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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13830	The Spanish Mandeuile of miracles. Or The garden of curious flowers VVherin are handled sundry points of humanity, philosophy, diuinitie, and geography, beautified with many strange and pleasant histories. First written in Spanish, by Anthonio De Torquemeda, and out of that tongue translated into English. It was dedicated by the author, to the right honourable and reuerent prelate, Don Diego Sarmento de soto Maior, Bishop of Astorga. &c. It is deuided into sixe treatises, composed in manner of a dialogue, as in the next page shall appeare.; Jardin de flores curiosas. English	Torquemada, Antonio de, fl. 1553-1570.; Lewkenor, Lewis, Sir, d. 1626.; Walker, Ferdinand.	1600 (1600)	STC 24135; ESTC S118471	275,568	332

all the rest that is reported of them to be a meer fable BER It is a thing most true known and approued that there are in the Sea as diuers and sundry kindes of Fishes as there is on the earth of beasts or in the ayre of foules so that it is not to be wondred at if some of them resemble humaine forme as these which we haue named LU. And though wee haue long deteyned our selues in this conuersation yet before wee part I beseech you resolue me in one doubt which remaineth cōcerning men the which is this I haue heard say that there haue been in times past certaine women which changing theyr sexes haue been conuerted into men which seemeth so strange and vnnaturall that I hold it but for a fable like that which is reported of Tyresias the Thebane Prophet AN. Neuer wonder so much at this for possibly this which is reported of him as a tale false and feigned was indeede truth as many other the like which haue with great authority beene written and affirmed For proofe whereof read Pliny in his 4. chapter of his 7. Booke where he vseth these words It is no matter feyned sayth hee that women sometimes change their sexe for we sinde in the Chronicles that Publiꝰ Liciniꝰ Crassꝰ Caius Cassiꝰ Longinꝰ beeing Consuls a young mayden perfect in that sexe daughter to Casinus was changed and metamorphozed to a perfect man and therefore by the commaundement of theyr Soothsayers was carried away as a thing prodigious and cast into a desert Iland And Licinius Mucianus affirmeth that he saw in Argos a man called Aresconte who had beene first a vvoman called Arescusa after the changing of her sexe she came to haue a beard and married a vvife of the like sort he sawe a young strypling in the Citty of Smyrna and a little farder he cōmeth to say I my selfe saw in Affrica Luciꝰ Cosciꝰ a cittizen of Triditania who the selfe same day that he was maried beeing then a woman was transformed into a man Neither is Plinie alone author of this wonderful nouelty for Pontanꝰ a man of great grauity writeth that a woman in the citty of Caeta after she had bin 14. yeres married turned her sex becam a man that another woman called Emilia maried vnto a citizen of Ibula called Anthonio Spensa after she had been 12. yeres his wife becam a perfect man and maried another woman begat children Another far stranger then eyther of these is recited by the same authour of a woman that had been maried brought forth a sonne which afterwards beeing conuerted into a man married another woman and had children by her but because these are old matters and it may be sayd that wee goe farre for witnesses I will tell you what Doctor Amatus writeth a Phisition of no small estimation in Portugall who in a worke of Phisicke which he made sayth that in a village called Esgueyra distant ix leagues from the Citty of Corimbra there liued a Gentleman who had a daughter named Marya Pacheco the which at such age as by the course of nature her flowers should haue come downe in sted thereof as though it had before lyen hidden in her belly there issued forth a perfect and able member masculine so that of a vvoman shee became a man and was presently clothed in mans habite and apparrell and her name changed from Marie to Manuell Pacheco and not long after passing into the East Indies shee wan in the vvarres great reputation through the valour of her person from whence returning most opulent and rich she shortly afterward married a Gentlewoman of a very Noble house by whom whether she had any children or no he writeth not but onely that she neuer came to haue any beard retayning alwayes a womanly face countenance and thys he affirmeth of his owne sight and knowledge But those that will neyther giue credite to these thinges vvhich I haue sayde nor to the Authors of them let them read Hyppocrates by a common consent called the Euangelist of Phisitions There was sayth he in his 6. booke De morbis popularibus a woman called Phaetula in the Citty of Abderis wife to Piteus which beeing of young and tender yeares when her husband was banished from thence remained many months without hauing her flowers which caused her to feele an exceeding payne in her members whereupon her body shortly after miraculously changed sexe her voyce became manly sharpe and her chinne was couered with a beard The selfe fame hapned in like sort in Tafus to Anamisia wife to Gorgippus LUD Truly these things which you haue rehearsed are meruailous and the onely authoritie of Hippocrates suffiseth to giue them credit emboldned through which I will tel you a thing which till nowe I alwayes accounted as a fable or thing dreamed which though it be long since it was tolde me yet would I neuer vtter it to any because I reputed it as a thing altogether incredible It was thus A friend of mine of good authority and credite told me that in a Village not farre hence there was a vvoman maried with a Husbandman by whom hauing no children they were at continuall iarre so that were it through iealousie or other cause she led with him a most vnquiet life for remedy whereof shee rising on euening cloathed her selfe in the garments of a young fellowe that dwelt with them in the house and departed secretly from that time forward faigning her selfe to be a man and put her selfe into seruice gaining where-with to sustaine her life in which estate after she had a while remained whether it were that Nature wrought in her with so effectuall vertue and puissance or that her owne earnest imagination seeing her selfe in that habite had force to worke so strange an effect she was transformed into a man and maried an other woman not daring through simplicity discouer this matter till by chaunce a man that had beene before time acquainted with her looking one day earnestly vpon her and viewing in her the perfect resemblance of her which hee had before time knowne demaunded if she or rather he were her brother vvhereuppon he being now changed and become a man and withall putting great confidence in the other opened vnto him the whole secresie of this successe instantly beseeching him not to discouer it to any man BER Whatsouer Nature hath at one time done it may doe an other and as well may this which you haue tolde bee true as that which is affirmed by Writers and therefore you haue done well to reserue it till nowe comming so well to purpose as it doth for the confirmation of the before rehearsed especially we being nowe so well perswaded of the possibility thereof but if you should tell the same amongst some kinde of men you would be in great hazard to be iested at for your labour as I was for saying that there was

withall you said that the shapes of men being al one their countenances gestures are so diuers that it is vnpossible to finde one like another in all points Wheras I haue heard read of many that were so like in resemblance the one vnto the other that there was no difference at all to be found between them Your selfe I know must needs haue better knowledge hereof then I because you haue read Pliny other authors which treat therof and Pedro Mexia hath copied out many examples of thē in his forrest of collections besides all the which I wil alledge some notable examples The first is of two striplings which one Toranius sold to Mark Anthonio saying they were two brothers when in truth the one was born in Europe the other in Asia whose likenes was such that there was not in any one point difference between thē And when Anthonio finding himselfe deceaued began to be angry Toranius satisfied him in saying that there was greater cause of wonder in the diuersity of their Nations then if as he first had sayd they had ben both begotten horn of one father mother I am sure you haue read what many authors write of K. Antiochus who being murdered by the means of his wife Laodice she placed in his steed clothed with his rich habiliaments regall ornaments one Artemō of Siria who resembled him in such sort that he raigned two yeres without being known or discouered of any man In Rome there was a man called Caius Bibius so like to Pompey that he could be discerned from him by no other means then by the diuersity of his apparell Cassius Seucrus Mirmilus Lucius Pancus Rubus Estrius Marcus Messala Menogenes were by couples one so like another that they were with much adoe to be knowne of theyr familier friends such as were well acquainted with them and haunted daily their company But leauing the auncient Romaines we haue the like examples enough amongst our selues Don Rodrigo Girdon and his brother the Count of Vruenna were so like that vnlesse it were by their attire habiliments their very Seruants knew them not apart in so much that I haue heard it affirmed which if it be true is passing strange that being children sleeping both in one bed in touching their legs or armes together the flesh of the one did so cleaue to the other that they could not without difficulty be sundred But what should we passe heerein any farther vvhen euery day we see and heare the like BER I can be a witnesse of two which I haue seene my selfe no lesse meruailous then these which you haue rehearsed of the one there are witnesses enough in this house of Beneuenta for it is yet not much aboue twenty yeares that the Earle had a Lacky whom another man came to seeke saying that he was his brother and that he had runne away from his Parents being young they were so like that there was not betweene them any iote of difference at all vnlesse it were that he that came was somwhat more in yeeres but which is strangest though the Lacky were sent for to take possession of some goods left him by his Father yet did he constantly deny the other to be his brother affirming with oathes that he was not borne in that Village nor Country by many miles the other still remaining obstinate in challenging him for his brother where-vpon the Earle commaunded them both to goe to the same Village for to satisfie an old woman there which said she was mother to them both The Lacky comming thither could not perswade them but that he was the selfe same whom they supposed in the end the old vvoman looking fixedly vpon him for better assurance quoth she if thou art my sonne thou hast in such a place of thy legge a marke vvhich vvhen thou wert a child was burned The Lacky with wonderfull astonishment confessed that he had such a marke indeede though still perseuering with oaths to affirme that he knew them not and that hee neuer in his life before had beene in that Village as the truth indeede vvas for afterward it was proued that he was borne farre from that place and it was well knowne who were his Parents Besides this it was my hap being but a stripling to see an other the like very strange in a Village hard by the Citty of Segouia where I remained foure or fiue dayes in the house of a very honest substantiall man which had by his wife two daughters so strangely like that in turning your eyes once of them it was vnpossible to know which was the one and which was the other they were about 13. or 14. yeres olde I asking the mother which was the elder shee pointed to the one saying that she was borne halfe an houre before the other for she had at one burden both them and a sonne which she told me was with an vnkle of his in Segouia so resembling in all points to his sisters that being one day apparelled in one of theyr garments and brought before her husband and her neyther hee nor shee did the whole day till night that hee was vnclothed finde know or perceaue any difference at all betweene him and his sister LVD Truely this is very strange and the like hath sildom happened in Spaine especially in our time Macrobius writeth in the second booke of his Saturnals that there came a young man to Rome so resembling Aug. Caesar that standing before him it seemed that hee beheld as in a glasse the figure of himselfe whereupon Caesar asked him if euer his mother had beene at Rome meaning thereby that perchance his father might haue had acquaintance with her which the young man perceiuing answered him redily that his mother had neuer been there but his father oftentimes though thys history be common rehearsed of many yet I could not let it passe because it serueth so fitly to the purpose of which wee entreat AN. I deny not but that this may be true and that there are many the like things hapned in the worlde but according to the old prouerbe One Swallow maketh no Sommer neyther doth the whole field leaue to be cald greene for two or three hearbes or leaues that are withered and of a dead colour within it these are things which happen sildome and therefore refute not a generalitie so great as is the diuersity common difference of the countenaunces and gestures of all the men and women in the whole world LUD I confesse that you haue great reason but let vs not so passe ouer Signior Bernards tale of the woman with three children borne at one burden all liuing and brought vp to that age which truly seemeth to me so strange that me thinks in my life I neuer heard the like especially in this our Country AN. I wonder not a little thereat my selfe yet Aristotle writeth that the

the rest they may sometimes fall out according as by the vertue and property of the signes and planets may be coniectured and iudged yea and sometimes also otherwise because it may please the first cause which imparted vnto them that vertue to change or alter their property or that there may be diuers other causes in the way which may hinder the effect of their influence AN. You haue in few wordes briefly knit vp the very pith and substance of the whole BER Well then let vs leaue this and come to Palmestrers which are they that tell Fortunes by seeing the lines of the inside of the hand whose diuinations they say prooue oftentimes true I would faine therefore know what credite we may giue them AN. I haue great suspition of those who confidently affirme their diuinations by Palmestry that they deale also in Negromancy that the deuill being farre craftier and subtiler then man and through his long experience and by certaine coniectures being able to knowe certaine thinges that are to come doth reueale vnto them the most part of those things for otherwise by the lines of the hand onely it were not possible to diuine so right though somtimes also the things simply thereby coniectured may proue true neyther can the Phisiognomers affirme that the same must needs be true which by their Science appeareth likely to happen For Aristotle which wrote a booke of Phisiognomy entreating of all the signes marks by which the conditions of men may be knowne sayeth that they are but casuall and by Chaunce As for those that seeing the Phisiognomy of a man doe iudge that he must come to be rich or that his end must be the Gallowes or that hee must be drowned and such like such must thinke that they be deceaued and ought therefore to reserue the successes of all thinges to the will of God whereby they may couer their error and remaine excused if the sequell fall otherwise out then they coniectured it should LU. This matter seemeth sufficiently debated of onely out of the former discourse resulteth one doubt which mee thinks were against reason that it should remaine so smothered vp and that is of the speech of Signior Anthonios where he sayd that of the influence of the signes planets and starres are engendered pestilences and new diseases inundations destroying vvhole Countries long drinesse vvhich causeth dearths infirmities scarsity of corne fruit with diuers other the like AN. This is a question in which the Astronomers and Philosophers doe disagree eyther holding of them their seuerall opinions For the Astronomers in community doe hold and affirme that all this which you haue said proceedeth from the constellations and that through their causes these domages do happen vnto men all the other euils also with the which we are afflicted alleadging for the proofe thereof the authority of Ptolome in his Centiloquium The man sayth he that is skilfull in the Science of Astronomy may fore see and auoide many euils to happen according to that which the starres doe shew portend and also they alleadge Gallen in his third book of Iudiciall daies whose words are these Let vs saith hee imagine that a man is borne the good Planets being in Aries and the euill in Taurus there is no doubt to be made but all thinges shall goe prosperously with this man while the Moone shall be in Aries Cancer Libra or Capricornus but when she shall possesse any signe in Quadrat aspect or in Diameter to the signe of Taurus he shall be molested with many troubles and vexations and hee goeth farther and sayth that this man shall begin to be perplexed with many infirmities when so euer the Moone shall be in the signes of Taurus Leo Scorpio or Aquarius and contrarily shall enioy perfect good health while the Moone shall be in the signes of Aries Libra Cancer or Capricornus They recite besides another authority of Auicenna in his fourth booke where he saith the configuration of the caelestiall bodies to be sometimes the cause of pestilentiall infirmities as when Saturne and Mars are in coniunction And so doth Gentil exemplifie it alleaging the selfe same place but what should I trouble my selfe in reciting their authorities when finally there is no Astronomer or Phisition which holdeth not the same but the Philosophers as I haue said maintaine a contrary opinion affirming that no domage or euil can proceede from the Planets signes or starres into the inferiour bodies and so diuine Plato in his Epynomide I surely thinke saith he the starres and all the caelestiall bodies to be a kinde of diuine creatures of a very beautifull body and constituted with a soule most perfect and blessed and to these creatures as farre as I vnderstand must be attributed one of these two things eyther that they and their motions are eternall and without any domageable preiudice or if not yet at the least that their life is so long that it is not necessary for them to haue any longer These are the words of Plato by the which is vnderstood that if the Caelestiall bodies haue no euill in them as beeing diuine pure cleane and sempiternall without any preiudiciall domage and free from all corruption and euill they can then by no means be causers of those domages euils which happen in the world to the inferior bodies Going on farther in the same booke This is sayth he the nature of the stars in sight most beautiful goodly in their moouings obseruing a most magnificent order imparting to inferiour creatures such things as are profitable for them By these authorities they inferre that seeing the starres are of such excellencie and that from them are imparted to creatures things profitable and wholesome they can by no meanes be the occasion of harme or mischiefe theyr nature office which they continuallie vse being contrarie thereunto But farther the same Author goeth on declaring the same more plainly Finally saith hee of all these thinges we may inferre this as a true and conclusiue opinion that it were vnpossible for the heauen the Planets the starres and the caelestiall bodies which appeare therein vnlesse they had a soule or vnlesse they dyd it through God by some exquisite reason to be able to reuolue the yeeres monthes dayes beeing the cause of all our good and so being of our good they cannot be of our euill And this explaneth Calcidiꝰ vpon the same Plato in his Tymaeus by these words Either sayth he all the starres are diuine and good without doing any euill or some of thē onely are euill and domageable But howe can this agree or howe can it be said that in a place so holy and so full of all bounty and goodnes there can be any euill And the starres beeing replenished with caelestiall wisedome euilnes and malice proceeding of the contrary which is folly howe can wee then terme the starres to be malicious or causers of any euill

contagion of these inferior bodyes and therfore the Philosophers party is not so freely generally to be maintained without exception of some particularities for if we will looke downe vnto the herbes we shal find that the Hemlock a kinde of weede yeelded to our elders a iuyce with the which they executed their sentence of death constraining those whom they condemned to die to drinke thereof as Plato writeth in his Phaedon The iuyce also of the Mandragora is knowne to be mortiferous and deadlie to those that drinke thereof AN. Passe on no farther in this matter for I confesse it to be as you say yet Hemlocke was not created by God neither doth the influence of the constellations worke in it any effect but for our profit commoditie for if you read Dioscorides you shal there find that there is nothing of greater efficacie to heale Saint Anthonies fire it asswageth the raging of the Milke in women newly deliuered and Plinie sayth that it preserueth the teates from swelling Cornelius Celsus affirmeth that it healeth watry eyes and stauncheth the bleeding at the nose and Galene sayth that the grayne thereof is the naturall foode of many Byrdes namelie Stares Neither is the Mandragora lesse profitable and wholsome for the roote thereof moystned and tempered with Vineger healeth the woundes made by Serpents dissolueth the Kings euill and cureth the disease called the Wolfe asswageth the paine of the Goute causeth the flowers of women to come downe and taketh spots out of the face All this saith Auicenne thereof in his seconde Booke Tryacle Escamonia Turbit Agarico and other Medicines made of herbes wee notoriously know to contayne poyson in them and yet wee see by daily experience how wholsome their operations are to those that are sicke and the like is in all other herbes vvhich are venomous of which there is not any one to be found that wanteth peculiar vertue or that is not one way or other helping and profitable Neither is there lesse vertue to be found in lyuing things which are commonly held to be venomous as for example though the Snake be not without poyson yet her skinne which she casteth as sayth Dyoscorides being sod in Wine and some drops thereof let fall into the eare diseased helpeth the paine thereof and the same Wine beeing taken and held in ones mouth cureth the tooth-ache and the flesh thereof being made into a certaine preparatife eaten healeth the Leprosie The Viper is most venemous and full of poyson yet are they no small vertues and commodities which she yeeldeth for as Pliny sayth in his 29. booke the ashes of her skinne beeing burned is the best remedy that may be to cause hayres falne of through infirmitie or disease to grow againe and that shee herselfe beeing burned and beaten into powder tempred with the iuyce of Fenell and certaine other things cleereth the eye-sight and driueth away Rhumes and Catarres Dyoscorides also sayth and Plinie affirmeth the same that the payne of gowtie feete is taken away by annointing them with her greace and Galen in his sixth booke De virtute medicamentorum affirmeth that if a Viper be choked with a corde or string made of coloured Flaxe and hanged about the neck of him which suffereth any passion stuffing or choaking in the throat it shall be an admirable remedie the selfe same affirmeth Auicenne in his 3. booke though there be many that regard not whether the string be of Flaxe or of wooll of what colour so euer and for the most part they vse therein white Besides Aristotle sayth in his third booke De Animalibus that as the Vipers and Scorpions are knowne to be noysome and full of poyson so haue they also many profitable and helping vertues if wee could attaine to the knowledge and experience of them all And lastly that the Viper sod in vvine healeth those that are infected with Leaprosie which Gallen confirmeth by an example alleadged in his eleuenth booke of simple Medicines where he sayth that certaine Mowers brought with them into the field where they laboured a little vessell of vvine leauing the same vnder a hedge by forgetfulnes vncouered within a while returning to drinke thereof as they poured out the vvine there fell out of the vessell a dead Viper into their drinking boule which hauing crept into the same was therein drowned so that they dared not to tast thereof There was thereby by chaunce at that present in a little Hute or Cabbine a man infected with a disease which they call Leaprosie who through the loathsome contagiousnes of his disease was expelled the Towne and forced to remaine in the fields to the end that the infection of his disease should scatter it selfe no farther The Mowers mooued with compassion accounting the calamitous life of this poore man to be more miserable then death gaue vnto him this impoysoned vvine to drinke as a work of charity thereby to deliuer him out of that languishing life so full of horror loathsomnes and calamity which hauing done the successe that followed was meruailous for so soone as the sick Leaper had greedily swallowed in the wine his disease and filthines began by little and little to fall from him and in short spacee he becam whole sound so that I say that all hearbs beasts and stones contayning in them any poyson or thing noysome containe also in them many good and profitable vertues neyther are we to attribute vnto the starres the blame of the domages which they doe but vnto our selues vvhich know not how to vse them as we ought and should doc for our health and commodity For the Sunne which with his comfortable heate conserueth and cheereth our life would perchaunce be occasion of death to him that in midst of a raging hot day would lay himselfe naked vpon some high place to be scorched parched with the beames thereof And as a sword or dagger which is made for the defence of man and to offend his enemy may be the causer of his owne death if he wil desperatly thrust it into his owne body in like sort those men who vse not the before rehearsed things and such like as they should doe in receauing thereby the profit they may in auoyding the harme that through the vse of them ill employed may ensue can not iusty lay blame on any but themselues Concluding therfore I say that pestilentiall contagious diseases are caused by matters of the earth it selfe infecting the ayre as dead carrions corrupted carkasses sinks standing stopt waters that come to putrifie and stink with many such other filthy infectious things As for great inundations droughts and famines with the rest of such like accidents that offend anoy vs they come and proceed for our chastisement from the wil of God causing permitting thē without the which neither can the starres haue any force or vertue at all neither can they be the causers of any

reason therfore but they neuer talke of that Land which runneth on in length by the sea coast on the left hand towards the West passing by the kingdome of Norway and many other Prouinces and Countries for they know not what Land it is neither whether it goeth nor where it endeth nor where it turneth to ioyne with those parts of which they haue notice LV. By this meanes then it may be that they are deceaued which say that Europe is the least part of the three olde diuided parts of the world yet some say that on the other side of the bounds of Asia also there is much vnknowne Lande AN. You haue reason for this Land of which I speak stretching out along the Occident commeth turning to the Septentrion euen till vnder the Northern Pole which is the same that we here see from which forward on the other side what Lande there is or howe it extendeth it selfe wee knowe not though perchaunce the same be very great and spacious But let vs leaue this matter till hereafter where I will declare it more particulerly let vs return to entreate of som grounds and principles which are necessary for the facility of vnderstanding that which wee will speake of for otherwise in alleaging euery particuler wee should bring in all the Astrologie and cosmography of the world and therfore ommitting to declare what thing the Sphaere is and in what sort it is vnderstood that the earth is the Center of the worlde and then how the Center of the Earth is to be vnderstood with infinit other the like I will onelie alleadge that which is necessarie for our discourse First therefore all Astronomers and Cosmographers deuide the heauen into fiue Zones which are fiue parts or fiue gyrdings about according to which also the Earth is deuided into other fiue parts The one hath in the midst thereof the Pole Artick or North-pole which is the same that wee see the other hath the South or Pole Antartick directly contrary on the other side of the Heauen These 2. Poles are as two Axeltrees vpon which the whole Heauen turneth about they still standing firme in one selfe place in the midst betweene them both is the same which we call Torrida Zona and of the other two Colaterall Zones the one is between Torrida Zona the North-pole beeing the same in which we inhabite cōtaining Asia Affrick Europe it hath not bin known or vnderstood til these our times that any other of the Zones or parts of the earth hath been enhabited and so saith Ouid in his Metamorphosis that as the heauen is deuided into fiue Zones two one the right hand and two on the left and that in the midst more fierie then any of the rest so hath the diuine Prouidence deuided the Earth into other fiue parts of which that in the midst is through the great heate vninhabitable and the two vtmost in respect of their exceeding cold The selfe same opinion holdeth Macrobius in his seconde booke of the Dreame of Scipio Virgill in his Georgiques and the most part of all the auncient Authors whose authorities it serueth to no purpose to rehearse because in these our tymes we haue seene and vnderstood by experience the contrary as touching Torrida Zona seeing it is as well to be enhabited as any of the others and euery day it is past vnder frō one part to another as wee the other day discoursed And trulie the ignoraunce of the Auncients must bee verie great seeing they know not that Arabia faelix Aethiopia the coast of Guyne Calecut Malaca Taprobana Elgatigara many other Countries then in notice were vnder Torrida zona beeing a thing so notorious manifest that I maruaile how they coulde so deceaue themselues and not onely they but diuers moderne Writers also which though one way they confesse it yet another way they seeme to stande in doubt as may be seene by the Cosmography of Petrus Appianus augmented by Gemmafrigius a man in that Science very famous whose wordes are these The fiue zones of the Heauen constitute so many parts in the Earth of which the two vtmost in respect of theyr extreame cold are vnenhabitable the middlemost through the continuall course of the Sunne and perpendiculer beames thereof is so singed that by reason it seemeth not at all or very hardly to be habitable The Greeke Commendador likewise a man of great fame estimation in Spayne deceaued himselfe in his glosse vvhich hee vvrote vpon Iohn De Meno wherein hee maintayneth thys auncient opinion by these vvordes The Mathematitians sayth hee deuide the Earth into fiue Zones of which the two vtmost next the Poles through theyr great extreamitie of colde are not enhabitable neyther that in the midst through extreame heate the other two of each side participating of the heate of the middle and the colde of the vtter Zones are temperate and inhabitable Of these two the one is enhabited by those Nations of which we haue notice and is deuided into three parts Affrica Asia and Europa the other is enhabited by those whom we call Antypodes of whom we neuer had nor neuer shall haue any knowledge at all by reason of the Torrida or burned Zone which is vninhabitable the fierie heate of which stoppeth the passage betweene them and vs so that neyther they can come at vs nor we at them c. Though heere the Comendador confesse that there are Antypodes with whom wee cannot conuerse nor traffique yet the Auncients accounting the Torrida Zona as vninhabitable doubted whether there could be of the other side therof any people seeming vnto them vnpossible for any man since the creation of Adam which was created in this second Zone of the Pole Articke to passe ouer the burning Zone and there to generate and spred mankind Of this opinion seemeth to be S. Austine when he saith Those which fabulously affirme that there are Antypodes which is to say men of the contrary part where the Sunne riseth when it setteth with vs and which goe on the ground with theyr feete right against ours are by no meanes to be beleeued and Lactantius Firmianus in his third booke of Diuine Institutions laugheth and iesteth at those which make the earth and the water to be a body sphaericall and round at which error of his being a man so wise and prudent I cannot choose but much meruaile in denying a principle so notoriously known as though the world being round those people which are opposite to vs vnderneath should fall downe backwards The grosnes of which ignorance being nowe so manifestly discouered I will spend no more time in rehearsing his wordes so that they deny that there are Antypodes and that the world is enhabitable at all the Zones the contrary whereof is manifest Pliny handleth this matter in the sixty fiue Chapter of his second booke but in the end he resolueth not whether

there are Antypodes or no neither can it out of his words be gathered what he thinketh thereof LU. What is the meaning of this word Antipodes AN. I will briefely declare it vnto you though mee thinkes you should haue vnderstood the same by that which I haue sayd before Antypodes are they which are on the other part of the world contrary in opposite vnto vs going with their feete against ours so that they which vnderstand it not thinke that they goe with their heads downward whereas they goe in the selfe same sort with their heads as wee doe for the world being round in what part thereof soeuer a man standeth eyther vnder or aboue or on the sides his head standeth vpright towards heauen and his feete directly towards the Center of the earth so that it cannot be saide that the one standeth vpward and an other downward for so the same which wee should say of them they might say of vs meruailing how wee could stay our selues without falling because it should seeme to them that they stand vpward and we downward and the right Antypodes are as I said those which are in contrary and opposite Zones as they of the North-pole to those of the South-pole and we being in this second Zone haue for our Antypodes those of the other second Zone which is on the other side of Torrida Zona but those in Torrida Zona it selfe cannot holde any for theyr right Antypodes but those which are of one side thereof directly to those that are on the other vnder them or aboue them or howe you list to vnderstand it BER I vnderstand you well but we being in this Zone which is round winding as you say about the earth how shall we terme those that are directly vnder vs who by all likelihoods must be onely vpon one side of the world for if there were a line drawne betweene them and vs through the earth the same line should not come to passe through the Center and middle of the earth AN. These the Cosmographers call in a manner Antypodes which in such sort as they haue different places one frō an other so doe they terme them by different names as Perioscaei Etheroscaei and Amphioscaei being Greeke wordes by which their manner of standing is declared and signified Perioscaei are those whose shadowes goe round about and these as you shall heereafter vnderstand cannot bee but those which are vnder the Poles Amphioscaei are those which haue their shadow of both sides towards Aquilo and Auster according as the Sunne is with them Etheroscaei are those which haue their shadow alwayes on one side but what distinction soeuer these words seeme to make yet Antypodes is common to them all for it is sufficient that they are contrary though not so directly that they writhe not of one side nor other for facility of vnderstanding this take an Orenge or any other round fruite thrust it of all sides full of needles and there you shall see howe the points of the needles are one against another by diuers waies of which those that passe through the sides are as well opposite as those which passe through the very Center and middle of the Orenge But this being a matter so notorious and all men now knowing that the whole world is enhabitable and that the same being round one part must needes be opposite to another it were to no purpose to discourse any farther therein LU. This is no small matter which you say that the whole world is enhabitable for leauing aside that you should say this generality is to be vnderstood that there is in all parts of the world habitation notwithstanding that there are manie Deserts Rocks and Mountaines which for some particuler causes are not enhabited me thinks you can by no meanes say that the two vtmost Zones in which the North South-pole is contained are enhabited seeing the common opinion of all men to the contrary AN. I confesse that all the old Astrologians Cosmographers and Geographers speaking of these two Zones doe terme them vninhabitable the same proceeding as they say through the intollerable rigour and sharpnes of the cold of which they affirme the cause to be because they are farther off from the Sunne then any other part of the earth and so sayth Pliny in the 70. Chapter of his second booke by these words Heauen is the cause of depriuing vs the vse of three parts of the earth which are the three vninhabitable Zones for as that in the midst is through extreame heate not any way habitable so of the two vtmost is the cold vntollerable being perpetually frosen with ice whose whitenes is the onely light they haue so that there is in them a continuall obscurity as for that part which is on the other side of Torrida Zona though it be temperate as ours is yet is it not habitable because there is no way to get into it c. And here-vpon he inferreth that there is no part of the world enhabited nor where people is but onely this Zone or part of the earth in which wee are an opinion truly for so graue an Author farre from reason and vnderstanding That therfore which I intend euidently to make manifest vnto you is that they were not onely deceaued in those Zones wherein eyther Pole is contayned but in Torrida Zona also for as this is found not to be so vntemperate nor the heate and Ardor so raging as they supposed so also is the cold of the Polar Zones nothing so rigorous and sharpe as they described it but sufferable and very well to be endured and enhabited as by proofe we find that all those cold Regions are peopled But the Auncients are to be excused who though they were great Cosmographers and Geographers yet they neuer knew nor discouered so much of the earth as the Modernes haue done which by painefull and industrious Nauigation haue discouered many Regions Countries and Prouinces before vnknowne not onely in the Occidentall Indies the which wee will leaue apart but in the Orientall also and in the farre partes of the Septentrion for proofe whereof reade Ptolome which is the most esteemed Geographer and to whom is giuen in those thinges which he wrote the greatest credite and you shall finde that hee confesseth himselfe to be ignorant of many Countries nowe discouered which he termeth vnknowne and vnfound Landes saying That the first part of Europe beginneth in the Iland of Hybernia whereas there are many other farther North that enter also into Europe and also a great quantity of firme Land which is on the same part towards the North-pole where he might haue taken his beginning and in his eight Table of Europe speaking of Sarmacia Europaea hee sayeth that there lyeth of the one side thereof a Country vnknowne and in his second Table of Asia entreating of Sarmacia Asiatica hee sayth the same not acknowledging for discouered