now most in vse wherein you haue satisfied vs wonderfull well yet I pray according to your promise will you now describe vnto vs their seuerall tables and figures to the same whereby we which are not skilled may reape some knowledge from thence and so shall haue good cause to yeelde you thankes for your great paines Capt. Although that I haue in our former discourses declared at large of most sorts of imbattailing both auncient and moderne yet for better declaration and vnderstanding of the tables following I must of necessity repeate a great part thereof againe Touching errors found in battels according to mine opinion by reason of sundry compound weapons within the body of the same I haue spoken already Wherefore now let vs consider and declare what kind of battels by reason may bee held for good and firme considering our now vsed fights and the weapons most befitting the same suted in so good sort as may become able to abide or performe a victory whereunto they are appointed Principally therfore if you will rest vpon one sole and entire battell whether the same be square of mē or square of ground or any other proportion or forme as hearst crosse battell or tryangle the which two first as I haue erst before sayd do at this present day remaine chiefly in vse among vs or deuide your army into many battallions of that kind which your graund battell shall be formed of then set your squadron of battell or battallions round about vnder the guard of the pikes with such number of shot as shall be best fitting vnto the proportion of the same according to the Sergeant Maior his appointment either by 3 5 or 7 shot in a ranke and the rest to be reparted into many small troupes of 30 40 or 50 in a troupe trouping round about the battel with a reasonable distance from the same to maintaine skirmish which way soeuer the enemie approcheth Prouiding that the same troupes be still maintained one to second another that the battell may be by them shadowed to the end that the enemies troupes or skirmishers may not haue that aduantage to discharge vpon the body of your battell Now among these your troupes of shot it shall be very behouefull to mingle some of your short weapons as halbards bils swords and targets halfe pikes and such like for there shall your short weapon do best seruice mixed with your naked shot to backe them if they should happen to be distressed by the enemy Your battell thus framed girdled and enuironed with shot in troupes the which troupes seconding one another shall still keepe your battell shadowed as in the figures of all their kinds set downe before their seuerall tables shall plainely appeare alwayes regarding that your girdling shot do neuer discharge vntill the enemy commeth within 20 or 30 pases of them at the least and then to discharge roundly vpon the face and body of the enemy The which being performed if they be encountred with foote they are speedily to retire vnto either flanke of the battell or sleeued in betwixt the pikes or if encountred with horse to bend downe vpon one knee vnder the guard and succour of the pike Now hauing deepely considered the rare victories and great conquests of the auncient Romaines atchieued in mine opinion by their due obseruing of true martiall discipline and great readinesse in their politike and suddaine alterations of their proportions wherewith to encounter their enemies I find therein a most notable patterne of a right excellent Chiefetaine The very circumspection of whom by a most wonderfull regard was cause vnto them of so many and such honourable victories wherein the continuall readinesse of their souldiers and people of war to be transported with all facilitie into euerie forme vpon anie occasion and the skilfull direction of their Captaines was such therin as to so victorious a people seemed to be most correspondent and conuenient The which true discipline obedience skill and readinesse were it vsed and more then it is in this our age I thinke warres would carry a farre better conduction then they now do This kind of readinesse in souldiers and the indeuour of a continuall vse vnto them in the same especially in the time of their trainings the which I could wish to be put in practise with vs by skilfull trainers vpon what chaunce soeuer shold happen hath no doubt seemed vnto many to be of no small importance and force and the rather do I so iudge for that hauing sounded the depth and commodity thereof I find the contrary negligence to beare with it a note of most great imperfection The disposition whereof leauing vnto the knowledge and regard of euery good and expert Captaine and for that I haue at large discoursed thereof already in my third booke of these military discourses I will at this present content my selfe to shew vnto you the seuerall tables and figures of all these battels and battallions with the arithmeticall rules to frame the same and how that out of the grand square of men may all these battallions and battels be reduced and that without any great confusion The practike rules whereof I haue as I sayd at large set downe in these our former discourses as in the third booke may appeare moreouer I haue in sundry other places particularly declared and the orders of the embattailing of men now most in vse with their order of impaling with armed pikes their diuisions into Maniples and the ready reframing of them againe into their grand square as at large in the sayd third booke appeareth in many and diuerse places Finally in the aforesaid third booke in folio 89 and 90 and in the fourth booke in folio 99 I haue described the order to draw your army through straights and difficult passages by quartering the same into such proportions as the straights will permit especially if the enemy do constraine you to fight in the same as most commonly it falleth out also in the fift booke in folio 157 is dessigned a plat of encampement with the arithmeticall rules of the same in the consideration of all which the value and waight of this readinesse may vnto the diligent regarders perchance in their seuerall descriptions giue some manifest appearāce A declaration of the tables of battels and battallions with the arithmeticall rules to worke the same In these tables following I haue begun with the nūber of 10000 armed pikes besides the shot and short weapons correspondent to these proportions whereof I haue before sufficiently spoken in many places for the diuision of which number of armed pikes with all numbers downe ward I haue reduced into certaine tables the proportions of diuerse battels beginning with the square of men from the said number of 10000 pikes downward and the same not decreasing by 50 or 100 but by roote as first beginning with the square roote of 10000
THE THEORIKE AND PRACTIKE OF MODERNE WARRES Discoursed in Dialogue vvise VVHEREIN IS DECLARED THE NEGLECT OF Martiall discipline the inconuenience thereof the imperfections of manie training Captaines a redresse by due regard had the fittest weapons for our Moderne VVarre the vse of the same the parts of a perfect souldier in generall and in particular the Officers in degrees with their seuerall duties the imbattailing of men in formes now most in vse with figures and Tables to the same with sundrie other martiall points VVritten by ROBERT BARRET Comprehended in sixe Bookes Ozar morir da la vida ANCHORA SPEI LONDON Printed for VVilliam Ponsonby 1598. HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE VNG IE SERVIRAY TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE MY SINGVLAR GOOD LORD HENRIE EARLE OF PEMBROKE LORD HARBERT OF Cardiffe Marmion and Saint Quintin Lord President of her Maiesties Councell established in the Principalitie and dominions of VVales and the Marches of the same of the most noble order of the Garter knight Lord Lieutenant within the Principalitie and dominions of South VVales and North VVales and the Marches thereto adioyning and of the Counties of VVilt and Sommerset c. RIght Honourable hauing spent the most part of my time in the profession of Armes and that among forraine nations as the French the Dutch the Italian and Spaniard I haue bene moued by sundry my friends to set downe in writing such Martial points as I haue noted gathered or learned from them whereby such young Gentlemen and others my willing countrie men as haue not as yet entred within the boundes of Mars his bloudy field may at the last gather some instructions to be the readier at the Alarme giuen the which seemeth not farre off And sith my principall scope and purpose hath bene to open these discourses to the behoofe of the yonger and vnexperimented sort I haue therfore emboldened my selfe with your good Honours consent and fauour to dedicate them vnto that Noble yong Lord your sonne as a matter were it handled by a more perfect souldier then my selfe befitting his Lordship as well for the Martial vertues already shining in him as for the sympathie that his honorable birth and Nobility hath with this subiect which we treate of being warre and Armes Thus humbly crauing your good honours consent I beseech the Almighty for euer to blesse you with all honour and felicity Your Honours humblie at commaund ROBERT BARRET TO THE RIGHT NOBLE YOVNG LORD VVILLIAM LORD HARBERT of Cardiffe sonne and Heyre apparant to the right Honorable Earle of Pembroke Robert Barret wisheth increase of all Honour and vertue MOst Noble young Lord and of honourable expectation although your yong yeares haue scarse arriued yet to the bearing of Armes neuerthelesse on the assured hope conceiued of your honorable parts as so nobly each way descended whose vertue hath alwayes shined to the glorie of your name and house I haue emboldened my selfe to offer vnto your Lordships view and protection these Military discourses penned vpon occasion of conference had with sundry Gentlemen and by them wished to be published Many good reasons haue moued me to dedicate them vnto your Lordship as well in respect of your owne vertues resembling altogether that Noble Earle of Pembroke your Graundfather and that worthie Sir Phillip Sidney your Vncle as also in respect of the great and waightie Commandes which your Right Honourable father doth worthily hold ouer vs in these our Westerne parts and VVales vnder our dread Soueraigne Such as they are I humbly beseech your Lordship to accept as from a souldier who humbly offereth himselfe and his seruice vnto your selfe next vnto my good Queene and deare Countrie Your Lordships humbly at command ROBERT BARRET TO ALL MEN OF WARRE IN GENERALL HOnourable souldiers and braue men of warre of what degree soeuer I am assured there is none of you that will spurne at these my paynes taken as penned not to instruct the experimented and Martiall sort such as you are but the vnexpert and yong Gentlemen which haue not yet entred commons in Mars his Campe. For what good is herein contained shall redound to your glorie and fame in generall and what faults and errors be herein committed must rest vpon me beare them off as I may Let vs loue one another that God may loue vs all and giue vs true Martiall valour to the seruice and defence of our dread Soueraigne and deare Countrie Yours in all loue ROBERT BARRET TO ALL GALLANT MINDED GENTLEMEN and my good countrie men in generall GAllant minded young Gentlemen and good countriemen in generall which haue not yet marched vnder Mars his Colours nor knowne the parts incident to his followers for your instructions haue these discourses bene principally penned the which although they be but rough not polished with schoole termes yet happily not so barraine but you may reape some good fruit from them being read and noted with due regard to your behoofe perhaps in these behouefull times I am not ignorant that sundry haue treated vpon the like subiect and all to good end but yet they obserue not all one method neither I my self happily such as euery one wold wish It is somewhat hard to please few but harder to please many and none can please all although mine intent hath bene as others no doubt the like both to please and profit the most These approching times do require such vnpleasant matter yet the necessitie is such and therefore to be regarded Accept it friendly as I haue penned it willingly so shall I hold my selfe both rewarded and satisfied Your well wisher ROBERT BARRET William Sa. in praise of the Author and his worke THose that in quiet states do sing of warre Or write instructions for the Martiall crue Must neuer thinke t' escape the enuious iarre Of those who wealth not honour still pursue For they do feare least souldiers growing strong Commaund the pelfe which they haue gathered long Then worthy Barret honourd maist thou be That dreadlesse all the teene of base conceipts Hast writ a worke shall still eternize thee In spite of enuie with her slie deceipts For thou that oft in battell bold hast stood Hast now done that shall do thy countrie good For which his paynes let this suffice to shew The loue one souldier ought to beare another Kindly imbrace his worke for well you know A souldiers merits doth exceede all other And say with me as iustly say you may His trauels do deserue our prayse for ay VVilliam Sa. Gentleman THE FIRST BOOKE OF WARRE DISCOVRSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE The first Dialogue VVherein is reasoned of the Neglect of Martiall Discipline and inconueniences thereof the comparison of VVeapons ancient and moderne with their different Executions the imperfections of many training Captaines the perfect training of men to great effect the due sortment of VVeapons now vsed the contempt of Souldiers and causes thereof Gentleman GOod Captaine I pray if your leysure will permit let vs
or Musket considering the execution of the one the other And what souldier is he that commeth against a weapon wherein there is little hazard of life which will not more resolutely charge then against a weapon whose execution he knoweth to be present death Many more reasons might be alledged for the sufficiencie of the one and the insufficiencie of the other but others haue answered the same already besides the proofe which dayly experience bringeth and thus you heare mine opinion of your Bowes desiring you Gentlemen and others not to conceiue sinisterly of me for this mine opinion as not held of me for any dislike I haue of our old Archery of England but that common experience hath made it most manifest in these our later warres well wishing in my hart had it bene Gods good will that this infernall fierie engine had neuer bin found out Then might we boldly haue compared as our auncestors did with the proudest Archers in the world But you must note this by the way that the fierie shot either on horsebacke or foote being not in hands of the skilfull may do vnto themselues more hurt then good wherefore the same is often to be practised that men may grow perfect and skilfull therein Gent. Well to stand in argument I will not for I haue seene little triall either of the one or the other But what thinke you of our abundance of blacke Billes which we thinke to be the next naturall weapon for the Englishman Capt. True it is that in time past our nation hath performed round slaughter worke therewith but the warres and weapons are now altered from them dayes and we must accommodate our selues to the now vsed weapons order and time to answere our enimies with the semblable else happely shall we finde ourselues short of our reckening with our all-too late repentance But might I haue in stead of these blacke Bills and Iacks so many good armed Pikes I meane good Corslelts furnisht I would thinke my selfe farre better either to offend or defend Gent. Why would you not allow short weapon in the field Capt. Truly no not many yet would I not exclude them all For I know them necessarie for many peeces of seruice as to performe executioÌ„ if the enemie break or flie to mingle with shot to back them if neede be to passe with Conuoyes to stand by your Artillerie to creepe along trenches and enter into mynes where the Pike would be ouerlong but best for the myne or breach is the Target of prooffe short sword and Pistoll but for the plaine field neither blacke bill Halbard nor Partizan comparable to the Pike Gent. In a set battaile would you not haue Bills or Halbards for the guard of your Colours Capt. As few as might be for in their steds farre better were so many armed Pikes in mine opinion considering that in set Battailes when men come to the shock or push of the Pike they sarrie close together and the first three fiue or seuen rankes do beare the chiefe brunt and entred so farre men buckle Pell-Mell close together by which time commonlie the one side reculeth or swayeth and a battell once reculing doth not lightlie hold long so that ere the Center of the Battaill be touched one side must fall to disaray men once disordered they commonly fall to rout the rout is pursued with slaughter and ruine Against horse the like reasons are to be made thus either to offend or defend farre better is the Pike then either Bill or Halbard And to conclude the strength of the Battaile is the armed Pike so they be equally sorted with Harquebuze and Musket Gent. What meane you by equally sorted Capt. I meane as much to offend as to defend To offend I would wish to euery hundred men 25 Muskets 25 Calliuers at the least 40 armed Piks 7 or 8 Halbards and 2 or 3 Targets of proofe to defend and so of all other numbers Gent. Your proportion I like well but our countrey people are loth to be at the charges of so many costly weapons although her Maiestie and her honorable priuie Counsell haue giuen orders and directions for the same Capt. I perceiue it to be so whereat I grieue not a litle considering how dangerous is the time how malicious strong politike is the enimie how carelesse yea senslesse are we and how vnwilling to our owne weale But should these your secure men once heare the Alarme of the enemie from the which God defend vs then should you soone see them alter their copies chaunge their colours forget their great bragges of blacke Bills and Bowes and stand at their wittes ende what course to take and should they yet recall their courage and plucke vp their spirites and dare to looke the enimie in the face what guides I pray haue they It is not enough to say downe with them downe with them Lay on Billes and Bowes they should encounter strong squares of armed Pikes gallant squadrons of Muskets braue troupes of shot conducted by skilfull Leaders then should they soone see the difference of weapons the danger of the one the litle doubt of the other with repentance perhaps for not taking them to other weapons in time Thus much I speak to our inueterate conceiâ—ers of bowes and blacke billes Gent. But we haue trayned companies and selected bandes to answere our enemies with like weapons Capt. True it is there haue beene good orders set downe for the same and no doubt well performed in many partes of our countrie but I my selfe haue seene many simple Leaders simple in deede to traine much lesse to bring men to fight for where the blind leades the blind both fall into the ditch Gent. You meane this by our countrie Gentlemen and Citizens who haue the trayning of their shires and townes and neuer came in warres but her Maiestie and Councell haue so appointed it for many good respects Capt. I know it very well for many good respects but I am well assured that her Maiestie would well like of such countrie or citizen Captaines as would be carefull to prouide themselues of good Officers such as haue seene warres and borne office in the same I meane honest and valiant men not tapsterly praters and ale-bench braggers who know no point of souldierie in the world And if your Captaines were each furnished with one or two such good officers I meane honest men and of experience no doubt but they might then doe farre better then they now doe and by such they might learne many good pointes of seruice to their good and their companies good instructions yet not so much as thereby to become sufficient Captaines Gent. Our Captaines haue Bookes of Warre whereby they may learne more in one daies reading then you haue in a whole yeares seruice and then no great neede of such which were but charge to small purpose Captaine Truely
other Signiories or state had for his great enemies the most principall Senators of the same Republike and the Armie vnder his charge being of sundry nations yet is it not in writing that euer there was seene any mutinie amongst his souldiers nor any disagreeing in so many yeares as he warred in Spaine France and Italie by reason that he chastened with rigour the delictes and offences committed by his people of warre and rewarded their noble actes with great liberalitie and kindnesse and payed them their due payes alwayes in good time Gent. Without doubt Hanniball must needes be well serued and obeyed if he payed his souldiers so royally and well Capt. I finde no foundation more sure and firme then to doe the same to the end to haue an Armie well conducted and gouerned For if the souldiers be not payed of necessitie they must be suffered to robbe spoyle raunge and ransack whereby to sustaine themselues as too too much hath bene seene in these ciuill warres of France and Flanders the which if they were well and duly payed then all these inconueniences should cease and would serue with more warinesse and care as men bound thereunto and would feare punishment if they should by hap offend Now felicitie and good fortune proceedes from knowledge from fortitude and from authoritie For the Generall which knoweth what hee hath to doe by skill and experience and hath Militarie valour to enterprise and to execute with consideration and authoritie that thereby his souldiers may both beleeue him and follow him such a one without question shall haue good successe which is the very true felicitie and good fortune it selfe Gent. I neuer vnderstood till now that felicitie and good fortune did consist in science and knowledge for I haue alwayes heard say that fortune did most fauour men of least wisedome and in fine fooles Capt. Such was the opinion amongst the Stoicke Philosophers cōceiuing that as there was one Prima causa eternall omnipotent and of infinite wisedome knowen and discerned by the order and harmonie of his workes so in like sort was there another causa imprudent foolish and inconsiderate whose operations were without order or reason or any wisedome at all for that with an irrationall affection it both gaue and depriued men of riches dignitie and honour the which they termed and intituled by the name of fortune seeing her to bee a friend of men which did their matters fortè which is to say a casu by chaunce without conduction either of reason or prudence But in very truth there is none other fortune but the prouidence of God and the valour and abilitie of man neither any other thing that maketh men disastred that things succeede them not according to their desires but onely the want of skill to practise their actions in due times and with such conuenient meanes as the cases would require Gent. Truly me thinkes that if a Generall should obserue the rules by you declared of these foure principall parts and qualities he should not fayle of good successe in the most of his actions Capt. So thinke I also presupposing therewithall that hee ought to know and vnderstand all that which I haue spoken of the other officers of warre and of much more yet vnspoken of sith that they are his inferiours to the end that he may perfectly know how to commaund and gouerne them for vnworthily shall hee commaund and gouerne in warres which is ignorant and vnskilfull in the preceptes and rules thereof Gent. What more yet concerneth his office Capt. Marry to chuse vnto himselfe good Counsellours to assist him in his good gouernement for much more needefull are the Counsels of men wise and experimented in Martiall causes then armour and weapons for the greater matters are better effected with the intendement then atchieued with the sword many times Gent. But are not the personages knowne who are to be of the Counsell of warre by reason of their offices Capt. Yea sir for ordinarily these following bee of the same First the Captaine Generall of the men at armes lances and light horse 2 the Captaine Generall of the artillery or Maister of the Ordinance 3 the Camp-maister Generall or Lord high Marshall 4 the Colonels of the Infanterie and 5 also the Treasurer of warre But there is moreouer respect to bee had vnto other graue personages and in the election of those the Generall ought to haue great consideration and insight for deepe daungerous and difficult matters are to be consulted disputed and reasoned with perfect intendements cleare iudgements And therfore there is not to be admitted vnto the same men of meane iudgements and of common sense for those that are the Counsellours to a Prince ought to be personages of great mindes high conceites of equall intendement with the Prince And that which he is particularly to consider of them is to see that they be perfect souldiers and of great experience and men of valorous determinations but not rash headie and harebrainde for those Counsels are sufficient honourable which render securitie vnto doubtfull affaires And on the contrary those are most affrōtous miserable whē being enterprised with temeritie onely to shew a vaine presumption and rigorous boldnesse of minde they are wont to disturbe the good courses of the honorable enterprises and of the victories whereof great hope is to be had And because it is a most ordinarie thing amongst Counsellors to contradict one another and to diminish one anothers authoritie he must bee very carefull to foresee and procure that they be all louing friendes together for that the most part of the securitie of the campe consists in their vnitie concord and loue and that they all may loue him with entire affection for hatred and feare be two bad Counsellors in warre This Gentlemen is all that I am able to say touching the officers and high Commaunders in warres what other stratagems and policies of warre are the Generall and other high Conductors of enterprises may by their owne Martiall prudence and naturall instinct inuent and put in practise according to the occurrants and accidents of warre for dayly new courses and inuentions are found out to answer the which new stratagemes are deuised sic vicissitudo rerum The end of the fift Booke THE SIXT BOOKE OF WARRE DISCOVRSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE The first Dialogue VVherein is briefly touched of the orders of our now vsed fights the great commodity of due and skilfull trayning the tables for the embattailing of men in graund square of men and into battallions of the same kind with proportioned figures to the same and arithmeticall rules to the working thereof and a declaration of euery the sayd tables Gentleman WEll Captaine sith you haue in your former fiue bookes at large discoursed touching most martiall pointes as well of souldiers offices officers and Commanders as also of most sorts of imbattailing of men
vnfained loyalty to our good Queene and Prince perfect fidelity to our countrie and syncere loue and affection to our wiues children and friends and finally respecting the generall reputation and honour of our Realme and nation The end of the sixt and last booke A Table shevving the signification of sundry forraine words vsed in these discourses GEntle Reader for as much as in these Military discourses I haue vsed some words and termes somwhat straunge vnto such as haue not frequented forraine warres nor haue anie great insight in forraine languages I haue therefore thought good both to declare the signification of such words and also to shew my reasons for vsing the same First you are to vnderstand that most of our termes now vsed in warres are deriued from straungers as the French the Italian the Spaniard and the Dutch wherin euery one almost haue their seuerall pronuntiation therefore I hold it good to vse such war termes and words as we do borrow from straungers as most languages doe borrow some more or lesse one of another neare after the same nature orthographie accent as those nations do from whom they are deriued and not to pronounce and vse them ouer corruptly as we commonly doe As for example The word Caporall which is a meere Italian and also vsed by the French we corruptly do both write and pronounce Corporall for Caporall doth signifie the head and chiefe of a squadra or small company of souldiers and is an officer ensigning and gouerning in his degree the sayd company and is in Spanish more aptly called Cabo de esquadra which is the head of a small squadra of 20 or 25 souldiers And againe wee vse both to pronounce and write Core de guard which by the French is written Corps de guard and by the Italian and Spaniard Corpo de guardia which signifieth the body of a watch the which French or Italian word I haue rather vsed in my writing then our corrupt English terme Moreouer wee both pronounce and write the word Canuasada the which in truth ought to be written and pronounced Camisada being a Spanish tearme and doth signifie the inuesting a shirt ouer the soldiers apparell or armour the which is vsed in the night time when any suddaine exploit or peece of seruice is to be put in practise vpon the enemy vnexpected or vnseene to the end that in the darkenesse of the night the attempters may thereby the better one know and discerne another These few words and termes I suppose sufficient for my reasons And for the signification of all other straunge and forraine words by me vsed I will here following particularly set downe in order of alphabet as I shall call them to memory A Abanderado is a souldier vvhich carrieth the Ensigne in steede of the Ensigne-bearer sometimes Al'arma is a vvord vsed among men of vvarre at times of the enemies suddaine approching and at their discouerie and doth signifie to armes or weapons Alferez is a Spanish vvord and signifieth the Ensigne bearer Alguazil a Spanish vvord is an officer attendant on the Campe-maister Generall to apprehend offenders and to see execution done Alerta an Italian vvord vsed vnto the souldiers vvhen there is any suspition of the enemy and signifieth to be vvatchfull carefull and ready Alvarado a Spanish vvord and is the discharging of the morning vvatch by the sound of the drumme Ambuscado a Spanish vvord and signifieth any troupe or company of soldiers either foot or horse lodged secretly in some couert as in vvoods hollow vvayes behind bankes or such like to entrappe the enemy secretly attending his comming Aquaducts are conduits to cary or conuay vvater into any Citie Castell or Citadell Armada a Spanish vvord is a Nauy of ships for vvarre or one great ship of vvarre Artillaria a forraine vvord and is that vvhich vve call the great Ordinance B Bando a Spanish vvord and signifieth an act or law made by the Generall and Counsell of war in the Campe and published by sound of the drumme or trumpet vnto the souldiers Bisognio or Bisonnio a Spanish or Italian vvord and is as vve terme it a raw souldier vnexpert in his weapon and other Military points Burgonet a French vvord is a certaine kind of head-peece either for foote or horsemen couering the head and part of the face and cheâ—ke C Cabo de esquadra or Caporall a Spanish vvord is the head or chiefe vnder the Captaine of a small number of souldiers in number 20 or 25 or more or lesse according as the company is deuided into Caporal the Italian vvord is as Cabo de esquadra in Spanish Cabo de Camara a Spanish vvord is a souldier vnder the Caporall and is the chiefe ouer euery 10 or 12 souldiers Camarada a Spanish vvord is a small number of 11 or 12 soldiers and is the one halfe of a squadra being vnited together in their lodging and diet and friendship the chiefe man of whom is the Cabo de Camara Camisada a Spanish vvord and doth signifie the inuesting or putting on of a shirt ouer the souldiers apparell or armour the vvhich is vsed in the night time vvhen any suddaine exploit or peece of seruice is to be put in practise vpon the enemy vnexpected or vnseene to the ende that the attempters may thereby the better one know and discerne another Campania an Italian vvord and is a field Campania Raza an open field vvithout hedge ditch or other incombrance razed playne Campe-maister in Spanish Maestro del Campo is a Colonell being the chiefe Commander or officer ouer one Regiment or Tertio Camp maister Generall in Spanish Maestre del Campo Generall is a great Commander and is with vs the high Marshall of the field Castellano is the Captaine or Commander of a Citadell or Castel as in Millan Antwerp Metz and such other places Cannonera a Spanish word and is the place or roome where the Cannon is placed in a bulwarke Casamatta a Spanish word and doth signifie a slaughter-house and is a place built low vnder the wall or bulwarke not arriuing vnto the height of the ditch seruing to scowre the ditch annoying the enemy when he entreth into the ditch to skale the wall Cauagleria an Italian woord and is the Companies of souldiers seruing on horsebacke of what sort soeuer Cauaglere an Italian word and signifieth a Gentleman seruing on horsebacke but in fortifications a Caualiere is a mount or platforme of earth built and raised high either within or without the wall for to plant great Ordinance vpon Caualliere à Cauallio is a high mount or platforme of earth raised very high so that the Artillery vpon the same may shoote ouer the walles and bulwarkes to scoure and cleare the fields all about Centre a French vvord is the middle of a battell or other things Centinell a Spanish vvord and signifieth the souldier vvhich is set to vvatch at a station or post a certaine distance from the Corps de guard or in a