ran upon it The same did some fortie more of the principall Romanes among whom was Q. Hortensius likewise slaine Of the CXXV booke CAius Caesar left Antonie for to his share fell the empire of some provinces beyond-sea returned into Italie He divided lands among his old souldiours The mutinies of his owne armie by occasion that the souldiours were seduced by Fulvia the wife of M. Antonius and rose against their Generall be repressed with exceeding daunger and ieopardie L. Antonius the Consull and brother to M. Antonius by the ungracious counsell and persuasion of the said Fulvia made warre upon Caesar and having procured those nations to side and take part with him whose lands had bene made over and assigned to the old souldiours aforesaid and withall discomfited M. Lepidus who with an armie had the government and guard of the cittie entred perforce by way of hostilitie into Rome Of the CXXVI booke CAius Caesar when hee was but three and twentie yeeres of age besieged L. Antonius in the towne Perusia when he made sundrie offers to sallie out break forth he repelled chased him back yea and for very hunger forced him to yeeld and come under his obeysance As for Antonie himself and all his souldiours he pardoned but Perusia he rased and destroied Finally after hee had brought all the armies of the adverse side to submit and to stand to his mercie he finished the warre without effusion of any bloud Of the CXXVII booke THe Parthians under the conduct of Labienus who had taken part with Pompeie and that side invaded Syria evercame Didius Saxa the lieutenant of M. Antonius and held all that province to their owne use M. Antonius being sollicited by the instigation of his wife Fulvia to make war against Caesar put her away because she should be no let nor hinderance to the accord and agreement of the three rulers in their Triumvirate Then made hee a peace with Caesar and tooke to wife his sister Octavia Q. Salvidienus who complotted mischiefe against Caesar he detected and bewraied who being thereupon condemned wrought his owne death P. Ventidius a lieutenant under Antonius overcame the Parthians in battaile and chased them forth of Syria having before slaine their leader Labienus When as Sextus Pompeius held Sicilie and being a neere enemie and ill neighbour to Italie staied the transporting of corne and victuals by sea upon request Caesar and Antonie made peace with him for this consideration that he should governe Sicilie as his province Also herein are set forth the troubles and warres of Africke Of the CXXVIII booke VVHen Sext. Pompeius infested the sea againe with roverie and piracie and would not make good maintein that peace which he had accepted of Caesar he was forced upon necessitie to undertake war against him and in two navall battailes sought with doubtfull event L. Ventidius a lieutenant of M. Antonius vanquished the Parthians in Syria and slew their king The Iewes also were by Antonies lieutenant subdued Herein besides is set downe the preparation for the Sicilian warre Of the CXXIX booke SVndrie battailes were fought at sea against Sex Pompeius with variable issue so as of Caesars two fleets the one which was conducted by Agrippa got the better hand but the other led by Caesar himselfe had the overthrow and the souldiours being set a shore were in exceeding great daunger But afterwards Pompeius was defeated and thereupon fled into Sicilie Marcus Lepidus crossed the seas from out of Africke pretending to take part with Caesarin his warres to bee made against Sex Pompeius But when Caesar warred upon him also he was abandoned of his armie and being content to resigne up the honour and dignitie of the Triumvirat obteined life M. Agrippa was by Caesar rewarded with a navall crowne an honour to no man ever graunted before him Of the CXXX booke MArcus Antonius in his rioting time with Cleopatra entred into the province of Media with eighteen legions and sixteene thousand horsemen levied warre upon the Parthians and after he had lost two of his legions seeing nothing chieve well on his side he retired back But efisoons the Parthians followed him in chase whereupon in exceeding fearfull hast and great perill of the whole armie he returned into Armenia so as in 27 daies he fled three hundred myles About 8000 men hee lost by tempesteous weather But he was himselfe the occasion that he suffered these daungerous tempests over and besides the Parthian warre which unfortunately he enterprised because he would not winter in Armenia for hast he made to his love Cleopatra Of the CXXXI booke SEx Pompeius having once submitted whiles he was in the protection of M. Antonius went about to levie warre against him in Asia but by his lieutenants he was surprised and slain Caesar staied
Verrius for in the time of Paule the third Pope of Rome the fragments of the said stones were digged out of the ground betweene the Roman Forum and the broad street Via Sacra brought forth also laid abroad in the capitol to the view of the world To which as the true touch-stone certain learned men of late daies have laid to their owne labours in that kind namely Bartholomew Marliau of Millaine Onuphrius Panvinius of Verona Charles Sigonius of Modena and Francis Robortellus of Vdine comparing the same as also the annales gathered by Henry Glareanus before time with the foresaid antiquities of Verrius late found have recovered much light to the his torie of Livie and supplied his wants in that behalfe I thought it not amisse therefore to gratifie my countriemen in some measure this way also and deliver the same in English which I found annexed to the best editions in Latine as followeth A CHRONOLOGIE TO THE HISTORIE OF T. LIVIVS COMPILED ACCORDING TO THE TABLES AND RECORDS OF VERRIVS FLACCVS IN THE CAPITOLL AND SET OUT VVITH MOST PROFITABLE notes shewing the varietie and disagreement of Authors about the names of the Romane Consuls The causes of dissent and repugnance in Historiographers as touching the computation and relating of the yeeres from the foundation of the citie of Rome SInce wee entend to setfoorth a Kalender or Register of the Consuls mentioned in the historie of Livius which by reason of uncerteintie obscuritie and discordance of the times is so darke and intricate that not onely the learned and most experienced Historians of our age but the best writers of the Romane storie in auncient time estsoones complained thereof we thinke it not impertinent to our purpose briefely to search into the causes of this dissent which beeing once knowne wee may follow that account of the times which seemeth to accord best with the historicall truth and to be grounded upon the authoritie and testimonie of the most authenticall and approoved writers For seeing that an historie as Cicero hath most truly said is the witnesse of times what is more unfitting for it than to misse and want that which is the chiefest point therein and without due and diligent reckoning made to be ignorant what was first and what was last done It seemeth therefore that of this diversitie in the account and computation of the Romane Consuls there be three especiall causes The first is for that the yeere in which the first Consuls entred into that magistracie is by the Romane Historiographers not after one sort but diversly set downe For Dionysius a most diligent writer of the acts of Romans in his first booke in the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth reporteth that the KK reigned 244 yeeres which also is collected out of the yeerely computation gathered by Varro and approoved by the authoritie of others For Messala reporteth how upon the expulsion of the KK which hapned in the 244 yeer after the foundation of the citie the Romans were ruled under the yeerly government of Consuls To which opinion Livie also subscribeth in the end of his first booke saying that the regiment of KK continued 244 yeeres from the foundation of the citie unto the freedome and libertie thereof But Eutropius in his 1 booke writeth that the seven Kings reigned in Rome 243 yeers which account agreeth with Sex Ruffus in his abridgement In which varietie this is to be observed that these two last named reckon the yeeres onely of every kings raigne and out of the whole and grosse summe leave out the yeere of the interreigne which Dionysius Livius Messala and the rest insert betweene and that right truly and upon good reason for after the death of Romulus the interreigne continued one yeere Consider then and examine the thing diligently and yee shall find that in reckoning the yeeres of every kings reigne in severall Eutropius and Sextus Ruffus both attribute as many yeeres to the kings government as Denis Livie and the rest so that this difference is not much But others there be as Eusebius hath delivered in his Chronicles who write that the KK reigned but 243 yeeres and take the interregencie withall whose judgement Orosius Iornandes and Bede seeme to follow For Orosius in the 5. chap. of his second booke recordeth that Brutus the Consull in that very yeere namely the 244 put his owne sonnes to death the KK reigned not precisely so many yeeres just but for that some and namely Romulus went over some months and daies Dionysius and Livius reckoned them for a full yeere and laid it to Tarquinius Priscus but the other above named together with Eusebius left out those odde months and daies because they made not up a complet yere and assigned but onely seven and thirtie yeres to the raign of king Priscus To this may be added another reason of the like nature namely that as divers authours have doubtfully reported the yeere so they are no more certain of the month and day on which the first Consuls began their government For Plutarch in his problemes writeth that they entred upon the first day of Ianuary but Macrobius in the first book of his Saturnalia and seventh chapter seemeth to imply that they tooke their Consuls place the first of Iune saying according to the opinion of others That Iune tooke the name of Iunius Brutus for thaâ— in this month and namely upon the first day thereof according to a vow wherto he was obliged by the banishment of Tarquine hee solemnized a sacrifice to the goddesse Carnea upon mount Coelius Others againe write how this hapned the foure and twentieth of Februarie grounding herein upon the old antiquities and records of stone together with the testimony of Ovid who in the second booke of his Kalender thus writeth King Tarquine with his sonnes then fled The Consuls yeerly beare The soveraigne rule at Rome since that no king ever reign'd there Some there are besides of opinion that they entred the first day of Iulie and of their mind seemeth Ioachimus Perionius to be in his third booke of the Greeke magistrates In this repugnancie therefore of opinions very doubtfull it is which to follow As for that of Plutarch it hath long since bene clearly and learnedly confuted by two great and excellent clerkes Onuphrius Panvinius and Sigonius since it is plaine that it was the sixe hundred yeere from the foundation of the cittie and not before that the Consuls began their government the first of Ianuarie But in setting downe the certaine day they themselves are not well agreed For Sigonius after Marlianus inclineth this way and saith That the first day of the Consuls government was the sixe and twentieth day of May. But Panvinius thinketh that the first Consuls were created the 26 day of Februarie And this diversitie is found not onely in the day when the first Consuls tooke their government but also in the time after ensuing What was the usuall day of any
moneth wheron the Consuls were wont to begin their magistracie a man can hardly find any certaintie before the sixe hundred yeere from the citties foundation In the foure and fortieth yeere verily after the kings were exiled the first day of Iuly as Livie writeth was the ordinarie day for yeerely magistrates to take their place but how many yeeres following that order continued or at what time it was changed hee sheweth not before he come to the three hundred and two yeere and then he faith in his third booke That the thirteenth of May was the ordinary day for magistrates to begin their government Thus much at leastwise we may collect by him when he saith that this time was solemne that he meant not two or three yeeres onely but many For that is properly called solemne which is by law usually observed Againe wee read a little after the beginning of the first booke that this time also was altered for whereas the fift day of December was the usuall time that magistrates began to execute their office hee saith that it was changed in these words The principall nobles and lords of the Senat were it upon the default or the infortunitie of their Generals that so shamefull an overthrow was received opined and advised not to expect and stay for the ordinary time of the election but presently to creat new militarie Tribunes in Consuls authoritie who should enter into their government the first day of October c. Which opinion of theirs imported and the whole house accorded to it whereupon the other Tribunes gain said it But Sergius and Vrginius withstood this Act of the Senate and denied flatly to resigne up their dignity before the eleventh of December the ordinary day of taking their othe and beginning their magistracie And a little after within one page hee sheweth that the usuall day of entrance into government was altered from the eleventh of Decemb. to the first of Sept. saying When this speech was received with a general applause of al men and that the nobles and lords of the Senate c. But this day was kept but a few yeares For about sixe yeeres after he saith by occasion that both Consuls lay sicke it was ordained that the first of Iuly should be the ordinary day And this also I find was chaunged to another whatsoever it was for named it is nor therfore uncertain But this hapned in the four hundred thirteenth yere after the cities foundation as Livie about the beginning of the 8 booke sheweth in these words And when the Consuls were commaunded to resigne up their magistracie before the time to the end that new Consuls might the sooner be created against so great troubles of war c. For in these words The sooner c. he declareth that the usuall day of entrie into governement was then chaunged But as it is not certainely set downe what day this was so the other was as well knowne for soone after and namely the eight yeere following it was appointed to wit the first day of Iuly Immediately therefore quoth he the new Consuls L. Aemylius Mamercus and Cn. Plautius were enjoined that day even the first of Iuly on which they began their office to agree and part betweene themselves their provinces As for the month wherein for the most part the assembly for election of magistrates was holden we read it was Februarie like as the thirteenth of March was ordinarie for them to begin their government For this day held alwaies during the second Punicke war and the Macedonian and longer than so Thus Livie testifieth in many places which to quote is needlesse as in the sixt book of the second Punicke war and in the beginning of the first booke as touching the Macedonian By which who seeth not that there is great varietie in the moneth and day both whereupon the magistrates were wont to begin their rule But wheras all the certainerie in computation and account of the time dependeth upon a precise exact firme and settled reckoning of yeeres months and daies and seeing that in Livies storie it is neither expressely shewed what yeere month or day the magistrates began their government nor precisely noted when the reckoning altered considering also that nothing therin is more wavering and inconstantly delivered than the very usuall day of entring into magistracie what marvell is there if authours dissent so much about the computation of the times whiles one beginneth at this moneth another at that whiles some I say ascribe these magistrates created to this yeere others attribute the same to another Thirdly there being great difference betweene Dionysius and Livie as well about the reckoning of the times and yeeres as the acts and affaires that therein-passed all seemeth to have risen hereupon that the purpose of Livie was not to deliver exactly the acts occurrents of greatest antiquitie which happened in the State of the people of Rome and which by many writers aforetime had ben most diligently set down penned to posteritie but to record write those things especially which from the time a little before the second Punick war had been atchieved by the people of Rome unto the age wherein himselfe lived But because as Polybius most wisely and pithily writeth a generall storie cannot be understood by particular registers and for that an Historiographers studie and endevour ought to be emploied rather in an universall treatise than in particular discourses therefore least so great a peece of work as his wanting a beginning should seeme maimed unperfect in the formost 20 books he slightly breefely ran over the deeds of the people of Rome from the foundation of the citie unto the beginning of the second Punick war But Dionysius professing purposely to describe the auncient monuments of the Romanes thought it his part to overpasse and omit nothing worthie of remembrance but most curiously and exactly hath delivered al things pertinent either to the calculation of the times or discourse of affaires in so much as those things whereof Livie hath scantly made three bookes hee hath declared at large in eleven Here upon if a man read in Dionysius the auncient beginning and originall of the Roman empire and examine well the times how they are by him digested and compare the same with the brevitie in Livie no doubt he will preferre the diligence of the former before the overhastinesse of the later But if the indifferent reader consider the purpose and intent of them both he will yeeld unto either of them their due praise and whereas Livie making hast to other matters hath either let passe or more slightly handled some things he will judge him worthie rather to be excused than reproved for it To these three causes above rehearsed others also may be adjoined namely the ordering of the yeers by Romulus and the varietie as touching that yeere wherein Rome was founded but it may suffice only to touch these point unto them with the finger
their king That hee reigned three and fortie yeers all accord save Eutropius Eusebius and Cassiodorus late writers who set downe but one and fortie as Onuphrius and Sigonius have observed Of this king Dionysius in the second booke Livie in his first Solinus in his second chapter Plutarch Plinie and Eutropius in his life in like sort Valerius Maximus have delivered much in record Hee died not much above the age of eightie yeeres as Plutarch writeth for born he was as he testifieth the same day whereon Romulus laid the first foundation of the citie namely the twelfth Calends of May. Now for the name of Numa some say it was the fore-name of Pompilius But out of Sextus Pompeius it appeareth that neither Tullius nor Numa were fore-names as also by this conjecture for that the sonnes of Numa are by Dionysius called by other sundry names diverse from the familie Some thought therefore that Numa Ancus Aruns Volusus Drufus Faustus Iulus Mammurius certain other surnames were at first forenames as Marlianus in his Annales hath verie well noted 32 Tullus Hostilius the third king of Rome reigned 32 yeeres NVma being deceased the Interregencie tooke place again during which time an act of Senat passed wherein by the approbation of the Commons and advise of the nobles Tullus Hostilius was created the third king of the Romans in the fourescore and one yeere after the foundation of the cittie Who having rased Alba commaunded the Albans to be translated to Rome Their Commons hee made free denizens and the principal nobles he tooke into the order of Senators After Numa he reigned 32 yeeres as all writers most constantly affirm He perished as Dionysius witnesseth by occasion that his house was on fire wherein his wife children all their houshold besides were consumed and burnt Some say that his pallace tooke fire by lightening through the ire of the gods for that hee had forlet some sacrifices and holy rites others write that it was occasioned by the trecherous practise of Ancus Martius who reigned next after him Of him Dionysius writeth in his 3 book That hee carried before him the name of Hostus it appeareth by this that both his father and grandfire bare the said name A prince hee was not onely farre unlike to Numa but also more fierce and stout than Romulus 24 Ancus Martius the fourth K. of Romanes reigned 24 yeeres KIng Tullius beeing departed this life there was an Interregent by the Nobles declared who held the assembly for Election in the 114 yeere from the foundation of the city wherein the people created Ancus Martius the fourth K. of the Romanes and the Senators approved the same He built Hostia a town 16 miles distant from the citie of Rome and fought seven battels Livius Dionysius and Solinus say that he reigned 24 yeeres but Eusebius Eutropius and Cassiodorus 23. What death hee died neither Livie in his first book nor Dionysius in his 3 do set down notwithstanding that by them his noble acts are set out at large Now Ancus as Sex Pompeius hath reported is hee called who harh an arme bowing inward so as it cannot be put straight forth 38 L. Tarquinius Priscus the fifth K. of Romans reigned 38 yeeres THis Tarquinius beeing left by Ancus when he died guardian to his children was the first that ambitiously intercepted the kingdome to himselfe hee sent the sonnes of Ancus during the time of Interregencie out of the way as it were to hunting and made an oration unto the people to win their harts affections to him so with the suffrages of the people and authoritie of the nobles he was by the Interegent declared K. in the 170 yeere after the foundation of Rome and in the 41 Olympias This noble prince as wel for warlike prowesse as peaceable pollicie and government at the length being above fourscore yeere old was forelaid by the secret traines of the two sonnes of Ancus Martius in the eight and thirtie yeere of his raigne according to Livie Dionysius whose judgement we follow or in the 37 as Solinus Messala Ruffus Eutropius Cassiodorus Eusebius and Bedas write like as wee have before shewed Priscus hee was surnamed afterwards because hee lived before Tarquinius Superbus saith Sex Pompeius unto whom accord Dionysius and Laurentius Valla who writeth that the addition of Priscus was given unto him not by men of that time wherein hee lived but by the age following But Livie sheweth plainely that he had the surname of Priscus given him even then when he came first into the citie because he was borne before Superbus Hee also was called Lucumo and was the sonne of Demaratus the Corinthian descended from the familie of the Brachiades 44 Servius Tullius the sixt K. of the Romans reigned foure and fortie yeeres AFter Priscus Tarquinius was slain presently Servius Tullius was the first that without any election of the people yet with the general consent of the Nobles tooke upon him the Romane kingdom in the yeere from the foundation of the citie 176. Concerning whose conception wee must not let passe that which Plinie writeth in the 36 booke after this manner During the reigne of Tarquinius Priscus there appeared sodainly the genital member of the masculine sex upon the herth where the fire was kept and thereupon presently a captive woman bond-servant of Tanaquil the queen named Ocrisia sitting there by the fire side conceived was with child and so was Servius Tullius borne who succeeded in the kingdome Afterwards as the boy lay asleep within the kings pallace his head was seene on a light fire and supposed he was the son of the familiar Lar of that house In which regard he instituted first the Compitalia and plaies to the Lares Concerning his birth Plutarch hath written more in his booke of the Romans fortune By the crastie and subtill devise of his wives mother Tanaquil he attained to the crowne in the fourth yeere of the fifth Olympias and reigned 44 yeeres but by the vilanous complot of Tarquinius his sonne in law and Tullia his owne daughter and Tarquins wife hee was most impiously slaine in the verie street which thereupon was called Sceleratus As touching the yeeres of this kings reigne some controversie there is among writers for Livie Dionysius and Solinus whom wee have followed write that hee reigned 44 yeeres but Messala Corvinus Sex Ruffus Eutropius Eusebius Cassiodorus and Bedas 34 and not above Howbeit in adding those ten to the reigne of Tarquine afterwards they hinder not this grosse summe and computation of the yeeres for they set them downe 35 which Livie Dionysius and Solinus make but 25. This K. tooke the name of Servius by occasion of his owne fortune for that his mother Ocrisia a captive but a most beautifull and wise woman of Corniculum bare him during her bondage but Tullius hee was called by the name of his fathers kindred as Dionysius writeth in his fourth booke reckoning up many acts by
under an unknowne author hath in it thus written Poplicola III. Pulvillo Ruso Aquilino Valerio Tuberto Livie omitteth these Consuls in their place putteth downe M. Valerius and P. Posthumius but as Sigonius thinketh the fault is in the writers of the booke But that this yeere should necessarily come betweene Onuphrius thinketh according to the booke of M. Tullius Cicero entituled Brutus and certain it is that Verrius Flaccus in his Capitoline tables hath not rejected these Consuls Now this name Lartius is derived of Lars and so ought it to be written and not Largius as corruptly it is to bee seene in some coppies of Livie and Dionysius As for the surname to Herminius Onuphrius supposeth it to have been Esquilinus both for that the mention of that surname appeareth in a fragment of the Capitoline marbles as also because of what familie els it should be no writer ever hath delivered This Sp. Lartius was the brother of Titus Lartius the first Dictator as writeth Dionysius 249 M. Valerius P. Poslumius PLutarch as also Dionysius and Livius writeth that this M. Valerius was brother to M. Valerius Publicola and therefore truly is he said to bee the son of Volusus Postumius for his surname had Tubertus Witnesse Zonaras together with Plutarch in Poplicola and Dionysius in the fifth and sixt bookes Him Dionysius calleth the brother of Quintus where hee treateth of the Consular embassadours sent unto the Commons in the yeere 260. This Postumius as Onuphrius teacheth was by old authours written without the aspiration h either because of Postea Postumus and Postimius and so Postumius is derived or for that in old time they wrote umus without the said h. Now is he called Postumius who was borne last as Cesellius witnesseth in his commentaries of ancient readings Howbeit lawyers pronounce the word with the aspiration and call by that name him only who was born after his fathers death and with them accord Varro and Plutarch in the life of Sylla 250 P. Valerius IIII. T. Lucretius DIonysius Livius Plutarch and Cassiodorus report these for Coss. this yeere But the registers of Cuspinian deliver unto us Poplicola the fourth time and Tricipitinus Valerius Maximus in the fourth booke and fourth chapter writeth thus Valerius Poplicola began his Consulship with Brutus the same man bare three Consulates afterwards to the great contentment of the people 251 Agrippa Menenius P. Postumius DIonysius hath for Coss. this yeer Agrippa Menenius Lanatus L. Postumius the second time Livie Cassiodorus Cuspinians book and the Greek records disagree not from him Valerius Max. 4. booke 4. cap. corruptly calleth him M. Menenius Agrippa Now Agrippae are they called who are born into the world with extraordinarie throwes and birth-travels of their mothers namely not with their heads but their feet forward against nature 252 Opiter Virginius Sp. Cassius LIvius Zonaras Cassiodorus name these Consuls barely thus Dionysius yet is more liberall calling Sp. C. Ssius Vscellinus Opiter Virginius Tricostus But whome Dionysius calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cicero in his Laelius tearmeth Cassius Becillinus And Cuspinians kalender Viscellinus For first of Viscus commeth Viscellus so from thence they derive V. Scellinus Opiter to note that by the way as Sex Pompeius saith is hee whose father died before his grandsire And the word soundeth thus much as if hee were born after his fathers death or because he taketh his grandsire for his father 253 Postumius Commius T. Lartius LIvie Dionysius Zonaras and Cassiodorus name these simply thus But Cuspinians Kalender giveth to Postumius the surname Auruncus and to Lartius Ruffus And those whome Cuspinians booke nameth Ruffi the Greek registers by another word but to the same sence call Flavi 254 Sev. Sulpitius M' Tullius LIvie and Cassiodorus allow to these no surnames at all The Sicilian records give to Salpitius the addition of Camerinus like as the Kalender of Cuspinian and to Tullius of Longus as also doth Dionysius who writeth that Manius Tullius died in the time of his magistracie that in his place there was none substituted because the yeer was welneer at an end Of this M' Tullius Cicero speaketh in his Brutus saying As if I should avouch my selfe to be descended of M' Tullius the Patritian who in the tenth yeer after the expulsion of the KK was Cos. with Ser. Sulpitius This surname Manius as Sext. Pompeius saith commeth hereupon that some one was born mane i. in the morning like as Lucius who entred into the world by day light And in another place this Manius qd he consecrated the field Nemorensis from whom many noble and famous man sprung continued many yeeres Whereupon arose the proverb Multi Manij Aricia â—ther bee many Manij at Aricia Moreover he was called Servius who came of parents either both or one at least whiles they were in bondage or els who when his mother was dead lived still in her wombe and so was saved 255 C. Vetusius T. Ebutius THe forename of this Vetusius or Veturius in some copies of Livie as Marlian sheweth in his annales of Consuls is Caius in other Cneus in Cassiodorus Lucius in Dionysius Publius who also surnameth Veturius Geminus and T. Ebutius Helua and in some place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but faultily for the Latin writers also affirm his surname to be Helua The Greeke records likewise have Helua and Geminus Moreover they that write him Vetusius imitate the auncient manner of putting s. for r. as when they call men Fusij Valesij Papisij But they who call him Veturius follow the latter usage Of this matter Livie speaketh in the yeer 292. 156 Q. Clalius T. Lartius THus say Livie and Cassiodorus but Dionysius surnameth T. Lartius Fâ—avus and Q. Claelius Sâ—culus to whom accord the registers both of Cuspinian Sicilie This T. Lartius is the same as appeareth by Dionysius who before was Consull and therefore is his surname Flavus rightly added The house of the Câ—alij as also of the Iuâ—ij Servilij Geganij Curiatij and Quintilij descended from the Albanes first as Dionysius writeth 257 Au. Sempronius M. Minutius THus Livie and Cassiodorus deliver unto us these Coss. But Cuspinians registers and the Sicilian surname them Atratinus and Augurinus And Dionysius nameth them A. Sempronius Rhaetinus and M. Minutius Augurinus albeit he maketh no mention of Augurinus but in the second Consulship of Minutius As for Aulus hee was so called who being new borne was nourished and fostered by the gods 258 Au. Postumius T. Virginius THus are these Coss. set down by Dionysius Livie and Cassiodorus And to them verily the Greek records put to the surnames of Albus and Caelimontanus But the booke of Cuspinian ad Regillensis and Tricostus besides so that by him they are thus written Au. Posthumius Albus Regillensis T. Virginius Tricostus Caelimontanus 259 App. Claudius and P. Servilius LIvius and Cassiodorus record these for Consuls this yeare The registers as well of
the Decemvir who after the three hundred Fabij slaine at Cremera survived and was the first of all that kindred and familie forenamed Numerius as Valerius Maximus in his 10 booke and Sex Pompeius doe report As for T. Quintius sonne hee was as Livie writeth to that Capitolinus who was Consull six times 334 An Interregencie WHen the greater part of the yeer was spent in troubles and contentions between the new Tribunes of the Commons and certaine Interregents whiles the Tribunes one-while would not suffer the Patritij to goe together about the declaring of an Interregent and another while impeached the Interrregent that hee could not passed an act of the Senat for the election of Consuls at length L. Papirius Mugillanus the Interregent by rebuking as wel the Senatours as the Tribunes of the Commons prevailed that an assembly should be holden for chusing of Tribunes consular So there were created Tribunes militarie with Consuls authoritie and all Patritij T. Quintius Cincinnatus the third time L. Furius Medullinus M. Manlius L. Sempronius Atratinus Thus much Livie 335 Agrippa Menenius Lanatus Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie P. Lucretius Tricipitinus Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie Sp. Nautius Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie C. Servilius Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie MIlitarie Tribunes with Consuls authoritie for this yeere are set downe by Livie Agrippa Menenius Lanatus P. Lucretius Tricipitinus and Sp. Nautius for the name of the fourth is wanting and that was C. Servilius sonne of Quintus and nephew of Caius surnamed Axilla who the yeere following in the Capitoll tables is numbred among the Tribunes consular with the numerall note of II. So as it must needs be that he was the first time in this yeere for as much as there is no other fit void place left for him Diodorus nameth Sp. Veturius 336 L. Sergius Fidenas Tribb. military in Coss. Authoritie M. Papirius Mugillanus Tribb. military in Coss. Authoritie C. Servilius the son of Priscus Tribb. military in Coss. Authoritie FOr Tribunes Consular this yeere Livie nameth these This C. Servilius is by Vertius Flacus cleped Axilia Diodorus calleth them L. Sergius M. Servilius and M. Papirius Now this M. Papirius was sonne to L. Papirius Mugillanus the first Censor 337 Agrippa Menenius Lanatus P. Lucretius Tricipitinus L. Servilius Structus Sp. Veturius Crassus ALl these are recorded by Livie for Tribb. militarie this yeere Of these L. Servilus Structus was the first time in the 332 yeere but left out in Livie through fault of those that wrote the copies Diodorus hath the same Tribunes besides their surnames and L. Servilius whome he calleth Caius In a Capitoline table their names are thus cut P. Lucretius soone of Hostus Agrippa Menenius soone of T. nephew of Agrippa 338 A. Sempronius Atratius III. Sp. Nautius Rutilus II. M. Papirius Mugillanus II. ONely these are by Livie recorded but that the pen-men who wrate out the bookes left out the fourth Tribune of this yeere Quintus Fabius son of Quintus and nephew of Marcus surnmaed also Vibulanus the Capitoll stones and Diodorus doe testifie Livie himselfe also doth shew the same who writeth that Quintus Fabius was Tribune militarie the second time in the yeere three hundred and fortie but in what yeere hee was first it appeareth not Moreover Au. Sempronius is by Verrius Flaccus named the sonne of Lucius and nephew of Aulus Diodorus reckoneth all foure but hee concealeth their surnames 339 P. Cornelius Cossus C. Valeriuws Potitus Q. Cincinnatus N. Fabius Vibulanus THese doth Livie deliver unto us for Tribunes militarie in Consuls authoritie Diodorus in this wise P. Corneleus Caius ..... Fabius The table of the Capitoll thus P. Cornelius ..... F. nephew of P. C. Valerius sonne of L. nephew of Volusus The sorename of Quintius is unknowne 340 Cn. Cornelius Cossus Q. Fabius Vibulanus II. L. Valerius Potitus L. Postbumius Regillensis THese declareth Livius for this yeere but Diodorus Titus Posthumius Caius Cornelius C. Valerius and Caso Fabius But Verrius Flaccus nameth P. Posthumius soone of A. nephew also of Aulus whome Livie writeth to have been stoned to death by his owne armie for his crueltie 341 Cn. Cornelius Cossus C. Furius Medullinus THen the Nobles and LL. of the Senate imported that there should be Consuls created in a Centriare assembly which Q. Fabius held And the Consuls were M. Cornelius Cossus and L. Furius Medullinus The same are named by Diodorus and Cassiodorus but that they leave out their surnames The Greeke records have Cossus and Medullinus 342 Q. Fabius Ambustus C. Furius Pacilus LIvie and Cassiodotus name these for Consuls Diodotus suppresseth their surnames 343 M. Papyrius C. Nautius Rutilus BOth Livie and Cassiodorus report for this yeere Consuls M. Papyrius and C. Nautius Ratilus Diodorus hath not a word of their surnames Cuspinians booke setteth them downe by their surnames only Mugillanus Rutilus 344 M. Aunilius C. Valerius LIvie and Cassiodorus call these Consuls M. Atmilius and C. Valerius Diodorus instead of M. hath M' i Manius This Aimilius in the table of the Capitoll is named in his first and third Tribuneship M. Aimilius sonne of Manius nephew of M. and surnamed Mamercinus 345 Cn. Cornelius Cossus L. Furius Medullinus II. LIvie putteth these downe for the Consuls of this yeere Cassiodorus passeth over their surnames and the numerall note of two Diodorus hath Lu. Furius and Cn. Pompeius but he is to be written Cn. Cornelius out of the end of a broken fragment in the Capitoll and the other L. Furius by his Tribuneships testified in the Capitoll records 346 C. Iulius Iulus Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie P. Cornelius Cossus Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie C. Servilius Ahala Tribunes militarie in Coss. authoritie THese are set downe for Tribunes militarie this yeere by T. Livius Diodorus saith nothing of their surnames which the Capitoline tables exhibit unto us C. Servilius is written in his second Tribuneship after the Capitoll records the sonne of Pub. and nephew of Q. surnamed Ahala 347 L. Furius Medullinus II. N. Fabius Vibulanus II. C. Valerius Potitus II. C. Servilius Ahala II. LIvie reporteth that the four Tribunes consular were all Patritij this yeer and had born that dignitie once before to wit L. Furius Medullinus C. Valerius Potitus N. Fabius Vibulanus and C. Servilius Ahala and that this man last named was chosen againe and continued in his place still this yeere with the former as well in regard of other vertues as for the fresh favour and late grace gotten by his singular moderation and rare carriage in his government Diodorus hath C. Furius C. Servilius C. Valerius and N. Fabius In the Capitoline tables two are written short Potitus Volusus II. and Medullinus the other two at full wherby it doth appeare as Onuphrius reporteth that Livie was deceived For Medullinus was not this yeere Tribune the second time but the first who had been twise Consull before and after this yeer will be no lesse than seven times
in the nine and twentieth and thirtieth bookes writeth that Marcus Valerius was twice Consull In like manner the booke of Cuspinian hath for this yeer Marcellus the fourth time and Laevinus the second time And therefore Onuphrius supposeth that his first Consulate was in the yeere five hundred foure and thirtie and his second now Of him Polybius and Cicero make mention 545 Q. Fabius Maximus V. Q. Fulvius Flaccus IIII. THe Consuls for this yeere created were Quintus Fabius the fift time and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus the fourth time the same man who being Dictatour held the assembly for that election as Livie and Cassiodorus doe witnesse The Sicilian records set forth Fabius and Flaccus Whiles these were Consuls Cicero in his Oration against Rullus saieth that Capua was woon and yet Livie hath reported it two yeeres before Of these Consuls Valerius also together with Plutarch Eutropius and Orosius have made mention 546 M. Claudius Marcellus V. T. Quintius Crispinus IN the eleventh yeere of the Punicke warre there entred into their Consulship Marcus Marcellus the fift time so yee reckon that Consulship which upon an error in the creation he kept not and T. Quintius Crispinus So saith Livie Plutarch also nameth Marcellus the fift time and Crispinus But Cassiodorus reckoneth Marcellus but the fourth time with Crispinus passing over that faultie Consulate of his Moreover these Consuls are mentioned by Cicero Valerius Plinius the younger Probus Eutropius and Orosius who also report that they both were forelaid and intrapped in ambush by Anniball in so much as Marcelius was presently slaine in the place and Quintius fled sore wounded 547 C. Claudius Nero. M. Livius Salinator VVHen the LL. of the Senate cast about to see whome they should create Consuls behold the most eminent and singular man above all others was C. Claudius Nero unto whom was joined as companion in governement Marcus Livius who many yeeres before upon a Consulate that hee had borne was by the judgement of the people condemned and almost eight yeeres after his condemnation was by Marcus Marcellus and Marcus Livius then Consuls reduced into the cittie In like manner the Sicilian registers name for Consuls Nero and Salinator The capitoll records shew Caius Claudius Nero with Marcus Livius Salinator 548 Quintus Caecilius Metellus L. Veturius Philo. LIvie Cassiodorus and the records of the capitoll exhibit unto us for Consuls this yeere Lucius Veturius Philo and Quintus Caecilius Metellus The Sicilian registers Metellus and Philo. Over and besides of these Consuls Cicero many a time and often Valerius Plutarch in Africanus Appianus in Ibericus Plinie in his 7 booke 43 chap. doe make mention 549 P. Cornelius Scipio P. Licinius Crassus LVcius Veturius Philo held the assembly for creation of magistrates wherein all the Centuries in generall with exceeding great favour nominated Publius Scipio for Consull and to him was joined in government P. Licinius Crassus the supreame Pontifie Thus saith Livie The Sicilian tables have Scipio with Crassus The capitoll records shew P. Cornelius Scipio surnamed afterwards Africanus with Pâ—blius Licinius Crassus the rich of whom Cassiodorus likewise and Cicero in Brutus doe speake 550 M. Cornelius Cethegus P. Sempronius Tuditanus LIvie Cassiodorus and the capitoll records doe name for Consuls this yeere P. Sempronius Tuditanus and M. Cornelius Cethegus The Sicilian registers Cethegus and Tuditanus of whom Cicero in Brutus Plutarch Eutropius and Cassiodorus do often times make mention In this yeere P. Scipio Nasica judged by the Senate the best man in the cittie received dame Idaea 551 Cn. Servilius Caepio C. Servilius LIvie and Cassiodorus together with the Sicilian records and capitoll monuments put unto us for Consuls Cn. Servilius Caepio and C. Servilius Of which twaine Caepio had beene Pretour in the yeere 548 and Servilius in 547. This yeere died Q. Fabius Max and Anniball with a sad cheere heavie heart departed out of Italie into Africke by commaundement of certaine delegate embassadours in the seventeenth yeere of the second Punicke warre 552 Tib. Claudius Nero. M. Servilius Geminus MArcus Servilius Geminus Tib. Claudius Nero were Coss. his yere according to Livie Cassiodorus and the capitoll records in which Servilius standeth surnamed Pulex Geminus The Sicilian tables have Nero with Servilius In these Consuls yeere Annibal was in Africke by Scipio overthrowne and a second peace made with the Carthaginians as Polybius Livie Plutarch Appian and Eutropius do report 553 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus P. Aelius Paetus AGainst this yeere were created Consuls as Livie writeth Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Aelius Paetus So saith Cassiodorus also and Plinle in his eighteenth booke and eighteenth chapter In a broken peece of marble in the Capitoll were find Lentulus and P. Ailius in the Sicilian registers Lentulus and Paetus These two were Pretours both in the yeere 550. 554 P. Sulpitius Galba C. Aurelius Cotta LIvie and Cassiodorus put downe for Consuls P. Sulpitius Galba C. Aurelius Cotta This P. Sulpitius in the yeere 542 was first Consull and C. Cotta two yeeres before Pretour These same Consuls are to bee seene in the capitoll tables but Galba and Cotta in the Sicilian 555 L. Cornelius Lentulus P. Villius Tappulus THis yeere had for Consuls L. Cornelius and P. Villius as Cassiodorus writeth but according to Livie the capitoll monuments Lentulus and Tappulus after the Sicilian records L. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Villius Tappulus Of P. Villius Consull Plutarch maketh mention in Quintius 556 T. Quintius Flaminius Sex Aelius Paetus LIvie Cassiodorus the capitoll records together with Plutarch in Quintius report unto us for Consuls this yere T. Quintius Flaminius and Sext. Aelius Paetus The Sicilian tables Flaminius and Paetus Plinie in his booke of famous men saith but not without some error that this Flaminius was the sonne of that C. Flaminius who was slaine at Thrasymenus Whereas in deed this man was descended of the noble Patritian house of the Quintij the other of the familie of Flaminij no better than commoners Now this Sex Aelius Paetus is the man of whom Cicero giveth this report out of the Poet Ennius This Sextus Aelius in records Catus surnam'd yee see A worthie wight for wisedome rare a discreet man was hee And therefore in the capitol tables he is called Paetus Catus 557 C. Cornelius Cethegus Q. Minutius Rufus IN this yeere Caius Cornelius Cethegus and Q. Minutius were Consuls after Livie Cassiodorus the capitol marbles Their surnames onely appeare in the Sicilian registers And Cicero speaketh of them in Brutus 558 L. Furius Purpureo M. Claudius Marcellus THis yere had for Consuls L. Furius Purpureo and M. Claudius Marcellus according to Livie Cassiodorus and the capitol records The Sicilian annales deliver unto us Porphyreo and Marcellus 559 M. Fortius Cato L. Valerius Flaccus MArcus Portius Cato L. Valerius are ranged Consuls this yeere by Verrius Flaccus Cicero in many places Livie Plutarch Plinie Valerius Probus Eutropius Orosius and Cassiodorus 560 P. Cornelius Scipio
their hand when they sware by Iupiter pronouncing these words If I made default with my knowledge then let Dicspiter cast me out of all that I have Saving the cittie and the castle as I burle from me this stone The Capitoll had certaine vaults like cisternes into which were throwne all things over-worne or so old that they were good for nothing The sixe steeds drawing in one teeme were there to bee seene which Cneus Cornelius set up The twelve gilded-shields likewise made of that money wherein the Aediles condemned and fined the corne-mudgins that hourded and kept in their corne The shield also Martius set out with the image of Asdruball and the columne garnished with ship beake-heads of brasse whereof Livie speaketh were here to be seene VVithin the temple of Iupiter Capitolinus there was a short cloake or mantle of purple woollen to which if other purple garments were laid they shewed the colour of ashes in regard of the excellent bright glosse and lustre that it caried A present this was by report given to Aurelianus by a Persian king who had it from the farthest Indians The lintell cheekes and sill of the Capitoll dore were made all of brasse The brasen tiles likewise upon the roofe Q. Catulus gilded all over The place where Numa tooke his auguries was on the Capitoll but Tatius used rather the castle cliffe where also stood somtime the house of Manlius but afterward therupon was built the chappell of Iâ—mo Moneta The bookes also of Stbylla were kept in the temple of Iupiter Capitolinus by tenne VVardens in a stone coffer under the ground Over and besides so many edifices were there so beautifull was the Capitoll and the riches thereof so great so many goodly ornaments shrines of the gods most artificially wrought that right worthily of men in old time it was called the earthly habitation of the gods and of Iupiter himselfe For during the upright and flourishing state of Rome so curiously built and richly beautified it was that as heaven surpasseth the earth so farre this edifice went beyond all other workes and woonders whatsoever of the world in so much as it seemed to have been built by the gods so farre surmounted it all the devise and reach of mans wit But as excellent as these things sometimes were now at this day they are to be seene all naked forlorne and desolate CHAP. XI The temples of Concord and Iupiter Stator moreover what the Curia is BEtweene the Capitoll hill and mount Palatine there lyeth a valley whereof wee have spoken before The temples and buildings whereof as also the places behind the Capitoll by order and course we are now to describe In this valley therefore the temple of Concord deserveth to be visited first which word beeing derived as it were from the unitie and agreement of heart maintaineth augmenteth and preserveth alone all things in the world whatsoever A temple to this Concord Camillus vowed in case hee could reconcile the Commons to the Nobles VVhen as therfore the people was brought into grace and favour againe with the nobilitie he built the church of Concord beginning above the Comitium and so forward unto the Forum The porches belonging to this temple are yet to be seene at the foot of the Capitoll From it there was an ascent of an hundred steps up to the chappell of Iuno Moneta That temple of Concord fallen in long time to decay was afterwards by the Senat reedified Therein many a time the Senat met and sate in counceli and crations were made unto the peeple In this also there was a yault or shroud under the ground wherein oftentimes theeves armed men cutters and hacksters were kept as in a prison untill the assemblies of the people were dismissed This house had many statues and images curiously and cunningly wrought namely of Iuno Apollo and of Latona bearing and holding her two babes Apollo and Diana Likewise of Aesculapius and Hygia the handy-worke of Niceratus Also of Iupiter Ceres and Minerva likewise of the Dames weeping and adoring the said images all made by Stenes Moreover the images of Mars and Mercurie the workmanship of Pisicrates Also of Maefyas-bound made by Zeuxis the painter Likewise father Liber and Cassandra painted by Theodorus As for the image of Victorie in the porch and entrance of the said temple it is to be seen how it was smitten with a thunderbolt To Iupiter Stator Romulus in the Sabine warre vowed a temple that he might stay the flight of the Romanes whereupon he was called The upholder of the Romane state Therefore after victorie obtained he built a temple at the foot of the Palatine hill just over-against the church of Concordia where at this day be most high battlements of walles In this house also like as in that other of Concord the Senate assembled oft Likewise in other temples The courts wherein the Senate gathered together in counsell were temples all and therein were there acts made but in the sacred churches of the gods neither met the Senat nor any orations were made to the people This temple of Stator was burnt to the ground in that fire of Neroes making and never after reedified CHAP. XII The temple and grove of Vesta the temple of Faith and of Romulus THe temple of Vesta was built by Romulus betweene the Capitoll and the Palatine hills not far from the Forum Romanum where at this day is to be seene the church of S. Marie of graces Neere unto it the pallace of Numa was built The Romane Pontifies when they would consule of great matters concerning religion met in the court-yard of Vesta like as the Senat and people of Rome debated in counsaile of their weightiest affaires within the temple of Faith Now this was a most auncient temple built in Palatium by Romulus or as some will have it by Numa There was a grove also consecrated to Vesta which reached from the root of the Palatine as far as to the large street called Nova via Out of that grove before Rome was taken by the Gaules a voice was heard giving warning That the citie should be lost unlesse the walles and gates were repaired The temple of Romulus was seated at the foot of mount Palatine in the mids of that side which regardeth the Capitoll in that very place where now the church is of S. Theodore In this said temple there is a most ancient monument The pourtraiture of the shee woolfe yeelding her teats unto the founders of the citie to be sucked CHAP. XIII Lupercal and the figtree Ruminalis THis Lupercal was a cave at the botome of the Palatine hill overspread and covered with trees having springs deepe beneath under the rocke In the most inward and secret place of this cave there was an altar consecrated to Pan. But as touching the etymologie and derivation of the name as also of the situation thereof there goe divers opinions For as in times past the place was close hidden and
instituted by Romulus Centuriata by Serv. Tullius Tributa brought in by the Tribunes of the people and the first author therof was P. Volero Curiata and Centuriata were Auspicata i. performed with the solemnitie of observing the approbation of the birds and the Senatours Tributa were held by the Commons only penes quos non erant auspicia and required neither Auspicia nor authoritatem i. the allowance of the Patres And as in Comitiis Centuriatis the richer and greater men had the vantage so in Curiata and Tributa the poorer sort for their number went away with the better In the Curiata comitia at the first untill Serv. Tullius his reigne passed the election of KK and other magistrates judgements in capitall matters and lawes But in latter times they served onely for two lawes i. de imperio or de re militarium in which the Consull or others chosen to their magistracie in Centuriatis comitijs had authoritie of commaund in the armie the other de adoptione and these lawes were called Curiatae In the Centuriata comitia from the time of Servius Tullius passed the elections of Consuls Decemvirs Tribunes consular Censours Pretours and such greater magistrates and confirmed they were by Curiata Also judgement of capitall matters and the lawes named Centuriatae In this there was one Centuria drawne forth by lot out of all the rest to give their voices first and that was called Praerogativa After which were called to their suffrages the Centuries of the first and second Classis and they were named Primo-vicata the rest which followed were called Iurevocatae Tributa served for the creation of Tribunes Aediles of the Commons and other inferiour magistrates Also the laws as touching peace or enfranchising allies judgements penall and fines and those ordinances concerning the good of the Commons called Plebiscita Some have thought amisse that Curiata and Tributa comitia were both one but Curiata were more auncient and of greater state as beeing Auspicata and ex authoritate Patrum Herein onely they agreed togither and differed from the Centuriata that in delivering their voices the Tribes and Curiae were intermingled wheras the Centuries were sorted and gave their voice according to their degree age and abilitie in the Censors book Congius or Chus A measure among the Romanes conteining 6 Sextarij and every Sextarius about 20 ounces so that Congius receiveth X. librales mensuras as appeareth by the old pourtraict thereof in brasse with these two characters X.P. 1. ten pound VVhereby in round reckoning it may go for our wine gallon or somewhat better And for that great persons were wont at first to give dole unto the common people of wine or oyle by the Congij all other donatives and largesses of that kind were afterwards called Congia is Consull one of the soveraign yeerely magistrates in Rome succeeding in the place of KK so named a Consulendo either of asking counsell of the people and Senat in State matters and withall giving his owne advise and providing for the good of the weale-publicke or else of judging for so Consulere signifieth as when we say boni consulere And Livie saith that Praetores Consules and Iudices may be taken one for another Two of them were usually chosen everie yeer as appeareth by the law of the 12 tables RECIO IMPERIO DUO SUNTO IIQUE PREAEUNDO IUDICANDO CONSULENDO PRAETORES IUDICES CONSULES APPELLANTOR c. Corona hath divers significations in Livie Corona urbem cingere i. to invest a citie round about with armed men and to give the assault from all parts at once Sub corona vendere servos i. to set slaves in open market either having guirlands on their heads as the manner was or environed about with a guard of souldiours which also is called Corona militum Sundrie guirlands or chaplets there were moreover called Corona wherewith souldiours were rewarded by their captaines or they honoured by their souldiours besides those that were presented to Generals by their friends and well-willers or offered to the honour of the gods as Obsidionalis or Graminca which was a wreath of a cuich grasse called Gramen given to him that delivered an armie from streight sieges and was by the whole armie bestowed upō that savior Civica made of oke branches for him that in battell saved the life of his fellow citizen Muralis resembled the battlements of walls which he received of his captaine that first skaled the walls and mounted over in the assault of cities Castrensis in forme of a pallaisade or rampier made with pales or strong stakes the honour of him who first entred the enemies campe Navalis or Rostrata pourtraied with the stemmes or breake-heads of shippers called Rostra his reward that first bourded the enemies ship and gave the first meanes of a navall victorie These were the principall For others there were not so ordinarie as namely Explorateria garnished and set out with the sunne moone and other stars bestowed upon them that did speciall service in espial and discoverie of the enemies quarters Cunia were parishes in Rome 30 in number instituted by Romulus Certaine halls besides appointed for assemblies convocations about church matters and religion whereof some were old called simply Veteres others new named Novae As for Curia Hostilia it was the ordinarie auncient place of publicke counsell within Rome Curio the priest belonging to each Curia or parish aforesaid and Curio Max. the chiefe superintendent over them all D D. Decius a forename for Decius although it were the gentile name of a house grew afterwards to bee a forename as Paulus and likewise forenames at the first came to name families as Posthumius D. Decimus a forename likewise as of that Brutus surnamed Albinus who killed Caesar. Decemvirs were magistrates officers or fellowships ten in number Decemvirs legibus scribendis were ten men chosen to make laws in Rome who afterwards usurped the soveraigne authoritie and tyrannized Decemviri sacrorū were certain priests who had the keeping and perusing of Sibyls bookes of destinies and thereout gave order for sacrifices and expiation of prodigies Decemvirs ten iudges or ministers of iustice selected out of the great court or counsell of the hundred Centumvirs and they were called Decemviri Sclitibus indicandus assistant they were to the Preteour of L. chiefe iustice Dictatour a soveraigne magistrat above all others in Rome from whome no appeale was granted meere absolute and king-like but that his time of rule was limited within sixe months ordinarily so named either because he onely said the word and it was done or because hee was Dictus i. nominated onely by one of the Consuls and not otherwise chosen usually in some time of great daunger of the state Hee was called also Pretour Maximus and namely when he was made for the ceremonie of striking up or driving a naile also Magister Populi as Cicero 3 defin Moreover he was sometimes appointed to ordeine and hold solemne feasts in
as furniture to sepultures belōging The chappell to this goddesse stood without the cittie and a gate there was Libitinensis at which they carried foorth their dead For at Rome they might not cōmonly burie or burn a dead corps within the citie unlesse it were upon a special priviledge the law of 12 tables provided therefore in these expresse words IN URBE NON SEPELITO NEVE URITO but in some barren part of their land each man bestowed the ashes or bodies of their dead The practise whereof is evident by many examples in histories and at this day are monuments standing of their tombes reared neere the great causey Appia and elsewhere about Rome The consideration hereof with some other circumstances of a place in the 3 booke of Livie gave me occasion haply to translate amisse There happened to bee a great mortalitie in Rome and the territorie about it not onely of men but of cattlel also at what time as the Volscians and Aequians were encamped within three miles of Rome with a purpose to give the assault to the citie but they were suddainly stricken with a feare that they durst not approach neere testaque procul visa arque imminentes tumuli avertere mentem corum c. where I have englished imminentes tumuli tombes and graves neere at hand in opposition of testa urbis Romena procul visa and the rather because it presently followeth In deserio agro inter tabem perorum atque bominum where tumuli may well be put for tombes and monuments and imminentes neere at hand as Livie and others doe take those words But if any man would have it meant rather of the 7 hils of Rome commaunding and overlooking those houses aforesaid I will not be against it but rather my 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 shall go with him and pardon me I hope he will if either there or elsewhere I have seemed to nod and take a little nap Namque opere in longo fas est obrepere somnum seeing that I have taken my selfe in the manner and not slept untill my neighbour awaked me Lictours in Livie are ministers or sergeants attending upon the magistrates of Rome namely Dictatours Consuls Pretours for those only were called somtime magistrates 〈◊〉 as superiour to the rest so called as Fectus thinketh quod fasces virgarum ligatos serant for that they carried rods tied up in bundels which rods were of birch willow hazell or the Carpine tree a kind of Plane or Maple and within them stuck an axe all to signifie whipping death These officers made way before those magistrates and were ministers also of the execution Lituus was the Augurs staffe much like a bishops croisier crooked at the end M MAgister Equitum Master or Generall of the horsemen This was an office or dignitie among the Romanes incorporate as it were in the Dictatour alone who ever had the absolute naming and chusing of him and ordinarily he was subject to him howsoever Minutius was by strong hand and a violent course of the people made equall to Q. Fabius his Dictatour Commaunder hee was under him of the Cavallerie also his Lieutenant-generall and coadjutour with him in all execution The same that Tribunus celerum in the time of the KK M. Marcus M' with the note of Apostrophus Manius The forenames of certaine Romanes Manipulus in an armie was at the first a pettie companie often soldiors following one javelin having a wispe of hearbs or hay fastened to the upper end as a man would say an handfull of men used after for a small band or squadron of souldiours and Manipulares were they tearmed who served in one such Manipulus Matuta otherwise called Leutothea or Ino the daughter of Cadmus Into her temple at the time of her solemne feast might no maid servant enter and if any did they were sure to be beaten forth by the dames or wives there assembled in remembrance of one Antigera the chamber-maid of Ino with whome her husband Athamas as shee thought was more familiar than she liked well of Megalesia were plaies or games at Rome not as the letter seemeth to import Magni which were Romani but in the honour of Cybele the goddesse named also Idaea Magna mater i. the great mother of the gods Mulsta decem millium aris gravis c. was no doubt a fine of brasen money set upon a mans head after the weight of so much every As weighing a lib. of 12 ounces For before that silver was cast and stamped for coine Aes grave plaustris ad aetarium convehebant as Livie saith when they paid tribute or subsidy to the citie chamber as they were assessed Mundus Muliebris the Elegancie of women Nam quem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graci nomine ornamenti appelaverunt cum nos perfecta absolutag elegantia mundum i the world Plin. first booke fourth chapter Murcea or Murtia one of the names attributed to Venus quia prater modum non moveret sed saceret hominem murcidum i. nimis desidiosum inactuosum contrarie to that other goddesse Agenoria qua ad agendum excitaret And hereupon it is that Murtea is put for the goddesse of sloath and lithernesse N NOra tabula was an easment proposed in favour of debters at Rome whereby the old debt-bookes and obligations were cancelled or the Nomina dashed out Among the Atheniās this practise was called Sisachia i. an easing of burden or Chreocopia a cutting off or striking out of debts N. Numerius a forename to some houses of Rome Nundina were the market daies appointed every ninth day at Rome for the paisants of the countrie to repaire unto the cittie to sell commodities or to buy their necessities And hereupon Trinundinū is the space of 27. daies comprehending three market daies Nones were daies in the month so called because they began the ninth day ever before the Ides honoured by the Romanes both for the birth-day of king Servius and also for the chasing out of the KK for otherwise it was not festivall as Ovid saith Nonarum tutela Deocaret O OVales or Ova were egges set upon the goles in the solemnitie of the hors-running at the plaies Circenses to reckon or skore up as it seemeth by Livie the races which were performed with 24 courses to represent foure and twentie houres of the day Neither was it for nought that choise was made of egges rather than other things for as egs are laid by birds the swiftest of al other living creatures so they also were to contend and strive to bee most active c. or else because Castor and Pollux those renowmed horsemen came of an egge as Poets fable P P. Publius a forname to some Romane families Panatolium or Panatolaik was a solemne diet or counsell wherein all the states of Aetolia assembled to consult of publicke affaires Patres were at Rome an hūdred Senators or noblemen counsailors of state chosen in this maner three out of every one of the 30 Curio
more particularly was the maine standerd to a whole legion so called for that upon the top of a speare was reared and fastned an Eagle in silver at full reliefe and the same sometime was gylded standing upon a base or football of the same mettall The other ensignes as well of cohorts which were bands of five hundred men usually as of centuries i. companies of hundreds named more especially Vexilla were generally called Signa had the portaiture of Minotaures wolves bores horses dragons with sundrie other devises according to the fancie of the Colonels or captaines containing also the name of the cohort or Centurie and the legion to which they belonged T TAlentum Atticum As well ponderale which was weighed as numerale or numarium which was counted in mony was of two sorts The lesse of sixtie pound Atticke and every one of them consisted of a hundred Drachunae or Denarij Romani If Mina then bee three pound two shillings sixe pence sterling the lesse talent Atticke amounteth to 107 pound tenne shillings of our English monie The greater or simply the great talent in Livie is fourescore mina and hath proportioncin 〈◊〉 or Sosquitertiam ad minus which commeth to two hundred and fiftie pound sterling Now was the Euboicke talent where of Livie also speaketh halfe of Talcutun majus Atticum T. Titus A forename to many houses of the Romanes Tisiudo A targuet-fence which the Legionarie Rom. soldiors made either in the open field when they were overcharged with their enemies or in approching the walls of townes to give assault In the former after they had enclosed within them their baggage and light armed men they rested themselves upoÌ„ their knees with their targuets close couched together over their heads to avoid the enemies shot and after they had well breathed they would rise up all at once againe fresh and lustie to a new skirmish In the latter they had the like targuet-rouse but penthouse wise one overlapped the other after the manner of tiles and so they skaled walls without offence from above Templum hath in Livie three significations 1. a sacred house or chappell dedicated to some god or goddesse for divine service as the temple of Iupiter in the Capitoll c. 2. An open place from whence a man might see al about him as having nothing to hinder his prospect and which likewise might bee seene from all parts whereof commeth the verbe Contemplari i. to behold And such did the Augures chuse for to take their signes of bird-flight 3. Any place hallowed although not for divine service yet for debating of serious humane affaires as their Curiae and Counsell-chambers yea and the Rostra at Rome Thalassio An Auspicate or luckie word used at Bridales or weddings in Rome like to this among the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hymen 6 Hymenae hymen c. Catull. Thensa whereof Livie uriteth in the fifth ninth books were certain pettie chariots or dreyes of silver or yvorie carrying the images and ornaments of their gods in great pompe upon certaine of high daies and they who led the horses drawing the same wore their richest apparrell holding in their hands and training the false reines stretched out at length in solemne wise whereupon Festus thinketh they tooke the name T bensa quasi Tensae Trabea was a roiall robe or mantle of estate all of deepe purple or skarlet onely at the first but afterwards embrodered richly with gold Livie seemeth to confound it with Vestis purpurea Pieta Balmata and Triumphalis And in truth all one they were in the principall substance and matter thereof namely purple or scarlet but different in the setting out being embrodered with gold more or lesse distinguished also with white among for that was a roiall colour as may appeare by the diodeme which was a white wheath or bad done about the head of kings or in the manner of the worke for either it was palinata so called a lutitudino 〈◊〉 i. of the broad burrons of gold adinstar palmarum i. to the bredth oâ—ones hand as Festus thinketh or braunched and damasked with flours-worke like to the date tree or else picta i. of ryssewe or embroderieâ— Tribunes of the Commons were certaine magistrates as Provosts or protectors of the Commons to restraine keepe downe the excessive power of the nobilitie chosen and confirmed by the generall oath of the people whereby they were Sacrosancti sacred or inviolable and no violence might be done to their person They had a negative voice and power of inhibition called Intercessio whereby they might crosse stop the proceedings of the Senate or any magistrate save only the Dictatour even the very Consuls whome in some case they might command Tribunes militarie in Consuls authoritie or Consularie governed the state of Rome many yeeres in steed of Consuls Tribunes militarie in the armie were Colonels over a thousand Tribuni ararij were the keepers of the cittie chamber or common Treasure as it were the maisters of the exchequer Tribunes in Rome first three containing each of them tenne Curia but afterwards they were five and thirtie containing all the naturall citizens of Rome Tribu moveri was a kind of ignominie and disgrace when a man was displaced by the Censors out of his owne tribe into another more base than it and namely crustica in urbanam of which urbanae there were foure Suburrana Esquilina Palatina and Collina into which king Servius distributed those that were manumised and Rullus afterwards forensem turbam Triumviri capitales Three Iudges delegate to sit upoÌ„ life death touching fellonious crimes They were called also Quastores parricidij c. Triumviri Monetales Three officers for the mint of money either brasse silver or gold They are represented in old coines by these five letters stamped thereupon Ae. A.A. F.F. for aere aiaro argento slando ferriundo that is to say for the melting coining and stamping of brasse silver and gold They were afterwards foure in number and named Quatuorviri Triumviri or Tresviri noctiarni Three overseers of the night-watch for fire c. Triumviri Mensarij Three Commissaries deputed for the time and as occasion required in steed of bankers or treasurers to received a stock of mony to lay the same out upon extraordinary charges as in the time of the second Punicke war when the citie chamber was without mony VVhich stocke was put into their hands out of private mens purses by way of a voluntarie benevolence aud contribution as appeareth in the sixe and twentieth booke of Livie Triumviri Extraordinarij Three likewise to levie souldiours and able men for to beare armes without the usual order of musters throughout Italie upon some speciall occasion Triumviri colonijs deducendis three commissioners who had authoritie to enroll new inhabitants into any colonie also to set out and divide the cittie lands gotten by conquest at their discretion among them Triumvirs also there were three VVardens to oversee the
the mutinie of the old souldiours which with great mischiefe was begun he subdued the Iapides the Dalmatians and Pannonians Antonius having upon his word and promise of safetie protection trained unto him Artauasdes the king of Armenia commaunded him to be laid up fast in Irons and gave the kingdome of Armenia to his owne sonne which he had by Cleopatra for now by this time he began to avow her as his wife upon whom long before he was enamoured and doted in love Of the CXXXII booke CAius Caesar subdued the Dalmatians in Illyricum When M. Antonius for the love of Cleopatra who bare him two sonnes Philadelphius and Alexander would neither returne to the cittie of Rome nor after the time of the Trium virat expired resigne up that dignitie government but prepared for warre which he ment to levie against Rome and Italie and thereto had raised a mightie power as well of sea-forces as land and withwall had renounced the marriage with Octavia Caesars sister and sent her a letter of divorcement and so put her away Caesar therupon with an armie sailed into Epirus The battailes at sea afterwards and the horse-fights wherein Caesar had the upper hand be here related Of the CXXXIII booke MArcus Antonius was with his fleet overcome at Actium and thereupon fled to Alexandria where being by Caesar besieged and in utter dispaire of recovering his former state but mooved especially upon a false rumour that was spred how Cleopatra was killed hee slew himselfe When Caesar was now master of Alexandria Cleopatra likewise because she would not fal into the hands of the conquerour willingly procured her owne death Caesar upon his returne to the cittie of Rome had the honour of three triumphs the one over Illyricum another for the victorie at Actium the third in regard of Cleopatra Thus when he had finished all civill warres which had continued one twentie yeeres M. Lepidus the sonne of Lepidus the Triumvir conspired against Caesar and whiles hee went about to make warre was prevented and slaine Of the CXXXIIII booke CAius Caesar having set the state in good order and reduced all provinces into one certaine forme was surnamed also Augustus and the moneth Sextilis to honour his name was likewise so called Whiles he sat in visitation at Narbone he tooke a review of the three provinces of Gaule which his father Caesar had conquered The war which M. Crassus made against the Bastarnians Maesians and other nations is here reported Of the CXXXV booke THe warre which M. Crassus levied against the Thracians as also which Caesar made upon the Spaniards is here set downe Likewise how the Salassians a people in habiting the Alpes were utterly subdued Of the CXXXVI booke RHetia was conquered by Tiberius Nero and Drusus his wives sonne Agrippa Caesars sonne in law died and by Drusus was the generall review and taxe taken Of the CXXXVII THe citties of Germanie situate on either side the Rhene are by Drusus besieged and assailed The tumult and insurrection which arose in France by reason of the foresaid review or tax was appeased An altar was erected unto Divus Caesar at the confluent of the two rivers Arar and Rhodanus and a priest was created to offer thereupon one C. Iulius Vercondaridubius an Heduan Of the CXXXVIII booke HEre is shewed how the Thracians were by L. Piso tamed Likewise how the Therusci Temachateri the Cauci and other nations of Germanie beyond the Rhene were subdued and brought under by Drusus Octavia the sister of Augustus departed this life having buried before her sonne Marcellus whose monuments still remaine namely the Theatre and gallerie bearing his name as if they had bene dedicated by Marcellus Of the CXXXIX booke THe warre which Drusus mannaged against the nations beyond Rhene is heere reported In which warre the chiefe persons that fought were Senectius and Anectius Tribunes of the Norvians state Nero the brother of Drusus subdued the Dalmatians and Pannonians Peace was contracted with the Parthians and upon capitulation the militarie ensignes were delivered up againe to their king which first under the conduct of Crassus and afterwards of Antonius were lost and by them taken Of the CXL booke IN this booke is related the warre which Drusus fought against the citties and states of Germanie beyond the Rhene Himselfe fell from his horse and brake his leg by reason that his horse fell thereon upon which sracture he died thirtie daies after His corps was by his brother Nero who being sent for upon the newes of his sicknesse rode in post brought through to Rome and bestowed in the tombe of C. Iulius Praised he was by Caesar Augustus his father in law and at his funerals for a finall farewell he was entituled with many honourable names To the Reader THe historie of Titus Livius as it was by him passing well penned otherwise and none thereto in Latine comparable so in the calculation date of times which they call Chronologie a singular light to give direction in a storie hee is somewhat defective and unlike himselfe so as he cannot be praised without exception But if a man consider the huge volumes which he wrate and namely in his declining age the varietie and disagreement of former authours whom he followed who before him faulted also in this point and where of he much complaineth he is to be pitied and pardoned if his memorie failed somewhat in this behalfe For where shal we find a man that is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 omnique exparte beatus And in deed if we weigh the thing aright as it was a profession by it selfe required a whole man so many travailed therin alone they that performed well but it only deserved high thanks and commendation And to let many others passe how worthily is T. Pomponius Atticus praised by Cicero his friend for digesting the head magistrates of seven hundred yeeres in one booke As for Verrius Flaccus who lived in the time of Augustus Caesar he collected a catalogue and register of the chiefe rulers of Rome how they were chosen successively and how they governed from time to time which as hee caused to be cut and engraven in a marble wall within the Capitoll for a perpetuall memorie to posteritie so thereby he deserved also to have his owne statue erected neere the temple of Vesta for an everlasting memoriall of so great a benefit But what is there so durable that time wasteth not what so conspicuous and evident but troublesome daies may overwhelme and hide in oblivion Thus amid that havock which the Goths Vandals made in Italie there remained not one fourth part extant of Livies storie thus in that generall confusion of Rome these records of Verrius Flaccus were defaced broken and buried deepe under the ruines of the capitoll and other stately edifices But the revolution of times as it hath brought to light againe some reliques of Livie so it hath discovered also those marbles of