the_o four_o council_n of_o toledo_n which_o then_o take_v so_o many_o of_o the_o gallican_n office_n into_o the_o service_n of_o the_o spanish_a church_n will_v see_v reason_n to_o believe_v that_o this_o creed_n be_v original_o of_o a_o gallican_n composition_n and_o thence_o be_v carry_v into_o spain_n upon_o the_o conversion_n of_o the_o goth_n from_o arianism_n wherein_o several_a expression_n be_v take_v out_o of_o st._n augustine_n work_n ruffinus_n show_v that_o those_o that_o be_v to_o be_v baptize_v do_v at_o rome_n repeat_v the_o creed_n but_o that_o be_v another_o thing_n from_o its_o use_n in_o the_o liturgy_n which_o both_o baronius_n and_o 8._o bona_n confess_v be_v so_o late_o introduce_v at_o rome_n so_o that_o here_o we_o have_v one_o considerable_a difference_n of_o the_o roman_a office_n from_o those_o of_o other_o church_n for_o 16._o isidore_n say_v that_o the_o nicene_n creed_n be_v then_o use_v in_o the_o gothick_n church_n in_o the_o time_n of_o sacrifice_n as_o the_o church_n service_n be_v then_o call_v for_o that_o it_o have_v no_o relation_n to_o that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o sacrifice_n of_o the_o mass_n appear_v by_o council_n aurel._n 3._o can_v 29._o where_o we_o find_v the_o name_n of_o sacrifice_n apply_v to_o the_o evening_n service_n sacrificia_fw-la matutina_fw-la missarum_fw-la sive_fw-la vespertina_fw-la and_o so_o 3._o cassian_n use_v sacrificia_fw-la vespertina_fw-la in_o allusion_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o sacrifice_v among_o the_o jew_n and_o 21._o honoratus_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n hilarius_n of_o arles_n call_v it_o sacrificium_fw-la vespertinae_fw-la laudis_fw-la and_o missa_fw-la be_v then_o use_v for_o the_o public_a service_n as_o 17._o cassander_n and_o other_o show_v in_o the_o rule_n of_o st._n benedict_n missae_fw-la be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o the_o conclude_a collect_v at_o the_o canonical_a hour_n 5._o cassian_n use_v missa_fw-la for_o any_o public_a meeting_n at_o prayer_n thence_o he_o speak_v of_o missa_fw-la nocturna_fw-la and_o missa_fw-la orationum_fw-la and_o missa_fw-la canonica_n for_o the_o nocturnal_a office_n among_o the_o monk_n and_o in_o the_o council_n agath_fw-mi c._n 30._o we_o read_v of_o missae_fw-la vespertinae_fw-la but_o afterward_o the_o name_n be_v appropriate_v to_o the_o most_o solemn_a part_n of_o public_a worship_n viz._n the_o communion_n service_n in_o which_o the_o creed_n be_v appoint_v by_o the_o three_o council_n of_o toledo_n c._n 2._o in_o all_o the_o church_n of_o spain_n and_o gallaecia_n or_o as_o some_o copy_n have_v it_o of_o gallia_n which_o be_v confirm_v by_o a_o edict_n of_o reccaredus_n to_o that_o purpose_n which_o extend_v to_o that_o part_n of_o gallia_n narbonensis_n then_o under_o the_o gothick_n power_n where_o a_o 2._o council_n meet_v under_o reccaredus_n about_o the_o same_o time_n in_o which_o gloria_fw-la patri_fw-la be_v decree_v to_o be_v use_v at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o psalm_n which_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o other_o gallican_n church_n in_o cassian_n time_n it_o seem_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o spanish_a church_n do_v follow_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o gallican_n in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o divine_a office_n as_o well_o as_o this_o which_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n in_o the_o epistle_n of_o carolus_n calvus_n produce_v by_o 12._o card._n bona_n where_o speak_v of_o the_o ancient_a gallican_n office_n before_o the_o introduction_n of_o the_o roman_a he_o say_v he_o have_v see_v and_o hear_v how_o different_a they_o be_v by_o the_o priest_n of_o the_o church_n of_o toledo_n who_o have_v celebrate_v the_o office_n of_o their_o church_n before_o he_o which_o have_v signify_v nothing_o to_o this_o matter_n unless_o the_o gothick_n and_o gallican_n office_n have_v then_o agree_v i_o do_v not_o say_v that_o the_o old_a gallican_n service_n can_v be_v gather_v from_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o mozarabick_a liturgy_n as_o it_o be_v settle_v by_o 2._o card._n ximenes_n in_o a_o chapel_n of_o the_o church_n of_o toledo_n or_o as_o it_o be_v perform_v on_o certain_a day_n at_o salamanca_n because_o many_o alteration_n may_v be_v in_o those_o office_n as_o well_o as_o other_o in_o so_o long_a time_n and_o such_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v as_o 5._o mariana_n confess_v by_o the_o length_n of_o time_n although_o it_o do_v bear_v the_o name_n of_o leander_n and_o isidore_n for_o append._n julianus_n toletanus_n be_v say_v to_o have_v review_v the_o whole_a office_n and_o to_o have_v alter_v and_o add_v many_o thing_n and_o johannes_n caesaraugustanus_fw-la and_o conantius_fw-la and_o after_o they_o petrus_n ilerdensis_n and_o salvus_fw-la abbaildensis_fw-la beside_o such_o who_o name_n be_v not_o preserve_v but_o so_o far_o as_o we_o can_v trace_v the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o gothick_n missal_n we_o may_v probable_o infer_v what_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o gallican_n church_n at_o that_o time_n be_v and_o thereby_o show_v the_o difference_n between_o they_o and_o the_o roman_a office_n as_o beside_o this_o of_o the_o creed_n 2._o the_o prophetical_a lesson_n be_v always_o to_o be_v read_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o mozarabick_a liturgy_n and_o according_o three_o book_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o altar_n in_o the_o gallican_n church_n as_o 7._o gregorius_n turonensis_n observe_v that_o of_o the_o prophet_n and_o of_o the_o epistle_n and_o of_o the_o gospel_n but_o nothing_o but_o the_o epistle_n and_o gospel_n be_v read_v at_o rome_n as_o be_v show_v already_o which_o manifest_v that_o the_o book_n under_o st._n jerome_n name_n call_v the_o lectionarius_n or_o comes_n must_v be_v counterfeit_a because_o therein_o lesson_n out_o of_o the_o prophet_n be_v set_v down_o and_o the_o authority_n of_o berno_n augiensis_n micrologus_fw-la and_o radulphus_fw-la tungrensis_fw-la which_o be_v the_o best_a praefat._n pamelius_n can_v find_v be_v not_o great_a enough_o against_o so_o plain_a evidence_n to_o the_o contrary_a to_o prove_v this_o lectionarius_n to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o st._n jerome_n and_o he_o confess_v that_o amalarius_n several_a time_n only_a mention_n the_o auctor_fw-la lectionarii_fw-la without_o st._n jerome_n name_n who_o live_v a_o good_a while_n before_o they_o but_o in_o this_o the_o roman_a church_n have_v its_o peculiar_a rite_n for_o in_o the_o church_n of_o milan_n first_o a_o lesson_n out_o of_o the_o prophet_n be_v read_v before_o the_o epistle_n as_o appear_v by_o 3._o sulpicius_n severus_n and_o in_o the_o greek_a church_n st._n 21._o basil_n say_v that_o lesson_n out_o of_o the_o old_a as_o well_o as_o the_o new_a testament_n be_v read_v by_o the_o 59_o council_n of_o laodicea_n all_o the_o canonical_a book_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v read_v zonara_n observe_n on_o the_o 16._o canon_n of_o that_o council_n that_o before_o this_o council_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o prayer_n before_o the_o consecration_n but_o therein_o he_o be_v certain_o mistake_v for_o 2._o justin_n martyr_n show_v that_o the_o lesson_n be_v read_v long_o before_o and_o that_o out_o of_o the_o prophet_n as_o well_o as_o apostle_n but_o balsamon_n and_o aristenus_n restrain_v this_o canon_n only_o to_o saturday_n and_o it_o enjoin_v the_o read_n of_o the_o gospel_n then_o which_o be_v not_o accustom_v before_o there_o be_v no_o religious_a assembly_n in_o those_o part_n on_o that_o day_n but_o by_o the_o same_o canon_n we_o find_v that_o where_o the_o gospel_n be_v read_v other_o scripture_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v read_v too_o it_o be_v observe_v by_o lectio_fw-la dominicus_n macer_n that_o at_o the_o lesson_n of_o the_o old_a testament_n the_o greek_n do_v sit_v but_o stand_v at_o those_o out_o of_o the_o new_a 19_o sozomen_n reckon_v it_o as_o a_o peculiar_a custom_n of_o alexandria_n that_o the_o bishop_n do_v not_o rise_v up_o at_o the_o gospel_n and_o nicephorus_n 34._o callisthus_fw-la say_v it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o all_o other_o church_n 3._o after_o the_o gospel_n the_o sermon_n follow_v in_o other_o church_n but_o in_o the_o old_a roman_a office_n there_o be_v no_o mention_n at_o all_o of_o any_o sermon_n to_o the_o people_n 4._o card._n bona_n say_v that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o uninterrupted_a practice_n of_o the_o church_n from_o the_o apostle_n time_n to_o our_o own_o for_o the_o sermon_n to_o follow_v after_o the_o gospel_n and_o he_o do_v sufficient_o prove_v the_o antiquity_n of_o it_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o justin_n martyr_n and_o tertullian_n and_o the_o general_a practice_n of_o it_o in_o other_o church_n especial_o the_o gallican_n but_o he_o offer_v no_o proof_n that_o it_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n but_o 9_o sozomen_n observe_v it_o as_o the_o peculiar_a custom_n of_o that_o church_n that_o there_o be_v no_o preach_v in_o it_o neither_o by_o the_o bishop_n nor_o by_o any_o one_o else_o valesius_fw-la seem_v to_o wonder_n at_o it_o but_o he_o say_v if_o it_o have_v not_o be_v true_a
chew_v i_o find_v two_o of_o my_o predecessor_n man_n considerable_a in_o their_o time_n produce_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n viz._n 3._o radulphus_fw-la de_fw-la diceto_fw-la and_o rad._n baldock_n other_o say_v 18._o that_o these_o twenty_o eight_o city_n be_v not_o all_o furnish_v with_o bishop_n in_o king_n lucius_n his_o time_n but_o that_o the_o honour_n of_o it_o belong_v to_o he_o because_o he_o begin_v it_o but_o this_o be_v make_v a_o new_a story_n and_o in_o effect_n deny_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o old_a tradition_n however_o i_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o it_o be_v as_o certain_a that_o king_n lucius_n settle_v bishop_n here_o as_o that_o he_o be_v convert_v by_o eluanus_n and_o medwinus_n for_o the_o same_o author_n deliver_v both_o but_o how_o far_o his_o power_n extend_v and_o consequent_o how_o many_o city_n have_v episcopal_a government_n then_o settle_v in_o they_o be_v now_o impossible_a to_o be_v know_v as_o to_o the_o twenty_o eight_o city_n among_o the_o britain_n the_o tradition_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o geffrey_n or_o nennius_n for_o bede_n and_o before_o he_o gildas_n say_v the_o same_o thing_n viz._n that_o there_o be_v so_o many_o city_n among_o the_o britain_n while_o the_o roman_n have_v power_n here_o which_o i_o see_v no_o cause_n to_o doubt_v but_o they_o be_v city_n make_v by_o the_o roman_n or_o by_o the_o britain_n in_o imitation_n of_o they_o as_o i_o shall_v prove_v in_o another_o discourse_n but_o that_o which_o follow_v from_o hence_o be_v viz._n that_o the_o government_n here_o settle_v be_v in_o roman_a city_n the_o correspondence_n must_v not_o be_v to_o the_o british_a druid_n but_o to_o the_o roman_a colony_n that_o there_o be_v some_o subordination_n among_o the_o druid_n be_v unquestionable_a for_o caesar_n affirm_v that_o there_o be_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o druid_n and_o the_o last_o age_n have_v discover_v a_o famous_a urn_n of_o one_o chyndonax_n chief_a of_o the_o druid_n concern_v which_o whole_a 25._o book_n have_v be_v write_v and_o several_a discourse_n publish_v without_o any_o great_a satisfaction_n to_o i_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o any_o purpose_n to_o tell_v why_o since_o i_o yield_v the_o thing_n itself_o and_o it_o be_v improbable_a there_o shall_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o druid_n without_o a_o intermediate_v subordination_n and_o the_o druid_n be_v so_o far_o disperse_v it_o be_v a_o reasonable_a thing_n that_o the_o superior_a druid_n shall_v have_v their_o particular_a limit_n assign_v they_o that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o understand_v and_o give_v account_n of_o those_o under_o they_o and_o not_o interfere_v or_o entrench_v one_o upon_o another_o as_o far_o then_o as_o we_o suppose_v they_o to_o be_v reasonable_a and_o prudent_a these_o thing_n may_v just_o be_v suppose_v concern_v they_o so_o that_o set_v aside_o the_o name_n of_o flamen_n and_o archiflamin_n for_o which_o there_o be_v no_o foundation_n at_o all_o as_o to_o either_o among_o the_o druid_n and_o not_o for_o the_o latter_a word_n among_o the_o roman_n yet_o the_o thing_n itself_o have_v no_o such_o absurdity_n or_o improbability_n in_o it_o but_o the_o city_n here_o be_v roman_n as_o i_o suppose_v the_o government_n must_v be_v suitable_a to_o that_o of_o roman_a colony_n and_o they_o that_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o constitution_n of_o they_o do_v know_v that_o they_o exact_o follow_v the_o pattern_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n have_v a_o senate_n consul_n praetor_n censor_n aedile_n quaestor_n etc._n etc._n and_o beside_o the_o rest_n they_o have_v their_o several_a flamen_n and_o pontifices_fw-la too_o but_o there_o be_v many_o of_o these_o flamen_n in_o each_o city_n or_o colony_n thence_o 37._o latinus_n pacatus_n in_o his_o panegyric_n to_o theodosius_n mention_n reverendos_fw-la municipali_fw-la purpurâ_fw-la flamen_fw-la ensign_fw-la apicibus_fw-la sacerdotes_fw-la speak_v of_o a_o roman_a colony_n but_o there_o can_v be_v no_o resemblance_n between_o a_o multitude_n of_o flamen_n in_o a_o city_n and_o one_o bishop_n over_o a_o diocese_n the_o flamen_n be_v the_o priest_n of_o some_o peculiar_a deity_n from_o who_o they_o take_v their_o denomination_n as_o may_v be_v at_o large_a see_v in_o gruter_n book_n of_o roman_a inscription_n but_o among_o they_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a order_n of_o place_n and_o dignity_n for_o we_o read_v of_o a_o primus_fw-la flamen_fw-la in_o 12._o gruter_n but_o 6._o jac._n gutherius_n have_v a_o observation_n which_o will_v tend_v to_o clear_v this_o matter_n for_o among_o the_o roman_a inscription_n we_o meet_v with_o one_o extraordinary_a of_o this_o kind_n viz._n 31._o flamini_n divorum_fw-la omnium_fw-la now_o say_v he_o the_o name_n flamyn_n be_v common_a to_o all_o the_o priest_n in_o the_o roman_a city_n but_o the_o flamen_fw-la divorum_fw-la omnium_fw-la be_v the_o chief_a priest_n among_o they_o and_o so_o there_o be_v no_o such_o mighty_a absurdity_n as_o have_v be_v imagine_v in_o suppose_v these_o flamen_n to_o be_v put_v down_o and_o the_o christian_a bishop_n to_o succeed_v in_o their_o place_n especial_o if_o we_o can_v have_v make_v out_o that_o there_o be_v flamen_fw-la provinciarum_fw-la as_o at_o first_o appearance_n seem_v very_o probable_a in_o the_o roman_a inscription_n and_o 239._o sertorius_n vrsatus_n seem_v to_o make_v no_o doubt_n concern_v it_o in_o this_o inscription_n divo_fw-la augusto_fw-la albinus_n alb._n f._n flamen_fw-la divae_fw-la aug._n provinciae_fw-la lusitan_n but_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a mistake_n for_o a_o flamen_n d._n aug._n one_o of_o augustus_n his_o flamen_n in_o that_o province_n of_o which_o sort_n there_o be_v many_o example_n but_o there_o be_v other_o 8._o inscription_n wherein_o we_o read_v of_o flaminica_n provinciae_fw-la lusitaniae_fw-la but_o all_o that_o sertorius_n vrsatus_n infer_v from_o hence_o be_v that_o there_o be_v temple_n dedicate_v to_o municipia_fw-la and_o to_o province_n and_o these_o temple_n have_v their_o flamen_fw-la and_o flaminicae_fw-la but_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o the_o flamen_n have_v any_o jurisdiction_n over_o a_o province_n which_o have_v be_v indeed_o to_o the_o purpose_n among_o the_o roman_n although_o there_o be_v none_o call_v arâ—hiflamines_n yet_o there_o be_v flamen_fw-la majores_fw-la &_o minores_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o festus_n and_o other_o the_o lesser_a be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o be_v call_v veflamine_n in_o the_o inscription_n both_o of_o 364.1.498.8_o gruter_n and_o 385._o reinesius_n festus_n say_v the_o majores_fw-la flamen_fw-la be_v the_o patrician_n the_o minores_fw-la the_o plebeian_n but_o the_o late_a publisher_n of_o festus_n say_v that_o the_o majores_fw-la flamen_fw-la be_v the_o dialis_n martialis_n and_o quirinalis_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o fifteen_o who_o be_v add_v afterward_o be_v the_o minores_fw-la the_o flamen_n martialis_n and_o quirinalis_n be_v of_o the_o college_n of_o pontifices_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o resp._n cicero_n and_o the_o pontifices_fw-la themselves_o be_v divide_v likewise_o into_o majores_fw-la and_o minores_fw-la as_o appear_v both_o by_o festus_n and_o the_o inscription_n these_o lesser_a be_v at_o first_o assessor_n in_o the_o college_n or_o court_n of_o pontifices_fw-la but_o afterward_o become_v only_a officer_n to_o they_o and_o among_o these_o there_o be_v a_o pontifex_n maximus_n too_o but_o as_o festus_n say_v he_o be_v only_o the_o first_o in_o the_o college_n but_o all_o this_o relate_v only_o to_o the_o city_n that_o which_o come_v near_o to_o our_o business_n be_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o sacerdotes_fw-la provinciarum_fw-la as_o they_o be_v call_v in_o the_o etc._n theodosian_a code_n 112._o jac._n gothofredus_n say_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o flamen_n and_o these_o be_v that_o the_o flamen_n belong_v to_o particular_a city_n but_o these_o have_v whole_a province_n under_o their_o care_n and_o so_o in_o the_o law_n the_o honour_n flaminii_n be_v distinct_a from_o the_o honour_n secerdotii_fw-la this_o latter_a be_v call_v archierosyne_n in_o the_o same_o code_n and_o the_o title_n and_o office_n still_o continue_v in_o the_o time_n of_o theodosius_n m._n and_o it_o be_v there_o describe_v to_o be_v a_o care_n that_o divine_a office_n be_v perform_v in_o their_o temple_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v sopel_n sopelianus_fw-la in_o asia_n and_o chry._n chrysantius_fw-la in_o lydia_n and_o 49._o arsacius_n in_o galatia_n to_o who_o a_o epistle_n of_o julian_n be_v still_o extant_a give_v he_o charge_n to_o look_v after_o his_o office_n with_o great_a care_n and_o to_o warn_v and_o punish_v the_o inferior_a priest_n if_o they_o neglect_v their_o duty_n so_o that_o we_o have_v now_o find_v out_o what_o do_v bear_v a_o great_a correspondence_n among_o the_o roman_n to_o our_o bishop_n and_o archbishop_n but_o it_o still_o remain_v a_o question_n whether_o they_o do_v not_o rather_o borrow_v this_o from_o the_o christian_n than_o the_o christian_n from_o they_o for_o julian_n
at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o be_v their_o supreme_a head_n they_o can_v have_v be_v glad_a of_o the_o company_n of_o their_o brother_n of_o rome_n as_o they_o familiar_o call_v he_o but_o since_o his_o occasion_n will_v not_o permit_v his_o absence_n from_o home_n they_o acquaint_v he_o what_o they_o have_v do_v and_o so_o send_v he_o a_o abstract_n of_o their_o canon_n as_o may_v be_v see_v at_o large_a both_o in_o sirmondus_n and_o baronius_n by_o this_o we_o see_v what_o opinion_n the_o british_a bishop_n and_o their_o brethren_n have_v of_o the_o pope_n supremacy_n but_o now_o to_o their_o canon_n those_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o three_o head_n either_o to_o the_o keep_v of_o easter_n or_o to_o the_o discipline_n of_o the_o clergy_n or_o to_o lay_v communion_n 1._o as_o to_o easter_n that_o council_n decree_v can._n 1._o that_o it_o shall_v be_v observe_v on_o the_o same_o day_n and_o time_n throughout_o the_o world_n and_o that_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n shall_v give_v notice_n of_o the_o day_n according_a to_o custom_n but_o this_o latter_a part_n be_v repeal_v as_o binius_fw-la confess_v by_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a which_o refer_v this_o matter_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o alexandria_n 2._o as_o to_o the_o clergy_n there_o be_v canon_n which_o relate_v to_o bishop_n priest_n and_o deacon_n 1._o to_o bishop_n and_o those_o be_v four_o 1._o that_o no_o bishop_n shall_v trample_v upon_o another_o can._n 17._o which_o albaspineus_n well_o interpret_v of_o invade_v another_o diocese_n 2._o as_o to_o travel_a bishop_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v allow_v to_o perform_v divine_a office_n in_o the_o city_n they_o come_v unto_o can._n 19_o 3._o that_o no_o bishop_n shall_v consecrate_v another_o alone_a but_o he_o ought_v to_o take_v seven_o with_o he_o or_o at_o least_o three_o can._n 20._o which_o show_v the_o number_n of_o bishop_n then_o in_o the_o western_a province_n and_o so_o in_o britain_n at_o that_o time_n the_o nicene_n canon_n c._n 4._o take_v notice_n only_o of_o three_o bishop_n as_o necessary_a to_o be_v present_a because_o many_o eastern_a province_n have_v not_o seven_o as_o christianus_n lupus_n observe_v on_o that_o canon_n in_o a_o african_a council_n in_o cresconius_n we_o find_v that_o because_o two_o have_v presume_v to_o consecrate_v a_o bishop_n they_o desire_v that_o twelve_o may_v be_v present_a but_o aurelius_n bishop_n of_o carthage_n refuse_v it_o for_o this_o reason_n because_o in_o the_o province_n of_o tripoli_n there_o be_v but_o five_o bishop_n therefore_o when_o the_o council_n of_o arles_n appoint_v seven_o it_o do_v suppose_v these_o province_n to_o have_v a_o great_a number_n of_o bishop_n 4._o that_o if_o any_o be_v prove_v to_o have_v be_v traditores_fw-la in_o the_o time_n of_o persecution_n i._n e._n to_o have_v give_v up_o the_o sacred_a book_n or_o vessel_n or_o to_o have_v betray_v their_o brethren_n and_o this_o prove_v by_o authentic_a act_n then_o they_o be_v to_o be_v depose_v however_o their_o ordination_n be_v declare_v to_o be_v valid_a can._n 13._o 2._o as_o to_o inferior_a clergy_n 1._o excommunication_n be_v denounce_v against_o those_o that_o put_v out_o money_n to_o use_v can._n 12._o 2._o that_o they_o be_v not_o to_o forsake_v the_o church_n where_o they_o be_v ordain_v can._n 2._o and_o deprivation_n be_v threaten_v on_o that_o account_n can._n 21._o 3._o the_o deacon_n be_v forbid_v to_o celebrate_v the_o lord_n supper_n there_o call_v offer_v can._n 15._o 3._o as_o to_o lay_v communion_n 1._o those_o that_o refuse_v to_o continue_v in_o their_o employment_n as_o soldier_n now_o the_o persecution_n be_v over_o be_v to_o be_v suspend_v communion_n can._n 3._o the_o word_n be_v de_z his_o qui_fw-la arma_fw-la projiciunt_fw-la in_o pace_n of_o which_o some_o do_v hardly_o make_v tolerable_a sense_n binius_fw-la say_v it_o must_v be_v read_v in_o bello_fw-la but_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o contrary_a to_o peace_n than_o war_n how_o then_o shall_v such_o a_o mistake_n happen_v albaspineus_n say_v it_o be_v against_o those_o who_o refuse_v to_o be_v soldier_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n baronius_n say_v it_o be_v against_o they_o that_o apostatise_v in_o time_n of_o peace_n but_o if_o a_o metaphorical_a sense_n will_v be_v allow_v that_o which_o seem_v most_o probable_a be_v that_o many_o christian_n now_o the_o persecution_n be_v over_o neglect_v that_o care_n of_o themselves_o and_o that_o strictness_n of_o discipline_n which_o they_o use_v before_o and_o therefore_o such_o be_v here_o threaten_v if_o not_o to_o be_v throw_v out_o yet_o to_o be_v debar_v communion_n till_o they_o have_v recover_v themselves_o and_o much_o to_o this_o purpose_n josephus_n aegyptius_n and_o joh._n antiochenus_fw-la do_v understand_v the_o 12._o can._n of_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a but_o if_o a_o metaphorical_a sense_n be_v think_v too_o hard_o then_o i_o suppose_v the_o meaning_n be_v against_o those_o who_o renounce_v be_v soldier_n as_o much_o now_o in_o time_n of_o the_o church_n peace_n as_o under_o persecution_n when_o they_o can_v not_o be_v soldier_n without_o commit_v idolatry_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o persecution_n of_o licinius_n and_o other_o constantine_n as_o 33._o eusebius_n say_v give_v they_o all_o leave_n to_o forsake_v their_o employment_n that_o will_v but_o the_o council_n of_o arles_n may_v well_o apprehend_v that_o if_o all_o christian_n renounce_v be_v soldier_n they_o must_v still_o have_v a_o army_n of_o heathen_n whatever_o the_o emperor_n be_v and_o therefore_o they_o have_v reason_n to_o make_v such_o a_o canon_n as_o this_o since_o the_o christian_n ever_o think_v it_o lawful_a to_o serve_v in_o the_o war_n provide_v not_o idolatrous_a act_n be_v impose_v which_o be_v frequent_o do_v on_o purpose_n by_o the_o persecutor_n as_o maximianus_n licinius_n julian_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o i_o think_v the_o true_a meaning_n of_o this_o difficult_a canon_n 2._o for_o those_o who_o drive_v the_o chariot_n in_o race_n and_o act_v on_o theatre_n as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v so_o to_o do_v there_o be_v so_o many_o occasion_n of_o idolatry_n in_o both_o of_o they_o they_o be_v to_o be_v cast_v out_o of_o communion_n can._n 4_o 5._o 3._o that_o those_o who_o be_v christian_n and_o make_v governor_n of_o remote_a place_n shall_v carry_v with_o they_o the_o communicatory_a letter_n of_o their_o own_o bishop_n and_o not_o be_v debar_v communion_n unless_o they_o act_v against_o the_o discipline_n of_o the_o church_n this_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o can._n 7._o 4._o that_o those_o who_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o church_n in_o their_o weakness_n shall_v have_v imposition_n of_o hand_n afterward_o can._n 6._o 5._o that_o those_o who_o bring_v testimonial_n from_o confessor_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o take_v communicatory_a letter_n from_o their_o bishop_n can._n 9_o 6._o that_o those_o who_o find_v their_o wife_n in_o adultery_n shall_v be_v advise_v not_o to_o marry_v again_o while_o they_o do_v live_v can._n 10._o 7._o that_o those_o young_a woman_n who_o do_v marry_v infidel_n shall_v for_o a_o time_n be_v suspend_v communion_n can._n 11._o 8._o that_o those_o who_o false_o accuse_v their_o brethren_n shall_v not_o be_v admit_v to_o communion_n as_o long_o as_o they_o live_v can._n 14._o 9_o that_o none_o who_o be_v excommunicate_v in_o one_o place_n shall_v be_v absolve_v in_o another_o can._n 16._o 10._o that_o no_o apostate_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o communion_n in_o sickness_n but_o they_o ought_v to_o wait_v till_o they_o recover_v and_o show_v amendment_n can._n 22._o 11._o that_o those_o who_o be_v baptize_v in_o the_o faith_n of_o the_o holy_a trinity_n shall_v not_o be_v rebaptise_v can._n 8._o and_o this_o be_v the_o canon_n which_o saint_n augustine_n on_o all_o occasion_n press_v upon_o the_o donatist_n as_o sirmondus_n and_o launoy_n think_v and_o therefore_o they_o suppose_v this_o council_n to_o be_v call_v so_o often_o a_o plenary_a and_o universal_a council_n not_o from_o the_o number_n of_o bishop_n present_a but_o from_o the_o province_n out_o of_o which_o they_o come_v and_o so_o it_o be_v the_o first_o general_n council_n of_o the_o western_a church_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o british_a church_n from_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a to_o the_o council_n of_o ariminum_n great_a probability_n that_o the_o british_a bishop_n be_v present_a in_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a the_o testimony_n of_o constantine_n be_v bear_v in_o britain_n clear_v the_o particular_a canon_n of_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a relate_n to_o the_o government_n of_o church_n explain_v how_o far_o the_o right_n of_o election_n be_v devolve_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o authority_n of_o provincial_a synod_n there_o settle_v particular_a exception_n as_o to_o the_o bishop_n of_o alexandria_n rome_n and_o antioch_n from_o ancient_a custom_n
upon_o a_o public_a allowance_n under_o the_o government_n of_o a_o person_n appoint_v by_o their_o king_n and_o after_o by_o the_o caesar_n this_o musaeum_fw-la be_v adjoin_v to_o the_o palace_n and_o near_o it_o be_v the_o famous_a library_n of_o ptolemy_n philadelphus_n for_o that_o be_v in_o bruchio_n as_o ponder_n epiphanius_n say_v and_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o other_o library_n afterward_o in_o serapeo_fw-la mention_v by_o 15._o ammianus_n marcellinus_n this_o bruchion_n be_v a_o region_n of_o the_o city_n as_o epiphanius_n say_v and_o some_o will_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o granary_n of_o alexandria_n be_v there_o and_o by_o contraction_n it_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o the_o ms._n of_o 32._o eusebius_n mention_v by_o valesius_fw-la have_v it_o but_o 52._o salmasius_n will_v have_v the_o name_n take_v from_o the_o store_v lay_v in_o there_o for_o the_o college_n of_o learned_a man_n in_o the_o musaeum_fw-la which_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n call_v praestantium_fw-la hominum_fw-la domicilium_fw-la and_o this_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d he_o say_v be_v the_o same_o with_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o eustathius_n say_v the_o one_o signify_v the_o same_o at_o alexandria_n which_o the_o other_o do_v at_o athens_n and_o he_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v account_v a_o great_a favour_n in_o the_o emperor_n to_o grant_v any_o learned_a man_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._n e._n a_o fellowship_n in_o the_o college_n so_o 15._o athenaeus_n mention_n it_o as_o the_o kindness_n of_o hadrian_n to_o pancrates_n the_o poet_n for_o flatter_a antinous_n that_o he_o give_v he_o a_o right_n of_o commons_o in_o the_o musaeum_fw-la as_o he_o do_v likewise_o to_o dionysius_n the_o sophist_n and_o polemon_n and_o nicetas_n smyrnaeus_n as_o philostratus_n in_o their_o life_n relate_v aristonicus_n write_v the_o history_n of_o the_o musaeum_fw-la at_o alexandria_n and_o of_o the_o philosopher_n and_o learned_a man_n who_o flourish_v in_o it_o and_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o live_n there_o out_o of_o who_o 161._o photius_n say_v that_o sopater_n borrow_a part_n of_o the_o twelve_o book_n of_o his_o miscellany_n but_o this_o book_n be_v lose_v as_o likewise_o those_o of_o callimachus_n and_o alcidamas_n no_o particular_a account_n can_v be_v give_v of_o the_o history_n of_o it_o only_o in_o general_n we_o know_v that_o the_o most_o learned_a person_n in_o their_o several_a profession_n be_v invite_v thither_o and_o have_v there_o all_o the_o encouragement_n which_o freedom_n from_o care_n good_a air_n for_o the_o musaeum_fw-la be_v celebrate_v for_o that_o by_o strabo_n suitable_a society_n and_o a_o excellent_a library_n can_v give_v they_o the_o keeper_n whereof_o be_v man_n of_o the_o great_a reputation_n as_o demetrius_n phalereus_n zenodotus_n ephesius_n eratosthenes_n apollonius_n aristonymus_n chaeremon_n dionysius_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o musaeum_fw-la it_o be_v that_o hadrian_n hadrian_n propose_v question_n to_o the_o professor_n and_o in_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d institute_v or_o sport_n by_o philadelphus_n to_o apollo_n and_o the_o muse_n after_o the_o finish_v his_o library_n and_o reward_n give_v to_o those_o that_o overcome_v in_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o five_o judge_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n from_o hence_o come_v the_o commissiones_fw-la and_o agones_fw-la sacri_fw-la among_o the_o roman_n at_o which_o judge_n be_v appoint_v among_o who_o satyr_n horace_n mention_n metius_n tarpa_n for_o one_o these_o be_v sometime_o perform_v in_o the_o capitol_n as_o 35._o rycquius_fw-la observe_v i._n e._n in_o the_o portico_n where_o the_o exedrae_n be_v like_o those_o at_o constantinople_n what_o the_o number_n of_o public_a professor_n be_v at_o alexandria_n and_o rome_n be_v not_o certain_o know_v but_o at_o constantinople_n their_o number_n be_v determine_v by_o a_o 2._o constitution_n of_o theodosius_n in_o the_o public_a school_n call_v there_o auditorium_n capitolii_n and_o auditorium_n nostrum_fw-la there_o be_v to_o be_v for_o the_o latin_a tongue_n three_o orator_n and_o ten_o grammarian_n for_o the_o greek_a five_o sophist_n and_o ten_o grammarian_n one_o professor_n of_o philosophy_n and_o two_o of_o law_n these_o have_v their_o distinct_a school_n allot_v they_o call_v publicae_fw-la magistrationes_fw-la and_o cellae_n in_o the_o law_n and_o all_o other_o be_v forbid_v to_o teach_v in_o public_a either_o within_o the_o capitol_n or_o elsewhere_o upon_o pain_n of_o infamy_n for_o the_o fact_n and_o banishment_n out_o of_o the_o city_n the_o emperor_n valens_n 2._o by_o another_o constitution_n appoint_v for_o the_o public_a library_n at_o constantinople_n seven_o antiquary_n to_o look_v after_o the_o book_n four_o greek_a and_o three_o latin_a who_o be_v to_o have_v a_o public_a allowance_n so_o that_o there_o be_v a_o bibliotheca_fw-la palatina_n there_o as_o well_o as_o at_o rome_n and_o both_o in_o probability_n be_v near_o the_o capitol_n where_o the_o professor_n teach_v for_o that_o at_o rome_n be_v call_v bibliotheca_fw-la capitolina_n concern_v which_o joh._n 19_o sarisburiensis_n say_v it_o be_v report_v that_o gregory_n the_o great_a cause_v it_o to_o be_v destroy_v out_o of_o a_o fear_n that_o heathen_a learning_n shall_v abate_v man_n love_n to_o the_o scripture_n which_o be_v a_o very_a foolish_a and_o superstitious_a fear_n for_o man_n know_v better_o how_o to_o value_v the_o scripture_n by_o it_o and_o he_o do_v ill_o then_o to_o fetch_v the_o soul_n of_o trajan_n out_o of_o purgatory_n but_o i_o hope_v one_o story_n be_v no_o true_a than_o the_o other_o for_o he_o found_v the_o bibliotheca_fw-la vlpia_n which_o be_v next_o to_o the_o palatina_n and_o victor_n say_v there_o be_v twenty_o seven_o more_o public_a library_n in_o rome_n if_o this_o story_n be_v true_a gregory_n rather_o follow_v the_o step_n of_o julian_n than_o of_o constantine_n for_o the_o one_o envy_a learning_n to_o the_o christian_n as_o much_o as_o the_o other_o promote_v it_o victor_n epitome_n say_v of_o constantine_n that_o he_o do_v nutrire_fw-la art_n bonas_fw-la praecipuè_fw-la studia_fw-la literarum_n and_o his_o 3._o constitution_n still_o extant_a do_v show_v the_o great_a kindness_n he_o have_v for_o learning_n and_o learned_a man_n grant_v great_a privilege_n and_o public_a salary_n to_o the_o professor_n of_o learning_n in_o the_o several_a city_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o julian_n â—_o find_v that_o christianity_n do_v spread_v by_o the_o learning_n of_o the_o christian_n he_o first_o draw_v the_o choice_n of_o public_a professor_n to_o himself_o by_o make_v his_o approbation_n necessary_a after_o the_o judicium_fw-la ordinis_fw-la and_o decretum_fw-la curialium_fw-la and_o so_o exclude_v the_o christian_n afterward_o 42._o he_o express_o declare_v he_o will_v endure_v none_o to_o interpret_v heathen_a author_n who_o argue_v against_o their_o religion_n but_o no_o constitution_n appear_v in_o the_o code_n beside_o the_o former_a tend_v that_o way_n upon_o this_o proaeresius_n say_v chron._n st._n jerome_n leave_v the_o chair_n at_o athens_n although_o he_o have_v a_o particular_a indulgence_n by_o julian_n and_o 30._o orosius_n add_v that_o the_o christian_a professor_n of_o learning_n almost_o universal_o forsake_v their_o place_n but_o both_o mention_n a_o express_a edict_n of_o julian_n to_o that_o purpose_n some_o writer_n speak_v of_o another_o edict_n forbid_a christian_a child_n to_o learn_v but_o i_o can_v find_v no_o edict_n to_o that_o purpose_n and_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o have_v be_v only_o a_o consequence_n of_o the_o former_a since_o christian_a parent_n will_v not_o send_v their_o child_n to_o be_v teach_v by_o heathen_n have_v see_v the_o sad_a effect_n of_o it_o in_o the_o apostasy_n of_o julian_n under_o his_o heathen_a tutor_n mardonius_n maximus_n and_o jamblichus_n but_o by_o this_o edict_n we_o find_v how_o universal_o learn_v be_v then_o diffuse_v through_o the_o province_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n which_o be_v in_o great_a measure_n due_a to_o antoninus_n pius_n of_o who_o piâ—_n jul._n capitolinus_n say_v that_o he_o appoint_v honour_n and_o pension_n to_o rhetorician_n and_o philósopher_n through_o all_o the_o province_n which_o be_v confirm_v and_o enlarge_v by_o the_o several_a edict_n of_o constantine_n to_o that_o purpose_n already_o mention_v and_o 142._o fr._n baldwin_n take_v particular_a notice_n of_o his_o zeal_n to_o promote_v learning_n in_o gaul_n rustic_n st._n jerome_n mention_n the_o florentissima_fw-la studia_fw-la galliarum_n and_o constantius_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n german_n the_o auditoria_fw-la galliarum_n after_o which_o he_o say_v he_o go_v to_o rome_n as_o the_o chief_a university_n especial_o for_o law_n thence_o 1._o sidonius_n apollinaris_n call_v it_o domicilium_fw-la legum_n and_o saint_n 8._o augustine_n say_v he_o go_v thither_o to_o study_v the_o law_n but_o other_o profession_n flourish_v elsewhere_o as_o at_o carthage_n 7._o salvian_n say_v there_o be_v
antiphonae_n to_o be_v make_v out_o of_o they_o and_o sing_v the_o epistle_n be_v constant_o take_v out_o of_o st._n paul_n as_o walafr_n strabo_n prove_v out_o of_o the_o pontifical_a book_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n he_o say_v other_o lesson_n be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o old_a and_o new_a testament_n agreeable_o to_o the_o time_n which_o may_v be_v borrow_a from_o the_o gallican_n church_n as_o other_o inlargement_n of_o their_o office_n by_o the_o ritualist_n confession_n be_v and_o in_o probability_n the_o distribution_n of_o the_o lesson_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o musaeus_n which_o we_o have_v digest_v according_a to_o the_o roman_a custom_n in_o the_o lectionarius_n publish_v by_o pamelius_n by_o some_o attribute_v to_o st._n jerome_n after_o the_o lesson_n follow_v the_o responsoria_n or_o proper_a hymn_n for_o so_o 8._o isidore_n say_v they_o be_v call_v because_o one_o sing_v the_o whole_a choir_n do_v answer_v and_o 33._o rhabanus_fw-la maurus_n call_v such_o a_o anthem_n responsorius_fw-la cantus_fw-la and_o these_o differ_v from_o the_o antiphonae_n because_o in_o they_o the_o whole_a choir_n sing_v each_o verse_n alternatim_fw-la but_o 15._o rupertus_n think_v they_o have_v their_o name_n because_o they_o answer_v to_o the_o lesson_n be_v sing_v immediate_o after_o they_o for_o the_o refreshment_n of_o the_o hearer_n mind_n say_v 3._o amalarius_n but_o beside_o the_o lesson_n and_o hymn_n he_o methodise_v the_o psalm_n so_o as_o to_o be_v read_v agreeable_o to_o the_o time_n and_o the_o lesson_n and_o not_o in_o the_o order_n wherein_o they_o stand_v which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v peculiar_a to_o the_o gallican_n church_n the_o most_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o church_n as_o 4._o menardus_n prove_v from_o justin_n martyr_n and_o other_o be_v to_o begin_v the_o public_a service_n with_o the_o lesson_n and_o 5._o st._n ambrose_n in_o one_o place_n seem_v to_o mention_v no_o more_o in_o his_o church_n at_o milan_n beside_o the_o lesson_n and_o the_o sermon_n before_o his_o expound_v the_o creed_n to_o the_o competentes_fw-la but_o in_o the_o same_o epistle_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o psalm_n that_o be_v read_v in_o the_o morning_n service_n and_o 5._o elsewhere_o of_o the_o people_n answer_v to_o the_o psalm_n and_o it_o be_v general_o say_v by_o the_o ancient_a ritualist_n that_o st._n ambrose_n bring_v into_o the_o use_n of_o the_o western_a church_n the_o custom_n of_o sing_v the_o psalm_n verse_n by_o verse_n in_o turn_n by_o both_o side_n of_o the_o choir_n so_o 7._o isidore_n 50._o rabanus_n 25._o walafridus_n strabo_n and_o 12._o radulphus_fw-la tungrensis_fw-la and_o so_o paulinus_n in_o his_o life_n say_v he_o bring_v up_o the_o use_n of_o antiphonae_n in_o the_o western_a church_n and_o 387._o sigebert_n add_v that_o he_o take_v it_o from_o the_o greek_n and_o 7._o st._n augustine_n set_v down_o the_o occasion_n of_o it_o viz._n when_o the_o people_n at_o milan_n be_v persecute_v by_o the_o arian_n and_o resolve_v to_o abide_v in_o the_o church_n and_o therefore_o to_o keep_v they_o well_o employ_v he_o think_v upon_o this_o custom_n of_o the_o eastern_a church_n which_o not_o only_o continue_v there_o but_o from_o thence_o spread_v into_o other_o church_n not_o without_o opposition_n in_o some_o place_n as_o 11._o st._n augustine_n confess_v it_o meet_v with_o some_o at_o carthage_n but_o withal_o he_o say_v he_o write_v in_o vindication_n of_o it_o in_o the_o eastern_a church_n it_o be_v of_o ancient_a use_n if_o 8._o socrates_n say_v true_a for_o he_o say_v it_o begin_v upon_o a_o divine_a vision_n to_o ignatius_n at_o the_o church_n of_o antioch_n but_o 8._o theodoret_n say_v flavianus_n and_o diodorus_n bring_v it_o up_o there_o but_o the_o word_n of_o theodorus_n mopseustenus_fw-la in_o 30._o nicetas_n seem_v to_o intimate_v that_o they_o take_v this_o custom_n from_o the_o syriack_n church_n however_o theodoret_n attribute_n the_o begin_n of_o sing_v the_o psalm_n of_o david_n in_o that_o manner_n in_o the_o greek_a church_n to_o they_o from_o whence_o he_o say_v it_o spread_v into_o other_o part_n but_o we_o find_v by_o 63._o st._n basil_n it_o be_v very_o hardly_o receive_v in_o the_o church_n of_o neocaesarea_n because_o it_o be_v not_o introduce_v by_o gregory_n who_o first_o settle_v the_o church_n there_o neither_o say_v he_o be_v the_o litany_n which_o they_o then_o use_v bring_v in_o by_o he_o and_o for_o that_o custom_n of_o sing_v he_o say_v it_o be_v practise_v in_o the_o church_n of_o egypt_n palestine_n and_o syria_n as_o far_o as_o euphrates_n but_o it_o come_v late_a into_o the_o western_a church_n 4._o card._n bona_n say_v that_o damasus_n first_o command_v it_o to_o be_v use_v in_o all_o church_n by_o his_o apostolical_a authority_n but_o 20._o card._n baronius_n say_v it_o be_v a_o plain_a falsehood_n which_o the_o pontifical_a book_n affirm_v of_o damasus_n his_o appoint_v the_o psalm_n to_o be_v sing_v in_o all_o church_n and_o he_o add_v that_o the_o epistle_n of_o st._n hierome_n and_o damasus_n about_o it_o be_v counterfeit_a yet_o those_o be_v the_o authority_n which_o as_o appear_v by_o 258._o pamelius_n the_o ancient_a ritualist_n rely_v upon_o all_o that_o baronius_n will_v allow_v to_o be_v do_v in_o the_o time_n of_o damasus_n be_v that_o st._n jerome_n be_v psalter_n be_v then_o introduce_v at_o rome_n and_o yet_o we_o be_v tell_v 3._o that_o to_o this_o day_n the_o old_a translation_n of_o the_o psalter_n be_v use_v in_o st._n peter_n be_v and_o be_v call_v psalterium_fw-la romanum_fw-la in_o the_o rule_n of_o st._n francis_n which_o he_o forbid_v to_o be_v use_v in_o divine_a service_n but_o the_o same_o be_v only_o use_v in_o the_o ambrosian_a office_n and_o 4._o card._n bona_n observe_v that_o st._n gregory_n compose_v the_o antiphonae_n at_o the_o introitus_fw-la and_o at_o the_o responsoria_n etc._n etc._n out_o of_o the_o old_a version_n before_o st._n jerome_n time_n of_o which_o he_o give_v this_o reason_n that_o the_o people_n at_o rome_n be_v so_o accustom_a to_o it_o that_o they_o will_v not_o learn_v the_o new_a testament_n of_o st._n jerome_n and_o the_o same_o author_n 12._o observe_v likewise_o that_o the_o old_a italic_a version_n be_v not_o only_o use_v in_o rome_n but_o in_o all_o the_o suburbicary_n church_n and_o other_o church_n gaul_n only_o except_v and_o from_o thence_o st._n jerome_n translation_n be_v call_v versio_fw-la gallicana_n because_o it_o be_v immediate_o receive_v into_o the_o use_n of_o the_o gallican_n church_n so_o that_o i_o see_v not_o how_o baronius_n can_v make_v good_a his_o own_o assertion_n that_o st._n jerome_n be_v translation_n of_o the_o psalter_n be_v introduce_v by_o damasus_n but_o the_o use_n of_o alleluja_n by_o st._n jerome_n mean_n as_o 63._o st._n gregory_n say_v be_v bring_v from_o the_o church_n of_o jerusalem_n which_o baronius_n think_v be_v rather_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o some_o particular_a manner_n of_o use_v it_o but_o how_o he_o can_v justify_v the_o ancient_a use_n of_o the_o sing_a psalm_n at_o rome_n either_o before_o or_o after_o damasus_n his_o time_n till_o celestine_n be_v pope_n i_o can_v imagine_v if_o the_o pontifical_a book_n say_v true_a for_o that_o express_o affirm_v that_o celestine_n appoint_v david_n be_v psalm_n to_o be_v sing_v antiphonatim_fw-la before_o the_o sacrifice_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o do_v before_o but_o only_o the_o epistle_n of_o st._n paul_n and_o the_o holy_a gospel_n be_v read_v which_o word_n be_v repeat_v by_o alcuinus_fw-la amalarius_fw-la rabanus_n maurus_n walafridus_n strabo_n berno_n augiensis_n and_o several_a other_o ritualist_n and_o historian_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o 554._o pamelius_n his_o collection_n and_o 21._o cassander_n beside_o the_o author_n themselves_o but_o 33._o baronius_n say_v the_o use_n of_o sing_v the_o psalm_n be_v from_o the_o begin_n in_o the_o roman_a church_n which_o we_o be_v to_o take_v upon_o his_o word_n for_o he_o bring_v no_o proof_n of_o it_o it_o be_v true_a that_o 18._o st._n augustine_n say_v that_o we_o have_v the_o precept_n and_o example_n of_o christ_n and_o his_o apostle_n for_o sing_v in_o our_o assembly_n but_o he_o speak_v not_o of_o david_n psalm_n nor_o of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o he_o say_v the_o custom_n of_o church_n be_v very_o different_a about_o this_o matter_n in_o the_o church_n of_o africa_n he_o say_v they_o confine_v themselves_o to_o the_o prophetical_a hymn_n for_o which_o they_o be_v upbraid_v by_o the_o donatist_n as_o too_o grave_a and_o formal_a but_o he_o allow_v sing_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o solemn_a part_n of_o divine_a service_n with_o which_o he_o join_v read_v the_o lesson_n preach_v and_o prayer_n either_o aloud_o by_o the_o bishop_n or_o in_o common_a by_o the_o deacon_n give_v notice_n 60._o justin_n martyr_n mention_n the_o hymn_n of_o the_o
how_o their_o memory_n come_v to_o be_v preserve_v and_o even_o the_o memory_n of_o that_o pestilence_n which_o destroy_v they_o all_o but_o to_o this_o giraldus_n give_v a_o very_a substantial_a answer_n out_o of_o the_o ancient_a annal_n viz._n that_o only_o one_o ruanus_n escape_v who_o live_v to_o st._n patrick_n be_v day_n and_o be_v baptize_v by_o he_o in_o a_o good_a old_a age_n certain_o for_o he_o must_v be_v bear_v within_o six_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n and_o it_o be_v above_o four_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o year_n after_o christ_n before_o st._n patrick_n be_v design_v for_o ireland_n this_o ruanus_n say_v the_o irish_a in_o giraldus_n be_v the_o true_a relatour_n of_o the_o ancient_a history_n of_o ireland_n to_o st._n patrick_n and_o who_o can_v question_v the_o testimony_n of_o such_o a_o authentic_a and_o true_o ancient_a witness_n a_o late_a 4._o irish_a antiquary_n say_v he_o continue_v so_o long_o by_o a_o pythagorean_n transmigration_n but_o it_o be_v much_o he_o can_v retain_v these_o thing_n in_o his_o memory_n under_o all_o his_o transmutation_n but_o as_o to_o this_o bartholanus_n who_o be_v call_v by_o nennius_n bartholomeus_n but_o by_o geffrey_n partholomeus_fw-la by_o fordon_n partholomus_fw-la we_o read_v in_o the_o 20._o british_a history_n that_o when_o gurguintus_n return_v from_o dacia_n he_o find_v 30_o ship_n near_o the_o orcades_n full_a of_o man_n and_o woman_n and_o send_v to_o inquire_v who_o they_o be_v their_o commander_n 20._o bartholomeus_n say_v they_o be_v drive_v out_o of_o spain_n to_o seek_v a_o country_n to_o live_v in_o and_o beg_v some_o part_n of_o britain_n for_o they_o have_v be_v a_o year_n and_o a_o half_a at_o sea_n but_o he_o send_v they_o into_o ireland_n then_o void_a of_o inhabitant_n which_o they_o plant_v and_o there_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n it_o seem_v there_o be_v a_o tradition_n in_o nennius_n his_o time_n anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 830._o that_o ireland_n be_v people_v from_o spain_n and_o that_o one_o bartholonus_fw-la or_o bartholomeus_n be_v the_o leader_n of_o they_o but_o geffrey_n will_v not_o let_v they_o go_v thither_o without_o leave_n from_o the_o britain_n but_o nennius_n have_v nothing_o of_o it_o and_o that_o part_n concern_v be_v a_o year_n and_o a_o half_a at_o sea_n nennius_n apply_v to_o nimech_v as_o he_o call_v he_o but_o the_o irish_a nimead_n and_o he_o say_v after_o his_o abode_n in_o ireland_n he_o return_v to_o spain_n then_o nennius_n say_v three_o son_n of_o a_o spaniard_n come_v with_o thirty_o vessel_n and_o thirty_o woman_n in_o each_o of_o they_o who_o see_v a_o tower_n of_o glass_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o man_n upon_o it_o who_o will_v give_v no_o answer_n wherefore_o they_o resolve_v to_o assault_v it_o with_o all_o their_o vessel_n except_o one_o which_o be_v shipwreck_v have_v thirty_o man_n and_o as_o many_o woman_n in_o it_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v sink_v in_o the_o attempt_n of_o the_o castle_n and_o from_o those_o thirty_o man_n and_o thirty_o woman_n say_v nennius_n all_o ireland_n be_v people_v here_o we_o see_v how_o far_o geffrey_n differ_v from_o nennius_n and_o alter_v the_o old_a tradition_n as_o he_o think_v fit_a but_o nennius_n go_v on_o and_o say_v that_o more_o still_o come_v from_o spain_n and_o the_o last_o be_v one_o who_o he_o call_v clamhochor_n and_o his_o company_n but_o the_o interpolatour_n of_o nennius_n whether_o samuel_n beulanus_n or_o another_o there_o observe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o certain_a account_n of_o the_o original_a of_o the_o scot_n so_o the_o irish_a be_v then_o call_v but_o yet_o nennius_n relate_v from_o the_o irish_a antiquary_n the_o story_n of_o the_o noble_a scythian_a who_o be_v son-in-law_n to_o pharaoh_n and_o his_o expulsion_n out_o of_o egypt_n and_o come_v at_o last_o to_o spain_n and_o thence_o to_o ireland_n above_o a_o thousand_o year_n after_o the_o egyptian_n be_v drown_v in_o the_o red_a sea_n and_o first_o settle_v in_o dalrieta_n which_o he_o understand_v of_o that_o region_n in_o ireland_n but_o the_o scotish_n antiquary_n apply_v it_o to_o the_o country_n which_o have_v the_o same_o name_n in_o scotland_n so_o that_o here_o we_o have_v very_o different_a account_n that_o be_v give_v so_o long_o since_o as_o the_o time_n of_o nennius_n and_o no_o way_n find_v then_o to_o distinguish_v the_o true_a from_o the_o false_a or_o the_o certain_a from_o the_o uncertain_a but_o of_o that_o more_o afterward_o now_o to_o go_v on_o to_o a_o far_a account_n from_o the_o irish_a author_n who_o say_v 3._o that_o thirty_o year_n after_o nemedus_n another_o scythian_a with_o his_o four_o son_n arrive_v in_o ireland_n with_o a_o good_a fleet_n and_o fight_v with_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o giant_n but_o by_o another_o pestilence_n be_v drive_v off_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o three_o captain_n simeon_n breac_n ibaath_v and_o briotan_n and_o the_o two_o former_a sail_v to_o greece_n briotan_n with_o his_o adherent_n land_v in_o the_o north_n of_o britain_n now_o call_v scotland_n and_o by_o these_o and_o their_o posterity_n remain_v there_o give_v the_o denomination_n of_o britain_n to_o the_o whole_a island_n and_o this_o we_o be_v tell_v be_v affirm_v by_o the_o holy_a cormach_n king_n of_o munster_n and_o bishop_n of_o cashel_n in_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n and_o all_o the_o chronologer_n of_o ireland_n agree_v with_o he_o this_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o authentic_a history_n among_o they_o and_o so_o call_v because_o do_v in_o verse_n and_o 350._o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o more_o remote_a antiquity_n in_o it_o be_v take_v from_o another_o book_n make_v 1200_o year_n since_o collect_v out_o of_o all_o the_o former_a chronicle_n of_o that_o nation_n and_o allow_v in_o a_o solemn_a convention_n of_o the_o estate_n at_o tarach_n under_o laogerius_fw-la 46._o in_o the_o time_n of_o st._n patrick_n who_o be_v one_o of_o the_o committee_n appoint_v for_o the_o supervise_v of_o it_o and_o this_o book_n be_v call_v the_o psalter_n of_o tarach_n this_o i_o confess_v go_v much_o beyond_o what_o can_v be_v say_v for_o geffrey_n of_o monmouth_n or_o hector_n boethius_n but_o yet_o methinks_v there_o seem_v to_o be_v some_o reason_n why_o these_o annal_n shall_v not_o have_v such_o a_o mighty_a authority_n with_o we_o for_o we_o can_v be_v certain_a that_o there_o ever_o be_v such_o annal_n or_o that_o these_o annal_n if_o they_o be_v so_o exact_o draw_v up_o be_v still_o preserve_v for_o not_o only_a 40._o gratianus_n lucius_n complain_v for_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o old_a annal_n but_o 196._o jocelin_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n patrick_n conclude_v with_o say_v that_o many_o of_o their_o write_n relate_v to_o he_o be_v burn_v by_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o pagan_n while_o they_o govern_v in_o ireland_n by_o these_o pagan_n the_o dane_n be_v mean_v and_o the_o slavery_n under_o they_o be_v 139._o say_v to_o be_v worse_o than_o egyptian_a circassian_n or_o any_o other_o mention_v in_o history_n and_o particular_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o clergy_n be_v banish_v into_o bogs_n wood_n and_o cave_n where_o they_o be_v fain_o to_o lurk_v several_a year_n like_o wild_a beast_n 141._o and_o that_o none_o be_v suffer_v to_o keep_v school_n or_o to_o be_v teach_v any_o kind_n of_o learning_n not_o even_o in_o their_o own_o house_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o to_o the_o purpose_n none_o be_v suffer_v to_o have_v any_o kind_n of_o book_n but_o all_o book_n the_o dane_n can_v light_v upon_o be_v either_o burn_v or_o take_v away_o from_o they_o it_o be_v possible_a their_o annal_n may_v escape_v such_o a_o storm_n as_o this_o but_o it_o do_v not_o seem_v altogether_o probable_a especial_o consider_v that_o this_o first_o slavery_n under_o the_o dane_n continue_v forty_o year_n in_o which_o they_o say_v all_o their_o famous_a monastery_n cell_n 14â—_n university_n college_n be_v destroy_v not_o one_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o land_n and_o it_o be_v withal_o say_v that_o although_o other_o loss_n may_v be_v recover_v yet_o their_o library_n be_v never_o recover_v 15_o only_o some_o few_o religious_a man_n preserve_v some_o of_o their_o book_n but_o we_o have_v no_o assurance_n that_o the_o old_a annal_n be_v among_o they_o or_o if_o they_o be_v then_o that_o they_o can_v escape_v the_o second_o danish_a invasion_n which_o continue_v for_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n in_o which_o lector_fw-la colganus_n say_v the_o irish_a antiquity_n have_v a_o irrecoverable_a loss_n at_o least_o he_o say_v not_o yet_o recover_v and_o yet_o he_o have_v cormach_n psalter_n or_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n tigernacus_n his_o annal_n or_o the_o annales_n cluanenses_n the_o annales_n insulenses_n compose_v by_o one_o magraidin_n in_o the_o island_n of_o all-saint_n in_o
professor_n of_o all_o art_n and_o science_n and_o at_o sicca_n veneria_n in_o africa_n arnobius_n be_v professor_n of_o rhetoric_n near_o lion_n in_o gaul_n the_o 60_o city_n have_v dedicate_v a_o altar_n to_o augustus_n where_o the_o rhosn_a and_o the_o arar_n meet_v there_o caius_n caligula_n appoint_v prize_n to_o be_v play_v both_o in_o greek_a and_o latin_a eloquence_n and_o not_o that_o only_o but_o philosophy_n be_v there_o teach_v thence_o adell_n odilo_n abbot_n of_o clugney_n about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1020._o call_v lion_n of_o old_a the_o mother_n and_o nurse_n of_o philosophy_n in_o the_o time_n of_o dioclesian_n and_o maximianus_n the_o nobility_n of_o gaul_n be_v bring_v up_o to_o learn_v at_o augustodunum_n autun_n and_o there_o eumenius_n be_v both_o rectour_n and_o professor_n as_o appear_v by_o his_o speech_n to_o constantius_n where_o 3._o he_o celebrate_v so_o much_o the_o scholae_fw-la moenianae_fw-la quondam_a pulcherimo_fw-la opere_fw-la &_o studiorum_fw-la frequentiâ_fw-la celebres_fw-la which_o have_v suffer_v very_o much_o in_o the_o rebellion_n of_o the_o bagaudae_n under_o the_o latter_a claudius_n he_o be_v extreme_o concern_v to_o have_v they_o rebuilt_a which_o be_v the_o design_n of_o his_o excellent_a oration_n but_o long_o before_o in_o tiberius_n his_o time_n 43._o tacitus_n say_v the_o son_n of_o the_o nobility_n do_v there_o liberalibus_fw-la studiis_fw-la operari_fw-la improve_v themselves_o in_o learning_n chronic._n eusebius_n mention_n in_o the_o time_n of_o nero_n statius_n vrsulus_fw-la of_o tholouse_n a_o famous_a professor_n of_o rhetoric_n and_o profess_v ausonius_n reckon_v up_o many_o of_o those_o who_o have_v be_v famous_a there_o and_o at_o bourdeaux_n and_o other_o place_n but_o to_o spare_v our_o pain_n in_o particular_a place_n there_o be_v extant_a in_o the_o theodosian_a code_n a_o 11._o edict_n of_o gratian_n require_v all_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o these_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n to_o settle_v and_o maintain_v in_o they_o professor_n of_o learning_n both_o of_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a language_n this_o edict_n be_v direct_v to_o the_o praefectus_fw-la praetorio_fw-la galliarum_n and_o be_v command_v to_o be_v observe_v through_o all_o his_o diocese_n which_o gothofred_n restrain_v to_o the_o province_n of_o gaul_n exclude_v britain_n for_o which_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n since_o 407._o ausonius_n who_o be_v himself_o in_o that_o office_n in_o gratian_n time_n comprehend_v the_o britain_n under_o his_o jurisdiction_n and_o the_o notitia_fw-la imperii_fw-la place_n the_o province_n of_o britain_n under_o he_o after_o gratian_n time_n which_o notitia_fw-la he_o think_v be_v make_v about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 426._o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o edict_n we_o be_v to_o search_v for_o the_o ancient_a school_n of_o learning_n among_o the_o britain_n in_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o province_n at_o that_o time_n especial_o at_o london_n which_o be_v the_o caput_fw-la gentis_fw-la be_v augusta_n or_o the_o imperial_a city_n and_o so_o at_o york_n and_o caerleon_n so_o that_o the_o british_a church_n as_o long_o as_o the_o roman_a power_n continue_v here_o have_v the_o same_o advantage_n for_o learning_n which_o they_o have_v in_o other_o province_n but_o when_o the_o roman_a force_n be_v withdraw_v and_o nothing_o but_o misery_n and_o desolation_n follow_v then_o st._n german_n care_n prove_v a_o most_o seasonable_a relief_n to_o they_o in_o provide_v such_o school_n as_o those_o of_o dubricius_n and_o iltutus_n for_o the_o breed_n up_o of_o person_n qualify_v for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o church_n as_o far_o as_o the_o misery_n of_o those_o time_n will_v permit_v the_o last_o thing_n to_o be_v consider_v be_v the_o public_a service_n of_o the_o british_a church_n and_o in_o a_o ancient_a ms._n in_o the_o cotton_n library_n about_o the_o original_a of_o divine_a office_n germanus_n and_o lupus_n be_v say_v to_o have_v bring_v into_o the_o use_n of_o the_o british_a church_n ordinem_fw-la cursûs_fw-la gallorum_n by_o which_o 343._o archbishop_n usher_n understand_v the_o gallican_n liturgy_n for_o cursus_fw-la in_o the_o ecclesiastical_a use_n of_o the_o word_n be_v the_o same_o with_o officium_fw-la divinum_fw-la as_o dominicus_n macer_n in_o his_o late_a hierolexicon_n show_v thence_o cursum_fw-la celebrare_fw-la be_v to_o perform_v divine_a office_n and_o so_o the_o word_n cursus_fw-la be_v often_o use_v in_o maii._n fortunatus_n his_o life_n of_o st._n german_n bishop_n of_o paris_n and_o in_o our_o alfr._n saxon_a writer_n but_o this_o cursus_fw-la gallorum_n be_v there_o distinguish_v from_o the_o cursus_fw-la orientalis_n and_o the_o cursus_fw-la ambrosii_fw-la and_o the_o cursus_fw-la benedicti_fw-la which_o little_o differ_v he_o say_v from_o the_o cursus_fw-la romanus_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o germanus_n and_o lupus_n have_v learn_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o lerin_n where_o it_o be_v use_v by_o cassianus_n and_o honoratus_n as_o the_o author_n of_o that_o book_n affirm_v which_o i_o find_v to_o have_v be_v the_o same_o which_o 167._o sir_n h._n spelman_n commend_v for_o its_o great_a antiquity_n and_o that_o author_n derive_v the_o gallican_n liturgy_n from_o st._n john_n by_o polycarp_n and_o irenaeus_n which_o ms._n mabillon_n be_v incline_v to_o think_v to_o have_v be_v the_o book_n which_o gregorius_n turonensis_n write_v the_o cursibus_fw-la ecclesiasticis_fw-la but_o for_o the_o quote_v the_o 9_o life_n of_o columbanus_n and_o attala_n which_o be_v not_o write_v till_o after_o his_o death_n this_o will_v oblige_v we_o to_o inquire_v what_o the_o gallican_n liturgy_n at_o this_o time_n be_v and_o how_o far_o different_a from_o the_o roman_a it_o be_v agree_v on_o all_o hand_n that_o there_o be_v a_o material_a difference_n between_o they_o but_o wherein_o it_o lay_v be_v not_o so_o easy_o understand_v when_o gregory_n send_v augustine_n the_o monk_n into_o england_n to_o settle_v the_o saxon_a church_n and_o he_o be_v consecrate_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o arles_n one_o of_o the_o question_n 27._o augustine_n propose_v be_v since_o there_o be_v such_o difference_n between_o the_o office_n of_o the_o roman_a and_o gallican_n church_n which_o he_o shall_v follow_v gregory_n answer_v that_o he_o shall_v choose_v what_o he_o think_v most_o proper_a for_o the_o english_a church_n which_o imply_v that_o there_o be_v a_o diversity_n still_o between_o they_o and_o that_o the_o pope_n do_v not_o oblige_v he_o to_o follow_v the_o example_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n chief_o i_o suppose_v because_o the_o queen_n be_v a_o christian_n before_o and_o use_v the_o gallican_n liturgy_n in_o the_o public_a service_n and_o her_o bishop_n be_v of_o the_o gallican_n church_n it_o will_v have_v give_v great_a offence_n to_o they_o to_o have_v have_v it_o take_v away_o as_o likewise_o to_o all_o the_o british_a church_n which_o have_v be_v accustom_v to_o it_o if_o the_o book_n of_o musaeus_n mention_v by_o 79._o gennadius_n be_v extant_a we_o shall_v easy_o understand_v wherein_o the_o difference_n lay_v for_o he_o be_v a_o presbyter_n of_o the_o church_n of_o marseilles_n and_o a_o man_n learned_a in_o the_o scripture_n be_v desire_v by_o venerius_n the_o bishop_n there_o to_o draw_v up_o a_o form_n of_o public_a service_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n viz._n the_o morning_n service_n and_o the_o communion_n service_n the_o first_o he_o finish_v in_o the_o time_n of_o venerius_n and_o be_v high_o commend_v by_o gennadius_n for_o its_o order_n vsefulness_n and_o decency_n the_o second_o in_o the_o time_n of_o eustathius_n his_o successor_n which_o he_o likewise_o commend_v for_o its_o great_a weight_n and_o exactness_n and_o there_o be_v great_a reason_n at_o that_o time_n to_o bring_v the_o church_n service_n into_o order_n because_o cassian_n and_o other_o endeavour_v to_o introduce_v the_o monastic_a custom_n which_o he_o have_v observe_v in_o egypt_n and_o elsewhere_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o design_n of_o his_o monastic_a institution_n especial_o the_o second_o and_o three_o book_n which_o he_o dedicate_v to_o castor_n bishop_n of_o apta_n julia_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o venerius_n be_v bishop_n of_o marseilles_n where_o cassian_n live_v this_o musaeus_n be_v therefore_o employ_v to_o draw_v up_o the_o most_o convenient_a order_n for_o the_o public_a service_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v of_o the_o difference_n in_o both_o part_n between_o the_o gallican_n and_o roman_a office_n i_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o viz._n the_o morning_n service_n which_o consist_v of_o lesson_n hymn_n and_o psalm_n agreeable_a to_o the_o lesson_n and_o short_a collect_v after_o they_o in_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n for_o a_o long_a time_n viz._n for_o above_o 400_o year_n they_o have_v nothing_o before_o the_o sacrifice_n as_o the_o old_a ritualist_n agree_v beside_o the_o epistle_n and_o gospel_n then_o celestine_n appoint_v the_o psalm_n to_o be_v use_v or_o as_o 1._o walafr_n strabo_n and_o micrologus_fw-la say_v cause_v