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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A62332	The history of Lapland wherein are shewed the original, manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, &c. of that people / written by John Scheffer ...; Lapponia. English	Scheffer, Johannes, 1621-1679.	1674 (1674)	Wing S851; ESTC R8773	138,000	147

Marshal Carolus Caroli Gyldenhielm High Admiral Petrus Baner Deputy Chancellor Gabriel Oxenstern Tresurer This is that School to which the Laplanders ow their Progress in the knowledg and love of Christian Religion which appears from those many useful and eminent Persons who have bin there bred also the success may be seen from the testimonials of the Examiners who were constituted in the same year that the School was endow'd by the aforesaid Roial Charter the words are related by Brazius as follow WE whose names are underwritten do testify that we were called by the Reverend and Learned M. Olaus our Pastor of the Church of Uma to be present at the examination of the Laplandish Youth frequenting the School of Lyksa in the Province of Uma we also testify that we did hear them examined by their Rector our aforesaid Pastor First they altogether sang the Psalms of David translated into the Swedish language as they are now used in the Church next they all and singular repeted the Primer containing not only the Elements of Speech but the Lords Praier ten Commandments Apostles Creed the words used in administring the Sacraments of Baptism and the Lords Supper also the Graces before and after meat together with the Morning and Evening Praiers This Book they all read according to the manner prescribed in other Schools and the more ingenious of them did distinctly and without hesitation repete the little Catechism made by Luther Besides this they read the Gospels for Sundaies and Holy-daies as they are published in the Swedish tongue this was the task of all the Scholars Only 8 of them being of slower parts did nevertheless emulate the more ingenious according to their abilities Now they all begin to learn the Fundamentals in the Laplandish Idiom that they may instruct their Country-men in their own mother tongue This school exercise and the fruit arising from thence as it exceeded our expectation to see the illiterate Youth in a short time by the blessing of God learn the Principles of our salvation which better Scholars have bin much longer in attaining to so ought we to give singular thanks to Gods who hath made their endevors so successful Nor must we omit the deserved Commendation of those pious men who by their bountiful largesses founded and endowed the School and at this time maintain it altho for the reward of their piety they must expect the blessing of God according as he hath promised Witness our hands and seals Dated in the place aforesaid Ann. 1634. Jacobus Andreae Buraeus Petrus Jonae Andreas Hacquini Jacobus Nicolai Olaus Olai From this testimony it appears that the School was frequented by no small number of the Laplandish Youth also that they were not wholly unfit for the study of learning and Religion making it their chief care to learn those things which are especially necessary to the improving of a Christian life Last of all the readiness of the Laplanders to send their children to School so that now there appears another face of Religion in Lapland then what there was in former ages because the Kings have taken greater care in providing for Churches Schools Books Ministers and School-masters The Priests in like manner are more careful being now for the most part Laplanders or skilful in that tongue whereof there is in Lapponia Vmensis one in Lapponia Pithensis 3 in Lapponia Luhlensis one whose trouble is the greater because the Country is large and the inhabitants dispersed In Lapponia Tornensis and Kiemensis they have both Laplandish and Swedish Priests who once a year at their public Fairs in February visit the Country baptising their children and preaching to them in the Finnish language which they seem to understand For their reward they have one third part of the Rain-dears which the Laplanders are bound to pay to the Crown and whereas every Laplander was obliged to pay for a tax either two pair of shoes or a white Fox or a pound of Pike this is now equally divided between the King and the Priest which makes not only the Priests more chearful in doing their duty but the People also more diligent in their performances Hence it is that they pay their Ministers so much honor and respect saluting them at their first coming with bowing their head giving them in token of Reverence the title of Herrai i.e. Sir conducting them upon their Rain-dears to their Cottages adorned with birch bows covered with their furrs and shewing them all the civility they have Upon a table or rather a plank laid upon the ground they set them meat which is usually fish or flesh of Rain-dear dried together with the tongue and marrow They use neither Salt Bread nor Wine all which the Priess are forc't to bring with them the Laplanders drinking only Water because the extremity of the cold spoils their Beer They are careful in observing Sundaies refraining both themselves and their Cattel from all work on that day and somtimes on the day before nay some there are who refuse to milk their Raindears on Sundaies While the Sermon is preaching they attend diligently and in singing of Psalms they are so zealous that they strive who shall sing best They very much reverence and frequent the Sacraments especially that of Baptism which they never defer but the women themselves within eight or fourteen daies after their delivery do often bring their children thro long and tedious waies to the Priest They likewise pay much reverence to the Lords Supper and to the ceremonies of Confession and Absolution which are alwaies used before that Sacrament which they now are really partakers of whereas in the times of Popery they received it without any solemn consecration Neither do they neglect the other parts of Christian Piety They most religiously abstain from swearing cursing and blasphemy they are very charitable to the poor and just insomuch that there are scarce any robberies ever heard of in the Country Their mutual conversation is very courteous especially among persons of the same Country or family often visiting and discoursing with one another This they learn from the precepts of Christianity which requiring them not only to regulate their Faith but their lives teaches that tho there be three Persons the Father Son and holy Ghost yet they are but one God And as by the help of Christianity they learn the rule of true piety so do they utterly abhor all their ancient superstition They pull down all their drums and burn and demolish all their Images of wood and stone A memorable example hereof is mentioned by Johannes Tornaeus in this manner A certain Laplander just pious and wealthy named Petrus Peiwie dwelling in Peldojaerf at a Village of Lappmarkia Tornensis with all his family worshipped the Idol Seita it happened upon a certain time that his Rain-dears died in great numbers whereupon he implored the assistance of his Seita But he praied in vain for his Rain-dears died still At length with his whole family

skin without such linnen shirts as the Europeans use they having no flax in their Country These Garments are of course home-spun woollen cloth called Waldmar of a white or gray color such as the wool is of before it is dyed The wool they have from Swedland and buy it of the Merchants called Birkarli but the richer sort wear a finer cloth and not of the same color but sometimes green or blew and sometimes red only black they abominate Tho sometimes in dirty works and at home they wear the meanest clothes yet abroad and especially upon Festivals and Holydaies they love to go very neat Their girdles are made of leather which the richer sort adorn with filver studs and poorer with tin These studs stick out like buttons in a semicircular figure At this girdle they hang a knife and sheath and a kind of square bag tho something longer then broad also a leathern purse and then a case with needles and thred in it Their knives they have from Norway the sheath is of the skin of the Rain-deers sewed together with tin wire and in other parts with the same adornments at the end of which they use to hang rings the bag is also made of the skin of the Raindeers with the hair on it on the outside of which they also place another skin equall to the bag and make it fast by three knots and this skin they cover again with red cloth or of some other color adorned also with wire In this bag they keep a stone to strike fire not of flint but christall as I will shew hereafter Also a steel with some brimestone to light a fire where ever they come as also Tobacco and other odd things The leathern purse is also made of the same skin in an oval figure like a pear in which they keep their mony and other more choice things and at this also they hang rings Their needle case is of a peculiar sort they have a single cloth with four sides but the upper part is much narrower then the lower so that it is like an oblong triangle cut off at the vertical angle and to make it stronger they bind about the edges with leather and so stick their needles into it this they put into a bag of the same shape adorned with red or some other colored cloth and wire drawn together by a leathern string by which they hang it to their girdle Besides these they have Alchymy chains with a great company of rings of the same these they hang about all their body the bag they hang before nigh their navel all the rest they fling behind them And these are the Garments and ornaments of the body their head they cover with a cap over which the richer sort wear a case of Fox Beaver or Badgers skin they are very like our night-caps it is made of red or other colored cloth or of the Hares fur first twisted into a thred and then knit almost like our stockins or lastly of the skin of the bird called Loom with the feathers on it sometimes they so order it that keeping also the head and wings of the bird they make not an unbecoming cover for the head Olaus Magnus in his 4. Book Cap. 3. saies they make their caps of the skins of Geese Ducks Cocks which as well as other birds are there in great abundance But he doth doth not here mean common Cocks but the Vrogalli or Heath-Cocks however he gives us the picture in his 17 Book Cap. 26. They have ordinary gloves but shoes of a peculiar make they are made of the skin of the Rain-deer with the hair on out of one piece only where they tread they sew both ends together so that the haires of one part may lie forward and the other backward least if they lay all one way they should be too slippery but neither is there any more leather on the bottom then on other parts as it is in our shoes only there is a hole at the top in which they put in their feet the toe bends upwards and ends as it were in a point Upon the seame they place some narrow pieces of red or other colored cloth these shoes they wear on their bare feet and bind them twice or thrice about the bottom with a thong and least they should be too loose they fill them up with a sort of long Hay which they boil and keep for that purpose But now let us come to the garments they do not so ordinarily wear but only on some occasions which both for the men and women are made alike and all of leather to secure them from the gnats But in the Winter time the men have breeches to defend them from the weather and coats which they call Mudd These Mudd are not all alike but some better some worse the best are of the skins of young wild Rain-deers just when they have cast their first coat in the place of which comes a black one which is about the Feast of St James and these are very soft and delicate Their feet they defend with boots of the same skins and their hands with gloves or mittens of the same and their heads with a cap which reaches down and covers part of their shoulders also leaving only a space for them to see through All these Garments they wear next their skin without any linnen underneath and tie them round with a girdle only their boots and gloves they stuff with hay and sometimes in the Winter with wool And this is that which Johannes Tornaus saies of their cloathing that their garment is made of the Rain-deer the skin of the beast supplying them with coats breeches gloves sandals shoes c. the hair being alwaies on the outside so that they seem to be all hairy And hence we may understand Zieglerus when he saies their Winter garments were made of the skins of Bears and Sea-Calves which they tied in a knot at the top of their heads leaving nothing to be seen but their eyes so that they seemed to be in a sack only that it was made according to the shape of their members and hence saies he I beleive they came to be supposed all hairy like beasts some reporting this out of ignorance and some delighting to tell of strange wonders they saw abroad And truly it is not without reason that he gathers the fable of hairy men to be raised from their hairy Garments which sort of monsters whether there be in other Countries I cannot tell but I find the Cyclops's with one eye in their forehead by Adamus Bremensis to be placed here upon the same account because they had only a hole in their cap through which they looked all the rest of their body seeming hairy and therefore this hole they feigned to be an eye But whereas he saies the skins were of Bears and Sea-Calves he is a little mistaken for these skins were not so common among the Laplanders and are by them