world_n shall_v thankful_a be_v and_o grateful_o extol_v thy_o charity_n which_o like_o the_o sun_n extend_v it_o useful_a light_n and_o dissipate_v the_o shadow_n of_o our_o night_n whilst_o wisdom_n here_o in_o england_n do_v remain_v like_o benefit_n impart_v and_o fame_n obtain_v l._n c._n book_n print_v for_o and_o sell_v by_o richard_n cumberland_n at_o the_o angel_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n a_o scriptural_a catechism_n or_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man_n lay_v down_o in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n chief_o intend_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o young_a sort_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o contain_v the_o chief_a principle_n of_o our_o christian_a belief_n the_o second_o instruct_v we_o in_o our_o duty_n to_o god_n and_o man_n according_a to_o the_o method_n observe_v in_o the_o excellent_a book_n entitle_v the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man._n to_o which_o be_v add_v some_o private_a devotion_n in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n with_o devout_a collect_v for_o several_a occasion_n recommend_v by_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n edward_n lord_n bishop_n of_o gloucester_n price_n 6_o s._n reform_a devotion_n in_o meditation_n hymn_n and_o petition_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o every_o holiday_n in_o the_o year_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o four_o edition_n review'd_n price_n 2_o s._n 6_o d._n a_o antidote_n against_o the_o principal_a error_n of_o the_o predestinarian_a a_o work_n design_v for_o the_o information_n of_o the_o common_a people_n price_n 4_o d._n reflection_n upon_o the_o devotion_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n with_o the_o prayer_n hymn_n and_o lesson_n themselves_o take_v out_o of_o their_o authentic_a book_n the_o three_o edition_n with_o a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o miracle_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o john_n patrick_n d._n d._n late_a preacher_n of_o the_o charterhouse_n london_n 8_o vo_z price_n 2_o s._n a_o essay_n concern_v friendly_a reproof_n explain_v clear_o the_o nature_n excellency_n and_o usefulness_n of_o it_o prove_v both_o from_o reason_n and_o revelation_n that_o it_o be_v a_o indispensable_a duty_n and_o lay_v down_o very_o plain_a rule_n concern_v the_o proper_a method_n both_o of_o give_v and_o receive_v it_o etc._n etc._n price_n 6_o s._n serious_n reflection_n on_o time_n and_o eternity_n with_o some_o other_o subject_n moral_a and_o divine_a to_o which_o be_v annex_v a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o year_n how_o observe_v by_o the_o jew_n and_o may_v be_v best_a employ_v by_o a_o serious_a christian_a with_o a_o exhortation_n to_o youth_n to_o prepare_v for_o judgement_n by_o john_n shower_n the_o three_o edition_n correct_v and_o very_o much_o enlarge_v price_n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n horological_a disquisition_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o time_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o all_o day_n from_o noon_n to_o noon_n be_v not_o alike_o twenty_o four_o hour_n long_o in_o which_o appear_v the_o impossibility_n of_o a_o clock_n be_v always_o keep_v exact_o true_a to_o the_o sun_n with_o table_n of_o equation_n and_o new_a and_o better_a rule_n than_o any_o yet_o extant_a how_o thereby_o precise_o to_o adjust_a royal_a pendulum_n and_o keep_v they_o afterward_o as_o near_o as_o possible_a to_o the_o apparent_a time_n with_o a_o table_n of_o pendulum_n show_v the_o beat_v that_o any_o length_n make_v in_o a_o hour_n a_o work_n very_o necessary_a for_o all_o that_o will_v understand_v the_o true_a way_n of_o right_o manage_v clock_n and_o watch_n by_o john_n smith_n c._n m._n to_o which_o be_v add_v the_o best_a rule_n for_o the_o order_v and_o use_n both_o of_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o spirit_n weather-glass_n and_o mr._n watson_n rule_n for_o adjust_v a_o clock_n by_o the_o fix_a star_n price_n 1_o s._n just_o publish_v a_o compendium_n of_o devotion_n contain_v a_o treatise_n of_o prayer_n and_o thanksgiving_n with_o morning_n and_o evening_n psayer_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n &c_n &c_n also_o a_o sermon_n of_o draw_v nigh_o to_o god_n by_o the_o late_a reverend_a b._n whitcott_n d._n d._n pr._n 2_o s._n a_o letter_n from_o dr._n w._n p._n to_o the_o right_n reverend_a the_o bp._n of_o r_n in_o vindication_n of_o his_o sermon_n on_o trinity-súnday_a quarto_n pr._n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 2_o d._n contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n viz._n the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n bramen_n the_o marquisates_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o mismia_n with_o the_o territory_n adjoinng_a the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n fellow_n of_o queens-college_n oxon_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o may_v be_v have_v for_o 15_o s._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 3d_o contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o germany_n viz._n schwaben_n the_o palatinate_n of_o bavaria_n arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n kingdom_n of_o hungary_n principality_n of_o transylvania_n the_o circle_n of_o westphalia_n with_o the_o neighbour_a province_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n arch-dcacon_a of_o carlisle_n and_o fellow_n of_o queens-college_n in_o oxon._n print_a for_o moses_n pitt_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o without_o at_o 5_o s._n advertisement_n all_o gentleman_n and_o other_o may_v be_v furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o pamphlet_n either_o new_a or_o old_a a_o complete_a sett_n of_o all_o the_o philosophical_a transaction_n to_o this_o day_n at_o very_o reasonable_a rate_n may_v be_v have_v at_o the_o abovesaid_a place_n a_o table_n of_o the_o chapter_n and_o title_n contain_v in_o these_o two_o follow_a book_n of_o logic_n book_n i._n chap._n i._o of_o the_o nature_n and_o division_n of_o logic_n chap._n ii_o of_o theme_n simple_a and_o compose_v universal_a and_o singular_a chap._n iii_o of_o the_o category_n in_o general_n chap._n iu._n of_o substance_n chap._n v._o of_o quality_n chap._n vi_o of_o quantity_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o passion_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o predicate_v in_o general_n chap._n xi_o of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n chap._n xii_o of_o difference_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o whole_a and_o part._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n chap._n xx._n of_o conveniency_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxii_o of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o order_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o last_o and_o together_o with_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o interpretation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o noun_n and_o verb._n chap._n xxv_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v chap._n xxvi_o of_o synonym_n homonym_n and_o various_a acceptation_n of_o word_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o utterance_n or_o enunciation_n in_o general_n and_o that_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o compose_v in_o special_a chap._n xxviii_o of_o enunciation_n pure_a and_o modal_n chap._n xxix_o of_o enunciation_n universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a chap._n xxx_o of_o enunciation_n affirm_v deny_v finite_a and_o infinite_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o enunciation_n true_a and_o false_a necessary_a and_o contingent_a and_o their_o degree_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o conversion_n aequipollence_n and_o subalternation_n of_o enunciation_n chap._n xxxiii_o of_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n book_n ii_o chap_n i._o of_o definition_n in_o general_n and_o definition_n nominal_a chap._n ii_o of_o perfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o manner_n of_o investigation_n or_o quest_n of_o definition_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n chap._n vi_o of_o definition_n of_o syllogism_n and_o all_o its_o part_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o three_o figure_n of_o syllogism_n and_o their_o modes_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o law_n rule_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n by_o reduction_n to_o the_o first_o and_o exposition_n so_o far_o as_o be_v necessary_a for_o our_o purpose_n chap._n x._o of_o find_v out_o a_o medium_fw-la with_o propriety_n to_o each_o figure_n and_o mode_n chap._n xi_o of_o induction_n enthymeme_n and_o example_n chap._n xii_o of_o syllogism_n hypothetical_n disjunctive_a and_o relative_n chap._n xiii_o of_o dilemma_n prosyllogism_n and_o sorite_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o syllogism_n modal_n and_o indirect_a chap._n xv._o of_o syllogism_n dialectical_a or_o probable_a chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o
be_v he_o not_o put_v in_o the_o category_n of_o substance_n for_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v direct_o place_v in_o this_o category_n not_o only_o subsist_v of_o themselves_o but_o be_v subject_a also_o to_o accident_n as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o make_v appear_v which_o to_o think_v of_o god_n be_v impious_a beside_o the_o genus_fw-la proper_o so_o call_v of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v direct_o place_v in_o the_o same_o category_n must_v be_v the_o same_o but_o neither_o substance_n nor_o any_o thing_n else_o can_v be_v the_o genus_fw-la proper_o so_o call_v of_o thing_n finite_a and_o infinite_a god_n therefore_o be_v infinite_a can_v be_v direct_o contain_v under_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o finite_a substance_n yet_o be_v he_o aequivocal_o revoke_v to_o this_o category_n for_o substance_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la aequivocal_a both_o of_o god_n and_o finite_a substance_n ii_o true_a and_o positive_a to_o a_o true_a be_v first_o be_v oppose_v being_n of_o reason_n as_o genus_fw-la species_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n in_o category_n 2_o the_o fictitious_a or_o feign_v as_o chimaera_n centaur_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v refer_v to_o category_n hypothetical_o or_o by_o way_n of_o supposition_n for_o if_o a_o centaur_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v feign_v to_o be_v it_o will_v real_o be_v put_v in_o the_o category_n of_o substance_n 3_o appearance_n or_o as_o they_o common_o say_v intentionals_n as_o the_o rainbow_n colour_n appear_v species_n and_n spectres_n of_o the_o sense_n and_o understanding_n and_o other_o thing_n who_o essence_n only_o consist_v in_o their_o apparition_n these_o thing_n belong_v to_o category_n because_o of_o their_o similitude_n for_o they_o be_v the_o resemblance_n of_o true_a thing_n hither_o also_o refer_v paint_v image_n of_o true_a thing_n as_o they_o be_v image_n to_o positive_a being_n be_v oppose_v privation_n as_o blindness_n darkness_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v reduce_v to_o category_n by_o their_o opposite_a habit_n iii_o complete_a and_o perfect_a by_o this_o condition_n be_v exclude_v one_a the_o principle_n or_o beginning_n of_o thing_n as_o unity_n moment_n etc._n etc._n two_o all_o part_n whatsoever_o 3_o imperfect_a being_n and_o as_o they_o common_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la or_o action_n as_o a_o embryo_n motion_n etc._n etc._n 4thly_a modes_n and_o compliment_n of_o other_o being_n these_o be_v all_o reduce_v to_o the_o category_n by_o concomitancy_n except_o difference_n which_o although_o part_v of_o species_n be_v say_v to_o belong_v collateral_o because_o they_o adhere_v collateral_o or_o sideways_o to_o their_o species_n iv_o one_o by_o itself_o by_o this_o condition_n be_v remove_v one_a complex_n being_n as_o a_o man_n run_v 2_o concrete_a as_o white_a just_o 3_o aggregate_v as_o a_o heap_n a_o army_n these_o be_v all_o reduce_v by_o accident_n to_o the_o category_n of_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v compose_v v._o universal_a by_o this_o mean_n be_v reject_v one_a transcendent_n as_o be_v thing_n one_o true_a good_a which_o by_o their_o community_n exceed_v all_o the_o degree_n of_o category_n and_o then_o singulars_n which_o because_o natural_o they_o be_v not_o praedicat_v but_o subject_v only_o be_v not_o in_o category_n but_o underneath_o they_o as_o it_o be_v a_o basis_n ax._n 6._o the_o first_o and_o principal_a use_n of_o category_n be_v that_o thing_n which_o be_v of_o their_o own_o nature_n infinite_a be_v reduce_v to_o certain_a form_n or_o class_n our_o mind_n may_v survey_v they_o at_o one_o view_n or_o glimpse_n and_o observe_v how_o this_o or_o that_o may_v be_v compare_v with_o any_o other_o thing_n this_o use_n confer_v much_o not_o only_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o logic_n but_o of_o all_o philosophy_n and_o other_o discipline_n ax._n 7._o out_o of_o this_o first_o use_v three_o more_o do_v arise_v for_o first_o the_o disposition_n of_o thing_n in_o category_n confer_v much_o to_o the_o deliver_n of_o the_o affection_n of_o simple_a theme_n and_o second_o notion_n which_o be_v to_o be_v form_v out_o of_o the_o first_o 2_o from_o the_o same_o disposition_n it_o appear_v what_o of_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v subject_v what_o praedicat_v 3_o there_o be_v no_o great_a assistance_n towards_o define_v divide_v dispose_n i_o may_v add_v also_o argumentation_n than_o a_o order_n of_o category_n well_o dispose_v from_o whence_o it_o appear_v how_o much_o they_o be_v mistake_v who_o will_v cut_v off_o from_o logic_n this_o so_o useful_a and_o necessary_a part_n which_o aristotle_n so_o much_o esteem_v that_o he_o write_v a_o particular_a book_n of_o it_o if_o yet_o that_o book_n be_v aristotle_n and_o have_v again_o inculcate_v it_o in_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o moreover_o in_o his_o logical_a precept_n make_v mention_n of_o it_o very_o frequent_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o topic_n also_o cap._n 9_o commend_v it_o not_o obscure_o for_o its_o utility_n the_o like_a to_o which_o porphiry_n have_v do_v in_o his_o introduction_n chap._n iu._n of_o substance_n ax._n 1_o a_o substance_n be_v a_o be_v subsist_v of_o itself_o and_o subject_a to_o accident_n that_o which_o in_o latin_a be_v call_v substantia_fw-la or_o substance_n be_v in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d from_o the_o word_n signify_v to_o be_v to_o subsist_v by_o itself_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o not_o to_o be_v in_o any_o thing_n as_o a_o subject_a and_o agree_v to_o all_o substance_n even_o to_o god_n but_o to_o be_v subject_a to_o accident_n only_o to_o finite_a for_o god_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o accident_n as_o i_o say_v before_o ax._n 2._o substance_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 3_o the_o first_o be_v a_o singular_a substance_n or_o that_o which_o be_v not_o say_v of_o a_o subject_a as_o alexander_n bucephalus_n ax._n 4._o the_o second_o a_o universal_a or_o that_o which_o be_v say_v of_o a_o subject_a as_o man_z horse_n for_o man_n be_v say_v of_o alexander_n and_o philip_n and_o horse_n of_o bucephalus_n and_o cyllarus_n ax._n 5._o the_o note_n of_o substance_n be_v six_o first_o a_o substance_n be_v not_o in_o a_o subject_n ax._n 6._o second_o substance_n be_v say_v of_o other_o synonimous_o the_o first_o note_n agree_v to_o all_o and_o only_a substance_n enough_o of_o which_o be_v say_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o substance_n the_o second_o only_o to_o the_o second_o substance_n for_o the_o first_o be_v not_o say_v of_o a_o subject_a the_o second_o be_v say_v of_o the_o first_o synonimous_o that_o be_v as_o to_o name_n and_o definition_n ax._n 7._o three_o a_o substance_n signify_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o this_o something_o to_o signify_v this_o something_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v something_o singular_a which_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v with_o the_o finger_n this_o note_n agree_v only_o with_o the_o first_o substance_n for_o although_o second_a substance_n in_o the_o scheme_n of_o category_n that_o be_v figure_n of_o predication_n may_v seem_v to_o signify_v this_o something_o yet_o in_o truth_n they_o signify_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v what_o something_n not_o indeed_o of_o themselves_o primary_o but_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o which_o they_o be_v constitute_v for_o second_o substance_n signify_v a_o nature_n affect_v with_o a_o difference_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o some_o essential_a quality_n ax._n 8._o four_o a_o substance_n have_v no_o contrary_a that_o be_v not_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o substance_n but_o quality_n as_o heat_n and_o cold_a dryness_n and_o moisture_n weight_n and_o lightness_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o five_o a_o substance_n receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o that_o be_v be_v not_o intend_v or_o remit_v this_o be_v understand_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o substance_n which_o in_o succession_n of_o time_n can_v be_v make_v more_o a_o substance_n in_o genus_fw-la or_o species_n than_o it_o be_v before_o so_o man_n and_o stone_n can_v be_v make_v more_o a_o substance_n or_o more_o a_o man_n and_o stone_n than_o they_o be_v before_o ax._n 10._o six_o one_o and_o the_o same_o numerical_a substance_n receive_v contrary_n that_o be_v a_o substance_n although_o it_o have_v receive_v contrary_n remain_v still_o the_o same_o substance_n as_o it_o be_v before_o so_o cold_a water_n although_o by_o a_o mutation_n it_o become_v hot_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o another_o substance_n but_o remain_v still_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o it_o be_v before_o chap._n v._o of_o quantity_n ax._n 1_o a_o accident_n be_v a_o be_v inherent_a in_o a_o substance_n that_o be_v so_o as_o that_o it_o can_v no_o way_n exist_v separate_a from_o it_o hence_o follow_v that_o i._o a_o accident_n can_v exist_v without_o a_o subject_a ii_o can_v pass_v from_o one_o subject_a to_o another_o iii_o can_v inhere_v in_o another_o accident_n
of_o which_o more_o be_v to_o be_v philosophised_a in_o the_o metaphysic_n ax._n 2._o quantity_n be_v a_o accident_n which_o have_v by_o itself_o part_v out_o of_o part._n in_o which_o three_o thing_n be_v attribute_v to_o quantity_n one_a to_o have_v part_n and_o therefore_o god_n angel_n human_a soul_n point_n unite_v etc._n etc._n be_v neither_o quantity_n nor_o part_n of_o quantity_n because_o not_o consist_v of_o part_n 2_o to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part_n that_o be_v to_o have_v part_n not_o in_o essence_n only_o but_o also_o in_o scite_fw-la and_o space_n different_a for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o part_n some_o together_o and_o mutual_o penetrate_v each_o the_o other_o as_o matter_n and_o form_n other_o not_o but_o be_v different_a in_o scite_fw-la as_o head_n breast_n body_n limb_n etc._n etc._n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v require_v in_o quantity_n i_o say_v part_n out_o of_o part_n rather_o than_o part_n because_o quantity_n may_v have_v but_o two_o as_o in_o the_o number_n two_n three_o to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part_n by_o itself_o because_o a_o corporeal_a substance_n and_o every_o accident_n inhere_v in_o it_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o quantity_n not_o by_o itself_o but_o quantity_n as_o magnitude_n and_o number_n and_o time_n have_v part_n out_o of_o part_n and_o that_o by_o themselves_o ax._n 3_o quantity_n be_v either_o continue_v or_o discrete_a ax._n 4._o continue_v be_v that_o who_o part_n be_v connect_v together_o by_o one_o common_a term._n ax._n 5._o discrete_a who_o part_n be_v not_o connect_v by_o one_o common_a term_n and_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o number_n number_n use_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o number_n number_v and_o number_v number_v number_n number_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o number_n in_o the_o abstract_n or_o a_o collection_n of_o unity_n itself_o as_o two_o three_o etc._n etc._n number_n number_v be_v only_a number_n in_o the_o concrete_a or_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v number_v as_o two_o man_n three_o horse_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o quantity_n continue_v be_v either_o magnitude_n or_o time_n ax._n 7._o magnitude_n be_v a_o permanent_a quantity_n ax._n 8._o time_n a_o fluent_a ax._n 9_o it_o be_v term_n be_v a_o moment_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o quantity_n be_v say_v to_o be_v permanent_a which_o consist_v of_o part_n have_v a_o position_n among_o themselves_o or_o who_o part_n exist_v together_o and_o of_o which_o each_o may_v be_v show_v where_o seat_v and_o to_o which_o of_o the_o other_o part_v it_o stick_v or_o coheres_fw-la but_o the_o part_n of_o magnitude_n exist_v together_o and_o each_o of_o they_o may_v be_v show_v where_o it_o be_v seat_v and_o to_o which_o of_o the_o other_o part_v it_o coheres_fw-la but_o the_o part_n of_o time_n have_v no_o scite_fw-la because_o they_o consist_v in_o a_o continual_a flux_n nor_o have_v the_o part_n of_o number_n any_o position_n because_o they_o be_v not_o where_o seat_v neither_o do_v they_o cohere_v yet_o the_o part_n both_o of_o time_n and_o number_n have_v a_o order_n among_o themselves_o by_o which_o some_o be_v before_o other_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o magnitude_n be_v either_o a_o line_n or_o a_o superficies_n or_o a_o body_n ax._n 11._o a_o line_n be_v a_o magnitude_n one_o way_n divisible_a ax._n 12._o it_o be_v term_n be_v a_o point_n ax._n 13._o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o magnitude_n and_o two_o way_n divisible_a ax._n 14._o it_o be_v term_n be_v a_o line_n ax._n 15._o a_o body_n be_v a_o magnitude_n three_o way_n divisible_a ax._n 16._o it_o be_v term_n be_v a_o superficies_n ax._n 17._o a_o term_n be_v a_o extremity_n or_o bind_v a_o line_n be_v say_v to_o be_v one_o way_n divisible_a because_o it_o be_v a_o mere_a length_n without_o breadth_n or_o depth_n as_o a_o ell_n a_o furlong_n a_o mile_n a_o superficies_n two_o because_o length_n and_o breadth_n without_o depth_n as_o a_o acre_n of_o land_n a_o body_n three_o that_o be_v into_o length_n breadth_n and_o thickness_n as_o a_o cube_n a_o sphere_n etc._n etc._n for_o although_o a_o body_n elsewhere_o signify_v a_o substance_n compose_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n yet_o in_o this_o place_n it_o denote_v nothing_o else_o but_o magnitude_n or_o quantity_n every_o way_n divisible_a in_o the_o abstract_n nor_o be_v we_o yet_o to_o imagine_v a_o longitude_n be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o breadth_n or_o a_o breadth_n without_o thickness_n for_o these_o thing_n be_v not_o real_o separate_v but_o distinct_a only_o in_o the_o mind_n ax._n 18._o to_o superficies_n be_v reduce_v place_n place_n be_v the_o next_o superficies_n of_o the_o body_n contain_v as_o the_o next_o superficies_n of_o the_o cask_n be_v the_o place_n of_o wine_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 19_o the_o note_n of_o quantity_n be_v these_o three_o first_o quantity_n have_v not_o its_o contrary_a that_o be_v by_o itself_o for_o if_o quantity_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contrary_a to_o quantity_n it_o be_v because_o of_o its_o quality_n adjoin_v as_o when_o the_o winter_n season_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o summer_n because_o of_o the_o cold_a and_o heat_n ax._n 20._o second_o quantity_n receive_v not_o more_o and_o less_o that_o be_v be_v not_o intend_v or_o remit_v but_o it_o be_v extend_v and_o contract_v ax._n 21._o three_o thing_n be_v say_v by_o quantity_n to_o be_v equal_a or_o unequal_a i._o for_o equality_n and_o inequality_n be_v relation_n agree_v to_o thing_n on_o the_o account_n of_o quantity_n ii_o hitherto_o of_o quantity_n proper_o so_o call_v which_o because_o contain_v in_o this_o one_o category_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v praedicamental_a there_o be_v also_o another_o quantity_n improper_o so_o call_v which_o consist_v not_o in_o the_o extension_n of_o part_n but_o in_o the_o perfection_n and_o virtue_n of_o every_o thing_n hence_o use_v it_o to_o be_v call_v the_o quantity_n of_o perfection_n and_o quantity_n of_o virtue_n for_o the_o essential_a perfection_n of_o thing_n and_o virtue_n be_v compose_v of_o divers_a degree_n as_o the_o quantity_n of_o a_o heap_n or_o mole_n of_o several_a part_n this_o because_o diffuse_v almost_o through_o all_o the_o category_n use_v to_o be_v call_v a_o transcendental_a quantity_n iii_o to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v the_o precept_n which_o aristotle_n give_v we_o book_n iv_o of_o his_o metaphysic_n cap._n 13._o of_o quantity_n say_v he_o some_o be_v by_o themselves_o other_o by_o accident_n those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v quantity_n by_o themselves_o in_o who_o definition_n be_v put_v quantity_n and_o these_o be_v either_o quantity_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o their_o essence_n as_o line_n superficies_n and_o those_o other_o thing_n which_o we_o have_v beforementioned_a or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v affection_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o may_v be_v call_v quantity_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n as_o multum_fw-la parum_fw-la magnum_fw-la parvum_fw-la that_o be_v much_o little_a great_a small_a etc._n etc._n and_o the_o like_a if_o take_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v absolute_o for_o if_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v compare_v one_o with_o another_o they_o belong_v to_o the_o category_n of_o relation_n iu_o quantity_n by_o accident_n be_v say_v two_o way_n first_o those_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v quantity_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o quantity_n in_o which_o they_o be_v whether_o extend_v with_o the_o extension_n of_o the_o subject_a as_o whiteness_n in_o the_o wall_n or_o not_o as_o music_n in_o a_o man._n second_o those_o who_o divisibility_n arise_v from_o the_o divisibility_n of_o other_o thing_n as_o that_o of_o motion_n etc._n etc._n chap._n vi_o of_o quality_n ax._n 1_o quality_n be_v that_o accident_n by_o which_o a_o subject_a be_v say_v and_o only_o say_v to_o be_v of_o what_o quality_n it_o be_v ax._n 2._o the_o species_n of_o it_o be_v four_o habit_n and_o disposition_n natural_a power_n and_o impotency_n patible_a quality_n and_o passion_n form_n and_o figure_n two_o name_n be_v attribute_v to_o each_o single_a species_n to_o fignifie_v quality_n diverse_a rather_o in_o degree_n or_o time_n or_o other_o accidental_a circumstance_n than_o species_n or_o essence_n for_o habit_n and_o disposition_n power_n and_o impotency_n differ_v in_o degree_n patible_a quality_n and_o passion_n in_o time_n form_n and_o figure_n in_o reason_n or_o manner_n ax._n 3_o habit_n be_v a_o adventitious_a quality_n of_o operate_n or_o do_v any_o thing_n with_o ease_n ax._n 4._o disposition_n be_v a_o imperfect_a habit._n 1._o §_o habit_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v sometime_o take_v for_o whatever_o form_n which_o may_v be_v separate_v from_o the_o subject_a as_o when_o oppose_v to_o privation_n so_o it_o be_v take_v in_o the_o
8_o and_o 12_o so_o the_o sun_n and_o mouse_n as_o most_o think_v be_v analogical_a efficient_n of_o those_o mouse_n which_o be_v generate_v of_o matter_n and_o seed_n etc._n etc._n and_o bone_n and_o root_n analogous_n mean_v destinate_a to_o the_o nourishment_n of_o animal_n and_o plant_n ax._n 9_o simple_a convenience_n be_v either_o essential_a or_o accidental_a essential_a be_v that_o which_o we_o call_v identity_n ax._n 10._o identity_n be_v a_o unity_n of_o essence_n ax._n 11._o those_o thing_n say_v the_o philosopher_n be_v the_o same_o who_o essence_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o definition_n be_v in_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 9_o the_o last_o in_o book_n the_o same_o cap._n 15._o ax._n 12._o identity_n be_v either_o subordinate_a or_o coordinate_a ax._n 13._o the_o subordinate_a be_v that_o in_o which_o superior_n agree_v with_o their_o inferior_n subordinate_a to_o they_o 1._o §_o so_o genus_fw-la with_o species_n and_o species_n with_o individual_n subject_a to_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a and_o thus_o animal_n and_o man_n man_n and_o socrates_n whiteness_n and_o colour_n be_v the_o same_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 14._o coordinate_a identity_n be_v either_o numerical_a specifical_a or_o generical_a ax._n 15._o numerical_a of_o one_o individual_a with_o itself_o ax._n 16._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o say_v the_o philosopher_n in_o number_n who_o matter_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v take_v out_o of_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 15._o where_o by_o the_o name_n of_o matter_n the_o philosopher_n understand_v that_o collection_n of_o propriaty_n which_o can_v never_o be_v the_o same_o in_o any_o other_o so_o peter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o himself_o not_o any_o other_o 2._o §_o furthermore_o there_o be_v four_o sort_n of_o modes_n recite_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o one_a book_n of_o his_o top._n cap._n 7._o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o same_o in_o number_n viz._n 1._o synonymous_n word_n as_o sword_n and_o rapier_n 2._o definition_n and_o define_v as_o man_n and_o rational_a animal_n 3._o subject_a and_o its_o propriety_n as_o man_n and_o risible_a 4._o subject_a and_o its_o common_a accident_n as_o socrates_n and_o he_o who_o dispute_v in_o the_o academy_n when_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o socrates_n only_o dispute_v to_o these_o add_v a_o five_o out_o of_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 6._o where_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o in_o number_n which_o be_v continual_a whether_o by_o natural_a or_o artificial_a continuity_n as_o a_o perch_n a_o house_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o specifical_a identity_n be_v the_o identity_n of_o many_o individual_n under_o the_o same_o species_n ax._n 18._o those_o thing_n be_v the_o same_o in_o species_n who_o ratio_fw-la of_o essence_n be_v one_o or_o which_o when_o many_o differ_v not_o in_o species_n as_o socrates_n and_o plato_n and_o bucephalus_n and_o hirpinus_n melampus_n and_o phylax_n ax._n 19_o generical_a that_o of_o many_o species_n or_o individual_n under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la ax._n 20._o those_o thing_n be_v the_o same_o in_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v either_o the_o next_o as_o man_n and_o beast_n and_o their_o individual_n under_o animal_n or_o remote_a as_o body_n and_o spirit_n and_o their_o species_n and_o individuals_n under_o substance_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 21._o accidental_a convenience_n be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n and_o internal_a be_v either_o parity_n or_o simitude_n ax._n 22._o parity_n be_v a_o convenience_n in_o quantity_n for_o ax._n 23._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v equal_a who_o quantity_n be_v one_o viz._n either_o in_o bulk_n virtue_n or_o perfection_n ax._n 24._o similitude_n be_v either_o in_o quality_n or_o passion_n ax._n 25._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v alike_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o which_o have_v suffer_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o more_o of_o the_o same_o thing_n than_o of_o other_o and_o who_o quality_n be_v one_o 1._o §_o suffer_v we_o say_v not_o do_v because_o the_o action_n be_v not_o in_o the_o agent_n but_o patient_n who_o quality_n be_v one_o that_o be_v either_o in_o degree_n or_o species_n not_o improper_o also_o may_v you_o reduce_v hitherto_o convenience_n in_o site_n for_o a_o egg_n be_v like_a unto_o a_o egg_n because_o of_o its_o colour_n and_o figure_n etc._n etc._n note_n of_o similitude_n be_v such_o as_o these_o like_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o as_o though_o alike_o after_o the_o same_o sort_n not_o otherwise_o not_o contrariwise_o etc._n etc._n when_o the_o similitude_n be_v explain_v by_o way_n of_o proposition_n and_o answer_n or_o return_v it_o become_v analogy_n ax._n 26._o external_n convenience_n be_v a_o conveniency_n in_o such_o and_o such_o cause_n effect_n subject_n or_o adjunct_n external_n which_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o so_o two_o own_o brother_n agree_v in_o efficient_a house_n and_o clothes_n in_o end_n for_o the_o end_n of_o both_o be_v to_o repel_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o heaven_n hitherto_o also_o may_v be_v reduce_v those_o thing_n which_o agree_v in_o matter_n as_o snow_n and_o hail_n wind_n and_o earthquake_n for_o although_o matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n yet_o it_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o the_o specifical_a essence_n for_o those_o thing_n which_o agree_v nâ—_n form_n agree_v in_o essence_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n farther_o two_o artificer_n agree_v in_o effect_n virtue_n and_o vice_n in_o subject_a for_o both_o be_v in_o the_o mind_n the_o convenience_n of_o thing_n in_o adjunct_n be_v various_a convenience_n in_o internal_a appertain_v to_o parity_n and_o similitude_n hitherto_o only_o that_o in_o object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n but_o if_o cause_v efficient_a or_o final_a subject_a or_o adjunct_n be_v put_v into_o the_o essential_a definition_n of_o thing_n and_o then_o a_o agreement_n be_v in_o they_o such_o a_o agreement_n than_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v external_n but_o essential_a chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n ax._n 1_o diversity_n be_v that_o affection_n by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v one_o from_o the_o other_o ax._n 2._o and_o be_v either_o real_a rational_a or_o modal_n ax._n 3_o real_a be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v either_o from_o another_o thing_n or_o from_o the_o negation_n of_o itself_o commentary_n another_o as_o peter_z from_o paul_n blackness_n from_o whiteness_n etc._n etc._n negation_n of_o its_o self_n as_o sight_n from_o blindness_n light_n from_o darkness_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o a_o diversity_n of_o reason_n be_v that_o by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v only_o in_o conception_n 1._o §_o which_o happen_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v not_o understand_v by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_o the_o schoolman_n divide_v it_o in_o their_o manner_n 〈…〉_o barbarous_o into_o distinction_n of_o reason_n 〈…〉_o reason_n reason_v for_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o reason_n be_v a_o common_a name_n and_o agree_v both_o to_o the_o understanding_n and_o essence_n of_o thing_n as_o explain_v in_o definition_n quiddity_n they_o common_o call_v it_o the_o intellect_n they_o call_v reason_n reason_v quiddity_n reason_n reason_v and_o therefore_o the_o distinction_n of_o reason_n reason_v among_o scholastics_n be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v by_o the_o understanding_n itself_o which_o be_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v by_o two_o or_o more_o and_o those_o resemble_v conception_n reason_n reason_v when_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n there_o be_v find_v one_o and_o another_o quiddity_n or_o definition_n then_o effect_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v object_v to_o dissimilous_a conception_n conception_n be_v say_v to_o be_v alike_o when_o they_o represent_v one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n unlike_o when_o a_o different_a for_o example_n shall_v any_o one_o conceive_v peter_n to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o himself_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n conceive_v peter_n twice_o and_o likewise_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n but_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v conceive_v peter_n to_o be_v a_o man_n or_o a_o animal_n he_o must_v also_o of_o necessity_n consider_v he_o twice_o but_o after_o another_o and_o another_o manner_n for_o the_o conception_n by_o which_o peter_n be_v conceive_v as_o peter_n be_v unlike_a to_o that_o conception_n by_o which_o the_o same_o peter_n be_v conceive_v as_o a_o man_n or_o as_o a_o animal_n 2._o §_o the_o distinction_n of_o reason_n reason_v and_o reason_v may_v be_v discern_v by_o this_o sign_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v distinguish_v by_o reason_n reason_v be_v predicate_v the_o one_o of_o the_o other_o
that_o ax._n 4._o the_o knowledge_n of_o they_o be_v the_o same_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o axiom_n be_v extant_a book_n 6._o of_o the_o top._n cap._n 4._o the_o latter_a book_n 1._o of_o the_o top._n cap._n 14.2_o cap._n 2.6_o cap._n 6._o and_o almost_o every_o where_n the_o mean_v of_o the_o last_o may_v be_v twofold_a and_o first_o that_o both_o appertain_v to_o one_o science_n as_o that_o the_o same_o which_o for_o instance_n treat_v of_o virtue_n may_v also_o treat_v of_o vice_n and_o of_o disease_n also_o of_o health_n second_o that_o one_o opposite_a be_v know_v the_o other_o may_v be_v know_v also_o 5th_o ax._n 5._o opposite_n place_v near_o to_o each_o other_o be_v the_o more_o illustrate_v 1._o §_o this_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o old_a say_v which_o be_v deliver_v book_n 3._o of_o the_o rhetor._n cap._n 2._o contrary_n by_o contrary_n be_v illustrate_v the_o use_v of_o which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v cap._n 2._o of_o the_o rhet._n where_o the_o contrary_a affect_v and_o manner_n of_o young_a and_o old_a man_n be_v so_o confer_v together_o that_o by_o the_o mutual_a collation_n of_o they_o they_o be_v very_o much_o illustrate_v ax._n 6._o the_o species_n of_o opposite_n be_v five_o viz._n disparate_v contrary_n relative_o oppose_v privative_o oppose_v and_o contradicting_n and_o we_o prove_v it_o in_o this_o manner_n viz._n 1._o §_o a_o opposite_a be_v either_o oppose_v to_o many_o or_o one_o those_o of_o which_o one_o be_v oppose_v to_o many_o be_v call_v disparate_v when_o one_o to_o one_o the_o opposition_n be_v either_o between_o be_v and_o not_o be_v or_o between_o be_v and_o be_v those_o oppose_v as_o be_v and_o be_v be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relate_v those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v contrary_n these_o relative_o oppose_v those_o thing_n that_o be_v oppose_v as_o be_v and_o not_o be_v either_o have_v the_o same_o subject_a or_o they_o have_v not_o those_o that_o have_v the_o same_o subject_a be_v say_v to_o be_v privative_o oppose_v those_o that_o have_v not_o to_o be_v contradicting_n 2._o §_o aristotle_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o disparate_v in_o his_o logick_n where_o he_o profess_o treat_v of_o the_o species_n of_o opposite_n but_o yet_o he_o do_v in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o metaph._n cap._n 10._o where_o he_o call_v they_o diverse_a in_o species_n that_o be_v those_o thing_n that_o be_v affect_v after_o a_o contrary_a manner_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o essence_n but_o to_o proceed_v ax._n 7._o disparate_v be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o be_v oppose_v to_o many_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n 1._o §_o so_o man_n and_o horse_n and_o white_a and_o blue_n be_v disparate_v because_o man_n be_v not_o only_o oppose_v to_o horse_n but_o also_o to_o dog_n lion_n and_o other_o species_n of_o beast_n and_o white_a not_o only_o to_o blue_n but_o also_o to_o red_a green_n and_o the_o other_o mediate_a colour_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la of_o opposition_n but_o now_o black_a and_o white_a be_v not_o disparate_v notwithstanding_o they_o may_v be_v oppose_v not_o only_o to_o black_a but_o also_o to_o the_o middle_a colour_n for_o because_o white_a be_v other_o way_n oppose_v to_o black_a than_o it_o be_v to_o the_o middle_a colour_n so_o neither_o freeman_n and_o servant_n be_v disparate_v notwithstanding_o servant_n be_v not_o only_o oppose_v to_o freeman_n but_o also_o to_o master_n because_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o opposition_n in_o both_o be_v not_o the_o same_o for_o servant_n and_o master_n be_v relative_n whilst_o freeman_n and_o servant_n be_v contrary_n which_o lead_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n that_o ax._n 8._o contrary_n be_v two_o absolute_a thing_n the_o far_a distant_a under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o aristotle_n cap._n 6._o of_o the_o categ_n define_v contrary_n in_o this_o manner_n viz._n to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o far_a distant_a under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la but_o that_o definition_n seem_v to_o be_v less_o full_a because_o it_o suit_v also_o with_o disparate_v and_o those_o that_o be_v relative_o oppose_v 2._o §_o contrary_n be_v two_o so_o say_v because_o in_o this_o respect_n they_o may_v differ_v from_o disparate_v which_o be_v more_o than_o two_o or_o at_o least_o nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v so_o absolute_a in_o that_o they_o differ_v from_o such_o as_o be_v relative_o oppose_v it_o be_v add_v under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la to_o wit_n either_o the_o next_o as_o whiteness_n and_o blackness_n under_o colour_n or_o remote_a as_o justice_n and_o injustice_n under_o habit._n in_o that_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o contradicting_n and_o those_o which_o be_v privative_o oppose_v 3._o §_o nor_o do_v it_o hinder_v which_o arisiotle_n say_v cap._n 11._o of_o the_o categ_n that_o good_a and_o bad_a which_o be_v contrary_n be_v not_o under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la but_o genus_n themselves_o for_o aristotle_n seem_v to_o say_v that_o out_o of_o the_o pythagorean_n opinion_n who_o constitute_v two_o series_n or_o order_n of_o thing_n one_o good_a though_o other_o bad_a as_o aristotle_n himself_o testify_v book_n 1._o of_o his_o metaph._n cap._n 5._o for_o since_o good_a and_o evil_a be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o category_n as_o ens_fw-la as_o be_v teach_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 4._o they_o can_v be_v chief_a genus_n to_o which_o i_o add_v that_o in_o metaphysic_n where_o good_a be_v consider_v as_o a_o common_a affection_n of_o a_o thing_n evil_a be_v not_o contrary_a to_o it_o but_o privative_o oppose_v in_o ethic_n good_a and_o evil_a indeed_o be_v contrary_n but_o contain_v under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la to_o wit_n either_o habit_n or_o moral_a action_n which_o aristotle_n use_v to_o call_v practice_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d see_v ammonius_n and_o simplicius_n upon_o the_o 11_o cap._n of_o the_o category_n 4._o §_o there_o be_v far_o add_v most_o distant_a viz._n either_o as_o to_o form_n or_o place_n for_o so_o the_o philosopher_n distinguish_v contrariety_n book_n 5._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 6._o as_o that_o one_o be_v in_o quality_n which_o he_o call_v contrariety_n according_a to_o form_n the_o other_o in_o ubi_fw-la or_o where_o which_o he_o call_v contrariety_n according_a to_o place_n contrary_n in_o quality_n be_v black_a and_o white_a virtue_n and_o vice_n straight_o and_o crooked_a servant_n and_o free_n in_o place_n which_o in_o a_o sphere_n or_o circle_n be_v diametrical_o oppose_v as_o the_o arctic_a and_o antarctic_a pole_n etc._n etc._n hitherto_o also_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v contrariety_n of_o motion_n which_o be_v situate_a in_o the_o contrary_a habitude_n of_o term_n so_o that_o the_o term_n to_o which_o of_o one_o motion_n be_v the_o term_n from_o which_o of_o the_o other_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a thomas_n call_v it_o a_o contrariety_n of_o access_n and_o recess_n so_o generation_n and_o corruption_n accretion_n and_o diminution_n calefaction_n and_o frigefaction_n ascent_n and_o descent_n be_v contrary_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o when_o in_o the_o book_n of_o the_o categ_n the_o philosopher_n include_v contrariety_n among_o the_o quality_n and_o deny_v it_o to_o have_v place_n in_o substance_n and_o quantity_n he_o be_v to_o be_v esteem_v to_o take_v the_o word_n in_o a_o very_a strict_a sense_n and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o follow_a axiom_n viz._n that_o ax._n 9_o contrary_n mutual_o destroy_v each_o other_o and_o the_o one_o be_v always_o remit_v by_o the_o contagion_n of_o the_o other_o 1._o §_o so_o assert_n aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o heaven_n cap._n 3._o for_o example_n when_o water_n be_v make_v hot_a as_o much_o cold_a decedes_fw-la from_o it_o as_o be_v impress_v upon_o it_o of_o heat_n from_o elsewhere_o and_o if_o a_o contrary_a be_v sometime_o intend_a by_o a_o contrary_a by_o antiparistasis_fw-la that_o happen_v only_o by_o accident_n ax._n 10._o contrary_n can_v be_v together_o in_o the_o same_o singular_a subject_n ax._n 11._o they_o be_v conversant_a yet_o about_o the_o same_o either_o in_o species_n or_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o these_o theorem_n be_v deliver_v cap._n 11._o of_o the_o categ_n and_o the_o sense_n of_o they_o be_v manifest_a enough_o for_o example_n the_o same_o person_n can_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v just_a and_o unjust_a sick_a and_o in_o health_n nor_o any_o thing_n even_o and_o uneven_a cold_a and_o hot_a yet_o justice_n and_o injustice_n be_v in_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n sickness_n and_o health_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o animal_n even_o and_o uneven_a in_o number_n and_o cold_a and_o heat_n in_o the_o elementary_a body_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o contrary_n be_v either_o mediate_v or_o immediate_a ax._n 13._o mediate_v be_v
method_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o arbitrary_a ax._n 4._o natural_a in_o which_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n be_v observe_v ax._n 5._o in_o which_o we_o must_v observe_v in_o the_o first_o place_n that_o all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v homogeneous_a that_o be_v not_o impertinent_a or_o foreign_a to_o the_o subject_a 1._o §_o by_o which_o mean_n we_o not_o only_o confirm_v that_o rule_n that_o discipline_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v mix_v so_o as_o in_o mathematics_n we_o be_v not_o to_o use_v ethical_a demonstration_n or_o in_o ethic_n mathematical_a etc._n etc._n but_o this_o also_o viz._n that_o every_o thing_n ought_v to_o be_v set_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n and_o so_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o the_o genus_fw-la to_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o with_o the_o species_n to_o the_o species_n shall_v be_v attribute_v and_o that_o all_o thing_n be_v reciprocal_a as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v 2._o §_o and_o indeed_o this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o very_a precept_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o essence_n of_o discipline_n but_o yet_o in_o the_o comment_n where_o the_o precept_n of_o they_o be_v explain_v and_o confirm_v the_o observation_n of_o it_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a for_o it_o often_o happen_v to_o the_o master_n teach_v physic_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v from_o logic_n and_o ethic_n physic_n moreover_o in_o divinity_n and_o all_o other_o discipline_n how_o much_o of_o necessity_n must_v they_o fetch_v from_o philosophy_n for_o the_o explain_v their_o controversy_n which_o yet_o become_v no_o part_n at_o all_o of_o those_o discipline_n which_o if_o that_o censurer_n of_o aristotle_n have_v better_o consider_v he_o will_v without_o all_o question_n have_v judge_v more_o impartial_o of_o the_o write_n and_o method_n of_o that_o admirable_a philosopher_n in_o which_o he_o distinguish_v not_o the_o precept_n from_o the_o comment_n that_o be_v make_v upon_o they_o which_o in_o in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v do_v ax._n 6._o now_o in_o natural_a method_n we_o be_v always_o to_o proceed_v from_o universals_z to_z particular_n and_o in_o that_o progress_n all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v connect_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n 1._o §_o which_o progress_n be_v to_o be_v institute_v by_o division_n who_o part_n be_v to_o be_v join_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n which_o form_n how_o much_o they_o help_v the_o memory_n of_o the_o reader_n be_v almost_o incredible_a ax._n 7._o method_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o next_o place_n be_v either_o total_a or_o partial_a ax._n 8._o total_a that_o in_o which_o some_o whole_a science_n be_v dispose_v ax._n 9_o and_o this_o be_v either_o synthetic_a or_o analytic_a ax._n 10._o synthetic_a be_v that_o which_o proceed_v from_o the_o most_o simple_a principle_n to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compound_v of_o those_o principle_n ax._n 11._o and_o so_o the_o speculative_a discipline_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v ax._n 12._o analytie_n that_o which_o beginning_n from_o the_o end_n proceed_v to_o the_o next_o mean_n and_o so_o from_o these_o to_o the_o more_o remote_a till_o at_o last_o it_o arrive_v to_o the_o first_o and_o mosi_fw-la simplo_n ax._n 13._o and_o thus_o be_v art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a to_o be_v entreat_v of_o 1._o §_o the_o discipline_n speculative_a have_v no_o end_n which_o be_v diverse_a from_o themselves_o but_o the_o very_a knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n propose_v be_v their_o end_n for_o in_o that_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a rest_v not_o there_o viz._n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o thingt_fw-fr propose_v but_o have_v some_o far_a end_n viz._n work_v practice_n or_o operation_n that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o that_o knowledge_n whence_o be_v it_o that_o the_o science_n theoretical_a such_o as_o physics_n metaphysic_n mathematics_n etc._n etc._n be_v dispose_v in_o synthetick_a method_n proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n to_o those_o which_o be_v form_v or_o make_v of_o they_o and_o that_o first_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o then_o in_o the_o species_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v come_v to_o the_o low_a species_n of_o all_o but_o in_o art_n such_o as_o grammar_n rhetoric_n logic_n medicine_n architecture_n and_o in_o practical_a discipline_n such_o as_o ethic_n politic_n economic_n etc._n etc._n we_o contrariwise_o proceed_v from_o the_o end_n to_o the_o mean_n for_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o the_o do_n of_o thing_n be_v always_o last_o in_o the_o design_n or_o intention_n of_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a wherefore_o since_o the_o say_a discipline_n proceed_v from_o the_o mean_n to_o the_o end_n in_o act_v for_o the_o architect_n first_o lay_v his_o foundation_n then_o prepare_v his_o timber_n rafter_n beam_n &c_n &c_n and_o of_o these_o make_v the_o house_n itt_n follow_v in_o the_o design_n that_o the_o end_n have_v the_o first_o place_n and_o of_o the_o mean_n those_o the_o next_o which_o be_v last_o bring_v to_o pass_v for_o these_o discipline_n keep_v not_o the_o order_n of_o action_n but_o design_n for_o the_o design_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o very_a practical_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v propose_v and_o certain_o the_o end_n in_o practical_a discipline_n have_v itself_o not_o otherwise_o i._n e._n be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o the_o mean_n than_o be_v the_o hypothesis_n or_o principle_n in_o the_o mathematics_n to_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v gather_v from_o they_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 7._o eth._n c._n 8._o 2._o in_o both_o these_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o synthetic_a that_o of_o nature_n generate_a or_o effect_v analytick_a that_o of_o intend_v or_o design_v piccolomini_n therefore_o must_v be_v under_o a_o mistake_n cap._n 21_o introd_a and_o part_v 7._o com._n pot._n where_o although_o he_o confess_v that_o synthetic_a method_n be_v fit_a for_o speculative_a and_o the_o other_o for_o art_n and_o practical_a discipline_n yet_o he_o will_v needs_o have_v it_o that_o all_o discipline_n will_v admit_v both_o of_o one_o and_o the_o other_o and_o according_o in_o his_o 10_o degree_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n he_o have_v observe_v the_o synthetic_a but_o not_o the_o most_o to_o his_o purpose_n as_o zabarella_n solid_o prove_v book_n 2._o of_o his_o apol._n cap._n 4._o &_o seq_fw-la 3._o galen_n set_v down_o three_o sort_n of_o method_n and_o explain_v two_o of_o they_o add_v a_o three_o viz._n definition_n but_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a nay_o indeed_o it_o can_v be_v that_o any_o other_o shall_v be_v observe_v in_o science_n but_o the_o synthetic_a and_o analytick_a for_o definition_n be_v not_o so_o much_o method_n as_o a_o instrument_n or_o part_n of_o it_o for_o all_o method_n take_v its_o beginning_n from_o the_o definition_n of_o some_o whole_a and_o divide_v go_v on_o to_o the_o part_n and_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o that_o whole_a more_o against_o galen_n concern_v this_o definitive_a method_n you_o may_v see_v in_o zabarella_n book_n 2._o meth._n cap._n 4._o ax._n 14._o a_o partial_a method_n be_v then_o when_o some_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n be_v dispose_v or_o particular_a theme_n several_o handle_v 1._o §_o for_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_n use_v or_o consideration_n of_o method_n partial_a for_o either_o it_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o total_a method_n or_o as_o it_o be_v a_o method_n of_o some_o theme_n separately_z and_o apart_o by_o itself_o to_o be_v handle_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a this_o one_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v precept_v more_o than_o what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v in_o the_o general_a to_o wit_n that_o it_o often_o happen_v in_o a_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n who_o whole_a be_v in_o method_n synthetical_a that_o the_o analytick_a order_n may_v be_v keep_v and_o so_o on_o 〈◊〉_d other_o hand_n in_o the_o part_n of_o analytick_n that_o 〈◊〉_d synthetick_a as_o for_o instance_n physic_n be_v compose_v in_o synthetick_a order_n if_o the_o whole_a be_v consider_v and_o yet_o in_o that_o part_n where_o we_o entreat_v of_o animate_v body_n a_o resolutive_a may_v well_o enough_o be_v keep_v viz._n begin_v from_o the_o operation_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o animate_v body_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o cause_n and_o principle_n which_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o temperament_n and_o organical_a part_n of_o that_o body_n etc._n etc._n in_o like_a manner_n the_o art_n of_o medicine_n grammar_n logic_n if_o look_v upon_o in_o the_o whole_a be_v lay_v down_o in_o a_o analytick_a method_n but_o in_o the_o part_n of_o they_o the_o synthetick_a be_v observe_v physiology_n which_o be_v a_o part_n of_o medicine_n be_v deliver_v in_o a_o synthetick_a order_n and_o in_o grammar_n we_o first_o entreat_v of_o letter_n sylable_n than_o word_n and_o last_o speech_n and_o its_o construction_n and_o so_o in_o logic_n first_o we_o treat_v of_o theme_n simple_a and_o then_o complex_n which_o certain_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v to_o compose_v or_o proceed_v in_o compose_a order_n in_o so_o much_o yet_o as_o these_o art_n be_v begin_v from_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o end_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o mean_v they_o be_v say_v in_o the_o whole_a to_o be_v dispose_v in_o a_o analytical_a order_n as_o zabarella_n have_v well_o observe_v lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr math._n cap._n 20._o etc._n etc._n the_o rest_n may_v be_v seek_v for_o out_o of_o the_o institution_n note_v the_o chapter_n of_o sophism_n and_o method_n be_v principal_o turn_v by_o another_o hand_n finis_fw-la libri_fw-la secundi_fw-la
be_v say_v to_o be_v action_n as_o receive_v by_o the_o patient_n a_o passion_n for_o as_o the_o way_n from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n and_o from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n be_v one_o only_a way_n collate_v to_o diverse_a term_n and_o as_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o a_o mountain_n or_o hill_n differ_v only_o in_o respect_n so_o also_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v in_o this_o only_a respect_n different_a one_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o agent_n the_o other_o to_o the_o patient_n ax._n 11._o of_o action_n some_o be_v immanent_a other_o transient_a ax._n 12._o a_o action_n immanent_a be_v that_o who_o effect_n be_v in_o the_o agent_n as_o to_o understand_v to_o will_n ax._n 13._o transient_a who_o effect_n be_v in_o another_o thing_n as_o to_o burn_v to_o beat_v ax._n 14._o in_o the_o action_n immanent_a the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n be_v the_o same_o in_o the_o transient_a different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o ax._n 15._o a_o action_n transient_a be_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o its_o term_n to_o which_o into_o four_o species_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v that_o of_o substance_n as_o generation_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v corruption_n the_o second_o quantity_n as_o accretion_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v diminution_n the_o three_o quality_n as_o alteration_n the_o four_o of_o place_n or_o ubi_fw-la as_o local_a motion_n 1._o §_o these_o thing_n be_v deliver_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 14_o chapter_n of_o the_o category_n but_o more_o full_o to_o be_v handle_v in_o the_o physics_n ax._n 16._o action_n may_v also_o be_v divide_v into_o univocal_a and_o aequivocal_a ax._n 17._o action_n univocal_a be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o agent_n produce_v a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o species_n ax._n 18._o action_n aequivocal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o as_o when_o a_o mouse_n generate_v a_o mouse_n or_o heat_v heatt_z the_o action_n be_v univocal_a but_o when_o the_o sun_n generate_v mouse_n or_o light_n heatt_z the_o action_n be_v aequivocal_a ax._n 19_o last_o action_n be_v divide_v into_o perficient_fw-la or_o corrupt_v that_o be_v spoil_v ax._n 20._o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v effect_v without_o the_o destruction_n of_o any_o thing_n ax._n 21._o corrupt_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v do_v and_o another_o thing_n destroy_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n illumination_n be_v a_o action_n perficient_fw-la for_o when_o the_o air_n be_v enlighten_v it_o be_v do_v by_o light_n nothing_o of_o form_n destroy_v but_o generation_n and_o heat_n be_v action_n corrupt_v for_o when_o a_o animal_n or_o any_o such_o thing_n be_v generate_v at_o the_o same_o time_n something_o else_o be_v destroy_v and_o he_o that_o be_v hot_a become_v so_o by_o the_o dismission_n of_o the_o cold._a the_o cause_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v because_o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v conversant_a among_o term_n privative_o oppose_v corrupt_v between_o either_o contrury_n or_o disparate_v ax._n 22._o the_o note_n of_o action_n be_v two_o first_o action_n have_v a_o contrary_a ax._n 23._o second_o action_n receive_v more_o or_o less_o 1._o §_o the_o action_n of_o heat_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o make_v cold_a and_o some_o thing_n heat_n or_o cool_v more_o other_o less_o and_o to_o heat_v more_o in_o this_o place_n be_v not_o to_o heat_v more_o swift_o but_o intense_o that_o be_v to_o produce_v a_o more_o intense_a heatt_z both_o these_o note_n belong_v to_o action_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o term_n to_o which_o and_o therefore_o neither_o to_o all_o but_o those_o only_a who_o term_n be_v contrary_a and_o receive_v intention_n and_o remission_n and_o therefore_o to_o generate_v to_o figure_n etc._n etc._n have_v no_o contrary_a nor_o be_v they_o intend_v or_o remit_v because_o substance_n or_o figure_n neither_o have_v a_o coutrary_a or_o be_v intend_v or_o remit_v 2._o §_o and_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o we_o have_v say_v of_o action_n agree_v also_o to_o passion_n for_o the_o division_n and_o note_n of_o both_o be_v the_o same_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n ax._n 1_o ubi_fw-la be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o 1._o §_o ubi_fw-la differ_v from_o place_n in_o that_o place_n if_o strict_o take_v agree_v only_o with_o body_n ubi_fw-la also_o with_o incorporeal_a substance_n if_o finite_a for_o substance_n incorporeal_a be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n definitive_o that_o be_v they_o be_v so_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o as_o not_o to_o be_v elsewhere_o but_o yet_o so_o as_o they_o occupy_v not_o any_o place_n or_o exclude_v other_o substance_n whether_o corporeal_a or_o incorporeal_a out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v improper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n but_o corporeal_a substance_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n circumscriptive_o that_o be_v be_v say_v to_o occupy_v and_o expel_v other_o corporeal_a substance_n out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n i_o say_v definite_a because_o god_n who_o be_v infinite_a be_v not_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o but_o everywhere_o 2._o §_o there_o be_v also_o another_o difference_n between_o place_n and_o ubi_fw-la for_o place_n belong_v to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v how_o much_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o quantity_n or_o how_o much_o room_n will_v it_o take_v up_o ubi_fw-la to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v where_o or_o whence_o the_o thing_n be_v whither_o or_o which_o way_n go_v and_o those_o answer_n which_o be_v make_v to_o these_o question_n as_o at_o home_n abroad_o in_o the_o country_n in_o the_o temple_n hence_o thence_o hither_o thither_o this_o way_n that_o way_n etc._n etc._n be_v place_v in_o this_o category_n ax._n 2._o when_o be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v sometime_o to_o be_v to_o have_v be_v or_o to_o come_v 1._o §_o quando_fw-la or_o when_o differ_v from_o time_n strict_o and_o proper_o so_o call_v as_o ubi_fw-la from_o place_n for_o time_n strict_o take_v agree_v only_o to_o thing_n successive_a and_o consist_v in_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n and_o flux_n of_o part_n posterinrity_n that_o be_v according_a to_o priomty_n or_o posterinrity_n for_o it_o be_v define_v a_o number_n of_o motion_n according_a to_o first_o and_o last_o in_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 11._o but_o when_o be_v also_o attribute_v to_o thing_n moment_n any_o and_o permanent_a if_o finite_a for_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v infinite_a and_o eternal_a be_v not_o say_v sometime_o to_o be_v but_o always_o 2._o sect_n beside_o the_o word_n of_o time_n belong_v to_o quantity_n and_o to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o how_o long_o as_o a_o hour_n a_o year_n a_o age_n &c_n &c_n but_o the_o word_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o category_n to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o when_o as_o to_o day_n to_o morrow_n yesterday_n in_o the_o summer_n in_o the_o spring_n in_o the_o calends_o in_o the_o nones_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o manlius_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o site_n be_v the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o body_n among_o themselves_o 5._o §_o for_o site_n belong_v only_o to_o body_n for_o the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n in_o time_n or_o number_n use_v not_o to_o be_v call_v site_n for_o although_o site_n can_v be_v change_v without_o local_a motion_n which_o be_v a_o motion_n to_o where_o yet_o be_v not_o site_n to_o be_v confound_v with_o ubi_fw-la not_o so_o much_o as_o in_o body_n for_o the_o ubi_fw-la may_v be_v change_v not_o change_v the_o site_n as_o when_o one_o without_o any_o motion_n of_o part_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o one_o place_n into_o another_o 2._o §_o site_n be_v either_o natural_a as_o that_o of_o the_o arm_n at_o the_o shoulder-blade_n or_o of_o the_o hand_n at_o the_o wrist_n or_o voluntary_a as_o to_o sit_v to_o stand_v to_o lie_v to_o be_v prone_a supine_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o habit_n be_v a_o manner_n after_o which_o clothes_n or_o any_o thing_n like_o clothes_n be_v put_v about_o the_o body_n append_v or_o any_o other_o way_n adjoin_v to_o it_o 1._o §_o to_o this_o category_n belong_v all_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n armour_n and_o such_o like_a thing_n with_o the_o body_n as_o clothe_v arm_v gowned_a shield_v spear_v beard_a strew_v or_o cover_v with_o arras_n tapestry_n etc._n etc._n these_o and_o the_o like_a word_n signify_v not_o clothes_n or_o arm_n but_o the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n or_o arm_n with_o the_o body_n which_o aristotle_n signify_v when_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 20._o he_o call_v habit_n the_o act_n of_o he_o which_o have_v and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v have_v and_o between_o he_o which_o have_v on_o the_o garment_n and_o the_o garment_n itself_o etc._n
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
when_o the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v divers_a that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o remote_a this_o the_o proximate_a matter_n 2._o §_o now_o aristotle_n divide_v matter_n also_o book_n 8._o of_o the_o met._n cap._n 6._o into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a and_o intelligible_a be_v that_o when_o in_o accident_n or_o other_o simple_a thing_n the_o mind_n distinguish_v between_o material_a and_o formal_a so_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o word_n word_n of_o speech_n so_o precept_n of_o discipline_n method_n the_o form_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a in_o the_o subject_n of_o discipline_n material_a be_v the_o thing_n itself_o which_o be_v consider_v formal_a the_o manner_n of_o its_o consideration_n so_o the_o material_a of_o physics_n be_v natural_a body_n formal_a as_o natural_a ax._n 12._o form_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o last_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o form_n in_o the_o greek_a be_v be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v species_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v exemplar_n sometime_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o hermolaus_n barbarus_fw-la its_o perfect_a habitude_n or_o the_o like_a these_o three_o all_o conspire_v in_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o return_v to_o this_o viz._n that_o form_n be_v the_o internal_a cause_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v for_o by_o matter_n also_o it_o exist_v but_o by_o form_n it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v that_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o species_n for_o example_n that_o man_n exist_v be_v no_o less_o from_o matter_n than_o form_n but_o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n rather_o than_o of_o any_o other_o species_n of_o creature_n be_v due_a only_a to_o form_n ax._n 13._o the_o office_n of_o form_n be_v two_o viz._n to_o inform_v the_o matter_n and_o with_o such_o matter_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v 1._o §_o and_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o as_o in_o reason_n for_o when_o matter_n of_o itself_o inform_v and_o determine_v receive_v form_n it_o be_v determine_v with_o form_n to_o constitute_v a_o certain_a species_n of_o compositum_fw-la both_o therefore_o constitute_v the_o compose_v matter_n by_o receive_v form_n and_o form_n by_o determine_v or_o form_v matter_n and_o that_o by_o a_o union_n intervening_a for_o without_o a_o union_n of_o form_n with_o matter_n the_o compose_v be_v not_o constitute_v which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o theorem_n viz._n that_o ax._n 14._o form_n be_v four_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o material_a and_o immaterial_a ax._n 15._o material_a form_n be_v that_o which_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n or_o which_o depend_v upon_o matter_n in_o that_o self_n same_o moment_n and_o act_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v ax._n 16._o immaterial_a which_o be_v not_o produce_v neither_o do_v it_o depend_v &c_n &c_n 1._o §_o to_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o as_o that_o the_o matter_n promote_v that_o action_n by_o its_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v produce_v material_a form_n form_n immaterial_a be_v also_o produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n but_o the_o matter_n itself_o do_v not_o contribute_v towards_o the_o action_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v say_v to_o create_v material_a form_n not_o only_o when_o make_n but_o also_o when_o make_v depend_v upon_o matter_n immaterial_a neither_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o those_o be_v corruptible_a these_o incorruptible_a all_o form_n of_o natural_a thing_n the_o humane_a soul_n except_v be_v material_a which_o only_o be_v immaterial_a ax._n 17._o second_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o substantial_a and_o accidental_a of_o which_o that_o constitute_v the_o substance_n this_o the_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v man_n be_v the_o rational_a soul_n accidental_a as_o he_o be_v a_o musician_n music_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n be_v the_o form_n itself_o abstract_o of_o the_o marble_n or_o brass_n accidental_a as_o a_o statue_n the_o figure_n ax._n 18._o three_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o natural_a and_o artificial_a ax._n 19_o natural_a be_v that_o which_o be_v of_o nature_n artificial_a of_o art_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o soul_n be_v the_o form_n natural_a of_o every_o live_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o other_o natural_a thing_n want_v name_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o we_o almost_o unknown_a figure_n be_v the_o artificial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n as_o a_o artificial_a thing_n not_o as_o a_o natural_a to_o wit_n marble_n or_o brass_n for_o artificial_a form_n be_v quality_n of_o natural_a thing_n no_o formal_a cause_n but_o yet_o they_o be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o artificial_a thing_n as_o artificial_a for_o artificial_o be_v certain_a accident_n concrete_a with_o their_o substance_n ax._n 20._o four_o and_o last_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o dispose_v ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o species_n itself_o ax._n 22._o disponent_fw-la which_o dispose_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o aptitude_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o the_o principal_a form_n 1._o §_o the_o principal_a form_n be_v always_o a_o substantial_a form_n dispose_v either_o accidental_a or_o substantial_a disposition_n accidental_a be_v require_v in_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o substantial_a form_n substantial_a in_o animate_v only_o for_o example_n when_o wood_n burn_v it_o be_v first_o make_v hot_a and_o dry_v and_o after_o this_o manner_n make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o form_n of_o fire_n so_o likewise_o when_o a_o statue_n be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o beam_n or_o timber_n it_o be_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v dispose_v and_o form_v into_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o statue_n but_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n this_o seed_n not_o only_o by_o its_o quality_n but_o also_o substantial_a form_n be_v to_o be_v dispose_v and_o make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o soul_n which_o form_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o seed_n be_v a_o principal_a though_o of_o the_o soul_n or_o animal_n a_o dispose_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o form_n also_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a but_o of_o this_o enough_o have_v be_v say_v already_o in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n ax._n 1_o have_v external_n be_v those_o which_o enter_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o a_o efficient_a be_v a_o external_n cause_n from_o which_o a_o thing_n proceed_v by_o a_o true_a causality_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o proceed_v also_o from_o the_o end_n but_o by_o a_o metaphorical_a not_o a_o true_a causality_n ax._n 3_o a_o efficient_a be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n ax._n 4._o and_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o active_a which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o action_n cause_v the_o effect_n and_o into_o that_o from_o which_o a_o thing_n immediate_o flow_v and_o proceed_v without_o any_o action_n 1._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o cause_n cause_v the_o effect_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o action_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v its_o causality_n in_o cause_v such_o a_o cause_n we_o call_v active_a sometime_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n without_o any_o causality_n distinct_a from_o its_o existence_n and_o this_o by_o some_o be_v call_v emanative_n which_o word_n though_o feign_v with_o repugnance_n to_o the_o analogy_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n yet_o be_v it_o to_o be_v use_v upon_o this_o occasion_n till_o a_o more_o convenient_a can_v be_v find_v out_o for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v the_o emanative_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o heat_n but_o the_o active_a of_o another_o ax._n 5._o second_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o immanent_a and_o transient_a ax._n 6._o immanent_a be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n in_o its_o self_n ax._n 7._o transient_a out_o of_o itself_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o a_o workman_n build_v a_o house_n or_o any_o one_o throw_v a_o stone_n both_o these_o be_v say_v to_o be_v transient_a but_o when_o our_o mind_n understand_v or_o desire_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o immanent_a cause_n of_o those_o conception_n or_o affection_n which_o in_o understanding_n or_o desire_v it_o form_n ax._n 8._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o transient_a cause_n be_v two_o one_a
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
speech_n and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n viz._n that_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v 1._o §_o speech_n be_v either_o perfect_a or_o imperfect_a perfect_a be_v that_o that_o absolve_v the_o sentence_n a_o imperfect_a be_v not_o chap._n xxv_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v ax._n 1_o in_o diction_n be_v first_o to_o be_v consider_v their_o etymology_n and_o conjugation_n and_o then_o synonymy_a and_o homonymy_a and_o acception_n word_n which_o the_o schoolman_n call_v supposition_n ax._n 2._o etymology_n be_v the_o reason_n of_o a_o word_n signification_n declare_v out_o of_o the_o original_a commentary_n 1._o §_o which_o much_o assist_v our_o mind_n in_o the_o search_n after_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n for_o whilst_o you_o see_v say_v the_o learned_a isiodore_n from_o whence_o the_o word_n be_v derive_v you_o the_o soon_o understand_v the_o force_n of_o that_o thing_n which_o you_o will_v look_v into_o ax._n 3_o etymology_n be_v take_v either_o from_o the_o cause_n effect_n propriety_n object_n and_o other_o adjunct_n and_o effect_v a_o understanding_n of_o these_o 1._o §_o so_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d letter_n be_v say_v from_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v write_v because_o letter_n be_v make_v by_o write_v and_o man_n in_o the_o hebrew_n adam_n from_o the_o verb_n adam_n that_o be_v look_v red_a from_o whence_o also_o adamah_n that_o be_v red_a earth_n of_o which_o colour_n the_o earth_n use_v to_o be_v when_o till_v because_o man_n be_v create_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n so_o consul_n from_o consulendo_fw-la that_o be_v counsel_v angelus_n ab_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v nuncio_n or_o declare_v be_v so_o call_v because_o the_o end_n and_o effect_v of_o the_o one_o be_v to_o consult_v the_o republic_n and_o of_o the_o other_o to_o declare_v the_o command_n of_o god_n to_o men._n so_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d temperance_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o eth._n cap._n 5._o be_v so_o say_v as_o though_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v it_o preserve_v prudence_n for_o it_o be_v the_o property_n of_o that_o virtue_n so_o to_o moderate_v the_o mind_n both_o in_o grief_n and_o pleasure_n as_o that_o the_o judgement_n may_v not_o be_v deprave_v about_o practical_a thing_n arithmetic_n be_v so_o call_v from_o number_n because_o it_o be_v conversant_a about_o number_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o conjugate_v be_v those_o which_o join_v in_o affinity_n of_o word_n and_o signification_n differ_v yet_o in_o termination_n 1._o §_o as_o justice_n just_a just_o etc._n etc._n those_o that_o differ_v not_o in_o termination_n as_o grammatica_fw-la the_o art_n of_o grammar_n and_o grammatica_fw-la a_o woman_n be_v not_o conjugate_v but_o homonym_n and_o these_o be_v perfect_a conjugate_v there_o be_v also_o other_o which_o convene_v in_o word_n and_o not_o signification_n as_o ebrius_fw-la ebriosus_fw-la somnus_fw-la somnolentus_fw-la etc._n etc._n for_o neither_o be_v every_o one_o a_o drunkard_n that_o be_v drunken_a nor_o be_v he_o at_o all_o time_n drunken_a that_o be_v a_o drunkard_n these_o with_o grammarian_n may_v be_v conjugate_v but_o by_o logician_n they_o be_v reject_v other_o last_o there_o be_v which_o agree_v in_o signification_n not_o word_n as_o virtue_n and_o honesty_n etc._n etc._n which_o although_o proper_o they_o be_v not_o conjugate_v yet_o in_o logic_n they_o have_v the_o force_n of_o conjugate_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o conjugation_n consist_v in_o a_o primitive_a paronymous_n or_o denominate_v word_n and_o case_n ax._n 6._o a_o primitive_a be_v a_o abstract_a word_n not_o denominate_v from_o any_o other_o 1._o §_o in_o discern_v of_o the_o primitive_a or_o the_o abstract_a from_o the_o derivative_a word_n the_o paucity_n or_o multitude_n of_o syllable_n be_v not_o in_o this_o place_n to_o be_v regard_v as_o by_o grammarian_n but_o only_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n for_o example_n justice_n be_v by_o grammarian_n derive_v from_o just_a because_o this_o be_v a_o dissyllable_n that_o a_o monosyllable_n but_o by_o logician_n just_o be_v derive_v from_o justice_n because_o that_o be_v a_o concrete_a this_o a_o abstract_a word_n and_o therefore_o the_o more_o simple_a ax._n 7._o a_o paronymous_n be_v a_o concrete_a word_n and_o so_o derive_v from_o the_o primitive_a as_o that_o it_o differ_v only_o from_o it_o in_o termination_n 1._o §_o hitherto_o belong_v all_o concrete_a word_n not_o only_o those_o derive_v from_o accident_n as_o quantus_fw-la quantity_n good_a from_o goodness_n white_a whiteness_n etc._n etc._n but_o also_o those_o which_o be_v derive_v from_o substance_n as_o clothe_v cloth_n arm_v arm_n etc._n etc._n and_o these_o say_v the_o philosopher_n cap._n 5._o of_o the_o category_n be_v predicate_v of_o the_o subject_a paronymous_o that_o be_v as_o to_o name_n only_o not_o definition_n those_o which_o according_a to_o name_n and_o definition_n be_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o same_o place_n say_v to_o be_v synonymous_o predicate_v and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o define_v case_n ax._n 8._o viz._n thus_o that_o they_o be_v adverb_n which_o be_v deduce_v from_o a_o noun_n or_o verb_n of_o their_o own_o conjugation_n 1._o §_o as_o benè_fw-la from_o bone_fw-la that_o be_v well_o from_o good_a wise_o from_o sapio_fw-la or_o sapere_fw-la that_o be_v to_o be_v wise_a etc._n etc._n and_o in_o this_o acceptation_n aristotle_n take_v the_o word_n when_o he_o treat_v of_o conjugate_v book_n 1_o top_n cap._n 15._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 9_o lib._n 6._o cap._n 10._o otherwise_o case_n with_o aristotle_n signify_v a_o certain_a inflection_n or_o termination_n of_o a_o word_n different_a from_o its_o original_a as_o musa_n from_fw-la musae_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o so_o he_o take_v it_o cap._n 2._o of_o the_o interp._n as_o well_o as_o elsewhere_o chap._n xxvi_o of_o synonym_n homonym_n and_o various_a acceptation_n of_o word_n and_o first_o ax._n 1_o those_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v synonymous_n which_o signify_v thing_n who_o ratio_fw-la of_o essence_n accommodate_v to_o a_o common_a name_n be_v the_o same_o ax._n 2._o homonymous_n diverse_a commentary_n 1._o §_o synonyma_n in_o latin_a univocals_n be_v with_o grammarian_n word_n of_o the_o same_o signification_n as_o ensis_n gladius_n sword_n rapier_n etc._n etc._n by_o logician_n synonym_n be_v either_o strict_o take_v or_o large_o synonym_n strict_o be_v say_v to_o be_v those_o cap._n 6._o of_o the_o category_n which_o be_v with_o the_o same_o reason_n essential_o say_v of_o many_o thing_n or_o as_o to_o name_n and_o definition_n as_o when_o animal_n be_v say_v both_o of_o man_n and_o beast_n the_o large_a be_v when_o all_o those_o be_v call_v synonym_n which_o be_v not_o homonym_n which_o be_v the_o acceptation_n of_o this_o place_n 2._o §_o the_o name_n only_o be_v say_v to_o be_v common_a to_o homonym_n not_o that_o accident_n of_o name_n such_o as_o genus_fw-la declination_n conjugation_n spirit_n quantity_n accident_n etc._n etc._n shall_v be_v exclude_v for_o if_o these_o be_v not_o the_o same_o neither_o will_v the_o name_n so_o be_v but_o that_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o essence_n only_o that_o be_v that_o which_o be_v explain_v in_o the_o definition_n nor_o be_v it_o yet_o sufficient_a in_o homonym_n that_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o essence_n be_v diverse_a but_o also_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o they_o be_v diverse_a as_o to_o the_o common_a name_n or_o as_o they_o convene_v in_o that_o common_a name_n for_o example_n animal_n be_v a_o common_a name_n to_o man_n and_o beast_n and_o yet_o not_o a_o homonym_n for_o although_o one_o be_v the_o definition_n of_o man_n another_z of_o beast_n as_o they_o differ_v in_o name_n yet_o convene_v they_o in_o one_o definition_n which_o answer_v to_o the_o common_a name_n of_o animal_n and_o that_o be_v enough_o to_o hinder_v it_o here_o from_o be_v a_o homonym_n but_o if_o animal_n be_v refer_v to_o a_o live_a animal_n and_o a_o paint_a it_o be_v a_o homonym_n because_o no_o definition_n be_v in_o common_a to_o a_o live_a animal_n and_o a_o paint_a that_o be_v accommodate_v to_o the_o common_a name_n of_o animal_n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o three_o axiom_n which_o show_v we_o ax._n 3_o viz._n that_o homonymy_n be_v either_o casual_a or_o design_v ax._n 4._o by_o casuality_n than_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o same_o word_n be_v impose_v upon_o divers_a thing_n without_o reason_n ax._n 5._o design_v when_o the_o same_o word_n be_v use_v for_o certain_a cause_n or_o reason_n ax._n 8._o and_o this_o reason_n be_v either_o in_o thing_n or_o in_o we_o ax._n 7._o thing_n either_o trope_n or_o unequal_a attribution_n by_o reason_n of_o trope_n or_o figure_n word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v homonymous_n when_o they_o be_v deflect_v ax._n 8._o as_o sometime_o they_o be_v from_o their_o proper_a signification_n to_o some_o other_o because_o
of_o that_o mutual_a habitude_n or_o relation_n which_o thing_n may_v have_v each_o to_o the_o other_o whether_o simple_a or_o analogical_a and_o these_o be_v large_a in_o their_o extent_n as_o trope_n ax._n 9_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n viz._n that_o those_o signify_v that_o common_a nature_n which_o be_v unequal_o communicate_v to_o its_o subject_v species_n ax._n 10._o by_o reason_n of_o we_o the_o homonymy_n be_v when_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o memory_n of_o any_o person_n near_o and_o dear_a to_o we_o or_o some_o illustrious_a person_n in_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o the_o like_a we_o impose_v such_o and_o such_o name_n upon_o our_o child_n and_o friend_n ax._n 11._o of_o these_o the_o far_a distant_a from_o synonym_n that_o be_v such_o as_o we_o have_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o chapter_n define_v be_v homonym_n by_o chance_n and_o those_o who_o reason_n or_o homonymy_n be_v in_o we_o more_o near_o the_o tropic_n and_o first_o the_o analogous_a near_o of_o all_o those_o that_o be_v ambiguous_a by_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o the_o general_a cause_n of_o homonymy_n or_o ambiguity_n be_v the_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o thing_n and_o paucity_n of_o word_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o that_o much_o great_a paucity_n of_o word_n than_o thing_n of_o necessity_n one_o word_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o signify_v many_o thing_n but_o the_o cause_n why_o this_o word_n or_o that_o word_n be_v homonymous_n be_v either_o none_o as_o in_o homonymy_a by_o chance_n or_o if_o there_o be_v any_o which_o may_v move_v a_o wise_a man_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o word_n to_o signify_v many_o thing_n it_o be_v either_o the_o change_n of_o the_o word_n from_o its_o proper_a signification_n as_o in_o the_o tropic_n or_o unequal_a attribution_n as_o in_o they_o which_o convene_v not_o equal_o to_o inferior_n or_o conservation_n of_o some_o one_o memory_n or_o the_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o example_n for_o instance_n the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a signify_v both_o broth_n and_o that_o which_o be_v oppose_v to_o injustice_n the_o homony_n my_o be_v by_o chance_n for_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o this_o name_n shall_v be_v impose_v upon_o thing_n have_v no_o affinity_n at_o all_o among_o themselves_o 2_o §_o what_o and_o how_o many_o sell_a trope_n be_v be_v to_o be_v know_v from_o the_o rhetorician_n but_o trope_n cause_v homonomy_n because_o a_o sentence_n pronounce_v in_o tropical_a word_n may_v be_v ambiguous_a and_o sallacious_a as_o when_o the_o word_n fox_n be_v put_v for_o a_o guilâ—ful_a person_n pastor_n for_o a_o minister_n of_o the_o church_n soul_n for_o man_n author_n for_o the_o work_n etc._n etc._n for_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o a_o man_n may_v use_v these_o in_o their_o proper_a or_o their_o translate_a signification_n homonym_n by_o unequal_a attribution_n be_v for_o example_n such_o as_o these_o viz._n enâ—_n or_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o subfrance_n and_o accident_n syllogism_n in_o respect_n of_o syllogism_n strict_o so_o call_v and_o other_o syllogism_n which_o 〈◊〉_d be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v syllogism_n and_o so_o the_o term_n sanum_fw-la in_o latin_a be_v give_v to_o animal_n medicine_n and_o urine_n etc._n etc._n 3_o §_o and_o even_o all_o these_o have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o thing_n other_o also_o there_o be_v which_o we_o have_v say_v have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o we_o and_o our_o will_n as_o when_o we_o give_v the_o name_n of_o the_o parent_n to_o the_o child_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o his_o memory_n or_o some_o pious_a and_o learned_a person_n hope_v that_o we_o may_v be_v excite_v by_o his_o example_n to_o become_v like_a unto_o he_o these_o ammonius_n in_o his_o commentary_n on_o the_o book_n of_o the_o categ_n call_v memoriae_fw-la and_o the_o other_o spei_fw-la gratia_fw-la 4._o §_o but_o that_o the_o homonomy_n of_o word_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v which_o be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v regard_v in_o disputation_n we_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o canon_n or_o criterion_n which_o aristotle_n deliver_v book_n 1._o top._n cap._n 15._o of_o which_o we_o shall_v here_o repeat_v the_o chief_a all_o those_o word_n in_o the_o first_o place_n fall_v under_o the_o title_n of_o homonymous_n to_o which_o many_o be_v contrary_n as_o that_o of_o the_o latin_a word_n grave_a to_o which_o leave_v and_o acutum_fw-la second_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o contrary_a sometime_o not_o as_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o love_v unto_o which_o sometime_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o hate_v and_o sometime_o nothing_o as_o when_o signify_v to_o wont_a three_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o medium_fw-la sometime_o not_o so_o the_o word_n candid_a and_o fâ—â—â—â—d_a that_o be_v in_o english_a white_a and_o dark_a brown_n for_o when_o discourse_n be_v of_o colour_n the_o pale_a and_o other_o middle_n be_v interject_v between_o they_o but_o when_o of_o voice_n say_v to_o be_v candid_a or_o fuscid_a that_o be_v clear_a or_o hoarse_a than_o nothing_o four_o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v homonymous_n to_o which_o something_o be_v oppose_v that_o be_v ambiguous_a so_o acute_a be_v a_o homonym_n because_o obtuse_a for_o both_o a_o axe_n be_v say_v to_o be_v obtuse_a and_o the_o voice_n and_o the_o wit._n so_o also_o the_o word_n flock_n and_o therefore_o likewise_o pasior_n and_o so_o in_o other_o genus_n of_o opposition_n except_v disparate_v five_o those_o who_o conjugate_v jugate_v be_v homonym_n and_o so_o because_o the_o latin_a word_n sanus_fw-la be_v a_o homonym_n so_o also_o must_v the_o word_n sanitas_fw-la be_v six_o those_o which_o signify_v thing_n of_o divers_a kind_n and_o so_o good_a because_o to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o category_n so_o also_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o it_o signify_v as_o well_o a_o ass_n as_o a_o millstone_n seven_o those_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v not_o such_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v compare_v and_o the_o one_o be_v say_v to_o be_v more_o such_o or_o as_o much_o such_o as_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o candid_a because_o attribute_v both_o to_o the_o voice_n and_o a_o garment_n when_o a_o voice_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v neither_o more_o nor_o less_o so_o than_o a_o garment_n eight_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o difference_n of_o genus_n that_o be_v not_o subaltern_a as_o acute_a that_o be_v the_o difference_n both_o of_o voice_n and_o magnitude_n nine_o those_o which_o have_v diverse_a difference_n as_o the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a for_o other_o be_v the_o difference_n of_o that_o from_o which_o the_o lawyer_n be_v call_v jurisconsulti_fw-la and_o other_o that_o which_o may_v be_v drink_v ten_o and_o last_o those_o which_o signify_v sometime_o a_o species_n and_o sometime_o a_o difference_n as_o the_o word_n candour_n which_o signify_v a_o species_n of_o colour_n and_o a_o difference_n of_o voice_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o the_o diverse_a acception_n of_o word_n which_o the_o schoolman_n call_v supposition_n effect_v no_o homonymy_n ax._n 13._o word_n be_v either_o take_v material_o or_o formal_o ax._n 14._o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v take_v material_o when_o for_o themselves_o ax._n 15._o formal_o when_o for_o the_o thing_n by_o they_o signify_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v a_o word_n of_o three_o syllable_n of_o the_o neuter_n gender_n and_o the_o three_o declension_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la be_v a_o word_n of_o two_o syllable_n of_o the_o common_a gender_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la and_z animal_n be_v material_o take_v that_o be_v by_z and_o for_o themselves_o not_o otherwise_o than_o as_o if_o they_o signify_v nothing_o at_o all_o but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n man_n and_o animal_n be_v formal_o take_v that_o be_v for_o those_o thing_n which_o they_o signify_v according_a to_o institution_n ax._n 16._o formal_a acception_n when_o of_o singular_a word_n be_v but_o of_o one_o mode_n but_o when_o of_o universal_a it_o be_v either_o simple_a or_o concrete_a and_o ax._n 17._o simple_n then_o when_o a_o universal_a be_v take_v for_o the_o common_a nature_n abstract_o from_o inferior_n ax._n 18._o concrete_a when_o in_o inferior_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la of_o man_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v simple_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o animal_n abstract_o consider_v as_o in_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o understanding_n it_o be_v prescind_v from_o inferior_n but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v in_o the_o concrete_a viz._n as_o it_o exist_v in_o humane_a species_n this_o concrete_a acception_n be_v by_o the_o
less_o to_o it_o universal_o first_o because_o it_o consist_v not_o of_o reciprocal_a term_n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o 32d_o chapter_n viz._n that_o chap._n xxxii_o of_o conversion_n aequipollence_n and_o subalternation_n of_o enunciation_n ax._n 1_o those_o affection_n be_v say_v to_o be_v relate_v which_o agree_v to_o enunciation_n among_o themselves_o compare_v ax._n 2._o and_o these_o be_v four_o viz._n conversion_n aequipollence_n subalternation_n and_o opposition_n and_o ax._n 3_o conversion_n be_v the_o transposition_n save_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o predicate_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o subject_a into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o predicate_a commentary_n 1._o §_o in_o which_o action_n the_o truth_n must_v be_v save_v because_o the_o conversion_n be_v to_o follow_v from_o the_o convert_v now_o this_o relate_a affection_n of_o ax._n 4._o conversion_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o simple_a that_o which_o be_v by_o accident_n and_o that_o which_o be_v by_o contraposition_n ax._n 5._o simple_n that_n in_o which_o the_o quantity_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o enunciation_n be_v preserve_v ax._n 6._o and_o have_v place_n in_o the_o universal_a deny_v and_o particular_a affirm_v as_o 1._o §_o no_o man_n be_v a_o beast_n and_o therefore_o no_o beast_n be_v a_o man_n some_o man_n be_v white_a and_o therefore_o something_o white_a be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o by_o accident_n that_o in_o which_o the_o quality_n be_v preserve_v the_o quantity_n be_v diminish_v ax._n 8._o and_o take_v place_n in_o the_o universal_a affirm_v 1_o §_o quantity_n diminish_v that_o be_v the_o universal_a be_v change_v into_o a_o particular_a as_o every_o plant_n live_v and_o therefore_o something_o which_o life_n be_v a_o plant_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o contraposition_n that_o in_o which_o in_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o predicate_v be_v put_v the_o contradiction_n of_o they_o both_o ax._n 10._o and_o have_v place_v in_o the_o universal_a affirm_v 1_o §_o as_o every_o mortal_a be_v generate_v and_o therefore_o that_o which_o be_v not_o generate_v be_v not_o mortal_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o the_o particular_a deny_v be_v not_o ordinary_o convert_v 1._o §_o for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o animal_n be_v not_o a_o man_n that_o therefore_o some_o man_n shall_v not_o be_v a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n and_o if_o a_o particular_a deny_v be_v at_o any_o time_n convert_v as_o some_o man_n be_v not_o white_a and_o therefore_o something_o white_a not_o man_n it_o be_v fortuitous_a and_o to_o be_v impute_v to_o the_o matter_n as_o also_o that_o sometime_o a_o universal_a affirm_v may_v be_v convert_v save_v the_o quantity_n to_o wit_n when_o consist_v of_o reciprocal_a term_n as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a animal_n and_o therefore_o every_o rational_a animal_n be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o but_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v in_o conversion_n of_o enunciation_n that_o the_o whole_a predicate_v must_v be_v change_v into_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o likewise_o whole_a subject_n into_o the_o predicate_v or_o else_o the_o place_n of_o the_o conversion_n may_v be_v fallacious_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n some_o church_n be_v in_o the_o city_n must_v not_o be_v convert_v into_o this_o some_o city_n be_v in_o the_o church_n but_o this_o something_o which_o be_v in_o the_o city_n be_v a_o church_n because_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o enunciation_n to_o be_v convert_v be_v not_o city_n but_o to_o be_v in_o it_o in_o like_a manner_n the_o predicate_v of_o this_o enunciation_n every_o old_a man_n be_v he_o boy_n be_v not_o only_a boy_n but_o be_v a_o boy_n and_o therefore_o not_o to_o be_v convert_v into_o this_o viz._n some_o boy_n be_v a_o old_a man_n but_o this_o viz._n some_o one_o who_o be_v a_o boy_n be_v a_o old_a man_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o now_o the_o conversion_n of_o modals_n be_v by_o mean_n of_o the_o dictum_fw-la the_o mode_n still_o remain_v enunciation_n necessary_a be_v convert_v as_o pure_a universals_z deny_v and_o particular_n affirm_v simple_o universals_z affirm_v either_o by_o accident_n or_o contraposition_n as_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o every_o man_n shall_v be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o that_o some_o that_o be_v that_o some_o animal_n shall_v be_v a_o man_n or_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o that_o which_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n shall_v not_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n 3_o §_o one_o thing_n be_v here_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o those_o enunciation_n which_o have_v the_o mode_n necessary_a be_v necessary_a of_o themselves_o for_o if_o they_o have_v not_o this_o necessity_n the_o conversion_n will_v be_v false_a as_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o every_o old_a man_n shall_v have_v be_v a_o boy_n and_o therefore_o that_o some_o one_o that_o be_v a_o boy_n shall_v be_v a_o old_a man._n every_o learned_a person_n shall_v have_v be_v teach_v and_o therefore_o that_o some_o one_o who_o have_v be_v teach_v shall_v be_v learn_v etc._n etc._n such_o conversion_n as_o these_o do_v not_o cohere_v because_o that_o a_o old_a man_n shall_v have_v be_v a_o boy_n or_o a_o learned_a man_n teach_v be_v not_o necessary_a of_o its_o self_n or_o absolute_o but_o only_o of_o every_o one_o because_o by_o the_o supernatural_a power_n of_o god_n it_o may_v have_v be_v otherwise_o etc._n etc._n conversion_n of_o modal_n in_o the_o other_o mood_n can_v not_o be_v prescribe_v by_o any_o certain_a rule_n for_o those_o thing_n that_o aristotle_n say_v in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o prior._n cap._n 3._o have_v more_o in_o they_o of_o difficulty_n than_o use_v as_o to_o the_o aequipollency_n or_o like_a value_n of_o enunciation_n in_o sense_n which_o differ_v in_o word_n which_o the_o author_n say_v something_o of_o i_o think_v it_o of_o little_a significancy_n to_o be_v mention_v here_o and_o therefore_o i_o pass_v it_o by_o as_o well_o that_o of_o those_o differ_v in_o site_n of_o the_o negative-particle_n only_o as_o mood_n the_o rule_n about_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n and_o for_o that_o aequipollency_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v easy_o be_v discern_v without_o rule_n ax._n 13._o by_o subalternation_n we_o express_v our_o mean_v when_o we_o will_v signify_v that_o one_o enunciation_n be_v subordinate_v to_o another_o and_o do_v necessary_o follow_v from_o it_o but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o particular_n and_o singular_o from_o universals_z to_o which_o they_o be_v indispensable_o and_o necessary_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o for_o if_o every_o man_n be_v mortal_a then_o also_o this_o or_o that_o man_n must_v be_v sure_a to_o be_v mortal_a and_o if_o none_o than_o this_o or_o that_o man_n to_o be_v sure_a be_v not_o so_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o in_o modals_n subalternation_n be_v consider_v not_o only_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o dictum_fw-la but_o to_o the_o mood_n also_o subalternation_n of_o dictum_fw-la be_v the_o same_o in_o modal_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o pure_a and_o the_o modes_n of_o possible_a and_o contingent_a be_v subalternate_v to_o those_o of_o necessary_a and_o impossible_a for_o necessary_a include_v the_o adverb_n always_o whilst_o impossible_a never_o which_o denote_v a_o universality_n of_o time_n contingent_a and_o possible_a sometime_o which_o be_v a_o note_n of_o particularity_n of_o time_n and_o hence_o come_v we_o to_o the_o 33_o chapter_n viz._n that_o chap._n xxxiii_o of_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n ax._n 1_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n be_v either_o in_o truth_n or_o appearance_n and_o axe_n 2._o a_o true_a opposition_n be_v a_o fight_n of_o enunciation_n in_o affirm_v and_o deny_v now_o ax._n 3_o enunciation_n be_v say_v to_o fight_v in_o which_o the_o same_o of_o the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o same_o to_o the_o same_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o time_n be_v affirm_v and_o deny_v ax._n 4._o true_a opposition_n aforementioned_a be_v either_o contrariety_n or_o contradiction_n ax._n 5._o contrariety_n that_o which_o be_v between_o two_o universals_z ax._n 6._o of_o which_o both_o may_v not_o be_v together_o true_a although_o '_o false_n they_o may_v 1_o §_o for_o example_n both_o these_o enunciation_n every_o man_n be_v just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a be_v false_a but_o neither_o these_o nor_o any_o other_o contrary_n can_v be_v together_o true_a because_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v both_o at_o the_o same_o time_n true_a be_v not_o true_o oppose_v ax._n 7._o a_o contradiction_n be_v a_o opposition_n between_o one_o universal_a and_o a_o particular_a or_o two_o singular_n ax._n 8._o of_o which_o the_o one_o be_v always_o true_a and_o the_o other_o false_a 1._o §_o as_o every_o man_n be_v just_a every_o man_n not_o just_a no_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v aristides_n be_v just_a aristides_n not_o just_a etc._n etc._n of_o these_o the_o one_o be_v true_a
and_o the_o other_o false_a and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n the_o same_o in_o singular_n of_o future_a contingent_n indeed_o it_o appear_v not_o to_o man_n which_o of_o the_o two_o be_v true_a which_o false_a but_o yet_o this_o be_v evident_a that_o both_o can_v be_v together_o true_a nor_o both_o false_a for_o example_n one_o of_o these_o be_v true_a that_o a_o player_n at_o die_n will_v win_v or_o lose_v but_o whether_o can_v by_o man_n be_v define_v though_o before_o god_n it_o be_v certain_a and_o determine_v ax._n 9_o a_o opposition_n appear_v be_v either_o subcontrariety_n or_o indefinite_a opposition_n ax._n 10._o subcontrariety_n be_v between_o two_o particular_n opposition_n indefinite_a between_o two_o infinite_n ax._n 11._o both_o of_o which_o may_v be_v together_o true_a but_o not_o false_a 1_o §_o subcontraries_n be_v some_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n be_v not_o just_a of_o these_o both_o be_v true_a for_o aristides_n be_v just_a verres_n not_o just_a but_o not_o false_a for_o if_o subcontraty_n may_v be_v together_o false_a than_o contrary_n may_v be_v together_o true_a because_o contrary_n the_o negation_n add_v or_o take_v away_o contradict_v subcontraries_n indefinite_a opposition_n be_v much_o the_o same_o with_o contradicting_n for_o the_o one_o be_v always_o true_a the_o other_o false_a but_o this_o proceed_v not_o from_o the_o form_n of_o the_o opposition_n but_o the_o particular_a condition_n of_o the_o matter_n 2_o §_o subcontraries_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o appearance_n oppose_v not_o truth_n both_o because_o they_o may_v be_v together_o true_a as_o also_o because_o they_o have_v not_o the_o same_o subject_a for_o when_o i_o say_v some_o man_n be_v just_a some_o man_n not_o just_a i_o understand_v not_o in_o both_o the_o same_o person_n or_o if_o i_o do_v it_o will_v be_v a_o contradiction_n of_o singulars_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o ratio_fw-la of_o indefinite_o oppose_v ax._n 12._o contradiction_n in_o modals_n consist_v in_o the_o affirmation_n and_o negation_n of_o the_o mood_n in_o the_o same_o dictum_fw-la as_o it_o be_v necessary_a man_n shall_v be_v a_o animal_n not_o necessary_a man_n shall_v be_v a_o animal_n so_o be_v impossible_a not_o impossible_a contingent_a not_o contingent_a oppose_v ax._n 13._o contrariety_n of_o they_o consist_v part_n in_o the_o dictum_fw-la part_n in_o the_o mode_n ax._n 14._o by_o reason_n of_o the_o dictum_fw-la those_o enunciation_n be_v contrary_a both_o which_o have_v the_o mode_n necessary_a or_o impossible_a if_o in_o one_o the_o dictum_fw-la be_v affirm_v the_o other_o deny_v 1_o §_o as_o it_o be_v necessary_a man_n shall_v be_v a_o animal_n it_o be_v necessary_a man_n shall_v not_o be_v a_o animal_n impossible_a man_n shall_v be_v a_o stone_n impossible_a man_n shall_v not_o be_v a_o stone_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 15._o by_o reason_n of_o mode_n two_o the_o one_o of_o which_o have_v the_o mode_n necessary_a the_o other_o impossible_a if_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o both_o be_v of_o the_o same_o quality_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v necessary_a man_n shall_v be_v a_o animal_n impossible_a he_o shall_v be_v so_o ax._n 16._o subcontraries_n be_v two_o have_v the_o mode_n possible_a or_o contingent_a if_o in_o one_o the_o dictum_fw-la be_v affirm_v the_o other_o deny_v 1_o §_o as_o it_o be_v possible_a or_o may_v happen_v that_o one_o play_v at_o die_n may_v win_v it_o be_v possible_a or_o may_v happen_v that_o one_o play_v at_o die_n may_v not_o win_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o now_o enunciation_n that_o be_v exclusive_a and_o restrictive_a receive_v contradiction_n from_o a_o negation_n add_v to_o the_o exclusive_a or_o restrictive_a particle_n 1._o §_o as_o only_a faith_n justify_v faith_n only_o do_v not_o justify_v or_o man_n be_v mortal_a as_o to_o his_o soul_n man_n be_v mortal_a but_o not_o as_o to_o his_o soul_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 18._o contradiction_n of_o compose_a be_v place_v in_o that_o negation_n which_o appertain_v to_o the_o connection_n of_o the_o consequent_a with_o the_o antecedent_n 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o this_o viz._n if_o he_o be_v not_o miserable_a he_o be_v yet_o vain_a and_o of_o a_o lie_a tongue_n be_v thus_o evert_v by_o virgil_n book_n 2._o of_o aenaeid_n nec_fw-la si_fw-la miserum_fw-la fortuna_fw-la sinonem_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o be_v nor_o yet_o if_o hard_a fortune_n have_v make_v he_o miserable_a have_v she_o also_o make_v he_o a_o liar_n too_o which_o you_o may_v thus_o resolve_v nor_o if_o sinon_n be_v make_v miserable_a be_v he_o also_o vain_a and_o of_o a_o lie_a tongue_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o of_o all_o other_o the_o like_a but_o that_o the_o aequipollency_n subalternation_n and_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n may_v the_o better_o appear_v behold_v a_o diagram_n in_o which_o they_o may_v be_v see_v at_o one_o view_n diagram_n aequipollent_n 1._o a_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o be_v ma_fw-fr it_o may_v happen_v to_o be_v by_o it_o be_v not_o impossible_a to_o be_v must_n it_o be_v not_o necessary_a not_o to_o be_v subcontraries_n aequipollent_n 2._o e_o it_o be_v possible_a not_o to_o be_v den_n it_o may_v happen_v not_o to_o be_v tu_fw-la it_o be_v not_o impossible_a not_o to_o be_v li._n it_o be_v not_o necessary_a it_o shall_v be_v subaltern_n contradiction_n contradiction_n subaltern_n aequipollent_n 4._o pur_fw-it it_o be_v not_o impossible_a it_o shall_v not_o be_v pu_fw-fr it_o can_v happen_v not_o to_o be_v re_n it_o be_v impossible_a not_o to_o be_v a._n it_o be_v necessary_a it_o shall_v be_v contrary_n aequipollent_n 3._o i_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o be_v li_n it_o can_v happen_v to_o be_v a_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o be_v ce_fw-fr it_o be_v necessary_a it_o shall_v not_o be_v in_o which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v four_o class_n of_o enunciation_n and_o in_o each_o of_o they_o four_o enunciation_n according_a to_o the_o four_o modes_n first_o the_o enunciation_n of_o the_o same_o class_n be_v aequipollent_n second_o the_o enunciation_n of_o the_o first_o be_v subordinate_v to_o those_o of_o the_o four_o and_o those_o of_o the_o second_o to_o those_o of_o the_o three_o three_o the_o enunciation_n of_o the_o first_o and_o three_o as_o also_o the_o second_o and_o four_o be_v contradictory_n to_o each_o other_o four_o those_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o be_v contrary_n by_o reason_n either_o of_o their_o dictum_fw-la or_o mood_n five_o the_o enunciation_n of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o be_v subcontraries_n six_o the_o vowel_n of_o the_o word_n which_o be_v prefix_v to_o each_o class_n denote_v the_o quality_n of_o the_o dictum_fw-la and_o mood_n as_o aeiu_n denote_v the_o dictum_fw-la and_o mood_n to_o be_v affirm_v the_o dictum_fw-la to_o be_v deny_v and_o mood_n affirm_v the_o dictum_fw-la to_o be_v affirm_v and_o mood_n deny_v the_o dictum_fw-la and_o the_o mood_n both_o to_o be_v deny_v and_o thus_o far_o of_o the_o thematick_a part_n which_o be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v handle_v now_o follow_v definition_n division_n syllogism_n and_o method_n of_o which_o in_o the_o second_o part_n we_o be_v to_o entreat_v the_o end_n of_o the_o first_o book_n logical_a institution_n book_n ii_o chap._n i._o of_o definition_n in_o general_n and_o definition_n nominal_a axiom_n 1._o a_o definition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o oration_n viz._n internal_a or_o external_n that_o be_v either_o in_o the_o mind_n or_o bring_v forth_o in_o word_n declare_v what_o that_o be_v which_o be_v seek_v 1._o §_o which_o consist_v in_o two_o word_n at_o the_o least_o and_o therefore_o a_o explication_n of_o one_o name_n by_o another_o more_o know_v as_o if_o one_o shall_v call_v a_o rapier_n a_o sword_n can_v proper_o be_v call_v a_o definition_n but_o yet_o it_o must_v be_v refer_v to_o definition_n as_o we_o shall_v afterward_o make_v appear_v the_o reason_n why_o definition_n must_v be_v a_o speech_n be_v plain_o this_o such_o be_v the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n that_o by_o one_o conception_n we_o can_v easy_o attain_v to_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o definition_n therefore_o may_v occur_v that_o be_v accommodate_v itself_o to_o this_o imbecility_n it_o distribute_v the_o thing_n into_o part_n viz._n genus_fw-la and_o difference_n or_o the_o like_a and_o so_o deliver_v it_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o mind_n by_o many_o conception_n call_v each_o part_n by_o its_o name_n ax._n 4._o now_o of_o definition_n the_o one_o be_v of_o the_o name_n and_o the_o other_o of_o the_o thing_n ax._n 5._o definition_n of_o the_o name_n be_v that_o which_o declare_v what_o that_o be_v which_o be_v say_v or_o what_o be_v signify_v by_o the_o name_n ax._n 6._o and_o that_o either_o by_o etymology_n or_o a_o conjugate_v or_o a_o synonymous_n word_n so_o that_o 1._o §_o nominal_a definition_n appear_v to_o be_v
threefold_a viz._n that_o which_o be_v according_a to_o etymology_n and_o so_o declare_v the_o signification_n of_o the_o name_n out_o of_o the_o original_a as_o a_o triangle_n be_v that_o which_o have_v three_o angle_n philosophy_n be_v the_o love_n of_o wisdom_n etc._n etc._n or_o second_o according_a to_o conjugation_n and_o declare_v the_o name_n by_o a_o conjugate_v word_n as_o quality_n be_v that_o by_o which_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o what_o quality_n they_o be_v or_o three_o and_o last_o according_a to_o word_n as_o when_o a_o obscure_a one_o be_v declare_v by_o one_o or_o more_o more_o know_v as_o a_o handsome_a thing_n be_v one_o that_o be_v decent_a and_o honest_a etc._n etc._n for_o although_o when_o one_o word_n be_v explain_v by_o another_o it_o be_v improper_o enough_o say_v to_o be_v a_o definition_n because_o such_o explication_n be_v not_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o a_o oration_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v above_o yet_o must_v such_o a_o explication_n be_v refer_v to_o definition_n as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 1._o top._n cap._n 5._o and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o chapter_n viz._n that_o chap._n ii_o of_o perfect_a definition_n ax._n 1_o now_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o the_o thing_n itself_o be_v ax._n 2._o and_o be_v either_o perfect_a or_o imperfect_a ax._n 3_o a_o perfect_a that_o which_o perfect_o explain_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n by_o its_o essential_a attribute_n ax._n 4._o imperfect_a not_o at_o least_o not_o perfect_o ax._n 5._o the_o law_n of_o perfect_a be_v principal_o six_o and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o definition_n be_v short_a 1._o §_o now_o definition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v short_a when_o there_o be_v nothing_o less_o nor_o more_o in_o they_o than_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v now_o that_o there_o may_v be_v something_o more_o may_v chief_o happen_v three_o way_n and_o first_o when_o a_o tautology_n be_v commit_v which_o be_v not_o only_o then_o when_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v repeat_v by_o a_o synonymous_n word_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n and_o endue_v with_o the_o power_n of_o understanding_n which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o other_o word_n but_o also_o when_o that_o be_v put_v into_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o species_n which_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la as_o if_o blindness_n shall_v be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o privation_n of_o the_o sight_n which_o natural_o ought_v to_o have_v in-been_a for_o those_o word_n which_o natural_o ought_v to_o have_v in-been_a be_v redundant_fw-la and_o include_v in_o the_o word_n privation_n itself_o that_o second_o be_v otiosè_fw-la or_o unnecessary_a in_o a_o definition_n which_o distinguish_v not_o the_o define_v from_o any_o other_o thing_n as_o transcendent_n as_o if_o virtue_n shall_v be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o which_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v account_v honest_a etc._n etc._n in_o this_o manner_n yet_o be_v chief_a genus_n to_o be_v define_v in_o the_o three_o place_n that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v otiosè_fw-la in_o a_o definition_n which_o be_v take_v away_o the_o definition_n will_v nevertheless_o be_v proper_a and_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v of_o a_o man_n that_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n capable_a of_o discipline_n for_o all_o though_o that_o of_o capable_a of_o discipline_n shall_v be_v withdraw_v yet_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o definition_n will_v be_v proper_a to_o explain_v the_o essence_n of_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o second_o definition_n ought_v to_o be_v perspicuous_a 1._o §_o the_o perspicuity_n of_o definition_n say_v the_o prince_n of_o philosopher_n aught_o to_o be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o may_v present_o appear_v what_o that_o be_v which_o be_v teach_v nay_o that_o from_o it_o that_o of_o the_o thing_n contrary_a also_o may_v be_v collect_v all_o those_o thing_n therefore_o be_v to_o be_v avoid_v which_o may_v any_o way_n beget_v obscurity_n as_o unusualness_n ambiguity_n metaphor_n etc._n etc._n but_o if_o there_o be_v none_o proper_a or_o else_o if_o any_o word_n be_v more_o use_v in_o the_o metaphorical_a than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o proper_a signification_n nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o we_o may_v adhibit_v a_o metaphorical_a word_n in_o a_o definition_n and_o therefore_o when_o logic_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o art_n of_o dispute_v well_o express_v by_o the_o word_n disserendi_fw-la signify_v proper_o something_a else_o that_o definition_n be_v improper_o reject_v for_o the_o metaphor_n because_o the_o word_n disserendi_fw-la be_v much_o seldome_o use_v in_o its_o proper_a signification_n which_o be_v to_o distribute_v or_o disperse_v than_o in_o the_o metaphorical_a though_o something_o else_o possible_o there_o may_v be_v which_o may_v be_v reprehend_v in_o that_o definition_n ax._n 7._o three_o definition_n ought_v to_o be_v reciprocal_a with_o the_o define_v 1._o §_o that_o be_v whatever_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o define_v aught_o also_o so_o to_o be_v in_o the_o definition_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n wherefore_o when_o the_o lawyer_n define_v natural_a right_o to_o be_v that_o which_o nature_n have_v teach_v all_o live_a thing_n the_o definition_n be_v too_o lax_n for_o right_o consist_v only_o among_o man_n and_o appertain_v not_o to_o brute_n on_o the_o other_o side_n when_o logic_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o art_n of_o dispute_v or_o argue_v well_o the_o definition_n be_v too_o straight_o for_o logic_n be_v not_o only_o a_o dispute_v or_o art_n of_o dispute_v but_o also_o defining_n divide_v and_o order_v well_o which_o be_v not_o sufficient_o contain_v under_o that_o notion_n of_o dispute_v ax._n 8._o four_o definition_n be_v to_o be_v affirm_v 1._o §_o for_o that_o negative_a definition_n do_v not_o so_o much_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v as_o what_o it_o be_v not_o wherefore_o aristotle_n have_v propose_v two_o definition_n of_o accident_n book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 5._o prefer_v the_o latter_a before_o the_o former_a because_o conceive_v by_o negation_n often_o yet_o be_v we_o force_v through_o the_o inopy_n of_o word_n or_o imbecility_n of_o our_o understanding_n or_o imperfection_n of_o thing_n to_o make_v use_n of_o negative_a definition_n as_o when_o we_o define_v a_o angel_n to_o be_v a_o finite_a substance_n void_a of_o body_n a_o beast_n a_o irrational_a animal_n blindness_n a_o privation_n of_o sight_n but_o then_o they_o be_v imperfect_a definition_n ax._n 9_o five_o definition_n ought_v to_o be_v propose_v without_o copulation_n or_o conjunction_n of_o part_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o definition_n be_v the_o explication_n of_o one_o essence_n and_o therefore_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v one_o and_o that_o a_o simple_a oration_n but_o copulative_a and_o disjunctive_a particle_n connect_v many_o together_o for_o example_n a_o man_n be_v not_o to_o be_v define_v a_o terrestrial_a animal_n and_o two-footed_a but_o a_o terrestrial_a two-footed_a animal_n as_o be_v collect_v cap._n 5._o of_o the_o interpret_v and_o cap._n 4._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n number_n be_v not_o to_o be_v define_v a_o multitude_n even_o or_o uneven_a for_o this_o be_v its_o division_n but_o a_o collection_n of_o unite_v but_o such_o definition_n as_o these_o be_v frequent_o to_o be_v dispense_v with_o not_o because_o perfect_v but_o because_o there_o be_v no_o perfect_a as_o when_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o phys_n nature_n be_v define_v to_o be_v the_o principle_n and_o cause_n of_o motion_n and_o quiet_a and_o enunciation_n cap._n 4._o of_o the_o book_n of_o interp._n a_o oration_n pronounce_v true_a or_o false_a ax._n 10._o six_o definition_n be_v to_o consist_v of_o prior_n attribute_n and_o simple_o more_o know_v and_o also_o indemonstrable_a 1_o §_o this_o canon_n do_v the_o philosopher_n explain_v and_o confirm_v in_o the_o 6_o book_n of_o the_o top._n cap._n 4._o to_o this_o effect_n definition_n be_v give_v we_o say_v he_o that_o we_o may_v know_v but_o we_o know_v not_o from_o every_o thing_n or_o all_o but_o from_o those_o that_o be_v prior_n and_o more_o know_v now_o then_o since_o definition_n may_v consist_v either_o of_o they_o which_o be_v to_o we_o more_o know_v or_o simple_o we_o ought_v rather_o to_o endeavour_v that_o the_o latter_a may_v be_v make_v know_v by_o the_o former_a and_o simple_o more_o know_v than_o on_o the_o contrary_a because_o this_o manner_n of_o defining_n be_v the_o most_o accommodate_v to_o science_n but_o yet_o among_o those_o who_o be_v incapable_a of_o such_o definition_n it_o may_v be_v necessary_a it_o may_v be_v to_o make_v definition_n of_o those_o that_o be_v more_o know_v to_o we_o rather_o than_o those_o that_o be_v more_o know_v in_o themselves_o but_o such_o definition_n
second_o figure_n be_v such_o as_o these_o cesare_n no_o rich_a man_n be_v in_o want_n every_o covetous_a man_n be_v in_o want_n no_o covetous_a man_n therefore_o be_v rich._n camestres_fw-mi every_o animal_n be_v mortal_a no_o angel_n be_v mortal_a no_o angel_n therefore_o be_v a_o animal_n festino_n no_o animal_n be_v a_o plant_n something_o live_v be_v a_o plant_n something_n live_v therefore_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n baroco_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n some_o rational_a substance_n be_v not_o a_o animal_n some_o rational_a substance_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o man._n 4._o §_o the_o singular_a modes_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n conclude_v both_o negative_o for_o example_n plato_n be_v not_o a_o stagyrite_n aristotle_n be_v a_o stagyrite_n aristotle_n therefore_o be_v not_o plato_n aristotle_n be_v a_o stagyrite_n plato_n be_v not_o a_o stagyrite_n plato_n therefore_o be_v not_o aristotle_n 5._o §_o example_n of_o universals_z certain_o and_o direct_o conclude_v in_o the_o three_o figure_n be_v such_o as_o these_o viz._n darapti_fw-la every_o virtue_n be_v hard_o to_o attain_v to_o every_o virtue_n be_v honest_a something_o therefore_o honest_a be_v hard_o to_o attain_v to_o felapton_n no_o stone_n live_v every_o stone_n be_v natural_o move_v to_o its_o own_o place_n something_o therefore_o which_o be_v natural_o move_v to_o its_o own_o place_n do_v not_o live_v disamis_n some_o man_n rave_v or_o be_v mad_a every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a animal_n some_o rational_a animal_n therefore_o rave_v or_o be_v mad_a datisi_fw-la every_o covetous_a man_n be_v in_o want_n some_o covetous_a man_n have_v riches_n or_o wealth_n some_o one_o therefore_o who_o have_v riches_n or_o wealth_n be_v in_o want_n bocardo_n some_o body_n be_v not_o corruptible_a every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n something_o therefore_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v not_o corruptible_a ferison_n no_o virtue_n bring_v forth_o misery_n some_o virtue_n be_v painful_a something_o therefore_o which_o be_v painful_a bring_v not_o forth_o misery_n 6._o §_o of_o the_o singular_a mood_n in_o the_o three_o figure_n the_o one_o also_o affirm_v and_o the_o other_o deny_v for_o example_n judas_n be_v wicked_a judas_n be_v a_o apostle_n some_o apostle_n therefore_o be_v wicked_a socrates_n be_v not_o a_o wicked_a man_n socrates_n be_v a_o heathen_a some_o heathen_a therefore_o be_v not_o a_o wicked_a man._n 7._o §_o and_o these_o be_v the_o direct_a modes_n the_o use_n of_o which_o be_v much_o the_o great_a in_o disputation_n to_o which_o aristotle_n have_v also_o add_v some_o invert_v which_o from_o a_o major_a affirm_v universal_a or_o particular_a and_o minor_n deny_v conclude_v a_o particular_a negation_n of_o the_o minor_a term._n as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n some_o animal_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o horse_n some_o animal_n be_v a_o man_n no_o plant_n be_v a_o animal_n some_o man_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o plant_n etc._n etc._n but_o these_o together_o with_o the_o way_n of_o conversion_n and_o transposition_n as_o be_v useful_a to_o very_a few_o be_v better_o seek_v for_o out_o of_o the_o institution_n and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o 8_o chapter_n viz._n that_o of_o the_o rule_n law_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n as_o far_o as_o suit_n to_o our_o purpose_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o law_n rule_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n ax._n 1_o the_o necessity_n of_o consecution_n which_o we_o call_v the_o soul_n of_o syllogism_n lean_v upon_o certain_a foundation_n and_o rule_n so_o certain_a and_o know_v that_o they_o can_v be_v deny_v by_o any_o one_o ax._n 2._o universal_a syllogism_n affirm_v depend_v on_o the_o rule_n or_o dictum_fw-la de_fw-la omni_fw-la that_o be_v all_z which_o be_v this_o whatsoever_o be_v predicate_v universal_o of_o any_o universal_a that_o be_v also_o predicate_v of_o all_o that_o be_v contain_v under_o that_o universal_a commentary_n for_o example_n to_o live_v be_v say_v universal_o of_o animal_n as_o every_o animal_n live_v and_o man_n be_v contain_v under_o animal_n as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o to_o live_v may_v also_o be_v affirm_v of_o man_n as_o every_o man_n live_v etc._n etc._n and_o this_o be_v the_o syllogism_n affirm_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n ax._n 3_o syllogism_n universal_a deny_v lean_a upon_o the_o rule_n of_o none_o which_o be_v this_o whatsoever_o be_v universal_o deny_v of_o any_o universal_a be_v also_o deny_v of_o all_o which_o contain_v under_o that_o universal_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n deny_v we_o stone_n of_o animal_n as_o no_o animal_n be_v a_o stone_n now_o man_n be_v contain_v under_o animal_n for_o every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o stone_n must_v also_o be_v deny_v of_o man_n for_o no_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n and_o this_o be_v a_o syllogism_n deny_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n as_o necessary_a therefore_o as_o it_o be_v for_o leyden_n to_o be_v in_o the_o low-countries_n or_o belgium_n when_o it_o appear_v that_o holland_n be_v in_o the_o low-countries_n or_o belgium_n and_o that_o leyden_n be_v in_o holland_n or_o that_o leyden_n be_v not_o in_o england_n since_o belgium_n be_v not_o in_o england_n and_o leyden_n be_v in_o belgium_n so_o necessary_a be_v it_o that_o the_o conclusion_n shall_v follow_v from_o well_o and_o lawful_o dispose_v premise_n which_o will_v be_v more_o easy_o understand_v if_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o all_o and_o none_o be_v paraphrastical_o propound_v and_o accommodate_v to_o syllogism_n in_o this_o manner_n viz._n whatsoever_o predicate_v be_v universal_o affirm_v or_o deny_v of_o any_o medium_fw-la that_o also_o be_v affirm_v or_o deny_v of_o that_o subject_a which_o be_v contain_v under_o that_o medium_fw-la wherein_o there_o be_v three_o distinct_a part_n of_o which_o the_o first_o represent_v the_o major_a second_o the_o conclusion_n and_o three_o the_o minor_n ax._n 4._o singular_a syllogism_n depend_v upon_o this_o maxim_n whatever_o thing_n agree_v in_o one_o single_a three_o those_o also_o agree_v among_o themselves_o and_o those_o of_o which_o one_o agree_v to_o any_o single_a three_o the_o other_z not_o those_o also_o agree_v not_o among_o themselves_o 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n if_o two_o tree_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o same_o measure_n it_o be_v right_o collect_v that_o those_o tree_n be_v equal_a also_o among_o themselves_o so_o also_o if_o it_o may_v be_v true_o affirm_v of_o david_n that_o he_o be_v a_o prophet_n and_o a_o manslayer_n it_o follow_v that_o some_o prophet_n be_v a_o manslayer_n and_o that_o in_o such_o a_o syllogism_n as_o this_o david_n be_v a_o manslayer_n david_n be_v a_o prophet_n some_o prophet_n therefore_o be_v a_o manslayer_n etc._n etc._n on_o the_o other_o side_n whereas_o of_o two_o beam_n if_o one_o of_o they_o be_v agreeable_a to_o a_o certain_a measure_n the_o other_o not_o it_o follow_v that_o they_o must_v be_v unequal_a among_o themselves_o so_o also_o if_o it_o convene_v to_o judas_n that_o he_o be_v a_o apostle_n and_o not_o faithful_a to_o his_o lord_n it_o follow_v also_o that_o some_o apostle_n be_v not_o faithful_a to_o his_o lord_n and_o that_o in_o such_o a_o syllogism_n as_o this_o judas_n be_v not_o faithful_a to_o his_o lord_n judas_n be_v a_o apostle_n some_o apostle_n therefore_o be_v not_o faithful_a to_o his_o lord_n if_o there_o be_v two_o of_o which_o neither_o agree_v to_o any_o one_o three_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o they_o agree_v among_o themselves_o or_o not_o ax._n 5._o those_o syllogism_n which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o these_o rule_n be_v true_a syllogism_n which_o dissent_v from_o they_o paralogism_n or_o vicious_a syllogism_n but_o ax._n 6._o that_o the_o more_o easy_o true_a syllogism_n may_v be_v discern_v from_o paralogism_n some_o law_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v of_o which_o some_o be_v common_a to_o all_o other_o peculiar_a to_o each_o figure_n ax._n 7._o the_o common_a law_n be_v seven_o and_o first_o in_o a_o syllogism_n there_o must_v be_v no_o more_o or_o less_o than_o three_o term_n 1._o §_o this_o law_n be_v prescribe_v book_n 1._o prior._fw-la cap._n 25._o and_o be_v thus_o prove_v a_o question_n have_v but_o two_o term_n viz._n major_a and_o minor_a or_o subject_a and_o predicate_v the_o medium_fw-la or_o argument_n be_v take_v from_o without_o and_o that_o ought_v to_o be_v but_o one_o as_o we_o have_v show_v cap._n 6._o of_o this_o book_n though_o 2._o §_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o there_o be_v four_o term_n in_o a_o syllogism_n when_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v but_o three_o and_o that_o chief_o for_o three_o cause_n and_o first_o because_o some_o word_n or_o sentence_n in_o the_o syllogism_n be_v doubtful_a as_o in_o this_o syllogism_n that_o which_o want_v beginning_n and_o end_n be_v eternal_a the_o world_n want_v begin_v and_o end_n therefore_o the_o
medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o respect_n to_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v so_o be_v the_o principle_n or_o premise_n to_o the_o conclusion_n wherefore_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o affection_n so_o the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n not_o only_o why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v for_o in_o this_o sense_n the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n even_o in_o all_o syllogism_n but_o also_o why_o they_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v before_o the_o affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n obtain_v a_o verity_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n prior_n to_o that_o of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o affection_n not_o as_o to_o we_o and_o in_o way_n of_o confuse_a knowledge_n but_o of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a cognition_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n for_o because_o we_o embrace_v the_o conclusion_n with_o a_o full_a assent_n of_o the_o mind_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o principle_n we_o must_v assent_v more_o to_o the_o principle_n themselves_o of_o necessity_n because_o that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o as_o aristotle_n teach_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o now_o when_o the_o principle_n have_v all_o these_o condition_n they_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 8._o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v when_o they_o be_v neither_o heterogeneous_a or_o foreign_a nor_o yet_o common_a 1._o §_o now_o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v heterogeneous_a then_o when_o they_o be_v fetch_v from_o some_o other_o science_n as_o if_o one_o for_o the_o prove_v of_o physical_a question_n shall_v make_v use_n of_o mathematical_a principle_n or_o geometrical_a arithmetical_a but_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o a_o demonstrater_n to_o pass_v from_o one_o science_n to_o another_o to_o wit_n because_o the_o medium_fw-la with_o the_o three_o that_o be_v the_o subject_a and_o the_o first_o that_o be_v the_o predicate_a with_o the_o medium_fw-la ought_v to_o agree_v by_o itself_o as_o be_v teach_v cap._n 6._o of_o the_o same_o book_n which_o can_v be_v if_o the_o the_o conclusion_n and_o principle_n be_v not_o of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a that_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a as_o appear_v from_o cap._n 28._o of_o the_o same_o book_n 2._o §_o if_o yet_o one_o science_n be_v subalternate_a to_o another_o as_o music_n to_o arithmetic_n or_o optic_n to_o geometry_n the_o question_n of_o the_o inferior_a be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o superior_a science_n nor_o be_v this_o a_o pass_v to_o another_o genus_fw-la because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n have_v in_o some_o manner_n the_o same_o subject_a with_o the_o superior_a and_o so_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v divers_a science_n i_o say_v in_o some_o manner_n because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n consider_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o superior_a with_o some_o sensible_a quality_n which_o yet_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o formal_a ratio_fw-la of_o the_o subject_a from_o whence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o affection_n of_o both_o be_v diverse_a though_o in_o the_o rest_n they_o consent_v so_o arithmetic_n consider_v number_n absolute_o music_n which_o be_v subalternate_v to_o it_o only_o in_o â—ound_n so_o geometry_n consider_v magnitude_n absolute_o the_o optic_n or_o science_n discuss_v the_o reason_n of_o sight_n which_o be_v subalternate_a or_o inferior_a to_o it_o only_o in_o colour_n light_n and_o shadow_n see_v cap._n 7._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n 3._o §_o the_o principle_n common_a be_v those_o which_o may_v be_v accommodate_v to_o many_o science_n such_o principle_n as_o these_o generate_v not_o science_n because_o they_o contain_v a_o medium_fw-la which_o coheres_fw-la not_o with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n by_o itself_o but_o accident_n but_o it_o be_v then_o that_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n true_o when_o we_o know_v it_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o from_o principle_n which_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v as_o aristotle_n speak_v cap_n 9_o of_o the_o same_o book_n but_o that_o which_o we_o know_v from_o common_a reason_n we_o know_v only_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v not_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n be_v common_a which_o when_o of_o the_o superior_a be_v adhibit_v to_o the_o inferior_a science_n because_o the_o science_n subalternate_a as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v not_o esteem_v diverse_a from_o the_o subalternate_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o now_o principle_n be_v divide_v into_o axiom_n and_o thesis_n ax._n 10._o and_o a_o axiom_n be_v that_o the_o truth_n of_o which_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n no_o person_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o ax._n 11._o a_o thesis_n who_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v by_o the_o mere_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n only_o but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o some_o other_o way_n of_o declaration_n ax._n 12._o and_o this_o be_v either_o definition_n or_o hypothesis_n ax._n 13._o a_o definition_n be_v a_o oration_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o which_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o be_v or_o no_o etc._n etc._n this_o division_n of_o the_o principle_n be_v fetch_v from_o book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o and_o 10._o whence_o axiom_n be_v so_o call_v be_v declare_v book_n 1_o of_o the_o institution_n cap._n 27._o the_o word_n thesis_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o any_o proposition_n which_o be_v propose_v pro_fw-la and_o con_n to_o be_v dispute_v of_o as_o book_n 8._o top._n cap._n 4._o and_o 5._o and_o sometime_o for_o a_o sentence_n paradoxal_a of_o some_o eminent_a philosopher_n as_o book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 1._o in_o rhetoric_n it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o infinite_a question_n but_o here_o for_o a_o kind_n of_o proposition_n immediate_n now_o 2._o §_o aristotle_n cap._n 10._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n define_v a_o axiom_n in_o this_o manner_n viz._n to_o be_v that_o which_o of_o necessity_n be_v true_a of_o itself_o and_o of_o the_o like_a necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o of_o necessity_n true_a that_o be_v worthy_a of_o it_o self_n of_o our_o belief_n or_o that_o that_o have_v no_o cause_n of_o its_o truth_n by_o which_o to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o this_o be_v common_a to_o all_o as_o well_o thesis_n as_o axiom_n add_v of_o necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o that_o be_v by_o a_o person_n of_o complete_a reason_n it_o can_v serious_o and_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o mind_n be_v deny_v for_o a_o person_n perchance_o may_v deny_v a_o axiom_n rather_o than_o confess_v himself_o to_o be_v overcome_v but_o no_o one_o can_v be_v find_v who_o suppose_v he_o of_o a_o complete_a reason_n can_v deny_v it_o in_o his_o soul_n and_o mind_n for_o example_n such_o enunciation_n as_o these_o nothing_o can_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v and_o also_o not_o be_v the_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o its_o part_n those_o thing_n that_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o same_o those_o also_o will_v be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o if_o from_o equal_a thing_n you_o take_v away_o equal_a those_o thing_n which_o remain_v will_v be_v equal_a too_o etc._n etc._n the_o evidence_n of_o which_o be_v so_o great_a that_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n by_o which_o they_o be_v express_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o can_v but_o be_v apparent_a for_o he_o who_o know_v what_o signify_v a_o whole_a and_o what_o a_o part_n and_o what_o to_o be_v great_a can_v be_v ignorant_a that_o a_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o a_o part_n etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o and_o in_o this_o respect_n differ_v axiom_n from_o thesis_n for_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thesis_n beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n be_v require_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n and_o sometime_o the_o declaration_n of_o a_o master_n of_o definition_n example_n may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o every_o discipline_n as_o for_o instance_n physic_n as_o a_o body_n natural_a be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n principle_n be_v those_o which_o be_v neither_o make_v out_o of_o themselves_o nor_o other_o and_o out_o of_o which_o be_v make_v all_o thing_n nature_n be_v the_o principle_n and_o cause_n of_o motion_n and_o quiet_a in_o that_o in_o which_o it_o be_v first_o by_o its_o self_n and_o not_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n geometry_n as_o that_o