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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57335	A sure guide, or, The best and nearest way to physick and chyrurgery that is to say, the arts of healing by medicine and manual operation : being an anatomical description of the whol body of man and its parts : with their respective diseases demonstrated from the fabrick and vse of the said parts : in six books ... at the end of the six books, are added twenty four tables, cut in brass, containing one hundred eighty four figures, with an explanation of them : which are referred to in above a thousand places in the books for the help of young artists / written in Latine by Johannes Riolanus ...; Englished by Nich. Culpeper ... and W.R. ...; Encheiridium anatomicum et pathologicum. English	Riolan, Jean, 1580-1657.; Culpeper, Alice.; Culpeper, Nicholas, 1616-1654.; Rand, William.	1657 (1657)	Wing R1525; ESTC R15251	394,388	314

have streight thigh-bones The Neck of the Thigh-bone is somwhat long-fashioned and oblique that it The Neck of the Thigh-bone why long-fashioned may pass along the tendon of the Rotator Infernus But Galen supposes it was made for that end viz. to leave space for muscles which were to be placed in the lower part and for great Veins Arteries nervs and kernels which are quartered neare the divisions of the Vessels They whose Thigh-bone is shorter-necked than ordinary have their groins narrow and compressed and when they walk are constrained to halt on one side and are termed Vatii so sais Galen in his third Book de Vsu Partium For the Thigh-bone does contribute much to the rectitude and stability of the Body by that same oblique Longitude of its Neck whence the cause may be given why men naturally halt to the one side or the other or to both sides their Feet and Legs being of equal length which no man yet assigned nor observed The lower end of the Thigh-bone Joind to the Leg is termed the Knee which is Ligaments of the Knee fastned by a two-fold ligament One of them is b circular and compasses both the Bones round about The other being c placed between the two bones is somwhat Long-fashioned and bloodyish through neighbourhood of such veins as descend through the Ham into the Leg it arises from the middle-space of the knobs of the Thigh-bone and is inserted into the middle Eminency of the Knobs of the shank Sick people often speak of this Ligament when they talk of a burning heat in their Knees Upon the Knobs of the shank-bone two semicircular Gristles are fastened which hold the same Knobs more stable that they may not swerve in violent motions and contorsions of the thigh See Galen touching the of the shank-bone in its Articulation with the Thigh-bone Lib. 2. de fracturis That Part which is opposite to the knee behind is termed Poples the Ham being The void space in the Ham. empty and void The Uessells which pass that way being removed an empty space is observed interposed between the two knobs which Pliny seems to have understood in the 45. Chapt. of the. 11. Book of his Natural History In the knee it self the conjunction of both as well the right as the left is on the foreside double it should be on the hinder side there is a certain emptiness like cheeks which being perced the spirit fl●es out as from a Cut Throat Wherefore I have alwaies observed the wounds of the Ham to be deadly not only Why wounds in the Ham are deadly for the dissipation of the spirit but also by reason of cutting assunder such remarkable vessels viz. Veines Atteries and nerves which creepe through that hinder part of the thigh which being cut inevitable death follows The society and sympathy between the knees and Cheeks is wonderful which is Whence proceds that sympathy which is between the knees and the cheeks described by the Author of that Book De Ordine Membrorum which is fal●ely ascribed to Galen How that the knees being affected and afflicted the eyes condole and weepe by reason of that old acquaintance of the knees and eyes or Eye lids in the womb where the child touches its Eyes and Sustaines them with its knees Chap. 21. Of the Patella Upon the Articulation of the thigh and leg a smal bone is placed which they It s connexion call a T. 21. f. 1. LL. □ Mola or Patella the whirle bone of the Knee It growes unto the knee not fastened by any Ligaments but only being a T. 21. f. 8. d. □ glewed to the tendons of the muscles of the shanke it is so held close upon the knee If you take a diligent view you shal observe a Ligament somewhat bloody which It s use does firmely knit and b●nd the Patella to the hard fat which is palced beneath The office of this bone is to defend the joint to guard the bowing and bending of the Part and to render the motion more facil for it hinders the extension of the leg from passing out of a right line and when we sit with our knees bent it keepes the thigh from luxation forward And because the whole Body incl●nes forward it hinders us from falling when we go downe a steepe Hil. This Galen found by experience in a certaine young man that was a wrastler in whom as he was wrastling the Patella was disjointed and did a●c●nd towards the thighbone whereupon two inconveniences followed viz. a dangerous bending in his knee and a trouble in going down Hil and therefore he could not go down hil without a staf Paraeus observes in the 22. Chapter of his 14 Book that he never saw anie that had the Patella broken but they halted I have seen such whose Patella was luxated and drawn upwards who could not so easily go up hil and down-hill as formerly Notwithstanding Vesalius in his Surgery denies that the Patella confers any thing Vesalius his opinion touching the use of the Patella to the firmnes of the joint and that a man does halt when it is broken or taken out as he avers he had found by many examples only he saies it is placed upon the knee for to defend and secure the joint And he goes not much from the same opinion in his Anatomy where he saies it performes the same office in the knee which the Sesemoidean bones do in other joints Hippocrates in his book de locis in Homine assignes another use of this Bone namely to prohibit moisture from descending out of the flesh into such a loose joint as the knee is Seeing there●ore the Necessity of the Patella is so graeat I conceive it is but a fable which is reported of the Thebans who that they might be able to run more swiftly took certaine Bones out of their knees Yet there have bin found about Nova Zembla certaine Pigmies or little Men who could bend their knees backward and forward and were so swift of foot that none could overtake them if we give credit to the relations of seafaring Men. Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula The Tibia has two Bones the one a T. 21. f. 1. M. f. 4. D. □ larger and more inward which ●ea●●s the The rason of these names name of the whole the other is smaller and more external called b T. 21. f. 1. N. f. 4. E. □ Fibula But Perone which is rendred fibula does signifie two things in Hippocrates the whole Fibula and appendix of that bone as Galen expounds it in his Interpretation of the words of Hippocrates It is termed Perone from peiro which signifies to boare or thrust through T is called Fibula in Latine from the Greek word phible which signifies smal and lank howbeit in Latine writers of Architecture certaine beames or joices of wood placed to give strength to other parts of the building are termed Fibule

3. Of the Inferior Limbs 213 Chap. 4. In what places Issues are commonly made 214 Chap. 5. Of Veins usually opened 215 Chap. 6. Of the Arteries which are opened 217 Chap. 7. Of the Muscles and first of the Forehead Muscles 218 Chap. 8. Muscles of the hinder part of the Head ibid. Chap. 9. Muscles of the Eye-lids ibid. Chap. 10. Muscles of the Eyes 219 Chap. 11. Muscles of the external Ear. ibid. Chap. 12. Muscles of the Nose 220 Chap. 13. Muscles of the Lips ibid. Chap. 14. Muscles of the lower Jaw 221 Chap. 15. Of the muscles of the Os Hyoides ibid. Chap. 16. Muscles of the Tongue 222 Chap. 17. Muscles of the Larynx ibid. Chap. 18. Muscles of the Pharynx ibid. Chap. 19. Muscles of the Gargareon Vvula or Mouth Pallate 223 Chap. 20. Muscles of the Head ibid. Chap. 21 Muscles of the Neck 224 Chap. 22. Muscles of the Shoulder-blades ibid. Chap. 23. Muscles of the Arm 225 Chap. 24. Muscles of the Cubit ibid. Chap. 25. Muscles of the Radius 226 Chap. 26. Muscles of the Wrist 227 Chap. 27. Muscles of the Palm of the Hand ibid. Chap. 28. Muscles of the Fingers 228 Chap. 29. Muscles of the Thumb 229 Chap. 30. Muscles of Chest 230 Chap. 31. Of the Midrif 231 Chap. 32. Muscles of the Back and Loyns wherewith the Back-bone is moved ib. Chap. 33. Muscles of the Belly 232 Chap. 34. Of the motion of the Ilium Bones and Os Sacrum joyned together ibid. Chap. 35. Muscles of the Testicles ibid. Chap. 36. The Bladders Muscle ibid. Chap. 37 Muscles of the Yard 233 Chap. 38. Muscles of the Clytoris ibid. Chap. 39. Muscles of the Fundament ib. Chap. 40. Muscles of the Thigh ibid. Chap. 41. Muscles of the Leg. 235 Chap. 42. Muscles of the Feet 236 Chap. 43 Muscles of the Toes 238 Chap. 44. Muscles of the great Toe 239 Chap. 45. An Introduction to the Art of Muscular Dissection shewing an accurate Method to cut up the Muscles of the whol Body ibid. The Frontal Muscle 228 The Orbicular muscle of the Eye-lids ibid. Muscles of the Lips ibid. Muscles of the Nose ibid. The Temporal Muscle 241 The Masseter Muscle ibid. The Parotick Kernels ibid. The muscles of the Ears ibid. The muscles of the Eye ibid. ` Muscles seated in the Neck 242 Muscles of the Larynx Pharynx and Gargareon 243 The muscles of the hinder part of the Head and Neck 244 Muscles of the Arm 245 Next thereunto is the Rotundus minor ibid. Muscles scituate upon the Back and Loyns ibid. Muscles of the Breast 246 Muscles of the Cubit ibid. Muscles of the Radius the Wrists the Fingers and the Thumb 247 Muscles of the Abdomen or Belly 248 Muscles of the Yard 250 Muscles of the Fundament ibid. The Bladder muscle 251 Muscles of the Clytoris ibid. Muscles of the Thigh ibid. Muscles of the Leg 253 Muscles of the Tarsus 254 Chap. 46. Of the Veins Arteries and Nerves belonging to the Limbs ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 258 The Sixt Book A New Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treats of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whol Body by which the Frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling all the Diseases and Symptomes which happen unto the Bones 260 CHAP. 1. 260 Chap. 2. Of the great profit of this new Osteology or Doctrine of the Bones 261 Chap. 3. What is to be observed in the bones of a dead Body not boyled 262 Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and and Marrow of the Bones 263 Chap. 5. Of Articulations or joyntings of the Bones ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 265 Chap. 6. Of the bones of the Skull 267 The Medicinal Consideration 270 Chap. 7. Of the inferior Jaw-bone ibid. Chap. 8. Of the Teeth ibid. Chap. 9. Of the Bone Hyoides and of the Ligaments 271 Chap. 10. Of the Heads motion and Ligaments 272 Chap. 11. Of the inside of the Ear ibid. Chap. 12. Of the Clavicula 273 Chap. 13. Of the Breast-bone ibid. Chap. 15. Of the Ribs 275 Chap. 16. Of the Back-bone ibid. The Medicinal Consideration 277 Chap. 16. Of the Scapula 278 Chap. 17. Of the Humerus Cubitus and Radius 280 Chap. 18. Of the Wrist 281 Chap. 19. Of the Metacarpium Fingers and Sesamoidean Bones ibid. Chap. 20. Of the Os Ilium and Thigh-bone 282 Chap. 21. Of the Patella 284 Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula 285 Chap. 23. Of the Foot ibid. Chap. 24. The number of Bones for a Sceleton ibid. Chap. 25. Of breaking the bones ibid. Chap. 26. The Collection and ordering of Bones for a Sceleton 287 THE FIRST BOOK OF ANATOMY AND PHYSICK OF John Riolanus Chap. 1. The Intent of the Author is declared ANatomy is considered and handled two waies Philosophically The Consideration of Anatomy is Philosophical and Physically Galen Lib. 1. Anat. The Philosopher searcheth out the structure of the Parts their action and use that he may know himself that the * Work-master may be admired in his * Viz. God work and therefore the knowledg of the Parts alone does content him But the Physitian besides the Physical knowledg of this brings al into a Practical way and searcheth after the Natural dispositions of every Part that so by veiwing the Anatomy of the Carkases of sound and sick men he may more easily know the accidents against Nature which happen to those Parts in such as are alive By Dispositions against Nature is to be understood Diseases whose generation and end whether it wil be good or bad the way and manner of Curing he that would know exactly must be skilled both in Philosophical and Physical Both which are necessary ● Anatomy and I dare boldly affirm that he wil be an abler and more skilful Phisitian that is wel skiled in this Anatomy than he that contents himself with the bare knowledg of the Parts This manner of shewing and teaching Anatomy is new but gives great light is wonderful necessary for a Phisitian and I wil lay it down intermixed with the order of Anatomy in al the Parts and shew particularly in every Part what profit wil thereby redound unto a Phisitian in his Practice And seeing the Natural Constitution of every Part which Hippocrates cals Euphuian and is commonly called Health is three-fold Similar Organical and common The Preternatural Constitution of the Parts called Sickness must likewise be three-fold and make three kinds of Diseases Viz. A Disease of the Similar a Disease of the Organical Parts and a Disease common to both The Similar Constitution according to Nature consists in Substance and Temper The Organical Constitution which pertains to the construction of the Organ is placed in number Magnitude Scituation and shape or Conformation which Conformation is again divided into Figure Passage Cavity Roughness and smoothness The common Constitution of Similar and Organical Parts consists in Vnion and Connexion This three-fold Natural Constitution I wil declare in al

the Parts afterwards I wil lay down in a few words what may be gathered from this Sound Constitution for the Knowledg fore knowledg and Cure of a Diseased Constitution And Anatomy handled in this Method wil be the beginning Middle and end of the whol Art of Physick This is a short easie and clear Method Quickly and rightly to learn the Art of Curing which propounds the same visible to the Eyes of such as are wel verst in my Fathers writings or in the Institutions of Sennertus for by this Method I shal unlock display the treasures in Anatomy of Physick But perhaps some Fool that is unskilled wil reprove our Disigne Object that we confound the whol Art of Medicine seing Anatomy is a Part of Physiology distinct from the rest and therefore ought to be taught apart seeing Galen himself in the beginning of his dissection of Muscles reproves the Anatomical Book of Lycus because in his Treatise of Muscles he inserted the Diseases of the Parts If any prattle such things against us they wil quickly hold their peace if they read Gal. Lib. 2 admin Anatom Relateing That Antient Physitians regarded Anatomy so much that in al Hippocrates did in al his Books Many are the Sorts of the Figures both within and without the Body saith Hippocrates in Lib. de vet Med. Which have much different qualifications in the Sick and the Sound all which you must perfectly distinguish one from another that you may rightly know and observe the causes of every one of them According to Aristotle Health and Sickness are the Fundamental And Profitable in Medicine Parts of Medicine Both of them are contained in the Parts and Sickness compared with Health is the better discerned Ad to this That Aristotle Writes that he that would Cure the Eyes must first know the Structure of the Eye Again Hippocrates held that Diseases were distinguished according to the Parts they were in●ierent in and the principal Curative indications were taken from the Affect and the Part affected and Remedies both Medicinal and Chyrurgical were Prescribed and administred diversly according to the Parts Afflicted Therefore Galen wrote his Therapeuticks of the composition of Medicines according to the Parts afflicted and Avicenna did wisely when perceving that the Seats of Diseases could not be known without skil in Anatomy Before the Diseases of the particular Parts he set down their Anatomy And if we beleeve Galen in Lib. de Part med The first Matter or Subject of Medicine is the Body as it is the Subject of Health and Sickness Our intent then is by a short and easie Method To deliver in writing and The Intent of the Author demonstrate in dead Bodies of the seats of al Diseases and Symptomes both Internal and External and the particular way of Cure according to the order of Anatomy which is publickly observed A notable peice of Workmanship to learn Physick by by which 't is easie to manifest and bring to light the Errours in the Cures of Diseases and to instruct and inform such as are Studious in Physick by that time they have been hearers and beholders two yeares of two Anatomies in a year with diligent reading of Books and excercize of the knowing of Plants and other Drugs and visiting of the Sick with him that is their teacher Excellently said Johannes Fernelius in the beginning of his Pathology I shal never think any man wel skilled in the knowledg of Diseases unless he have been an Eye witness of the seats of them in the Body of man and know how they are affected against Nature neither can be come to this unless he be skilful and exquisite in Anatomy and whatsoever he reads or hears let him seriously contemplate it in the Body of man and settle the cheif knowledg of things in his mind Chap. 2. Why we begin our Anatomy with the Treatise of Bones THat kind of stile is two-fold which is used in the explication of any thing Gal. Com. ad Part. q. Lib. 1. de fract et Cap. 1. Lib. The Method of teaching double Synops. de Puls The first is called Synopticus when the Matter is briefly laid down The other Diexodicus when it is Copiously unfolded nothing being passed by which is profitable to be declared The former helps the memory the latter cleers the matter to the understanding For which Cause Galen divided his Books into Isagogical and perfect the first being fitted to young beginners the other to proficients as himself testifies Lib. de libris Propriis This is also confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates Lib. de vet Med. Where he adviseth Physitians to teach easie things to young students and such as may be quickly learned ad hereunto That al men desire to learn apace according to Aristor Lib. 2 de Rhetor. Chap. 10. And the Method of breife teaching is alwaies grateful both to young students and to perfect Masters for it teacheth the former what things must be learned and in the latter cals back to their memory what they have learned before and almost forgotten Gal. Lib. 4. de diff puls Wisely and Elegantly did the Emperor Justinian judg That a compendium of the Lawes was first to be propounded to invite Novices to knowledg Then are al things delivered most commodiously when they are first delivered by a plain and simple way and then by an exact and diligent interpretation for if we burden weak though studious minds at beginning with variety and Multiplicity of things we either make them desert their studies or else young Men to great labor and distrust and bring them by a longer way to what might be learned with more speed less labor and no distrust Therefore following the precepts of Galen and Hippocrates I wil describe Why the Author wrote a Synopsis a briefe and cleer Manual of Anatomy following the counsel of Galen who had rather write a Synopsis of his Books of Pulses himself then to leave the business to another who by not understanding his mind and sense should pervert or confound his meaning I begin with the Bones because they are the foundation of al the Parts of the whol Body which is substained Included Preserved and moved by the Why he begins with the Bones Bones which according to Hippocrates give stability and form to the Body Therefore he that is studious in Physick ought to be instructed in the perfect The necessity of writing of the Bones knowledg of the Bones before he come to behold the Anatomy of the whole Body otherwise he wil be ignorant in designing the original and insertion of the Muscles and the sticking of other Parts to certain Conceptacles of the Bones unless he be skilled in the History of Bones at which Anatomy is to begin as Hippocrates taught and after him Galen Chap. 3. The Division of Osteology or the History of the Bones THe History of the Bones is called Osteology of which are two Parts The Parts of Osteology

call the pungy substance of the bones Sarcia or Caruncles in regard of their Function This intermediate space interpoled between the two plates of the Skul is called The space between the skulplates how called by Hippocrates Diploe Howbeit Galen contrary to the Opinion of the Antient Physitians cals the second and inmost plate of the Skul Diploe in the sixe Book of his Method of Healing The Use of this Diploe Duplicature or spungy substance is three-fold First The use thereof to receive blood for the nourishment of the Skul Secondly That the Fleshy Excrescence in the Fractures of the Skul might grow out of it Thirdly That the Fumes of the Brain might more easily be exha●ed Somtimes an Humor is collected between the two plates by way of transcolation Why there are two plates which being in process of time corrupted does cause most excessive pains which often happens in an ●iveretate Venereal Pox when the Skul is knobbed and bunched with a certain Exostosis This double pla●e or board of the Skul has been made by a wonderful contrivance of Nature lest in al blows upon the Head the wound should penetrate the whol substance of the bone Hence it comes to pass that somtimes one plate is cleft while the other remains unhurt The Whore-masters Pox does often-times eat through the external plate and somtimes through both the plates without killing the Patient who lives a long time after as Palmarius avouches in Chap. 4. of his Book de Lue Venerea The like Example you may read in the 18. Chapter of Benivenius his Book de Abditis Morborum Causis And I my self have often observed the same The Sutures although they are a T 15. f 3. a a. b b f 4 b b. c. very closely united in living Persons yet are The Sutures they somtimes very a●t to gape and to move pain as Galen reports towards the end of his third Commentary in Officinam Hippocratis But they seem not at al inclined to any loosness or gaping about the meeting together Whether an Issue may be made in the Crown of the Head of the Sagittal and Coronal Sutures in Persons come to ripeness of Age where a Fontanel is a made and therefore I have often found by Experience that this part may without any detriment have a Caustick applied thereunto Which kind of Practice Fabricius commends in his Chyrurgery others dislike it as dangerous viz. Mathaeus de Gradis Vesalius Lib. 1. Cap. 6. of his Anatomy Baptista Montanus in his 36. Counsel Zechius in his Counsels And Baptv●●a Carcanus in hi● Book of Head-wounds See Claudinus his Counsels I confess that somtimes in Children this part being soft and gristly is long ere it grow hand over that it is in grown persons and Galen has seen it in such Yonglings to move and pant Gal. Lib. 13. Method Cap. 22. And in such a case to apply a Cautery were dangerous The Africans did burn an Issue in the Crown● of their Childrens Heads as Mercurialis shews from Herodotus They did burn the Veins of the Crown of their Heads with scalding Oesypus or Sheeps Grease and in case any Convulsion happened they did Remedy the same by the sprinkling of Goats piss thereon It is written by Herodotus Aratus and Arrianus in the Life of Alexander the Whether Blackmeers have Sutures in their Skuls great that the Heads of the Aethiopians and Egyptians had no Sutures which gave Pareus occasion to write That the Aethiopians and Moors and those which inhabit hot Regions towards the South and the Aequinoctial Line have Skuls harder than ordinary having none or very few Sutures in them The falsity where of did plainly appear when I dissected a very swart●y Black-moor publickly in the Medicinal Schools whose Skul was in al things like one of ours In the Head there are many remarkable Cavities which the Anatomists call Cavities of the Head Sinus These you shal diligently search for that you may know whether they are void and empty covered with a thin Membrane and what communion they have one with another Now the Cavities are on each side four The Maxillary Cavity which lies concealed within the upper Jaws The Frontal Cavity seated in the Forehead by the Eye-brows The Sphenoidean Cavity which lies hidden under the Seat or Saddle of the Sphenoides The Mastoidean which is contained within the Mastoides They are al empty and covered over with a thin Membrane only the Mastoidean is hollow indeed but has no Membrane but is distinguished into seven eight or nine little Cels as we see in a Bee-hive The Entrance of the Maxilary Cavity within the cavity of the Nostrills is to be seen on the side of Os Spongiosum The Entrance of the Frontal Cavity is seen in the highest and inmost pa●●s of the Nostrills The Entrance of the Sphenoidean Cavity we find to be deep Within the nostrils the spongy bones being taken away The Ingress of the Maxillary Cavity is evident without cutting the Bones The Ingress of the Frontal Cavity is evidently perceived the Frontal bone being cut in sunder above the Eye-brows The Ingress of the Sphenoidean Cavity is discerned as soon as the inner plate of the Sphenoides is taken away The entrance of the Mastoidean Cavity is contained in the left side of the Concha neer the Apophysis Mastoides and cannot be seen unless the arched Vault of the Concha be broken or the porus auditorius pulled in peices Sylvius conceives and demonstrates from Galen that flegm being transmitted through the little holes of the upper plate is collected and heaped up within the Whether flegm may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Sphenoidean cavity and thence conveighed into the Palate which way of the passage of Excrements is by Vesalius Columbus Falopius and Valverda rejected who contradict Galen in this point and maintain that this excrement is voided through the neighbouring holes which rest upon the Sella Sphenoidea The reason of Gallen and Sylvius is that it is better the excrements should be strained and kept up for a season in those Cavities than that a man should be continually spitting and holding his mouth evermore open For although the Sphenoidean Cavities are in the dissections of dead bodies empty and appear not to be ful either of flegm or serosities probable notwithstanding it is that the serous humor which flowes and distils out of the Choana through the sive-like plate of the Sella equina is transcolated into the Cavities which are beneath and from them powred back by certaine oval and sufficiently wide Holes and voided forth into the spungy bones of the Nostrils neither do they deny that a part of the serosities does sweat through the porosities of the inferior table or plate into the palate But the serous humor received in the spungy bones of the Nostrils does by little and little sweat out and pass away when by its quantity or quality it provokes nature