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man_n have_v beside_o
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they_o mention_v by_o aeneas_n in_o those_o fragment_n of_o he_o which_o all-devouring_a time_n have_v leave_v we_o and_o those_o be_v but_o few_o before_o the_o grecian_n begin_v their_o battle_n they_o sing_v their_o paean_n which_o be_v apollo_n paean_n a_o hymn_n to_o apollo_n a_o hymn_n to_o apollo_n after_o which_o they_o have_v their_o shout_n or_o cry_v which_o the_o roman_n with_o a_o barbarous_a word_n call_v baritus_n if_o they_o gain_v the_o victory_n they_o sing_v another_o paean_n or_o hymn_n to_o that_o same_o deity_n then_o they_o loud_o cry_v to_o the_o god_n mars_n alala_n alala_n double_v and_o re-doubling_a that_o word_n mars_n alalâ—â—_n â—_z cry_v to_o mars_n very_o often_o neither_o be_v this_o custom_n peculiar_a to_o the_o greek_n for_o we_o read_v in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o seven_o book_n of_o xenophon_n that_o cyrus_n the_o persian_a use_v the_o very_a same_o thing_n when_o he_o fight_v that_o great_a battle_n with_o croesus_n wherein_o he_o be_v 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all_o the_o several_a part_n of_o it_o chap._n x._o one_o of_o our_o modern_a army_n compare_v with_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n our_o batallion_n of_o pike_n in_o the_o modern_a war_n will_v resemble_v the_o grecian_a heavy_a arm_a phalange_n of_o foot_n if_o they_o be_v as_o well_o arm_v for_o the_o defensive_a as_o they_o shall_v be_v and_o as_o they_o be_v one_o hundred_o year_n ago_o our_o one_o modern_a infantry_n resemble_v the_o grecian_a one_o musket_n harquebuse_n firelock_n and_o fusee_n give_v we_o a_o uncontroverted_a advantage_n over_o their_o light_n arm_v or_o yet_o the_o roman_a velite_n whatever_o lipsius_n say_v to_o the_o contrary_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n of_o my_o essay_n of_o the_o modern_a art_n of_o war._n a_o swedish_n company_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o great_a gustavus_n and_o since_o be_v of_o one_o hundred_o twenty_o six_o man_n resemble_v the_o grecian_a centuriate_n which_o consist_v of_o one_o hundred_o twenty_o eight_o man_n and_o a_o swedish_n regiment_n wherein_o be_v one_o thousand_o and_o eight_o man_n come_v very_o near_o to_o the_o grecian_a chiliarchy_n wherein_o according_a to_o aelian_a there_o be_v one_o thousand_o twenty_o four_o man_n since_o the_o time_n that_o the_o swisser_n canton_n confederate_v so_o strong_o and_o swisser_n swisser_n fight_v with_o their_o master_n so_o fortunate_o that_o they_o get_v themselves_o declare_v free_a state_n their_o great_a batallion_n of_o ten_o sometime_o twelve_o sometime_o sixteen_o thousand_o all_o arm_v for_o the_o offensive_a with_o long_a and_o strong_a pike_n and_o have_v their_o head_n neck_n back_n breast_n belly_n and_o arm_n and_o thigh_n well_o defend_v with_o iron_n and_o steel_n resemble_v perfect_o a_o macedonian_a phalange_n of_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n and_o what_o great_a victory_n they_o gain_v with_o those_o batallion_n shall_v be_v speak_v of_o hereafter_o en_fw-fr passant_a but_o one_o hundred_o year_n ago_o and_o 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suitable_a to_o so_o many_o gun_n the_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o king_n henry_n view_v this_o mighty_a army_n of_o he_o near_o the_o city_n of_o metz_n where_o he_o say_v it_o be_v draw_v up_o in_o battalion_n but_o he_o forget_v oversight_n a_o great_a oversight_n to_o inform_v we_o here_o of_o two_o very_a considerable_a point_n the_o one_o of_o what_o altitude_n or_o depth_n both_o the_o foot_n and_o horse_n be_v the_o second_o what_o distance_n be_v keep_v or_o order_v to_o be_v keep_v between_o the_o several_a file_n and_o rank_n both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o how_o great_a the_o interval_n be_v between_o the_o several_a batallion_n and_o body_n as_o well_o of_o the_o cavalry_n as_o the_o infantry_n for_o thereby_o we_o shall_v have_v be_v able_a not_o only_o to_o have_v make_v a_o probable_a conjecture_n but_o determinate_o to_o have_v know_v how_o much_o ground_n the_o whole_a army_n take_v up_o in_o longitude_n but_o there_o be_v other_o who_o be_v guilty_a of_o this_o neglect_n as_o well_o as_o this_o author_n of_o we_o who_o have_v fail_v in_o this_o with_o these_o indeed_o formidable_a force_n do_v the_o french_a king_n intend_v to_o defy_v and_o fight_v within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n charles_n the_o five_o a_o great_a and_o brave_a prince_n than_o who_o though_o he_o have_v not_o be_v elect_v emperor_n of_o the_o roman_n either_o for_o propriety_n and_o large_a extent_n of_o patrimonial_a dominion_n or_o for_o personal_a courage_n and_o prudence_n the_o western_a world_n have_v not_o see_v since_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a but_o while_o this_o magnanimous_a king_n be_v view_v and_o exceed_o please_a himself_o army_n henry_n view_v his_o army_n with_o the_o sight_n of_o his_o gallant_a army_n a_o beggarly_a and_o contemptible_a crew_n of_o some_o soldier_n some_o soujat_n and_o groom_n and_o some_o country_n clown_n in_o sight_n of_o this_o great_a prince_n his_o nobility_n in_o splendid_a equipage_n 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return_v and_o defend_v his_o own_o territory_n against_o charles_n who_o be_v horrible_o incense_v against_o he_o for_o offer_v to_o assist_v his_o rebel_n for_o so_o he_o call_v those_o elector_n against_o his_o lawful_a authority_n as_o this_o french_a army_n which_o i_o think_v so_o much_o represent_v the_o phalange_n conclusion_n conclusion_n vanish_v so_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n itself_o on_o which_o aelian_a bestow_v the_o title_n and_o epithet_n of_o invincible_a inexpugnable_a and_o irresistible_a after_o it_o have_v in_o philip_n and_o his_o son_n alexander_n time_n give_v the_o law_n to_o the_o eastern_a world_n and_o after_o their_o death_n have_v be_v keep_v up_o by_o alexander_n successor_n and_o great_a captain_n the_o space_n of_o one_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o year_n yield_v to_o fate_n and_o be_v bring_v to_o nothing_o in_o perseus_n his_o time_n and_o macedon_n itself_o reduce_v to_o a_o province_n by_o the_o roman_n of_o who_o legion_n art_n and_o order_n of_o war_n we_o be_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o take_v a_o view_n pallas_n armata_n military_a essay_n on_o the_o ancient_a roman_a art_n of_o war_n book_n ii_o chap._n i._o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a government_n and_o militia_n in_o general_n the_o hand_n of_o heaven_n which_o cast_v the_o empire_n of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n into_o the_o lap_n of_o the_o roman_n be_v the_o more_o visible_a in_o that_o before_o they_o come_v to_o any_o great_a progress_n of_o conquest_n and_o after_o too_o their_o state_n be_v state_n inward_a disease_n of_o the_o roman_a state_n obnoxious_a to_o those_o difficulty_n which_o may_v have_v render_v it_o not_o only_o incapable_a to_o overcome_v its_o enemy_n but_o subject_a to_o be_v a_o prey_n to_o any_o of_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o these_o any_o who_o have_v peruse_v their_o history_n may_v if_o they_o please_v with_o i_o observe_v they_o which_o follow_v first_o their_o frequent_a change_n of_o government_n as_o from_o king_n to_o consulâ—_n first_o first_o then_o to_o consul_n join_v with_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n from_o these_o to_o a_o decemvirate_n from_o that_o to_o military_a tribune_n invest_v with_o consular_a authority_n from_o they_o to_o consul_n again_o from_o these_o to_o a_o triumvirate_n and_o from_o that_o to_o emperor_n second_o the_o almost_o continual_a â—arrs_n and_o debate_n between_o the_o senate_n and_o second_o second_o the_o people_n not_o only_o concern_v the_o â—ex_n 〈…〉_o and_o division_n of_o land_n but_o even_o about_o the_o supreme_a power_n of_o the_o governament_n itself_o in_o which_o the_o commons_o ever_o gain_v ground_n and_o at_o the_o long-run_a obtain_v the_o principal_a point_n and_o mark_n of_o the_o sovereignty_n those_o be_v the_o 〈…〉_o of_o magistrate_n yea_o of_o the_o consul_n make_v and_o repeat_v law_n power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n and_o the_o last_o appeal_n three_o the_o constant_o seditious_a oration_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o tribune_n three_o three_o of_o the_o people_n whereby_o they_o public_o obstruct_v many_o time_n the_o levy_n of_o soldier_n and_o the_o pursuance_n of_o many_o victory_n gain_v against_o their_o neighbour_n while_o the_o state_n be_v yet_o in_o its_o infancy_n all_o those_o alteration_n and_o contention_n proceed_v from_o a_o inward_a disease_n of_o state_n can_v not_o choose_v but_o exceed_o weaken_v it_o in_o the_o undertake_n any_o great_a action_n abroad_o but_o four_o their_o cruelty_n and_o ingratitude_n to_o their_o own_o citizen_n and_o captain_n four_o four_o who_o have_v do_v they_o the_o best_a and_o great_a service_n some_o whereof_o i_o shall_v instance_n in_o in_o another_o place_n few_o of_o they_o all_o escape_v a_o severe_a censure_n enough_o to_o withdraw_v any_o generous_a spirit_n from_o a_o desire_n to_o serve_v they_o five_o their_o frequent_a make_v dictator_n almost_o upon_o every_o sudden_a apprehension_n five_o five_o of_o fear_n or_o suppose_a danger_n a_o office_n 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have_v not_o wait_v hiâ—_n opportunity_n and_o come_v to_o his_o rescue_n with_o the_o triariâ—_n fabius_n the_o dictator_n nicknamed_a the_o cunctator_n have_v minutius_n join_v in_o equal_a command_n with_o he_o who_o will_v needs_o with_o the_o half_a of_o the_o army_n fight_n hanâ—â—bal_n whether_o the_o dictator_n will_v or_o not_o the_o carthaginian_a beat_v he_o and_o have_v make_v a_o end_n of_o he_o and_o perhaps_o of_o the_o war_n too_o if_o old_a fabius_n have_v not_o part_v the_o fray_n but_o the_o roman_n escape_v not_o so_o easy_o at_o cannae_n for_o there_o terentius_n varro_n in_o spite_n of_o his_o colleague_n paulus_n aemilius_n fight_v with_o the_o same_o hannibal_n where_o both_o of_o they_o receive_v such_o a_o overthrow_n that_o if_o he_o who_o give_v it_o they_o have_v follow_v maharbal_n advice_n and_o immediate_o march_v he_o may_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v dine_v the_o five_o day_n after_o in_o the_o capitol_n and_o for_o
ever_o have_v extirpate_v the_o city_n and_o name_n of_o the_o roman_n here_o rome_n be_v fave_v not_o at_o all_o by_o the_o senate_n prudence_n but_o by_o her_o enemy_n negligence_n seven_o their_o custom_n to_o recall_v their_o consul_n and_o proconsul_n at_o seven_o seven_o the_o end_n of_o every_o year_n unless_o by_o mighty_a favour_n or_o invincible_a necessity_n they_o be_v continue_v which_o make_v their_o general_n either_o desperate_o hazard_v battle_n or_o grant_v a_o advantageous_a and_o honourable_a peace_n to_o their_o almost_o conquer_a enemy_n lest_o their_o successor_n shall_v have_v the_o honour_n to_o finish_v the_o war._n take_v these_o instance_n sempronius_n against_o all_o reason_n will_v needs_o fight_v hannibal_n at_o trebia_n before_o his_o colleague_n publ._n scipiâ—_n be_v recover_v of_o his_o wound_n for_o fear_v new_a consul_n shall_v come_v and_o rob_v he_o of_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o victory_n the_o like_a fear_n make_v titus_n flaminius_n grant_v a_o advantageous_a peace_n to_o nabis_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemon_n when_o titus_n be_v almost_o master_n of_o all_o greece_n so_o do_v scipio_n the_o african_a to_o the_o vanquish_a carthaginian_n after_o he_o have_v beat_v hannibal_n at_o zama_n public_o profess_v that_o the_o ambitious_a desire_n of_o claudius_n and_o cornelius_n who_o aspire_v to_o succeed_v he_o and_o put_v a_o end_n to_o that_o long_a war_n be_v the_o cause_n he_o do_v not_o finish_v it_o himself_o want_v time_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o carthage_n eight_o their_o extraordinary_a superstition_n beyond_o all_o other_o nation_n they_o eighth_n eighth_n must_v sacrifice_v great_a and_o small_a beast_n make_v procession_n lectisternium_n and_o supplication_n to_o all_o their_o god_n and_o goddess_n who_o be_v not_o a_o few_o not_o only_o some_o day_n but_o sometime_o some_o week_n before_o their_o general_n be_v permit_v to_o march_v from_o the_o city_n whereby_o time_n and_o occasion_n not_o to_o be_v recover_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o war_n be_v very_o frequent_o lose_v all_o this_o must_v be_v do_v to_o pease_n their_o angry_a deity_n when_o any_o prodigy_n be_v see_v or_o hear_v of_o either_o within_o or_o without_o the_o city_n for_o some_o whereof_o natural_a reason_n may_v have_v be_v give_v some_o of_o they_o be_v palpable_a and_o ridiculous_a lie_n and_o not_o a_o few_o of_o they_o compose_v either_o by_o the_o state_n or_o the_o priest_n to_o cheat_v the_o credulous_a vulgar_a and_o yet_o with_o the_o relation_n of_o they_o titus_n livius_n even_o nauâ—eates_v his_o reader_n insomuch_o that_o boccalini_n tell_v we_o in_o one_o of_o his_o raguagli_fw-la that_o when_o dion_n be_v severe_o reprove_v in_o parnassus_n before_o apollo_n for_o write_v such_o fabulous_a miracle_n livius_n be_v observe_v to_o blush_v as_o guilty_a of_o the_o same_o crime_n yet_o boccalini_n own_o tacitus_n and_o suetonius_n use_v we_o very_o â—ittle_o better_o livy_n tell_v we_o of_o several_a ox_n that_o speak_v particular_o of_o one_o that_o say_v cave_fw-la tibi_fw-la roma_fw-la but_o i_o wonder_v why_o many_o more_o poor_a man_n ox_n do_v not_o learn_v to_o speak_v since_o this_o ox_n for_o his_o seasonable_a warning_n in_o bid_v rome_n beware_v of_o herself_o be_v order_v to_o be_v feed_v on_o the_o public_a charge_n suetonius_n tell_v we_o of_o a_o crow_n which_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o dâ—mitians_n reign_n tell_v the_o roman_n from_o the_o capitol_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v well_o if_o she_o have_v not_o love_v her_o liberty_n better_o than_o her_o meat_n she_o have_v not_o fly_v away_o but_o stay_v still_o and_o be_v feed_v at_o the_o public_a expense_n of_o the_o city_n and_o perhaps_o be_v worship_v as_o fatidick_n for_o thing_n do_v indeed_o grow_v well_o after_o that_o monster_n death_n yet_o methinks_v she_o be_v a_o very_a ill_n nature_a bird_n that_o will_v not_o tell_v so_o good_a news_n in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n which_o be_v latin_n for_o you_o be_v to_o know_v she_o speak_v in_o greek_a that_o the_o poor_a people_n of_o rome_n who_o be_v oppress_v by_o that_o bloody_a tyrant_n may_v have_v understand_v the_o comfortable_a prophecy_n as_o well_o as_o the_o fabulous_a priest_n i_o pray_v you_o take_v the_o story_n in_o verse_n tarpeio_n nuper_fw-la sedit_fw-la quae_fw-la culmine_fw-la cornix_fw-la est_fw-la bene_fw-la non_fw-la potuit_fw-la dicere_fw-la dixit_fw-la erit_fw-la upon_o the_o capitol_n the_o crow_n do_v not_o say_v all_o be_v well_o but_o that_o thing_n short_o well_o shall_v go_v distinct_o she_o do_v tell_v nor_o must_v the_o roman_a general_n go_v out_o of_o rome_n till_o they_o take_v their_o auspex_n right_a nor_o must_v they_o fight_v if_o the_o entrail_n of_o the_o sacrifice_v beast_n do_v not_o full_o please_v the_o juggle_a priest_n or_o yet_o if_o the_o sacred_a pulleâ—s_n do_v not_o eat_v their_o meat_n well_o and_o it_o be_v well_o enough_o know_v how_o the_o chicken_n master_v cozen_v the_o consul_n oft_o enough_o with_o the_o eat_n or_o not_o eat_v of_o the_o chicken_n it_o be_v almost_o constant_o in_o their_o power_n to_o make_v the_o consul_n give_v battle_n or_o abstain_v from_o it_o when_o they_o please_v julius_n caesar_n will_v not_o be_v so_o cheat_v for_o though_o the_o hostia_fw-la which_o he_o be_v to_o sacrifice_n run_v away_o from_o he_o which_o be_v think_v to_o presage_v have_v fortune_n yet_o go_v he_o on_o to_o africa_n and_o at_o his_o land_n there_o his_o foot_n trip_v he_o fall_v this_o his_o soldier_n think_v very_o ominous_a but_o he_o give_v it_o another_o interpretation_n and_o say_v he_o have_v take_v possession_n of_o the_o country_n teneo_fw-la te_fw-la africa_n but_o contrary_a to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v appear_v two_o famous_a author_n machiavelli_n and_o polybius_n the_o first_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o his_o discourse_n on_o titus_n livius_n make_v the_o roman_n tenacious_a adhere_v to_o machiavelli_n machiavelli_n their_o superstition_n which_o he_o call_v religion_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o aggrandize_v their_o empire_n and_o commend_v they_o much_o for_o â—uffering_v no_o innovation_n to_o be_v introduce_v in_o their_o holy_a rite_n yet_o all_o he_o do_v upon_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o show_v that_o the_o ancient_a roman_n make_v a_o prudent_a use_n of_o their_o pretend_a religion_n and_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o it_o govern_v their_o commonwealth_n politic_o but_o i_o say_v first_o that_o be_v but_o one_o of_o his_o own_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o any_o thing_n he_o say_v to_o the_o contrary_a i_o suppose_v those_o roman_n be_v as_o eal_o superstitious_a as_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v even_o the_o senator_n themselves_o and_o himself_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n of_o that_o book_n aver_v that_o there_o be_v never_o great_a fear_n of_o god_n for_o many_o age_n than_o in_o that_o ancient_a republic_n then_o by_o his_o own_o account_n it_o be_v not_o pretend_v but_o a_o real_a religion_n and_o be_v not_o this_o â—ound_a christian_a doctrine_n to_o aver_v that_o the_o fear_n of_o god_n be_v where_o devil_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o deity_n be_v public_o adore_v and_o worship_v second_o i_o say_v if_o the_o roman_a senate_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v for_o not_o suffer_v any_o alteration_n to_o be_v make_v in_o that_o religion_n which_o their_o second_o king_n numa_n pompilius_n have_v establish_v among_o they_o then_o by_o machiavell_n rule_n we_o must_v approve_v of_o all_o the_o persecution_n of_o the_o heathen_a emperor_n against_o the_o christian_n for_o thereby_o they_o do_v but_o endeavour_v to_o banish_v all_o new_a religion_n out_o of_o their_o dominion_n true_o i_o think_v that_o not_o any_o one_o part_n of_o that_o florentine_n write_n smell_v rank_a of_o atheism_n than_o this_o do_v but_o polybius_n a_o universal_o approve_v author_n speak_v very_o near_o polybius_n polybius_n the_o same_o language_n in_o the_o six_o book_n of_o his_o history_n where_o he_o say_v that_o that_o which_o with_o other_o nation_n be_v account_v a_o vice_n be_v make_v useful_a by_o the_o roman_n for_o keep_v their_o subject_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o duty_n and_o that_o be_v say_v he_o the_o superstitious_a veneration_n of_o their_o god_n in_o a_o extraordinary_a way_n but_o withal_o he_o add_v that_o the_o roman_n do_v well_o to_o restrain_v the_o fury_n and_o other_o passion_n of_o the_o commons_o with_o unseen_a terror_n with_o feign_a and_o fearful_a bugbear_n and_o that_o both_o they_o and_o other_o ancient_a nation_n have_v do_v prudent_o to_o induce_v in_o credulous_a mind_n the_o opinion_n of_o deity_n and_o of_o the_o torment_n of_o hell_n and_o though_o these_o have_v no_o existency_n yet_o the_o doctrine_n of_o they_o say_v he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v rash_o condemn_v since_o it_o over-awes_a the_o vulgar_a whether_o this_o discourse_n will_v not_o prove_v polybius_n though_o he_o know_v not_o
power_n to_o appeal_v from_o the_o tribune_n to_o the_o consul_n observe_v here_o that_o no_o man_n can_v be_v choose_v to_o be_v a_o officer_n but_o he_o who_o have_v serve_v out_o half_a his_o time_n which_o be_v this_o the_o horseman_n be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v ten_o year_n and_o the_o foot_n twenty_o suppose_v still_o that_o they_o be_v not_o mutilate_v or_o make_v unserviceable_a in_o the_o war_n after_o that_o they_o be_v emeriti_fw-la milites_fw-la and_o be_v to_o get_v their_o dimission_n serve_v how_o long_o a_o roman_a soldier_n be_v bind_v to_o serve_v and_o this_o sometime_o occasion_v mutiny_n when_o the_o state_n can_v not_o convenient_o spare_v they_o the_o member_n elect_v for_o the_o war_n be_v not_o to_o be_v under_o seventeen_o year_n old_a nor_o above_o forty_o seven_o but_o it_o be_v strange_a how_o vegetius_n in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n against_o the_o current_n of_o all_o writer_n affirm_v that_o those_o of_o fourteen_o year_n old_a shall_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o election_n if_o the_o ancient_a custom_n say_v he_o be_v observe_v but_o these_o dimission_n be_v sometime_o dispense_v with_o when_o reason_n of_o state_n require_v it_o and_o livy_n say_v that_o in_o the_o macedonian_a war_n there_o be_v no_o cessation_n from_o arm_n nor_o dimission_n grant_v but_o to_o those_o who_o be_v past_o the_o fifty_o year_n of_o their_o age_n if_o any_o absent_v themselves_o from_o the_o time_n and_o place_n ordain_v for_o election_n they_o be_v punish_v but_o how_o neither_o polybius_n nor_o vegetius_n tell_v we_o but_o lipsius_n punish_v absent_v from_o election_n how_o punish_v that_o great_a investigator_n of_o antiquity_n out_o of_o history_n inform_v we_o that_o sometime_o they_o be_v fine_v in_o money_n or_o bestial_a sometime_o they_o have_v all_o or_o most_o of_o their_o good_n take_v from_o they_o some_o of_o they_o be_v corporal_o punish_v by_o bond_n and_o imprisonment_n some_o of_o they_o have_v whip_v with_o rod_n and_o some_o have_v their_o finger_n and_o thumb_n cut_v off_o and_o many_o of_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o slave_n he_o say_v also_o that_o some_o person_n be_v appoint_v who_o he_o call_v conquisitores_fw-la to_o search_v out_o and_o find_v such_o delinquent_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n especial_o after_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v convert_v into_o a_o monarchy_n this_o laudable_a and_o strict_a way_n of_o election_n wear_v out_o and_o decay_v and_o instead_o of_o free_a bear_v and_o of_o the_o lusty_a and_o able_a plebeian_n soujat_n slave_n drudge_n and_o the_o servant_n of_o vintner_n and_o cook_n be_v elect_v and_o enroll_v to_o the_o disgrace_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n and_o subversion_n of_o the_o empire_n whereof_o vegetius_n have_v just_a reason_n to_o complain_v two_o thing_n my_o reader_n must_v observe_v here_o first_o that_o beside_o this_o formal_a levy_n tumultuary_a levy_n election_n there_o be_v a_o sudden_a and_o tumultuary_a levy_n which_o be_v make_v 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think_v fit_a for_o after_o the_o defeat_n at_o cannae_n they_o buy_v eight_o thousand_o slave_n from_o their_o master_n and_o enroll_v and_o arm_v they_o who_o thereafter_o for_o their_o good_a service_n do_v at_o beneventum_n be_v manumit_v nor_o be_v this_o all_o the_o dictator_n junius_n brutus_n by_o open_a proclamation_n invite_v all_o who_o be_v condemn_v for_o capital_a proclamation_n a_o strange_a proclamation_n crime_n or_o who_o be_v banish_v and_o flee_v and_o all_o who_o be_v imprison_v for_o debt_n to_o come_v and_o take_v arm_n exempt_n the_o first_o from_o all_o punishment_n and_o the_o last_o from_o all_o payment_n a_o action_n which_o seem_v not_o to_o relish_v much_o of_o justice_n but_o dura_n mater_fw-la necessitaâ—_n necessity_n will_v be_v tie_v by_o no_o law_n and_o the_o like_a be_v practise_v afterward_o in_o the_o time_n of_o most_o of_o their_o civil_a war_n chap._n iii_o of_o their_o arm_n offensive_a and_o defensive_a and_o their_o military_a oath_n 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and_o foot_n be_v call_v cataphracti_fw-la a_o head-piece_n and_o a_o target_n which_o he_o say_v be_v short_a and_o round_o he_o speak_v not_o of_o greeves_n bâ—lly-pieces_n or_o taslet_n perhaps_o he_o be_v defective_a here_o for_o other_o author_n allow_v they_o nor_o do_v he_o mention_v boot_n though_o there_o be_v reason_n to_o think_v that_o every_o horseman_n shall_v have_v have_v two_o boot_n since_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v present_o one_o boot_n be_v allow_v to_o every_o footman_n for_o the_o roman_a horseman_n weapon_n or_o offensive_a arm_n we_o must_v consult_v polybius_n who_o give_v they_o a_o sword_n and_o a_o lance_n the_o sword_n long_o than_o that_o a_o foot_n soldier_n carry_v it_o be_v strange_a that_o vegetâ—â—s_n speak_v nothing_o of_o this_o some_o author_n say_v the_o horseman_n carry_v like_o wise_a some_o dart_n weapon_n offensive_a weapon_n which_o may_v be_v probable_a josephus_n inform_v we_o that_o they_o carry_v lance_n long_a sword_n and_o two_o or_o 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yet_o be_v he_o not_o at_o the_o pain_n to_o give_v we_o so_o perfect_a a_o description_n of_o they_o as_o other_o author_n have_v do_v he_o tell_v we_o of_o shield_n and_o that_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n have_v shield_n but_o speak_v not_o of_o their_o form_n nor_o bigness_n distinction_n a_o nice_a distinction_n there_o be_v some_o and_o among_o they_o achilles_n terduzzi_n who_o make_v a_o difference_n between_o a_o shield_n and_o a_o target_n and_o it_o be_v this_o the_o first_o be_v of_o a_o round_a figure_n and_o the_o second_o of_o a_o long_a angular_a or_o oval_n if_o so_o we_o must_v conclude_v those_o use_v by_o the_o roman_n to_o have_v be_v target_n and_o no_o shield_n in_o regard_n they_o be_v ordinary_o four_o foot_n long_o and_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a but_o notwithstanding_o this_o nice_a distinction_n i_o shall_v use_v the_o word_n promiscuous_o and_o call_v the_o roman_a target_n a_o shield_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o there_o be_v a_o 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legion_n do_v when_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o perseus_n and_o his_o macedonian_a phalange_n for_o at_o those_o time_n they_o lean_v and_o rest_v themselves_o on_o their_o shield_n they_o make_v also_o good_a use_n of_o those_o point_n by_o push_v and_o thrust_v with_o they_o at_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o come_v to_o any_o close_a medley_n many_o and_o almost_o all_o nation_n beside_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n make_v use_v of_o shield_n especial_o the_o gaul_n and_o german_n who_o peradventure_o have_v the_o use_n of_o they_o before_o the_o roman_n be_v a_o nation_n of_o shield_n either_o in_o battle_n or_o at_o the_o take_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n be_v shield_n a_o tortoise_n oâ—_n shield_n compose_v that_o figure_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n because_o it_o resemble_v that_o animal_n which_o cover_v itself_o within_o its_o shell_n and_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o it_o the_o first_o be_v frame_v thus_o the_o first_o rank_n cover_v their_o 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cover_v themselves_o with_o their_o great_a shield_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o roman_a triarii_n who_o be_v heavy_a arm_v dare_v not_o hazard_v on_o they_o till_o first_o with_o dart_n javelines_n and_o other_o missiles_n they_o put_v they_o in_o disorder_n and_o then_o they_o rout_v they_o livius_n tortoise_n second_o kind_n of_o a_o tortoise_n tell_v we_o of_o the_o second_o kind_n of_o the_o testudo_fw-la make_v of_o shield_n at_o the_o assault_a of_o town_n the_o manner_n this_o so_o many_o century_n maniple_n or_o cohort_n as_o the_o consul_n or_o general_n please_v stand_v near_o the_o wall_n or_o port_n with_o their_o shield_n over_o their_o head_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v straight_o the_o second_o bow_v a_o little_a the_o three_o bow_v a_o little_a more_o than_o the_o second_o the_o four_o more_o than_o the_o three_o so_o still_o decline_v till_o the_o last_o rank_n suppose_v the_o ten_o kneel_v up_o their_o back_n as_o up_o stair_n do_v those_o who_o be_v ordain_v to_o storm_n run_v to_o the_o assault_n and_o so_o either_o enter_v or_o break_v down_o place_n for_o other_o to_o enter_v this_o i_o believe_v be_v practise_v often_o in_o their_o play_n on_o the_o amphitheatre_n and_o indeed_o it_o be_v more_o to_o be_v use_v in_o jest_n than_o in_o earnest_n for_o great_a stone_n throw_v down_o by_o the_o defendant_n will_v easy_o have_v break_v the_o tortoise-shell_n and_o then_o melt_a lead_n boil_a oil_n or_o scald_a water_n all_o ordinary_o practise_v on_o such_o occasion_n by_o the_o ancient_n will_v to_o my_o sense_n either_o soon_o have_v kill_v or_o chase_v away_o the_o tortoise_n itself_o it_o be_v my_o opinion_n that_o when_o the_o roman_n march_v and_o no_o enemy_n in_o sight_n of_o they_o they_o carry_v their_o headpiece_n at_o their_o girdle_n and_o their_o shield_n within_o cover_n on_o their_o back_n my_o reason_n be_v caesar_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o the_o gallic_a war_n say_v that_o the_o nervian_o give_v he_o so_o brisk_a and_o sudden_a a_o a_o charge_n that_o his_o soldier_n have_v not_o time_n enough_o to_o put_v on_o their_o headpiece_n or_o pull_v their_o shield_n out_o of_o their_o cover_n and_o it_o be_v necessary_a they_o shall_v have_v be_v cover_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o those_o device_n and_o coat_n of_o arm_n that_o be_v paint_v on_o they_o a_o custom_n use_v by_o several_a nation_n before_o romulus_n lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n but_o both_o before_o and_o long_o after_o the_o roman_n have_v overmastered_a the_o habitable_a world_n or_o most_o of_o it_o man_n use_v to_o arms._n coat_n of_o arms._n put_v on_o their_o shield_n what_o fancy_n or_o device_n they_o like_v best_a some_o bird_n some_o beast_n of_o several_a kind_n some_o the_o noble_a action_n of_o their_o ancestor_n some_o the_o sun_n some_o the_o moon_n and_o some_o a_o lesser_a star_n this_o i_o suppose_v give_v the_o rise_n to_o many_o of_o our_o romance_n writer_n to_o give_v several_a denomination_n to_o all_o their_o knight_n errant_a by_o the_o device_n of_o their_o shield_n and_o to_o make_v they_o distinguishable_a thereby_o when_o their_o face_n be_v undiscernible_a with_o the_o beavor_n of_o their_o helmet_n but_o in_o after_o age_n prince_n think_v fit_a to_o restrain_v man_n from_o the_o vanity_n of_o take_v coat_n of_o arm_n as_o they_o please_v till_o they_o be_v give_v they_o by_o authority_n hence_o have_v the_o herald_n their_o rise_n and_o if_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o exercise_v their_o office_n strict_o it_o be_v to_o be_v think_v we_o shall_v not_o see_v so_o many_o extravagant_a coat_n in_o the_o world_n i_o be_v acquaint_v long_o ago_o with_o a_o german_a and_o there_o be_v many_o good_a herald_n of_o that_o nation_n who_o have_v assume_v for_o his_o coat_n the_o french_a king_n arm_n i_o ask_v
we_o read_v of_o no_o such_o custom_n scipio_n aemilianâ—s_v who_o destroy_v carthage_n make_v much_o use_n of_o bowman_n against_o the_o numantine_n and_o without_o they_o if_o you_o will_v believe_v vegetius_n he_o think_v he_o can_v not_o overmaster_v that_o valorous_a enemy_n the_o emperor_n justinian_n make_v a_o singular_a good_a use_n practice_n a_o good_a practice_n of_o some_o of_o his_o archer_n which_o be_v this_o he_o cause_v they_o to_o put_v on_o such_o defensive_a arm_n as_o his_o legionary_n wear_v and_o mix_v they_o together_o these_o bowman_n pour_v shower_n of_o arrow_n on_o the_o enemy_n before_o their_o heavy_a arm_v can_v come_v within_o distance_n either_o to_o cast_v their_o javelin_n or_o draw_v their_o sword_n yea_o the_o near_o they_o be_v the_o more_o mischief_n they_o do_v and_o when_o they_o come_v to_o a_o close_a medley_n they_o quit_v the_o bow_n and_o take_v they_o to_o their_o sword_n how_o great_a use_n be_v make_v of_o auxiliary_a bowman_n by_o 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lipsius_n his_o own_o account_n reckon_v but_o one_o banner_n to_o every_o maniple_n if_o he_o have_v get_v all_o he_o shall_v have_v get_v just_o two_o hundred_o and_o seventy_o yet_o caesar_n declare_v he_o get_v no_o more_o than_o one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o what_o will_v follow_v upon_o all_o this_o but_o that_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o ensign_n escape_v as_o well_o as_o the_o two_o eagle_n or_o that_o they_o be_v tear_v or_o destroy_v by_o the_o bearer_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o our_o own_o time_n for_o ensign_n to_o do_v but_o he_o conclude_v that_o whatever_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o hastati_fw-la have_v yet_o each_o century_n of_o the_o triarii_n have_v but_o one_o colour_n because_o of_o their_o small_a number_n but_o his_o conjecture_n be_v ill_o ground_v as_o not_o agreeable_a to_o ancient_a story_n for_o it_o be_v agree_v on_o that_o thirty_o man_n of_o the_o triarii_n shall_v make_v a_o century_n that_o century_n ought_v to_o have_v 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that_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la stand_v at_o a_o distance_n just_a behind_o the_o interval_n that_o be_v i_o pray_v you_o observe_v it_o between_o two_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o not_o direct_o behind_o one_o of_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o first_o class_n and_o the_o three_o maniple_n of_o the_o cohort_n which_o be_v of_o the_o triarii_n stand_v direct_o behind_o the_o marshal_v how_o marshal_v interval_n that_o be_v between_o two_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o to_o speak_v it_o once_o for_o all_o this_o be_v ever_o the_o roman_a custom_n of_o marshal_v these_o three_o class_n of_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la except_o once_o at_o zama_n where_o scipio_n draw_v they_o up_o in_o a_o direct_a and_o straight_a line_n one_o just_a behind_o another_o leave_v one_o interval_n direct_o opposite_a to_o that_o which_o be_v before_o it_o to_o give_v way_n to_o the_o fury_n of_o hannibal_n numerous_a elephant_n say_v livius_n 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murderer_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o bane_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n some_o of_o they_o serve_v on_o horseback_n and_o yet_o still_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o cohort_n i_o believe_v lipsius_n conjecture_n right_a enough_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n where_o army_n be_v make_v up_o of_o many_o legion_n and_o these_o make_v weak_a by_o long_a and_o continuate_v march_n frequent_a sieges_n and_o battle_n than_o i_o say_v it_o be_v probable_a cohort_n be_v model_v in_o one_o body_n and_o use_v as_o maniple_n use_v to_o be_v maniple_n cohort_n marshal_v as_o maniple_n in_o more_o ancient_a time_n yet_o for_o all_o that_o i_o will_v not_o grant_v to_o lipsius_n that_o the_o cohort_n consist_v of_o less_o than_o six_o century_n though_o they_o may_v be_v very_o weak_a nor_o yet_o will_v i_o grant_v that_o every_o one_o of_o those_o six_o century_n have_v not_o its_o own_o centurion_n and_o ensign_n for_o as_o in_o our_o modern_a regiment_n a_o captain_n be_v 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the_o roman_a pay_n that_o which_o indeed_o stumble_v i_o most_o be_v that_o the_o ensign-bearer_n be_v not_o reckon_v to_o be_v officer_n and_o i_o conceive_v this_o have_v be_v a_o neglect_n in_o both_o vegetius_n and_o polybius_n that_o they_o have_v not_o give_v we_o right_a information_n of_o that_o matter_n for_o i_o can_v but_o suppose_v the_o roman_n do_v assure_o give_v to_o their_o ensign_n some_o more_o than_o ordinary_a allowance_n for_o carry_v the_o colour_n especial_o since_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o soldier_n pay_v and_o booty_n and_o of_o their_o largess_n and_o donative_n too_o be_v deposit_v in_o the_o ensign_n hand_n or_o at_o the_o colour_n till_o the_o time_n of_o the_o soldier_n dismission_n of_o which_o hereafter_o yet_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n to_o my_o best_a understanding_n caesar_n do_v not_o acknowledge_v any_o foot_n officer_n or_o commander_n in_o a_o legion_n or_o in_o the_o army_n but_z tribunes_z and_o centurion_n hear_v himself_o in_o two_o 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the_o roman_a horse_n by_o vegetius_n horse_n the_o sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o the_o horse_n all_o he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_a amount_n to_o this_o in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v as_o a_o band_n of_o foot_n be_v call_v a_o century_n or_o a_o maniple_n so_o a_o company_n of_o horse_n be_v call_v a_o turma_fw-la that_o be_v a_o troop_n that_o every_o one_o of_o these_o troop_n consist_v of_o thirty_o two_o rider_n whereof_o the_o commander_n be_v call_v a_o decurion_n and_o he_o describe_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o person_n not_o only_o well_o arm_v and_o horse_v and_o active_a and_o expert_a in_o all_o feat_n of_o horsemanship_n but_o able_a to_o teach_v his_o trooper_n to_o be_v so_o likewise_o and_o to_o keep_v their_o arm_n bright_a and_o clean_o and_o their_o horse_n in_o good_a case_n in_o the_o twenty_o three_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o the_o cataphract_v horseman_n or_o cuirassier_n arm_v 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troop_n let_v we_o see_v how_o polybius_n will_v help_v we_o in_o all_o or_o in_o any_o of_o these_o in_o his_o six_o book_n he_o say_v in_o old_a time_n two_o hundred_o horse_n be_v assign_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o these_o be_v elect_v after_o the_o foot_n be_v levy_v but_o in_o his_o horseman_n election_n of_o the_o horseman_n own_o time_n and_o long_o before_o it_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v appoint_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o be_v elect_v before_o the_o foot_n and_o elect_v they_o be_v not_o by_o the_o consul_n or_o tribune_n as_o the_o foot_n be_v but_o by_o the_o censor_n this_o be_v all_o polybius_n say_v of_o their_o election_n out_o of_o history_n we_o find_v that_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v all_o of_o the_o equestral_a dignity_n that_o be_v gentleman_n yet_o in_o ancient_a time_n they_o serve_v on_o horse_n buy_v at_o the_o public_a charge_n and_o when_o any_o of_o they_o commit_v gross_a fault_n their_o horse_n be_v take_v from_o they_o which_o be_v just_o 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prafecti_n be_v choose_v by_o who_o he_o tell_v not_o but_o let_v we_o suppose_v by_o the_o consul_n or_o some_o of_o the_o tribune_n he_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o command_n of_o the_o troop_n in_o his_o absence_n he_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n have_v it_o and_o he_o not_o be_v present_a the_o three_o do_v officiate_v these_o three_o choose_v three_o other_o to_o be_v agminis_fw-la or_o turmae_fw-la coactores_fw-la for_o so_o casaubon_n render_v it_o in_o latin_n the_o first_o elect_v praefectus_fw-la be_v call_v turmae_fw-la ductor_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o other_o two_o be_v call_v decuriones_fw-la and_o i_o suppose_v one_o of_o they_o carry_v the_o vexillum_fw-la or_o banner_n though_o polybius_n tell_v we_o nothing_o of_o it_o and_o yet_o it_o shall_v not_o have_v be_v omit_v since_o every_o troop_n have_v a_o standard_n now_o by_o this_o reckon_n of_o polybius_n so_o weak_a a_o troop_n be_v but_o a_o caporalship_n and_o he_o who_o command_v it_o but_o 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book_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o he_o say_v for_o every_o carrobalist_n mule_n be_v appoint_v to_o draw_v it_o and_o to_o manage_v and_o have_v a_o care_n of_o it_o a_o contubernium_fw-la of_o soldier_n that_o be_v say_v he_o eleven_o man_n this_o will_v not_o positive_o make_v eleven_o in_o file_n yet_o it_o give_v a_o strong_a presumption_n that_o vegetius_n think_v so_o which_o if_o he_o do_v and_o that_o it_o be_v so_o indeed_o all_o master_n of_o the_o military_a art_n have_v take_v up_o their_o measure_n wrong_v in_o appoint_v foot_n file_n to_o be_v of_o even_o and_o equal_a number_n as_o sixteen_o twelve_o ten_o eight_o and_o six_o as_o to_o the_o roman_a horse_n some_o may_v have_v mistake_v polybius_n who_o think_v he_o insinuate_v they_o be_v marshal_v eight_o in_o file_n for_o who_o will_v consider_v right_o what_o he_o write_v will_v find_v that_o in_o that_o place_n he_o speak_v not_o at_o all_o of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n the_o passage_n be_v in_o the_o twelve_o book_n of_o his_o history_n where_o he_o put_v himself_o to_o much_o trouble_n to_o demonstrate_v the_o vanity_n and_o absurdity_n of_o calisthenes_n polybius_n against_o calisthenes_n calisthenes_n his_o relation_n of_o that_o great_a battle_n fight_v in_o cilicia_n between_o darius_n and_o alexander_n where_o that_o historian_n say_v that_o the_o persian_a king_n march_v with_o thirty_o thousand_o horse_n in_o battle_n and_o call_v up_o his_o mercenary_n to_o he_o who_o be_v as_o many_o all_o this_o in_o a_o ground_n not_o above_o fourteen_o stadia_fw-la or_o furlong_n in_o latitude_n which_o make_v but_o one_o italian_a mile_n and_o three_o quarter_n as_o also_o that_o alexander_n march_v in_o battle_n with_o his_o whole_a foot_n forty_o stadia_fw-la five_o italian_a mile_n in_o a_o uneven_a woody_a and_o break_a ground_n the_o impossibility_n of_o both_o which_o polybius_n as_o a_o experience_a captain_n undertake_v to_o demonstrate_v and_o this_o he_o can_v not_o do_v unless_o 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the_o worst_a of_o it_o this_o story_n you_o may_v read_v in_o livy_n twenty_o five_o book_n though_o this_o practice_n succeed_v well_o sometime_o yet_o be_v it_o unfortunate_o attempt_v by_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n for_o after_o asdrubal_n have_v rout_v he_o and_o his_o horse_n on_o the_o right_a wing_n he_o make_v his_o horseman_n alight_v and_o fight_v on_o foot_n among_o the_o legionary_n as_o livy_n tell_v we_o in_o that_o twenty_o five_o book_n and_o it_o will_v seem_v that_o hannibal_n that_o great_a captain_n do_v not_o approve_v this_o custom_n for_o the_o same_o author_n say_v when_o it_o be_v tell_v he_o what_o the_o roman_a consul_n have_v do_v he_o shall_v have_v smile_v and_o say_v he_o may_v as_o well_o have_v deliver_v they_o to_o i_o bind_v hand_n and_o foot_n i_o know_v not_o if_o in_o our_o modern_a militia_n this_o can_v be_v advantageous_o practise_v be_v the_o arm_n of_o our_o horse_n and_o foot_n differ_v very_o much_o 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warlike_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n the_o say_v charles_n command_v many_o of_o his_o gentleman_n who_o be_v man_n at_o arm_n to_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n and_o join_v in_o fight_n with_o his_o archer_n of_o foot_n which_o action_n say_v the_o author_n be_v honourable_a and_o encourage_v other_o and_o this_o custom_n say_v the_o same_o philip_n the_o burgundian_n have_v learn_v from_o the_o english_a when_o both_o of_o they_o be_v confederate_n wage_v war_n together_o against_o france_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirty_o two_o year_n without_o any_o truce_n the_o custom_n which_o the_o roman_n have_v to_o mix_v foot_n with_o horse_n begin_v at_o the_o together_o horse_n and_o foot_n mix_v together_o siege_n of_o capua_n be_v so_o frequent_a afterward_o that_o i_o need_v not_o give_v many_o instance_n of_o it_o caesar_n seldom_o fail_v to_o do_v it_o when_o vercingentorix_n have_v raise_v all_o gaul_n about_o his_o ear_n he_o send_v for_o german_a horse_n and_o foot_n who_o be_v accustom_a to_o fight_v one_o in_o company_n of_o the_o other_o as_o he_o tell_v we_o in_o the_o seven_o book_n of_o his_o gallic_a war._n in_o thessaly_n find_v himself_o far_o inferior_a in_o horse_n to_o pompey_n he_o constant_o mix_v some_o of_o his_o antesignani_fw-la who_o be_v legionary_n and_o heavy_a caesar_n practise_v by_o caesar_n arm_v and_o of_o the_o young_a sort_n and_o so_o more_o able_a to_o march_v and_o run_v with_o his_o horse_n who_o become_v so_o expert_a in_o that_o manner_n of_o fight_n that_o as_o himself_o witness_v in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n two_o hundred_o of_o his_o horse_n join_v with_o the_o like_a number_n of_o these_o foot_n be_v not_o afraid_a to_o buckle_v with_o thousand_o of_o his_o enemy_n cavalry_n and_o it_o be_v with_o that_o manner_n of_o fight_n that_o he_o make_v that_o honourable_a retreat_n of_o he_o from_o dirrachium_n in_o spite_n of_o pompey_n whole_a army_n that_o pursue_v he_o and_o it_o be_v with_o the_o assistance_n of_o six_o cohort_n of_o his_o triarian_a foot_n that_o his_o horse_n beat_v his_o competitor_n cavalry_n at_o pharsalia_n and_o get_v he_o the_o victory_n as_o himself_o both_o confess_v and_o foretell_v at_o vzita_n in_o africa_n when_o he_o offer_v to_o fight_v against_o scipio_n pompey_n father-in-law_n he_o draw_v up_o all_o his_o cavalry_n on_o his_o left_a wing_n and_o with_o they_o mix_v all_o his_o light_a arm_a foot_n who_o it_o seem_v be_v auxiliary_n the_o german_a horseman_n german_n and_o by_o the_o ancient_a german_n use_v every_o one_o of_o they_o to_o choose_v a_o footman_n who_o they_o know_v to_o be_v stout_a strong_a and_o swift_a these_o footman_n either_o skirmish_v before_o the_o horse_n as_o the_o roman_n do_v at_o capua_n or_o fight_v in_o company_n with_o they_o or_o stand_v at_o a_o distance_n behind_o they_o that_o the_o horse_n may_v retire_v to_o they_o and_o if_o both_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v the_o field_n than_o the_o footman_n lay_v 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the_o velite_n of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n since_o they_o be_v all_o light_n arm_v and_o if_o it_o be_v say_v the_o slinger_n can_v cast_v their_o stone_n over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o two_o batallion_n of_o heavy_a arm_v i_o answer_v first_o their_o stone_n will_v do_v less_o hurt_v at_o that_o distance_n second_o the_o archer_n in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n can_v have_v do_v as_o much_o three_o the_o keep_v their_o station_n and_o place_n in_o the_o five_o batallion_n hinder_v the_o triarii_n to_o advance_v now_o if_o these_o of_o vegetius_n his_o three_o and_o four_o batallion_n be_v oblige_v to_o go_v to_o the_o van_n and_o fight_v or_o skirmish_v there_o why_o do_v he_o not_o appoint_v the_o light_n arm_v of_o his_o five_o batallion_n to_o do_v so_o too_o since_o they_o be_v all_o liable_a to_o one_o duty_n but_o i_o hinder_v he_o to_o marshal_v his_o six_o batallion_n the_o six_o order_n or_o body_n say_v he_o consist_v of_o and_o now_o welcome_a triarii_n warrior_n furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o triarii_fw-la triarii_fw-la arm_n and_o weapon_n who_o the_o ancient_n call_v triarii_n these_o say_v he_o use_v to_o sit_v than_o they_o kneel_v not_o behind_o all_o the_o other_o batallion_n that_o be_v whole_a and_o sound_a and_o in_o breath_n they_o may_v with_o more_o vigour_n attack_z the_o enemy_n for_o if_o any_o thing_n fall_v out_o otherwise_o than_o well_o with_o the_o batallion_n that_o stand_v before_o they_o all_o hope_n of_o recovery_n depend_v on_o they_o now_o if_o our_o author_n have_v speak_v well_o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a legion_n i_o be_o sure_a he_o have_v speak_v enough_o of_o it_o he_o have_v be_v at_o much_o pain_n to_o make_v up_o that_o legion_n but_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o see_v the_o defect_n of_o it_o i_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o trouble_n to_o take_v it_o down_o in_o piece_n in_o the_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n xii_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n review_v and_o examine_v whoever_o have_v 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arm_a amount_v to_o three_o thousand_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o be_v say_v he_o velites_n and_o these_o he_o say_v be_v levy_v of_o the_o poor_a and_o most_o inconsiderable_a sort_n of_o the_o people_n nor_o do_v i_o find_v that_o he_o divide_v these_o twelve_o hundred_o velite_n into_o three_o squadron_n one_o whereof_o shall_v stand_v behind_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_v of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantry_n and_o yet_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o sieur_n de_fw-fr preissack_n will_v father_n this_o upon_o polybius_n but_o indeed_o in_o my_o judgement_n he_o leave_v the_o light_a arm_a to_o be_v dispose_v of_o in_o the_o flank_n van_n or_o rear_n as_o the_o general_n conceive_v they_o may_v be_v most_o useful_a he_o appoint_v his_o legion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o thirty_o maniple_n suppose_v still_o the_o heavy_a arm_a each_o maniple_n to_o consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n to_o every_o century_n he_o allow_v a_o ensign_n and_o a_o centurion_n who_o he_o permit_v to_o choose_v his_o sub-centurion_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v the_o number_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o velite_n may_v alter_v according_a to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o legion_n but_o not_o the_o triarii_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v with_o every_o legion_n but_o say_v not_o that_o they_o make_v a_o part_n of_o every_o legion_n these_o three_o hundred_o horse_n he_o divide_v into_o ten_o turm_n or_o troop_n and_o officer_n they_o as_o i_o have_v show_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o cavalry_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v marshal_v where_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a thought_n they_o may_v do_v best_a service_n and_o now_o we_o have_v the_o polybian_a legion_n no_o word_n here_o for_o all_o this_o how_o deep_a that_o be_v how_o many_o in_o file_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n or_o what_o or_o how_o much_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o distance_n between_o file_n or_o rank_n or_o yet_o how_o great_a the_o interval_n be_v between_o the_o several_a maniple_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n or_o what_o between_o the_o class_n themselves_o or_o between_o the_o several_a troop_n of_o horse_n a_o great_a oversight_n for_o of_o all_o these_o we_o be_v force_v to_o hear_v other_o man_n conjecture_n and_o make_v use_n of_o our_o own_o as_o we_o shall_v offer_v to_o do_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o distance_n and_o interval_n of_o the_o several_a body_n and_o batallion_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o horse_n before_o we_o proceed_v to_o our_o conjecture_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a first_o to_o know_v what_o this_o word_n interval_n proper_o signify_v and_o how_o it_o be_v take_v in_o both_o ancient_n and_o modern_a fortification_n town_n castle_n and_o camp_n be_v defend_v not_o only_o with_o rampart_n of_o earth_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n but_o also_o with_o great_a log_n or_o stake_n of_o timber_n which_o we_o call_v palliâ—adoes_n these_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o language_n call_v valli_n and_o i_o suppose_v thereafter_o the_o rampart_n itself_o get_v the_o vallum_n vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n name_n of_o vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n hence_o perhaps_o our_o wall_n these_o stake_n be_v and_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n long_o and_o short_a the_o first_o stand_v straight_o up_o from_o the_o ground_n the_o second_o have_v the_o one_o end_n of_o they_o fix_v in_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o other_o lie_v on_o it_o to_o hinder_v a_o approach_n to_o it_o distinguish_v by_o the_o german_n by_o several_a name_n for_o they_o call_v the_o long_a stake_n palliâ—adoes_n and_o the_o short_a one_o stoccado_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o sharp-pointed_a at_o both_o end_n the_o ground_n earth_n or_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n between_o two_o pallisadoe_n or_o stoccado_n be_v proper_o call_v a_o interval_n but_o it_o be_v borrow_a and_o appropriate_v to_o what_o interval_n what_o any_o distance_n between_o body_n great_a and_o small_a yea_o to_o the_o space_n that_o be_v between_o one_o time_n and_o another_o a_o interval_n of_o time_n be_v now_o language_n proper_a enough_o and_o physician_n borrow_v it_o and_o call_v a_o intermit_a ague_n febris_n intervallata_n a_o intervalled_a favour_n what_o distance_n or_o interval_n there_o be_v between_o roman_a rank_n and_o between_o tell_v deepness_n of_o the_o file_n not_o tell_v file_n between_o several_a body_n of_o either_o their_o horse_n or_o foot_n no_o ancient_a author_n have_v clear_v to_o we_o but_o leave_v we_o to_o grope_v in_o the_o dark_a nor_o can_v we_o well_o guess_v at_o they_o till_o we_o condescend_v how_o many_o in_o file_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n be_v marshal_v i_o tell_v you_o before_o that_o vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n vegetius_n by_o vegetius_n of_o his_o second_o book_n seem_v to_o make_v the_o foot_n eleven_o deep_a because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o he_o order_v a_o contubernium_fw-la of_o soldier_n to_o manage_v a_o carrobalist_n and_o that_o he_o say_v consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o vegetius_n his_o file_n be_v precise_o eleven_o no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o say_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n draw_v up_o in_o six_o rank_n will_v take_v up_o so_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n will_v prove_v that_o the_o roman_a foot_n be_v draw_v up_o six_o deep_a and_o so_o for_o vegetius_n we_o know_v not_o the_o deepness_n of_o either_o the_o roman_a foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o will_v we_o be_v one_o jot_n the_o wise_a for_o polybius_n for_o the_o discourse_n he_o have_v in_o his_o twelve_o book_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o horse_n polybius_n nor_o by_o polybius_n eight_o in_o file_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o roman_a militia_n for_o
ill_a that_o these_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n take_v no_o more_o ground_n up_o in_o front_n but_o one_o thousand_o pace_n that_o be_v five_o thousand_o foot_n a_o thing_n pure_o impossible_a for_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n be_v allow_v by_o himself_o between_o file_n and_o file_n and_o next_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n require_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o distance_n multiply_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o by_o three_o the_o product_n be_v four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o these_o want_n but_o 5_o foot_n of_o vegetius_n his_o one_o thousand_o pace_n where_o shall_v then_o the_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o combatant_n stand_v certain_o they_o have_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o foot_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o add_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o to_o four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o the_o aggregate_v be_v six_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o sixty_o one_o foot_n a_o three_o more_o than_o 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and_o if_o that_o piece_n of_o polybius_n be_v not_o lose_v with_o other_o of_o his_o work_n assure_o it_o be_v a_o inexcusable_a oversight_n i_o dare_v not_o accuse_v vegetius_n of_o this_o neglect_n though_o lipsius_n seem_v to_o do_v it_o for_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o what_o he_o speak_v of_o understand_v vegetius_n 〈…〉_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o distance_n between_o rank_n as_o i_o have_v understand_v he_o it_o be_v in_o the_o fourteen_o and_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o may_v have_v mean_v interval_n between_o the_o great_a body_n for_o in_o these_o place_n he_o use_v the_o word_n ordâ—_n and_o acies_fw-la indifferent_o and_o though_o ordo_fw-la be_v sometime_o take_v for_o a_o rank_n sometime_o for_o a_o band_n or_o company_n yet_o acies_fw-la be_v ever_o take_v for_o a_o battle_n or_o batallion_n and_o to_o i_o it_o be_v clear_a enough_o that_o in_o the_o mentioned_a place_n he_o take_v ordo_fw-la for_o batallion_n and_o make_v six_o of_o they_o the_o first_o of_o principes_fw-la the_o second_o of_o hastati_fw-la the_o three_o forth_z and_z fifth_z of_o light_n arm_v the_o six_o of_o triarii_n now_o it_o be_v palpable_a these_o great_a body_n be_v not_o rank_n for_o every_o one_o of_o they_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o consist_v of_o ten_o rank_n but_o be_v all_o several_a batallion_n whereof_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o he_o compose_v his_o legion_n but_o whether_o he_o mean_v rank_n or_o batallion_n the_o error_n i_o mention_v be_v still_o the_o same_o in_o make_v six_o several_a body_n be_v they_o rank_n file_n squadron_n or_o batallion_n to_o have_v six_o distance_n for_o they_o can_v possible_o have_v more_o than_o five_o but_o if_o in_o these_o place_n he_o allow_v but_o six_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o these_o class_n and_o great_a body_n it_o speak_v he_o to_o have_v be_v almost_o out_o of_o his_o wit_n when_o he_o write_v it_o as_o the_o reader_n may_v collect_v from_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n but_o be_v neither_o polybius_n nor_o vegetius_n help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o interval_n lipsius_n in_o his_o four_o book_n comfort_v we_o and_o tell_v we_o he_o will_v not_o suffer_v so_o profitable_a much_o lipsius_n undertake_v much_o a_o business_n as_o be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o interval_n to_o remain_v in_o darkness_n in_o finibus_fw-la noctis_fw-la be_v his_o word_n in_o the_o border_n of_o night_n and_o therefore_o promise_v out_o of_o the_o plentiful_a magazine_n of_o his_o own_o read_n to_o clear_v the_o whole_a matter_n to_o we_o but_o i_o be_o afraid_a he_o will_v not_o be_v a_o man_n of_o his_o word_n for_o the_o great_a undertaker_n be_v seldom_o the_o best_a performer_n however_o it_o be_v fit_a we_o hear_v he_o for_o he_o deserve_v it_o first_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o he_o conceive_v that_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o hastati_fw-la performâ—â—â—ttle_a but_o performâ—â—â—ttle_a and_o the_o principes_fw-la be_v fifty_o foot_n and_o between_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o triarii_n one_o hundred_o next_o concern_v the_o interval_n between_o the_o maniple_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o class_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v via_fw-la directa_fw-la he_o say_v if_o the_o velite_n be_v to_o stand_v in_o they_o the_o interval_n may_v be_v of_o twenty_o or_o thirty_o foot_n if_o not_o ten_o foot_n be_v enough_o this_o be_v brief_o all_o he_o say_v on_o the_o matter_n but_o assure_o if_o this_o learned_a man_n can_v convenlent_o have_v leave_v the_o university_n of_o louvaine_n and_o follow_v the_o spanish_a army_n but_o one_o summer_n or_o as_o we_o call_v it_o one_o campagne_n he_o will_v have_v see_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o famous_a duke_n of_o alva_n and_o parma_n the_o great_a captain_n of_o that_o age_n who_o live_v at_o the_o time_n that_o he_o be_v write_v his_o book_n how_o pitiful_o simple_a that_o school-speculation_n of_o his_o be_v i_o must_v confirm_v my_o opinion_n with_o reason_n for_o authority_n of_o writer_n i_o have_v no_o more_o than_o he_o and_o that_o be_v none_o at_o all_o each_o of_o the_o two_o class_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o man_n which_o be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a make_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o file_n vegetius_n allow_v three_o foot_n distance_n between_o file_n these_o make_v three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o foot_n in_o front_n add_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n for_o the_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o the_o ground_n that_o either_o of_o these_o batallion_n stand_v on_o be_v four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o foot_n in_o longitude_n but_o to_o shun_v debate_n i_o shall_v be_v content_a to_o allow_v but_o one_o foot_n for_o every_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o two_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o file_n and_o so_o the_o front_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la though_o they_o have_v be_v all_o marshal_v
this_o because_o he_o be_v support_v by_o one_o who_o by_o his_o other_o writing_n have_v make_v himself_o well_o enough_o know_v and_o that_o be_v nicâ—l_a machiavelli_n who_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n very_o magisterial_o tell_v assertion_n machiavelli_n his_o assertion_n we_o that_o the_o ally_n foot_v never_o exceed_v that_o of_o the_o roman_n but_o their_o horse_n be_v some_o more_o i_o have_v speak_v to_o both_o these_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n but_o he_o add_v that_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o great_a necessity_n never_o use_v more_o than_o two_o consular_a army_n and_o that_o each_o of_o they_o consist_v of_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o combatant_n i_o hope_v the_o instance_n i_o have_v use_v against_o vegetius_n in_o this_o same_o cause_n may_v serve_v sufficient_o to_o confute_v machiavelli_n but_o here_o i_o must_v observe_v the_o florentine_n presumption_n in_o the_o model_a his_o roman_a consular_a army_n first_o he_o make_v every_o legion_n to_o consist_v of_o five_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o foot_n a_o thing_n we_o never_o hear_v from_o any_o other_o author_n nor_o he_o from_o vegetius_n who_o be_v constant_o for_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o foot_n next_o he_o make_v the_o cavalry_n of_o the_o ally_n to_o be_v seven_o hundred_o for_o every_o legion_n contrary_a to_o most_o author_n who_o make_v they_o but_o six_o but_o we_o shall_v let_v that_o pass_v with_o he_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v make_v up_o his_o consular_a army_n of_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o man_n thus_o two_o confute_v confute_v roman_a legion_n eleven_o thousand_o foot_n ally_n foot_n as_o many_o these_o amount_v to_o twenty_o two_o thousand_o then_o six_o hundred_o roman_a horse_n and_o fourteen_o hundred_o of_o the_o ally_n be_v two_o thousand_o horse_n in_o all_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o let_v this_o i_o say_v be_v give_v but_o not_o grant_v he_o why_o conclude_v he_o positive_o that_o two_o consular_a army_n consist_v of_o fifty_o 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in_o what_o order_n they_o march_v out_o of_o it_o either_o to_o pursue_v a_o old_a enemy_n or_o to_o find_v out_o a_o new_a one_o in_o this_o point_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n lipsius_n put_v himself_o officious_a liâ—sius_n officious_a to_o some_o needless_a trouble_n to_o comment_n on_o polybius_n for_o i_o think_v he_o be_v so_o clear_a in_o it_o that_o lisius_n do_v he_o dis-service_n in_o offer_v he_o his_o help_n where_o he_o need_v it_o not_o at_o all_o i_o shall_v therefore_o tell_v you_o how_o polybius_n order_v the_o march_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n without_o stay_v for_o lipsius_n his_o tedious_a explication_n at_o the_o first_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n and_o horn_n every_o man_n gather_v his_o march._n preparation_n to_o a_o march._n baggage_n burden_n and_o fardel_n together_o and_o have_v they_o ready_a to_o truss_v up_o if_o they_o be_v officer_n on_o their_o pack_n and_o sumpter_n horse_n if_o common_a soldier_n on_o their_o own_o back_n at_o the_o second_o 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that_o first_o legion_n in_o the_o three_o place_n march_v the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o its_o baggage_n after_o it_o four_o the_o second_o roman_a legion_n follow_v by_o both_o its_o baggage_n and_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n which_o in_o the_o five_o place_n be_v follow_v by_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n that_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o infantry_n the_o place_n where_o the_o cavalry_n be_v to_o march_v be_v uncertain_a sometime_o both_o extraordinary_a and_o ordinary_a horse_n march_v all_o in_o the_o van_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n sometime_o on_o both_o the_o flank_n without_o the_o baggage_n according_a as_o the_o general_n resolve_v to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o take_v up_o his_o measure_n by_o the_o nearness_n of_o a_o enemy_n in_o either_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n and_o sometime_o the_o cavalry_n march_v divide_v into_o van_n and_o rear_n polybius_n show_v we_o also_o that_o if_o there_o be_v ground_n enough_o and_o great_a suspicion_n of_o a_o enemy_n than_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la of_o every_o legion_n be_v send_v before_o they_o which_o they_o follow_v themselves_o after_o they_o come_v the_o baggage_n of_o the_o principas_fw-la and_o then_o themselves_o follow_v in_o the_o three_o place_n by_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o triarii_n which_o themselves_o follow_v if_o a_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o van_n the_o baggage_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v immediate_o turn_v to_o a_o side_n and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o have_v be_v be_v possess_v by_o the_o hastati_fw-la themselves_z the_o same_o be_v do_v by_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la and_o we_o may_v suppose_v that_o if_o a_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n the_o baggage_n of_o the_o triarii_n be_v turn_v aside_o and_o its_o place_n possess_v
camp_n but_o that_o which_o he_o add_v in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n be_v not_o to_o be_v omit_v that_o all_o general_n who_o encamp_v their_o army_n for_o any_o time_n as_o the_o roman_n do_v frequent_o whole_a summer_n and_o whole_a winter_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v call_v aestiva_fw-la and_o the_o last_o hâ—berna_n shall_v have_v a_o provident_a care_n and_o shall_v make_v it_o their_o great_a work_n that_o not_o only_a fuel_n fodder_n and_o water_n be_v supply_v near_o hand_n but_o that_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n for_o back_n and_o belly_n and_o all_o munition_n may_v be_v bring_v safe_o and_o without_o â—â—peach_n of_o a_o enemy_n to_o their_o quarter_n to_o which_o effect_n if_o there_o be_v not_o fortify_v place_n all_o along_o the_o country_n through_o which_o these_o provision_n be_v to_o be_v transport_v than_o some_o aught_o to_o be_v build_v one_o whereof_o shall_v second_v another_o these_o vegetius_n call_v castle_n castâ—lla_n what_o castâ—lla_n what_o a_o diminutive_a as_o he_o tell_v we_o from_o castra_n the_o ancient_n either_o in_o their_o own_o territory_n or_o in_o those_o of_o their_o conquest_n do_v even_o so_o as_o be_v practise_v to_o this_o day_n and_o that_o be_v they_o build_v fort_n tower_n sconce_n and_o castle_n in_o these_o place_n where_o it_o be_v thoâ—ght_v they_o may_v be_v build_v for_o what_o use_v build_v most_o useful_a either_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o country_n from_o the_o sudden_a eruption_n of_o ill_a affect_a neighbour_n or_o to_o put_v such_o a_o restraint_n oâ—_n the_o inhabitant_n themselves_o as_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o rebellion_n for_o this_o purpose_n long_o and_o strong_a wall_n be_v sometime_o build_v with_o excessive_a cost_n and_o labour_n we_o may_v yet_o see_v some_o relic_n of_o severus_n wall_n build_v for_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o britain_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n the_o castle_n which_o they_o intend_v to_o keep_v constant_o guard_v be_v for_o most_o part_n build_v round_o of_o thick_a and_o strong_a wall_n to_o resist_v the_o battery_n of_o the_o ram_n and_o if_o they_o have_v curtain_n these_o be_v â—â—anked_v a_o l'antique_a with_o round_a turret_n these_o castilia_n the_o roman_n call_v also_o burga_n i_o know_v not_o whether_o they_o borrow_v fort._n burg_n a_o latinâ—_n and_o a_o german_a word_n signify_v a_o fort._n the_o word_n from_o the_o german_n or_o the_o german_n from_o they_o for_o the_o old_a dutch_a word_n burg_n yet_o in_o use_n signify_v a_o strength_n hold_v fort_n or_o castle_n many_z of_o they_o be_v build_v by_o the_o roman_n in_o germany_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v to_o be_v see_v at_o this_o day_n the_o governor_n of_o these_o castle_n or_o fort_n be_v call_v custode_n &_o magistri_fw-la burgorum_n which_o at_o first_o be_v only_o commit_v to_o they_o during_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o consul_n and_o emperor_n afterward_o by_o the_o liberality_n and_o bounty_n of_o prince_n these_o keeper_n be_v make_v hereditary_a governor_n and_o long_o after_o the_o castle_n and_o burg_n themselves_o with_o many_o fair_a land_n belong_v to_o they_o were_z give_v to_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n in_o property_n for_o ever_o to_o hold_v they_o in_o vassalage_n hence_o come_v the_o name_n of_o castâ—lâ—â—ns_n a_o title_n of_o great_a honour_n and_o profit_n in_o poland_n castellan_n castellan_n where_o they_o enjoy_v it_o but_o for_o life_n the_o king_n have_v the_o disposal_n oâ—_n it_o afterward_o hence_o the_o title_n of_o burggrave_n in_o germany_n which_o in_o the_o language_n of_o that_o country_n be_v of_o great_a honour_n than_o the_o title_n oâ—_n a_o earl_n which_o in_o dutch_a be_v simple_o grave_a and_o that_o dignity_n of_o burggrave_n to_o this_o day_n be_v there_o very_o honourable_a and_o keep_v by_o the_o great_a prince_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n as_o a_o addition_n and_o that_o no_o burggrave_n burggrave_n small_a one_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o great_a title_n as_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v the_o hereditary_a burggrave_n of_o nuremburg_n in_o process_n oâ—_n time_n village_n hamlet_n and_o little_a town_n be_v build_v beside_o these_o burg_n many_o whereof_o be_v become_v great_a and_o famous_a city_n which_o keep_v yet_o their_o denomination_n from_o the_o burg_n or_o castle_n beside_o which_o they_o be_v at_o first_o edify_v such_o as_o strasburg_n augsburg_n nuremburg_n wirtsburg_n lunenburg_n neramburg_n haâ—burg_n and_o many_o other_o and_o as_o at_o the_o first_o building_n these_o castle_n or_o burg_n the_o keeper_n be_v call_v magistri_fw-la burgâ—rum_fw-la so_o to_o this_o day_n the_o principal_a magistrate_n and_o mayor_n of_o city_n be_v call_v burgomaster_n the_o roman_a soldier_n have_v finish_v the_o fortification_n of_o their_o camp_n be_v next_o to_o be_v lodge_v within_o it_o i_o be_o afraid_a it_o will_v not_o contain_v they_o all_o yet_o let_v we_o see_v how_o polybius_n will_v accommodate_v his_o consular_a army_n for_o we_o have_v do_v with_o vegetius_n it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o that_o tribune_n whole_a lot_n or_o turn_v it_o be_v to_o officiate_v for_o the_o legion_n to_o go_v before_o no_o doubt_v with_o a_o guard_n and_o some_o centurion_n with_o he_o to_o take_v up_o ground_n for_o the_o camp_n and_o to_o measure_v out_o all_o the_o several_a quarter_n of_o it_o which_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o comprehend_v we_o shall_v divide_v the_o roman_a camp_n into_o two_o but_o not_o equal_a part_n these_o be_v call_v the_o upper_a and_o the_o low_a part_n division_n of_o the_o roman_a camp_n into_o two_o part_n part_n in_o the_o upper_a lodge_v the_o consul_n the_o treasurer_n the_o legate_n the_o evocati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n and_o extraordinary_n of_o the_o ally_n the_o lodging_n of_o the_o tribune_n and_o prâ—fecti_n be_v also_o there_o and_o in_o it_o be_v the_o marketplace_n and_o a_o large_a place_n to_o receive_v stranger_n in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v quarter_v all_o the_o four_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o ally_n in_o several_a maniple_n and_o all_o the_o troop_n of_o horse_n of_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o the_o tribune_n who_o measure_v the_o camp_n first_o choose_v ground_n for_o the_o prâ—tâ—rium_n pavilion_n pratâ—rium_n or_o consul_n pavilion_n that_o be_v the_o consul_n pavilion_n and_o tent_n and_o allow_v for_o it_o two_o hundred_o foot_n square_a the_o superficial_a measure_n whereof_o be_v eight_o italian_a mile_n for_o multiply_v two_o hundred_o by_o two_o hundred_o the_o product_n will_v be_v forty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o these_o make_v eight_o mile_n and_o no_o doubt_n himself_o his_o friend_n servant_n and_o baggage_n may_v be_v well_o enough_o accommodate_v in_o such_o a_o compass_n of_o ground_n that_o ground_n be_v mark_v with_o a_o white_a flag_n and_o all_o the_o other_o quarter_n with_o red_a one_o and_o here_o be_v please_v to_o observe_v that_o the_o roman_n keep_v constant_o one_o way_n of_o castrametation_n they_o be_v so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o it_o that_o no_o soon_o any_o of_o the_o army_n see_v by_o the_o white_a flag_n where_o the_o consul_n be_v to_o lodge_v but_o every_o one_o know_v how_o to_o go_v straight_o to_o that_o quarter_n that_o be_v design_v for_o he_o as_o well_o say_v polybius_n as_o citizen_n know_v how_o to_o go_v to_o their_o house_n after_o they_o enter_v any_o of_o the_o port_n upon_o both_o hand_n of_o the_o praetorian_a be_v the_o quarter_n of_o the_o treasurer_n and_o legate_n for_o the_o first_o be_v allow_v two_o hundred_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o a_o hundred_o in_o depth_n for_o each_o legate_n a_o hundred_o foot_n long_o and_o fifty_o deep_a to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o euâ—cati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n lipsius_n and_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o camp_n who_o be_v quarter_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o roman_a camp_n siâ—ur_n de_fw-fr prâ—issack_n follow_v he_o allow_v eighty_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o eight_o in_o breadth_n and_o to_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o evocati_fw-la eighty_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o a_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o in_o breadth_n perhaps_o they_o gather_v this_o out_o of_o polybius_n but_o i_o be_o very_o sure_a notwithstanding_o any_o of_o their_o assertion_n to_o the_o contrary_a the_o number_n of_o the_o evocati_fw-la be_v uncertain_a for_o they_o be_v voluntary_a sometime_o evocati_fw-la evocati_fw-la more_o sometime_o few_o and_o so_o not_o definite_a one_o and_o the_o same_o measure_n of_o ground_n can_v not_o always_o and_o at_o all_o time_n be_v allow_v to_o they_o but_o all_o these_o be_v thus_o quarter_v on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o pratâ—rium_n there_o be_v a_o street_n of_o one_o hundred_o foot_n broad_a which_o traverse_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o name_n whereof_o be_v forget_v between_o which_o street_n and_o the_o
divide_v by_o a_o street_n fifty_o foot_n broad_a from_o the_o ally_n who_o constant_o quarter_v on_o their_o right_a hand_n you_o will_v remember_v that_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o ally_n i_o tell_v you_o that_o the_o three_o part_n of_o their_o horse_n and_o five_o part_n of_o their_o foot_n be_v take_v out_o to_o wait_v on_o the_o consul_n and_o be_v call_v extraordinary_n who_o according_o i_o have_v quarter_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n near_o the_o consul_n their_o horse_n at_o first_o be_v six_o hundred_o for_o every_o legion_n whereof_o two_o hundred_o be_v lodge_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n we_o have_v but_o four_o hundred_o to_o quarter_n in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n these_o being_n by_o one_o three_o strong_a than_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n have_v of_o ground_n a_o lodge_v horse_n of_o the_o ally_n first_o legion_n lodge_v three_o more_o in_o breadth_n allow_v but_o alike_o length_n the_o quarter_n then_o for_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n be_v a_o thousand_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o 13â—½_n foot_n in_o breadth_n which_o contain_v they_o well_o enough_o this_o quarter_n be_v equal_o divide_v into_o ten_o part_n for_o ten_o troop_n each_o consist_v of_o forty_o rider_n upon_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o these_o horse_n be_v quarter_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o ally_n first_o legion_n remember_v every_o one_o of_o their_o legion_n at_o their_o first_o come_v forth_o be_v three_o thousand_o heavy_a arm_v as_o the_o roman_n be_v but_o the_o five_o part_n of_o that_o number_n to_o wit_n six_o hundred_o be_v take_v away_o by_o the_o consul_n and_o lodge_v beside_o he_o we_o have_v now_o but_o two_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o to_o quarter_n for_o who_o as_o much_o ground_n be_v allow_v as_o to_o both_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o hastati_fw-la as_o to_o the_o breadth_n so_o they_o have_v a_o thousand_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o two_o hundred_o in_o breadth_n multiply_v the_o one_o by_o the_o row_n and_o their_o foot_n all_o in_o one_o row_n other_o the_o product_n be_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o foot_n which_o superficial_a measure_n of_o ground_n contain_v they_o well_o enough_o i_o must_v tell_v you_o of_o a_o oversight_n i_o have_v observe_v in_o my_o lord_n preissack_n roman_a castrametation_n which_o be_v that_o he_o allow_v to_o the_o ally_n foot_n as_o much_o ground_n as_o i_o have_v do_v now_o but_o no_o more_o ground_n to_o their_o horse_n than_o to_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n which_o be_v not_o fair_a be_v the_o one_o be_v strong_a by_o one_o three_o than_o the_o other_o it_o be_v of_o little_a or_o no_o consequence_n to_o we_o to_o know_v nor_o be_v it_o worth_a our_o curiosity_n whether_o the_o ally_n quarter_v their_o foot_n by_o maniple_n or_o by_o cohort_n concern_v which_o lipsius_n to_o i_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o needless_o solicitous_a upon_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o ally_n foot_n be_v the_o alarm-place_n constant_o two_o hundred_o foot_n broad_a and_o next_o to_o it_o be_v the_o rampart_n we_o be_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o quarter_v the_o second_o roman_a legion_n and_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n which_o be_v soon_o do_v by_o allow_v to_o every_o part_n and_o member_n of_o they_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o ground_n for_o length_n and_o breadth_n as_o we_o do_v to_o those_o of_o the_o two_o legion_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o thus_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o that_o street_n which_o i_o tell_v you_o run_v from_o the_o decuman_a to_o the_o praetorian_a port_n and_o intersect_v quarter_v the_o other_o two_o legion_n quarter_v the_o via_fw-la principalis_fw-la be_v the_o ten_o troop_n of_o horse_n belong_v to_o the_o second_o roman_a legion_n lodge_v all_o in_o a_o row_n next_o they_o the_o triarii_n upon_o their_o left_a hand_n a_o street_n fifty_o foot_n broad_a on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o which_o lodge_v the_o principes_fw-la next_o they_o the_o hastati_fw-la on_o their_o left_a hand_n another_o street_n of_o fifty_o foot_n broad_a upon_o the_o left_a hand_n whereof_o be_v quarter_v the_o horse_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o they_o their_o foot_n on_o who_o left_a hand_n be_v the_o alarm-place_n and_o next_o to_o it_o the_o rampart_n and_o ditch_n and_o now_o we_o have_v our_o whole_a consular_a army_n very_o formal_o quarter_v in_o a_o camp_n of_o a_o aequilateral_a square_a figure_n as_o lipsâ—â—â—_n du_fw-fr prâ—issack_n and_o terduzâ—â—_n camp_n the_o figure_n of_o the_o roman_a camp_n will_v needs_o have_v it_o to_o be_v though_o hereafter_o upon_o strict_a examination_n we_o shall_v find_v it_o not_o to_o be_v exact_o so_o and_o what_o need_v the_o whole_a be_v so_o where_o all_o the_o part_n neither_o be_v or_o can_v be_v aequilateral_a in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o prâ—toâ—â—â—â—_n and_o the_o tribune_n quarter_n with_o those_o of_o the_o prafecti_n of_o the_o ally_n be_v equilateral_a square_n but_o so_o be_v not_o the_o quarter_n allot_v to_o the_o quaestor_n legates_n evocati_fw-la or_o extraordinarii_fw-la in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o quatter_n ordain_v for_o the_o several_a troop_n of_o horse_n and_o for_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o roman_a hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la be_v aequilateral_a but_o so_o be_v neither_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o triarii_n nor_o of_o the_o ally_n horse_n and_o foot_n in_o the_o next_o place_n before_o i_o go_v further_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o that_o in_o this_o camp_n there_o be_v four_o port_n these_o be_v the_o praetorian_a decuman_a and_o the_o right_a hand_n principal_a port_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n principal_a port._n the_o two_o first_o be_v at_o the_o two_o end_n of_o the_o camp_n and_o the_o other_o two_o at_o the_o two_o side_n the_o first_o have_v its_o name_n because_o it_o be_v near_a the_o praetorium_n and_o out_o of_o it_o the_o consul_n march_v the_o decuman_a serve_v for_o bring_v in_o provision_n and_o â—odder_n for_o take_v beast_n out_o to_o camp_n four_o port_n in_o the_o roman_a camp_n water_n as_o also_o out_o of_o it_o be_v carry_v the_o soldier_n that_o be_v ordain_v to_o be_v punish_v from_o whence_o some_o think_v it_o have_v the_o name_n decumana_fw-la from_o the_o decimate_a soldier_n alike_o guilty_a and_o punish_v the_o ten_o but_o we_o read_v in_o livy_n thirty_o four_o book_n that_o the_o gaul_n assault_v consul_n sempronius_n his_o camp_n and_o enter_v it_o at_o the_o port_n quâ—storia_n and_o commit_v great_a slaughter_n till_o they_o be_v beat_v out_o we_o read_v also_o oâ—_n a_o port_n call_v quintana_n which_o some_o think_v be_v all_o one_o with_o that_o call_v quâ—storia_n and_o have_v this_o name_n from_o the_o quaestor_n or_o treasurer_n who_o lodge_v near_o it_o and_o the_o other_o from_o the_o street_n quintana_n near_o which_o that_o port_n be_v but_o the_o questor_n quarter_n be_v afterward_o remove_v to_o the_o superior_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n to_o be_v near_o the_o consul_n that_o port_n be_v shut_v up_o observe_v next_o that_o in_o the_o roman_a camp_n there_o be_v eight_o street_n five_o whereof_o go_v in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o camp_n from_o the_o one_o end_n of_o it_o to_o the_o other_o and_o be_v camp_n eight_o street_n in_o the_o roman_a camp_n call_v viâ—_n directâ—_n or_o direct_v and_o straight_a street_n the_o other_o three_o traverse_v or_o cross_v the_o camp_n in_o the_o breadth_n of_o it_o and_o be_v call_v viâ—_n transverse_v or_o cross_a street_n of_o the_o five_o direct_a street_n one_o divide_v the_o length_n of_o the_o camp_n equal_o into_o two_o half_n and_o on_o each_o side_n of_o it_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o lay_v the_o half_a of_o the_o consular_a army_n encamp_v between_o the_o triarii_n and_o principes_fw-la of_o the_o first_o roman_a legion_n be_v the_o second_o direct_a one_o five_o direct_a one_o street_n between_o the_o roman_a hastati_fw-la of_o the_o first_o legion_n and_o the_o ally_n first_o legion_n be_v the_o three_o direct_a street_n between_o the_o triarii_n and_o principes_fw-la of_o the_o second_o roman_a legion_n be_v the_o four_o direct_a street_n and_o between_o the_o roman_a hastati_fw-la of_o the_o second_o legion_n and_o the_o ally_n second_o legion_n be_v the_o five_o direct_a street_n all_o these_o five_o street_n be_v each_o of_o they_o fifty_o foot_n broad_a but_o all_o five_o of_o they_o street_n three_o traverse_v street_n either_o never_o have_v name_n or_o have_v lose_v they_o the_o three_o cross_a street_n traverse_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o one_o of_o they_o be_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n and_o divide_v the_o praetorium_n from_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o extraordinary_n and_o be_v of_o one_o hundred_o foot_n broad_a and_o have_v lose_v its_o name_n the_o second_o cross_a
a_o sight_n by_o proclamation_n give_v they_o three_o day_n to_o live_v before_o their_o death_n shall_v be_v resolve_v on_o by_o he_o but_o in_o vain_a for_o a_o of_o they_o dispatch_v themselves_o except_o such_o as_o be_v by_o force_n bond_n and_o chain_n compel_v to_o live_v you_o may_v read_v their_o lamentable_a tragedy_n in_o polyâ—â—â—_n his_o sixteenth_o book_n and_o in_o the_o thirty_o first_o of_o titus_n livius_n nor_o do_v the_o roman_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n give_v better_o quarter_v one_o to_o another_o war_n romans_z cruel_a to_o prisoner_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n except_o câ—sar_n than_o they_o do_v to_o stranger_n pâ—â—â—â—ius_n kill_v those_o soldier_n of_o câ—sar's_n who_o he_o find_v in_o his_o camp_n though_o câ—sar_n spare_v those_o of_o peâ—â—eiâ—s_n and_o send_v they_o back_o to_o he_o sciplâ—_n pompey_n father-in-law_n put_v aâ—_n those_o of_o câ—sar's_n party_n to_o death_n who_o he_o take_v prisoner_n syâ—â—â—_n after_o all_o his_o victory_n very_o cruel_o put_v eight_o thousand_o roman_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o the_o great_a hostelery_n near_o the_o city_n after_o they_o have_v yield_v to_o his_o mercy_n nor_o do_v aâ—gustus_n keep_v himself_o within_o the_o limit_n of_o mercy_n when_o he_o think_v it_o fit_a at_o one_o time_n to_o sacrifice_v three_o hundred_o roman_a knight_n to_o appease_v the_o incense_a ghost_n of_o his_o great_a uncle_n julius_n câ—sar_n but_o it_o may_v be_v say_v these_o have_v that_o pretence_n which_o all_o civil_a war_n carry_v along_o with_o it_o and_o that_o be_v that_o all_o who_o oppose_v either_o of_o the_o two_o party_n be_v rebel_n to_o the_o state_n whether_o the_o party_n be_v for_o the_o lawful_a and_o supreme_a authority_n or_o against_o it_o and_o therefore_o to_o say_v no_o more_o of_o their_o civil_a war_n i_o find_v they_o extreme_a cruel_a in_o their_o war_n with_o hannibal_n to_o their_o own_o soldier_n which_o that_o great_a carthaginian_a have_v take_v prisoner_n fabiâ—s_v the_o dictator_n who_o save_v the_o roman_a state_n make_v a_o agreement_n with_o hannibal_n for_o the_o exchange_n and_o ransom_n of_o prisoner_n of_o a_o like_a quality_n and_o for_o every_o one_o of_o those_o who_o after_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v be_v supernumerary_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v â—eaâ—_n eight_o pound_n sterling_n at_o one_o exchange_n there_o be_v two_o hundred_o â—orty_fw-la seven_o more_o roman_n than_o carthaginian_n hannibal_n demand_v their_o ransom_n fabius_n send_v to_o avarice_n romanâ—enates_n â—enates_z avarice_n the_o senate_n for_o it_o who_o base_o refuse_v the_o money_n and_o disow_v the_o agreement_n what_o can_v the_o good_a old_a man_n fabius_n do_v but_o send_v his_o son_n to_o rome_n and_o sell_v a_o part_n of_o his_o patrimony_n and_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o hannibal_n which_o be_v near_o two_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_n a_o vast_a sum_n in_o those_o day_n but_o they_o deal_v worse_o with_o those_o of_o their_o own_o man_n who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n at_o cannae_n who_o they_o injustice_n it_o be_v cruelty_n and_o injustice_n will_v neither_o ransom_n out_o of_o the_o public_a pâ—rse_n nor_o suffer_v the_o prisoner_n themselves_o or_o their_o friend_n to_o ransom_n out_o of_o their_o private_a fortune_n and_o estate_n and_o though_o the_o senate_n flatter_v themselves_o by_o call_v this_o act_n of_o their_o own_o magnanimous_a yet_o since_o there_o be_v no_o justice_n in_o it_o it_o can_v carry_v no_o generosity_n along_o with_o it_o for_o if_o these_o captive_n roman_n misbehave_a themselves_o in_o the_o battle_n the_o senate_n be_v bouâ—d_v in_o honour_n to_o ransom_n they_o and_o punish_v they_o themselves_o and_o not_o suffer_v they_o to_o rot_v in_o prison_n with_o their_o capital_a enemy_n assure_o this_o action_n want_v for_o neither_o avarice_n nor_o cruelty_n for_o strange_a it_o be_v thus_o to_o punish_v common_a soldier_n and_o yet_o to_o send_v out_o some_o principal_a senator_n to_o meet_v and_o compliment_v their_o hare-brained_a conful_n teremiâ—â—_n vaâ—â—_n and_o thank_v he_o that_o he_o have_v not_o despair_v of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o yet_o by_o his_o obstinate_a and_o inexcusable_a folly_n he_o have_v bring_v the_o commonwealth_n to_o the_o very_a brink_n of_o destruction_n and_o why_o may_v not_o hannibal_n have_v use_v these_o roman_a prisoner_n as_o livy_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n tell_v we_o the_o roman_n use_v some_o thousand_o of_o the_o tarquinian_a prisoner_n unjust_a a_o merciless_a act_n of_o the_o roman_n yet_o not_o unjust_a of_o who_o they_o choose_v 358_o of_o the_o prime_a nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n all_o these_o they_o first_o whip_v well_o with_o rod_n and_o then_o strike_v off_o their_o head_n in_o the_o great_a marketplace_n of_o rome_n and_o present_o after_o put_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prisoner_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o cold_a blood_n though_o this_o be_v a_o very_a merciless_a act_n yet_o by_o the_o law_n of_o war_n they_o may_v do_v it_o and_o so_o may_v hannibal_n have_v do_v to_o their_o prisoner_n and_o true_o i_o do_v not_o see_v how_o he_o can_v be_v oblige_v to_o â—eed_v those_o who_o their_o own_o master_n will_v not_o ransom_n let_v we_o hear_v what_o opinion_n polybâ—â—s_n have_v of_o prisoner_n of_o war_n who_o be_v a_o grave_a use_v polybius_n his_o opinion_n how_o prisoner_n of_o war_n may_v be_v use_v historian_n a_o great_a statesman_n and_o a_o good_a captain_n in_o his_o second_o book_n speak_v of_o aristomachuâ—_n who_o be_v a_o prisoner_n of_o war_n be_v torture_v to_o death_n he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n that_o neither_o antigonâ—â—_n king_n of_o macedon_n nor_o aratus_n praetor_n of_o the_o achâ—ans_n can_v be_v call_v cruel_a for_o put_v a_o captive_n to_o death_n with_o torment_n for_o though_o aristomachus_n have_v not_o deserve_v that_o usage_n otherwise_o yet_o they_o may_v have_v do_v all_o to_o he_o that_o be_v donâ—_n â—ure_n belli_n for_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o war_n give_v the_o conqueror_n power_n to_o use_v his_o prisoner_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o the_o same_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o mantimans_fw-la who_o be_v just_o punish_v for_o their_o abominable_a perfidy_n and_o ingratitude_n in_o slaughter_v those_o achaans_n who_o be_v send_v to_o preserve_v they_o he_o say_v express_o that_o though_o they_o have_v commit_v no_o such_o wickedness_n nor_o any_o other_o crime_n at_o all_o yet_o the_o victor_n in_o war_n jure_fw-la belli_n may_v have_v either_o kill_v they_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n or_o sell_v they_o for_o slave_n at_o his_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o he_o but_o this_o power_n of_o victorious_a prince_n or_o general_n over_o the_o good_n person_n and_o live_v of_o their_o prisoner_n be_v limit_v and_o restrain_v by_o treaty_n parley_n treaty_n treaty_n capitulation_n and_o article_n to_o the_o strict_a observance_n whereof_o simple_o and_o without_o fraud_n or_o ambiguity_n all_o man_n of_o what_o station_n rank_n or_o quality_n whatsoever_o or_o of_o what_o religion_n or_o persuasion_n soever_o be_v he_o jew_n or_o gâ—mile_n grâ—cian_n or_o barbarian_a christian_a or_o mahometan_a be_v tie_v because_o faith_n and_o promise_n treaty_n article_n and_o promise_n shall_v be_v faithful_o kepâ—_n no_o enemy_n to_o be_v trust_v in_o time_n of_o treaty_n be_v the_o sacred_a and_o indissoluble_a bond_n which_o maintain_v humane_a society_n and_o whosoever_o break_v they_o on_o any_o pretence_n shall_v be_v look_v on_o as_o a_o monster_n and_o not_o as_o a_o man._n in_o the_o time_n of_o treaty_n both_o party_n who_o treat_v aught_o to_o be_v careful_a that_o a_o cessation_n of_o arm_n be_v agree_v on_o and_o sign_v by_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a of_o both_o force_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o field_n town_n castle_n or_o garrison_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v on_o their_o guard_n for_o fear_v of_o â—oul_a play_n or_o some_o unexpected_a rapture_n of_o the_o treaty_n for_o both_o in_o ancient_n and_o modern_a time_n city_n and_o fort_n have_v be_v surprise_v when_o those_o within_o thought_n themselves_o secure_a by_o a_o treaty_n and_o cessation_n as_o history_n of_o all_o age_n bear_v witness_n and_o many_o time_n these_o surprise_v have_v be_v make_v without_o either_o the_o consent_n or_o connivance_n of_o either_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a or_o his_o subordinate_a officer_n mere_o by_o the_o common_a soldier_n who_o frequent_o think_v themselves_o defraud_v by_o treaty_n of_o that_o which_o they_o conceive_v be_v the_o price_n of_o their_o sweat_n and_o blood_n to_o wit_n the_o spoil_n and_o booty_n of_o the_o place_n besiege_v or_o of_o the_o person_n of_o those_o almost_o beat_v and_o overcome_v in_o the_o field_n nor_o shall_v any_o treaty_n give_v the_o least_o interruption_n to_o the_o constant_a keep_n of_o strict_a guard_n and_o careful_a watch_n nor_o shall_v those_o who_o treat_v have_v liberty_n to_o view_v guard_n camp_n magazine_n
voluntary_a death_n rid_v themselves_o from_o all_o fear_n and_o danger_n and_o rob_v their_o enemy_n of_o the_o glory_n of_o their_o captivity_n thus_o saul_n king_n of_o israel_n desire_v his_o armour-bearer_n to_o kill_v he_o and_o because_o he_o will_v not_o he_o do_v it_o himself_o that_o he_o may_v not_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o uncircumcised_a thus_o virius_n vibius_n persuade_v seventy_o capuan_a senator_n to_o sup_v with_o he_o and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o to_o drink_v a_o draught_n of_o poison_n to_o shun_v the_o rod_n and_o axe_n of_o the_o roman_a conqueror_n thus_o the_o great_a hannibal_n poison_v himself_o that_o the_o treacherous_a king_n of_o prussia_n may_v not_o deliver_v he_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o implacable_a enemy_n the_o roman_n thus_o brutus_n and_o cassius_n dispatch_v themselves_o that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v grateful_a and_o welcome_a spectacle_n to_o anthony_n and_o octavius_n caesar_n thus_o cato_n make_v utica_n catoni_fw-la victrix_n caâ—sa_fw-la diis_fw-la placuit_fw-la sed_fw-la victa_fw-la catoni_fw-la famous_a by_o pull_v out_o his_o own_o bowel_n that_o he_o may_v not_o be_v behold_v for_o his_o life_n to_o merciful_a caesar_n thus_o scapula_n to_o shun_v the_o same_o caesar_n just_a resentment_n for_o his_o sedition_n cause_v a_o huge_a pile_n of_o burnt-wood_n to_o be_v heap_v up_o sup_v plentiful_o take_v nard_n or_o spikenard_n and_o rosin_n inward_o and_o then_o command_v a_o slave_n to_o kindle_v the_o fire_n and_o to_o throw_v he_o in_o it_o after_o his_o free_a servant_n have_v at_o his_o entreaty_n cut_v his_o throat_n thus_o mark_v anthony_n and_o his_o beautiful_a and_o belove_a cleopatra_n open_v to_o themselves_o two_o several_a door_n of_o death_n that_o they_o may_v not_o assist_v at_o augustus_n his_o triumphal_a entrance_n into_o rome_n thus_o vaodicea_n queen_n of_o the_o briton_n choose_v rather_o to_o poison_v herself_o than_o be_v the_o object_n of_o the_o roman_n contempt_n to_o who_o in_o restore_v to_o liberty_n her_o oppress_a country_n she_o have_v do_v much_o mischief_n what_o some_o other_o who_o be_v not_o heathen_n have_v do_v like_o this_o in_o latter_a time_n move_v by_o the_o fearful_a example_n of_o the_o calamity_n and_o inhuman_a usage_n of_o those_o who_o have_v be_v prisoner_n of_o war_n before_o they_o shall_v be_v speak_v to_o in_o its_o own_o place_n chap._n xxiv_o of_o the_o military_a punishment_n and_o reward_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_n as_o in_o all_o well_o order_v commonwealth_n the_o virtuous_a shall_v be_v cherish_v and_o the_o wicked_a chastise_v so_o in_o army_n which_o both_o in_o oeconomy_n and_o policy_n do_v not_o only_o represent_v but_o be_v indeed_o either_o well_o or_o ill_o govern_v republic_n those_o who_o in_o ancient_a time_n do_v signal_n service_n be_v reward_v and_o those_o who_o transgress_v military_a law_n be_v punish_v and_o if_o martial_a animadversion_n execute_v military_a law_n shall_v be_v severe_a and_o severe_o execute_v be_v more_o severe_a than_o the_o civil_a one_o there_o be_v reason_n for_o it_o because_o on_o the_o right_n or_o wrong_n manage_v the_o war_n depend_v the_o safety_n or_o ruin_n of_o the_o state_n and_o upon_o the_o least_o mistake_n of_o one_o military_a order_n may_v follow_v the_o loss_n of_o that_o army_n to_o which_o be_v entrust_v the_o management_n of_o that_o war._n the_o great_a master_n of_o war_n caesar_n say_v fortuna_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o reliquis_fw-la reâ—us_fw-la tum_fw-la praecipâ—e_fw-la in_o bello_fw-la parviâ—_n momentis_fw-la magnas_fw-la commutationes_fw-la efficit_fw-la fortune_n say_v he_o as_o in_o other_o affair_n so_o more_o especial_o in_o war_n make_v inconsiderable_a accident_n produce_v vast_a change_n and_o alteration_n that_o which_o lamachus_n in_o plutarch_n say_v be_v now_o common_a non_fw-la licet_fw-la bis_fw-la in_o bello_fw-la peccare_fw-la in_o war_n one_o can_v do_v wrong_a twice_o that_o be_v in_o 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much_o contribute_v
to_o most_o of_o his_o conquest_n i_o much_o wonder_v why_o stevechius_n will_v reckon_v ston_a to_o be_v a_o roman_a punishment_n for_o we_o find_v nothing_o of_o it_o so_o far_o as_o i_o know_v in_o history_n he_o tell_v we_o as_o he_o say_v out_o of_o florus_n he_o may_v have_v say_v out_o of_o livius_n too_o that_o posthumius_fw-la a_o roman_a general_n be_v kill_v with_o stone_n by_o his_o own_o soldier_n but_o that_o which_o be_v do_v by_o a_o mutinous_a army_n to_o their_o commander_n in_o chief_a be_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v a_o punishment_n authorize_v by_o law_n for_o he_o confess_v it_o be_v do_v in_o a_o mutiny_n seditione_n facta_fw-la i_o have_v speak_v of_o this_o mutiny_n in_o another_o place_n what_o punishment_n be_v legal_o inflict_v on_o the_o roman_a officer_n and_o soldier_n punishment_n roman_n punishment_n we_o be_v leave_v to_o glean_v out_o of_o history_n for_o polybius_n speak_v but_o of_o few_o and_o vegetius_n of_o none_o that_o i_o remember_v except_o 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that_o experience_n will_v make_v it_o useless_a and_o at_o length_n he_o assure_v uâ—_n that_o this_o weapon_n the_o musquet-half-pike_n will_v save_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o treasure_n spend_v by_o prince_n on_o pike_n headpiece_n back_n and_o breast_n he_o tell_v we_o of_o such_o stuff_n before_o but_o good_a god_n can_v a_o barricado_n of_o half-pike_n defend_v a_o man_n head_n and_o body_n so_o well_o from_o a_o shot_n as_o a_o head-piece_n or_o a_o corslet_n can_v and_o to_o conclude_v he_o direct_v all_o who_o desire_v to_o know_v this_o new_a weapon_n to_o go_v to_o the_o artillery-garden_n at_o london_n where_o they_o may_v be_v satisfy_v in_o all_o their_o curiosity_n but_o i_o humble_o conceive_v the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o weapon_n which_o he_o cry_v up_o to_o be_v of_o so_o general_a a_o good_a and_o can_v bring_v so_o universal_a a_o advantage_n to_o prince_n and_o state_n shall_v not_o have_v be_v confine_v within_o so_o narrow_a a_o plot_n of_o secret_n shall_v not_o 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a_o enemy_n with_o succour_n be_v expect_v and_o in_o the_o field_n a_o well_o order_v and_o courageous_a well_o arm_a batallion_n of_o foot_n be_v not_o so_o soon_o tread_v down_o by_o a_o brigade_n of_o horse_n as_o some_o man_n fancy_n and_o when_o their_o charge_n be_v stout_o stand_v out_o i_o know_v not_o what_o the_o horse_n can_v do_v but_o ride_v i_o will_v not_o say_v run_v away_o if_o we_o look_v upon_o the_o practice_n of_o nation_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a we_o shall_v find_v all_o i_o have_v say_v support_v and_o more_o too_o and_o though_o our_o young_a gallant_n will_v be_v govern_v by_o no_o former_a custom_n yet_o i_o believe_v truth_n itself_o have_v bid_v we_o follow_v the_o good_a old_a way_n and_o therefore_o let_v we_o take_v a_o short_a view_n how_o little_a necessary_a many_o nation_n have_v think_v horseman_n to_o be_v in_o their_o
foot_n without_o any_o horse_n though_o i_o confess_v not_o so_o well_o but_o that_o it_o can_v be_v so_o without_o foot_n be_v a_o pure_a speculation_n why_o shall_v then_o officer_n of_o horse_n be_v so_o overween_v as_o to_o pretend_v to_o a_o superiority_n over_o commander_n of_o foot_n of_o equal_a quality_n with_o themselves_o since_o they_o themselves_o may_v with_o less_o hurt_n and_o less_o inconvenience_n be_v spare_v out_o of_o a_o army_n than_o those_o of_o the_o infantry_n nor_o do_v i_o see_v with_o what_o right_a a_o officer_n of_o horse_n can_v pretend_v to_o the_o command_n of_o a_o officer_n of_o dragoon_n of_o the_o like_a quality_n for_o that_o dragoon_n be_v reckon_v to_o belong_v to_o the_o cavalry_n though_o their_o service_n be_v on_o foot_n will_v only_o entitle_v the_o general_n or_o lieutenant-general_n or_o major_a general_n of_o the_o horse_n to_o command_v over_o they_o but_o not_o a_o ritmaster_n to_o give_v order_n to_o a_o captain_n of_o dragoon_n unless_o he_o can_v show_v a_o elder_a patent_n yet_o when_o i_o serve_v in_o germany_n this_o emperor_n father_n order_v a_o colonel-general_n over_o all_o his_o dragoon_n but_o whether_o he_o be_v independent_a from_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a of_o the_o horse_n i_o can_v so_o well_o tell_v and_o if_o in_o the_o field_n the_o commander_n of_o horse_n ought_v not_o to_o assume_v this_o superiority_n much_o less_o ought_v they_o to_o do_v it_o in_o garrison_n town_n castle_n or_o yet_o in_o barricade_a village_n for_o these_o do_v resemble_v fortify_v place_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n notwithstanding_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o who_o understand_v well_o enough_o i_o think_v it_o will_v be_v of_o very_o hard_a digestion_n for_o a_o officer_n of_o horse_n though_o within_o a_o fort_n or_o wall_a town_n to_o receive_v order_n from_o a_o foot-officer_n of_o a_o low_a quality_n than_o himself_o suppose_v a_o colonel_n of_o horse_n to_o be_v under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o lieutenant-colonel_n of_o foot_n or_o a_o major_n of_o horse_n under_o a_o captain_n of_o foot_n for_o though_o there_o be_v no_o subordination_n between_o they_o yet_o when_o a_o officer_n of_o a_o high_a quality_n be_v command_v by_o one_o of_o a_o inferior_a degree_n it_o bring_v superior_a charge_n in_o disrespect_n and_o disesteem_v which_o will_v careful_o be_v avoid_v koningsmark_n who_o become_v a_o famous_a general_n in_o the_o german_a war_n when_o he_o be_v colonel_n of_o horse_n come_v to_o lie_v with_o some_o of_o his_o troop_n in_o osnabrug_n where_o lieutenant_n colonel_n lumsdaine_n command_v in_o absence_n of_o his_o brother_n sir_n james_n koningsmark_n pretend_v to_o that_o command_n protest_v that_o if_o sir_n james_n who_o be_v a_o colonel_n have_v be_v there_o he_o will_v willing_o have_v submit_v to_o his_o command_n but_o that_o either_o himself_o or_o any_o other_o colonel_n shall_v receive_v order_n from_o a_o lieutenant-colonel_n be_v a_o thing_n he_o neither_o can_v nor_o will_v understand_v a_o temperament_n be_v find_v out_o by_o those_o who_o mediate_v between_o they_o and_o the_o expedient_a be_v that_o the_o lieutenant-colonel_n shall_v keep_v the_o key_n and_o exercise_v all_o other_o function_n of_o a_o governor_n except_o the_o give_v the_o word_n which_o the_o colonel_n of_o horse_n shall_v give_v week_n about_o this_o save_v the_o lieutenant-colonel_n interest_n and_o the_o colonel_n reputation_n the_o great_a gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n order_v that_o where_o two_o or_o more_o colonel_n of_o horse_n or_o foot_n be_v in_o the_o field_n or_o quarter_n together_o without_o any_o general_a officer_n to_o command_v above_o they_o the_o colonel_n who_o have_v the_o elder_a commission_n shall_v command_v in_o chief_a whether_o he_o serve_v to_o horse_n or_o to_o foot_n and_o so_o it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o all_o other_o officer_n under_o a_o colonel_n and_o whereas_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o many_o several_a colonel_n may_v have_v receive_v their_o patent_n all_o in_o one_o day_n or_o that_o otherwise_o their_o antiquity_n may_v be_v debateable_a in_o that_o case_n it_o be_v order_v that_o they_o shall_v cast_v lot_n which_o be_v a_o excellent_a way_n for_o the_o wise_a of_o man_n have_v leâ—t_v it_o on_o record_n in_o the_o best_a of_o book_n that_o the_o lot_n cause_v contention_n to_o cease_v and_o part_v between_o the_o mighty_a now_o why_o shall_v any_o soldier_n or_o why_o shall_v any_o general_n nay_o why_o shall_v any_o prince_n be_v ashamed_a to_o follow_v the_o rule_n or_o example_n of_o so_o famous_a a_o king_n or_o so_o renown_v a_o captain_n as_o great_a gustavus_n be_v know_v to_o have_v be_v have_v speak_v so_o much_o to_o the_o first_o question_n i_o suppose_v i_o need_v speak_v but_o little_a to_o the_o second_o which_o you_o may_v remember_v i_o subdivide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o be_v whether_o a_o officer_n of_o horse_n may_v command_v a_o officer_n of_o foot_n though_o of_o a_o superior_a quality_n as_o suppose_v a_o lieutenant_n of_o horse_n command_v a_o captain_n of_o foot_n a_o quartermaster_n of_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n to_o command_v a_o lieutenant_n of_o foot_n a_o captain_n of_o horse_n to_o command_v a_o major_a of_o foot_n and_o that_o only_a by_o virtue_n of_o their_o serve_v on_o horseback_n but_o if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o i_o have_v assert_v and_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o no_o officer_n what_o ever_o their_o service_n be_v horse_n or_o foot_n of_o equal_a quality_n can_v with_o reason_n pretend_v to_o the_o command_n of_o one_o another_o than_o it_o will_v assure_o follow_v that_o a_o inferour_n can_v far_o less_o pretend_v to_o any_o such_o authority_n over_o a_o superior_a but_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o great_a difficulty_n in_o the_o second_o question_n which_o be_v whether_o a_o officer_n of_o a_o king_n prince_z or_o general_n guard_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n aught_o to_o command_v over_o not_o only_o his_o equal_n in_o another_o regiment_n or_o troop_n but_o even_o over_o those_o who_o in_o quality_n be_v above_o he_o as_o whether_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o these_o guard_n may_v not_o or_o shall_v not_o command_v over_o any_o captain_n of_o another_o regiment_n or_o a_o captain_n of_o those_o guard_n over_o any_o major_n of_o the_o army_n and_o true_o as_o the_o question_n be_v state_v and_o so_o ordinary_o it_o be_v state_v i_o must_v answer_v negative_o and_o yet_o shall_v go_v as_o great_a a_o length_n with_o these_o officer_n of_o guard_n as_o i_o conceive_v true_a military_a discipline_n and_o method_n of_o war_n will_v permit_v i_o and_o perhaps_o further_o i_o say_v then_o that_o a_o general_n guard_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n much_o more_o that_o of_o a_o king_n or_o absolute_a prince_n in_o a_o march_n shall_v constant_o have_v the_o vaunt_v of_o all_o other_o regiment_n company_n or_o troop_n of_o the_o army_n both_o for_o their_o honour_n and_o that_o they_o may_v be_v in_o time_n at_o the_o head_n quarter_n to_o officiate_v and_o do_v duty_n i_o say_v next_o that_o all_o officer_n belong_v to_o these_o guard_n have_v the_o priority_n and_o precedency_n not_o only_o of_o door_n and_o table_n but_o even_o in_o all_o court_n and_o council_n of_o war_n before_o any_o other_o officer_n in_o the_o army_n of_o their_o own_o rank_n and_o quality_n but_o not_o of_o other_o of_o a_o high_a charge_n nay_o more_o though_o it_o be_v a_o receive_a maxim_n both_o in_o the_o civil_a and_o military_a law_n that_o par_n in_o parem_fw-la non_fw-la habet_fw-la potestatem_fw-la one_o equal_a have_v no_o power_n over_o his_o equal_a yet_o i_o hold_v when_o officer_n of_o guard_n be_v by_o some_o emergency_n or_o other_o or_o by_o command_n to_o march_v or_o quarter_n with_o officer_n of_o other_o regiment_n of_o equal_a quality_n the_o officer_n of_o the_o guard_n shall_v have_v the_o command_n over_o the_o other_o suppose_v these_o be_v either_o captain_n lieutenaut_n major_n lieutenant_n colonel_n or_o colonel_n further_o than_o this_o i_o can_v go_v till_o i_o get_v more_o light_n than_o the_o high_a demand_n of_o some_o have_v yet_o afford_v i_o nor_o can_v i_o fancy_v any_o reason_n for_o this_o pretence_n of_o superiority_n but_o the_o will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o the_o prince_n his_o general_n or_o his_o privy_a council_n and_o indeed_o that_o must_v neither_o be_v contradict_v nor_o control_v yet_o i_o conceive_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o such_o a_o unusual_a command_n may_v be_v represent_v to_o the_o prince_n his_o general_n and_o his_o council_n and_o i_o suppose_v they_o will_v be_v loath_a to_o give_v or_o to_o leave_v any_o occasion_n of_o heart_n burn_n animosity_n debate_n or_o discontent_n how_o strange_a and_o odd_a will_v it_o be_v to_o see_v a_o young_a and_o raw_a captain_n of_o the_o guard_n who_o
there_o be_v a_o precedent_n for_o this_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v imitate_v by_o one_o who_o profess_v the_o name_n of_o christ_n and_o that_o which_o make_v this_o action_n of_o his_o altogether_o inexcusable_a be_v that_o he_o expect_v no_o succour_n inexcusable_a and_o altogether_o inexcusable_a for_o after_o he_o be_v force_v to_o yield_v the_o town_n wherein_o many_o of_o those_o citizen_n who_o he_o permit_v to_o stay_v be_v consume_v with_o famine_n and_o the_o remnant_n of_o his_o soldier_n so_o hunger-starve_a that_o they_o look_v like_o skeleton_n he_o confess_v in_o the_o first_o tome_n of_o his_o commentary_n that_o he_o can_v never_o think_v of_o what_o he_o do_v but_o with_o a_o sad_a affliction_n of_o spirit_n for_o his_o folly_n he_o shall_v have_v say_v vanity_n and_o arrogance_n in_o reduce_v that_o noble_a city_n and_o his_o own_o soldiery_n to_o the_o last_o morsel_n of_o bread_n and_o submit_v they_o to_o the_o mercy_n of_o a_o incense_a enemy_n when_o he_o know_v well_o enough_o that_o his_o master_n henry_n the_o second_o of_o france_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o relieve_v he_o at_o that_o time_n nor_o desirous_a he_o shall_v bring_v himself_o and_o the_o city_n to_o those_o extremity_n reinach_n governor_n of_o brisac_n in_o the_o year_n 1638_o have_v a_o great_a deal_n more_o reason_n brisac_n brisac_n to_o keep_v out_o that_o strong_a town_n to_o the_o very_a last_o against_o the_o duke_n of_o weimar_n since_o he_o know_v his_o master_n the_o emperor_n will_v use_v all_o mean_n under_o heaven_n to_o relieve_v a_o place_n that_o be_v of_o so_o great_a a_o concern_v to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n yet_o do_v he_o shut_v no_o inhabitant_n out_o of_o it_o after_o it_o be_v besiege_v this_o brisac_n for_o the_o famine_n it_o suffer_v during_o that_o siege_n be_v a_o epitome_n of_o the_o misery_n of_o samaria_n and_o jerusalem_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n and_o of_o sancerre_n and_o rochel_n in_o france_n caesar_n in_o his_o gallic_a war_n tell_v we_o with_o a_o great_a abhorrency_n of_o the_o fact_n that_o when_o he_o have_v reduce_v vercengentorix_n and_o his_o gaul_n to_o great_a want_n within_o alesia_n at_o a_o alesia_n alesia_n council_n hold_v by_o the_o besiege_a one_o of_o the_o prime_a man_n among_o they_o propose_v that_o all_o the_o old_a and_o unserviceable_a people_n of_o the_o town_n shall_v be_v kill_v and_o preserve_v for_o food_n to_o those_o who_o be_v able_a to_o work_v and_o fight_v but_o the_o provision_n for_o the_o belly_n be_v they_o great_a or_o small_a shall_v be_v spare_o measure_a out_o after_o the_o public_a storehouse_n be_v once_o break_v up_o to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v of_o thing_n requisite_a and_o necessary_a for_o besiege_a place_n i_o shall_v add_v the_o care_n that_o shall_v be_v requisite_a physician_n apothecary_n and_o chirurgeon_n requisite_a take_v â—or_a the_o sick_a and_o the_o wound_a for_o which_o apothecary_n shop_n and_o chirurgeon_n chest_n shall_v be_v well_o furnish_v for_o cure_v both_o sickness_n and_o wound_n for_o the_o inspection_n whereof_o some_o skilful_a physician_n shall_v be_v entertain_v our_o fortify_v place_n be_v it_o never_o so_o strong_a be_v but_o a_o dead_a body_n till_o man_n be_v put_v into_o it_o and_o then_o we_o may_v say_v it_o have_v live_v member_n whereof_o victual_n be_v the_o nutriment_n and_o munition_n of_o war_n arm_n and_o money_n shall_v be_v the_o supporter_n in_o this_o body_n to_o make_v it_o serviceable_a to_o the_o prince_n who_o be_v the_o creator_n of_o fortress_n a_o governor_n of_o a_o fortress_n it_o a_o rational_a soul_n must_v be_v infuse_v and_o that_o soul_n shall_v be_v call_v the_o governor_n and_o of_o he_o i_o may_v say_v almost_o as_o i_o say_v in_o another_o place_n of_o a_o captain_n general_n that_o such_o a_o governor_n as_o many_o in_o their_o discourse_n and_o some_o in_o their_o write_n describe_v be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o no_o country_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o utopia_n or_o to_o be_v read_v of_o in_o any_o book_n except_o romance_n he_o must_v say_v they_o have_v a_o universal_a knowledge_n of_o fortification_n and_o gunnery_n he_o must_v be_v very_o wise_a of_o a_o ready_a he_o a_o notional_a description_n of_o he_o judgement_n and_o a_o great_a memory_n he_o shall_v be_v affable_a and_o courteous_a yet_o severe_a eloquent_a vigilant_a sober_a temperate_a religious_a loyal_a above_o measure_n courageous_a and_o indefatigable_a this_o seem_v to_o be_v enough_o but_o there_o must_v be_v more_o he_o must_v be_v a_o old_a experience_a captain_n and_o one_o who_o have_v give_v good_a proof_n that_o he_o can_v both_o take_v and_o defend_v fortify_v place_n this_o be_v a_o very_a strange_a qualification_n for_o if_o a_o man_n be_v not_o admit_v to_o be_v a_o governor_n unless_o he_o have_v be_v one_o before_o he_o shall_v never_o be_v one_o in_o his_o life_n it_o need_v therefore_o to_o be_v restrict_v thus_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v choose_v to_o be_v governor_n of_o a_o frontier_n town_n or_o a_o royal_a fortification_n unless_o he_o have_v former_o well_o defend_v some_o fort_n or_o castle_n of_o lesser_a importance_n have_v the_o real_a qualification_n he_o shall_v have_v the_o truth_n be_v much_o of_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o place_n depend_v on_o the_o governor_n and_o therefore_o he_o shall_v be_v no_o novice_n in_o military_a affair_n but_o for_o all_o that_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o old_a man_n for_o age_n waste_v that_o natural_a vigour_n which_o be_v require_v in_o a_o man_n of_o his_o charge_n and_o make_v he_o unable_a for_o that_o fatigue_n which_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o undergo_v as_o to_o his_o experience_n i_o think_v it_o be_v enough_o if_o he_o have_v be_v at_o two_o or_o three_o sieges_n and_o within_o one_o or_o two_o besiege_a place_n provide_v he_o be_v of_o a_o quick_a apprehension_n and_o judgement_n for_o such_o a_o one_o will_v learn_v more_o at_o one_o sight_n than_o other_o will_v do_v at_o twenty_o he_o shall_v 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the_o tribune_n who_o be_v leave_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o it_o issue_v with_o his_o cohort_n and_o force_v the_o fly_a legion_n to_o face_n about_o which_o they_o do_v fight_v well_o and_o gain_v the_o day_n if_o this_o tribune_n have_v let_v they_o enter_v the_o camp_n as_o he_o may_v by_o lipsius_n consent_n have_v do_v in_o all_o probability_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o legion_n have_v leave_v the_o field_n which_o no_o doubt_n have_v give_v antiochus_n the_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o asia_n lipsius_n have_v keep_v we_o long_o in_o the_o comparison_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o discipline_n which_o consist_v of_o duty_n now_o he_o come_v to_o the_o second_o part_n which_o be_v compose_v as_o he_o will_v have_v it_o of_o training_n and_o exercising_n these_o he_o say_v in_o the_o exercise_n exercise_n modern_a discipline_n be_v whole_o omit_v and_o neglect_v in_o answer_n to_o which_o i_o say_v i_o have_v speak_v of_o great_a and_o very_o great_a neglect_n in_o 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as_o be_v never_o put_v in_o execution_n here_o he_o assume_v to_o himself_o to_o speak_v what_o he_o please_v to_o the_o disgrace_n of_o christian_a soldier_n and_o very_o little_a to_o his_o own_o reputation_n listen_v a_o little_a to_o his_o word_n adeste_fw-la mei_fw-la deuce_n date_n vestras_fw-la leges_fw-la quid_fw-la mussatis_fw-la a_o nullâ—_n an_fw-mi paucae_fw-la illa_fw-la ipsae_fw-la quae_fw-la sunt_fw-la irrite_n &_o pro_fw-la nullis_fw-la profecto_fw-la ita_fw-la vivitur_fw-la libido_fw-la pro_fw-la lege_fw-la est_fw-la jurisque_fw-la locum_fw-la sibi_fw-la vindicat_fw-la ensis_fw-la furta_fw-la quis_fw-la hodie_fw-la punit_fw-la imo_fw-la quis_fw-la raptus_fw-la &_o codes_o stupra_fw-la &_o adulteria_fw-la inter_fw-la facinora_fw-la militaria_fw-la censentur_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la poscant_fw-la aliquam_fw-la coronam_fw-la take_v it_o in_o english_a come_v hither_o say_v he_o you_o captain_n
case_n but_o de_fw-fr grot_n in_o the_o same_o place_n former_o cite_v take_v a_o liberty_n to_o himself_o to_o impertinent_a grotius_n impertinent_a render_v the_o profession_n the_o trade_n or_o the_o art_n of_o a_o soldier_n not_o only_o impious_a but_o most_o contemptible_a detestable_a and_o despicable_a let_v we_o hear_v he_o in_o his_o own_o language_n parum_fw-la quod_fw-la svam_fw-la vendunt_fw-la necem_fw-la say_v grotius_n nisi_fw-la &_o aliâ—râ—m_fw-la sâ—pe_v innocentium_n vendâ—rent_a â—anto_fw-la carnifice_fw-la detestabiliores_fw-la quanto_fw-la pâ—jus_fw-la est_fw-la sinâ—_n causâ_fw-la quà m_fw-la ex_fw-la causa_fw-la occidere_fw-la sicut_fw-la antisthâ—nes_n dicebat_fw-la carnificâ—s_fw-la tyrannis_fw-la â—ssâ—_n sanctiores_fw-la quod_fw-la illi_fw-la nocentes_fw-la high_a innocent_n interficerent_fw-la it_o be_v no_o matter_n say_v he_o if_o soldier_n sell_v only_o their_o own_o life_n or_o rather_o their_o own_o death_n but_o they_o sell_v also_o the_o life_n of_o 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cut_v and_o give_v their_o body_n to_o be_v butcher_v to_o death_n by_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o heathen_a army_n julian_n the_o apostate_n who_o with_o both_o force_n and_o fraud_n endeavour_v to_o root_v out_o the_o christian_a name_n and_o religion_n have_v thousand_o of_o christian_n who_o serve_v under_o he_o in_o his_o war_n who_o i_o suppose_v never_o examine_v the_o justice_n of_o they_o for_o if_o they_o have_v they_o will_v have_v find_v that_o even_o that_o very_a war_n he_o make_v against_o the_o persian_n wherein_o he_o die_v as_o be_v say_v blaspheme_v the_o name_n of_o the_o son_n of_o god_n be_v ground_v only_o on_o ambition_n to_o enlarge_v the_o limit_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o such_o a_o reason_n even_o the_o moral_a heathen_a much_o less_o the_o christian_n do_v never_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v a_o just_a or_o lawful_a cause_n of_o war._n by_o virtue_n then_o of_o these_o passage_n and_o precedent_n soldier_n may_v make_v a_o profession_n of_o the_o art_n 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