〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to grow red for such is the coate where these fleshy fibres are which goe vnto the bottome of the Testicle The Vse of this Membrane is thought to be that whilst it inuolueth the stones as it were within a huske or sheath the spermaticke vessels are closely knit vnto them or that there The vse of the vtter coate might be an infusion of imperfect seede into the Testicles out of the vessels or rather that from the Testicles some force or faculty might reach vnto the vessels The second or inner proper coate of the Testicles called by Vesalius and Archangelus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it immediately encompasseth the Testicle in Latin Albuginea the white The second inner coate of the testicles coate Table 2. ζ table 3. figure 2. u figure 3. Q R S which ariseth from the coate of the spermaticke vessels is white thicke and very strong whence Ruffus Ephesius calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It immediately inuolueth the substance of the Testicle that it may firme stay and as it were knit together his soft and laxe flesh table 3. figure 3. Ï„ least otherwise it should haue beene too loose and so haue proued vnprofitable as also by his interposition as it were of a meane or middle nature the harder vesselles might more fitly grow and apply to the softer substance of the testicle The Testicles are round of an ouall figure saith Laurentius or like egges depressed or flatted Their figure somewhat on either side and they hang obliquely or sidelong because of the vesselles which grow vnto them and because of the protuberation or bunching out of the Parastatae A note of lasciuious men Aristotic Galen Pollux The right hotter as if they were two small stones which protuberation in lasciuious men is not vnusuall The vpper bunching part is called by Aristotâ—e Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the head the lower which is blunter and larger is called the bottome by Pollux 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The right is the hotter because of his vessels which transfer from the hollow veine and the great arterie more pure and sprightfull blood vnto it it is thought also to be more bodden or embossed and the seede on that side is thought to be better concocted albeit Vesalius denyeth any difference who doeth not conceiue that the procreation of Males and Females dependeth vppon the greater or lesser implication of these substances Yet Hippocrates calleth the right 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is 6 6. Epid sect 4. the Male Testicle and the lef 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the female Testicles which is fuller of seede then the other but that more weake and waterish hauing most of his matter from the emulgent whence it is that the Nature of women seemeth to be more intent vppon generation then that of man euen from the very beginning witnesse the childish disports of young Girles in making of Babies Nursing and lying in as we say and such like pastimes wherein they The reason of young Girles disports are occupied euen from their infancy These Testicles being ioyned by the interuening of membranes do hang down from the sharebones and the yarde The substance of the Testicles is glandulous white milky soft laxe or loose in men and spongious because of many smal veines table 3. fig. 3. u u dispersed through their bodies Their substance but yet there appeareth no cauity or hollownes in them They haue on each side one muscle and that a long one table 2. Ψ table 3 figure 2. χ and slender beginning at the hanch bone or rather from a strong ligament which runneth Museles from the hanch to the share-bone in that place where the transuerse muscles of the lower belly doe end of which these muscles seeme to be a part and they get out by the out-let of The conâ—nxion and original of these muscles the Tendons of the oblique muscles and outward neere the leskes they grow to the vessels which attaine vnto the Testicles and vnto the heades of the Testicles themselues Sometimes from the forepart of the share-bone there are certaine fleshy fibres communicated vnto them so that they may be obserued to haue as they haue alwayes in Apes a double originall By the benefite of these muscles the Testicles which are pendant are suspended Cremasteres or hung whence they are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that they should not bee a burthen to the spermatick Their vse or seed vessels as we touched before Moreouer in copulation or coition they draw them back that the seed-through becomming shorter the seed may more easily and readily be supplyed And Galen in his fourth booke de vsu partium and the 14. Chapter sayeth that they partake of voluntary motion For their nourishment and life the Testicles receiue matter from the spermaticke table Their vessels by which they liue 2 â— veines and arteries How then may some say are they nourished with bloud I answere as the Paps are nourished with Milke for their bloud is not red but turned into Milke and Seed as also the bones are nourished with marrow For all the parts of the body are nourished with bloud either red or turned into a substance more conuenieÌ„t for the part which it is to nourish A reasonable nerue also they haue from the rib branch tab 6. lib. 2. fig. 1. iii of the sixt paire sometimes also two other nerues ariue vnto them from the 21. coniugation of the marrow of the loynes that hanging out of the body they might not yet bee depriued of exquisite sence which after being ioyned to the spermaticall vessels are carried downward and implanted into the coates of the Testicles The vse of the Testicles is for that without them neither can seede be ingendered not The vse of the Testicles any absolute Creature perfectly generated by their inbred faculty to giue to the seede not so much the colour for it falleth not into the substance of the Testicles as Vesalius and Laurentius do suppose it doth as the very form generating power and that so strong and vigorous that a perfect and absolute Creature out of it may bee generated which power in men is the cause of virilitie and in a woman of woman-hood or muliebritie Moreouer by reason of this faculty the Testicles are esteemed the prime instruments of generation and also by some principall parts of the body They adde also to the body much strength and heate as appeareth by Eunuches whose Their conseÌ„t with other parts temperament substance habit and dispositions are all altered as wee shall heare hereafter and that because of the great consent of the vpper parts with these Testicles mentioned by Hippocrates in his second Book Epidem and the first section in these words When the Testicles doe swell vpon a Cough it putteth vs in mind of a sympathy and consent there is between the Chest
more excellent parts from the Father and the more ignoble from the Mother But it were time ill spent to insist vpon the answering of such idle conceits Some haue been of opinion that white seede falleth from all the solid parts passing from them into the smaller veines out of the smaller into the greater and in them rideth in the The opinion of others humors as a cloud or sedement in the vrine and so is drawn away by the ingenite traction of the Testicles These men Aristotle elegantly confuteth in the places before cited Galen Confuted by Aristotles in his Bookes de Semine Auicen the Prince of the Arabians contendeth that the matter of the seede falleth vnto Auicens opinion the Testicles from the three principall parts of the body the Braine the Heart and the Liuer and him haue many of the new writers followed Neither were the Poets ignorant of this kind of Philosophy but least it should grow common or be profaned by the rude vulgar wits they cloaked it vnder obscure and blacke veiles and shaddowes of fables as they would do a holy thing For they thought it a great wickednesse and not to bee expiated if The Poets Philosophy concerning this matter the secrets of Philosophy were bewrayed to the common people Wherefore they feigne that when Venus and Mars were in bed together they were deprehended or taken in the manner as we say by Mercury Neptune and Apollo Apollo with his rayes as with a quickning Nectar illustrateth them Now by Apollo they meane the heart whose affinitie with the sunne is so great that they call the Sunne the heart of the world and the heart the sunne of the body Neptune the God of the Sea and the ruler of al moisture resembles the Liuer An Elegant Mythologie which is the fountain of beneficall moisture Vnder the name of Mercury that witty and wily God they designed the braine These three principles therefore respect Mars coupling with Venus that is haue the ruling power in procreation Thus haue you heard the diuerse and different opinions of the ancients and late writers concerning this matter it remaineth now that wee resolue vppon something our selues which we will do on this manner The seed is a moyst spumous and white body compounded of a permixtion of blood What wee resolue of and spirits laboured and boyled by the Testicles and falling onely from them in the time of generation or from the adiacent parts Neither do we ascribe that faculty which they cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Faculty of making seede to any other part saue onely to the testicles and their vessels But whereas there is a double matter of the seede blood and spirits we think that the blood is red and not at all altred by the solid parts and falleth only from the veins As for the spirits which are aery thin and swift Natures wandering through the whole body being neere of kin vnto the ingenite spirits of the particular parts we thinke they fall into the Testicles out of the whole body and bring with them the Idea or forme of the parts and their formatiue faculty And in this sense haply it may be saide that the seede falleth from all the parts of the body but in no other But some man may say If the seede yssue onely from the Testicles how may it bee that two so small bodies as the Testicles are should be able to boile so great a quanty of seede I answere that heerein appeareth the wonderfull wisedome and prouidence of the GOD of Obiection Answere Nature who hath made all officiall parts not onely to draw fit and conuenient Aliment for their owne vse but so much and so great a quantity as may suffice the other intentions of Nature also So the Liuer draweth more blood out of the Veins of the Mensetery then is sufficient for his owne nourishment so the heart generateth aboundance of spirits not The wonderfull prouidēce of God onely for his owne vse but to sustaine the life of all the parts The Testicles therefore beeing common and officiall members and the first and immediate organs of generation do draw more blood then may suffice for their own sustentation which ouerplus being there arriued is by them continually concocted and boyled into seede QVEST. V. Whether women do yeelde seede COncerning the seede of women there is a hot contention betweene the Peripatetians and the Physitians Galen in his Bookes de Semine and in the 14. book de vsu partium elegantly discusseth the whole question wherefore that which he there hath at large and in many words exemplified wee in this place will contract and draw into a briefe summe There shall be therefore three heads of this Disputation First of all we will propound the reasons of the Peripatetiks Secondly Three heades of this Controuersie we will giue you a view of the opinion of the Physitians and lastly wee will answere all Obiections that are brought against the truth Aristotle in his Bookes de Generatione Animalium contendeth that women neither loose The argumēts of the Peripatetiks that women haue no seede any seede in the acte of generation neither yet indeede haue any seede at all and that for these reasons First because it is absurd to thinke that in women there should be a double secretion at once of blood and seede Secondly because women in their voice in their haire in the habit of their body are most like vnto Boyes but boyes breede no seed Thirdlie because women do sometimes conceiue without pleasure yea against their wils For Auerrhoes telleth a Story of a woman who being in a Bath together with some men receyued seed that fell from them and floted in the water and thereupon conceiued Fourthly because a woman is an vnperfect male and hath no actiue power but onely a passiue in generation Finally because if women should loose seed they might engender without the helpe of the male because they haue in themselues the other principle of generation to wit the Menstruall blood On the contrary the Physitians bring stronger arguments to prooue that women yeeld The opinion of the Physitians seede This first of all men Hippocrates auoucheth in his Bookes de Genitura and de diaeta where he doth not onely acknowledge that women haue seede but addeth moreouer that Hippocrates Aristotle in either sexe there is a twofold kinde of seede one stronger another weaker Aristotle also himselfe in his tenth booke de Historia Animalium is constrained to confesse that to generation there is necessarily required a concourse of the seeds of both sexes Galen in this businesse hath so excellently acquitted himselfe that he hath preuented all men after him for gaining any credit by the maintenance of this truth Notwithstanding Galen we will endeauour by demonstratiue arguments to make it so manifest as for euer all mens mouths shall be stopped First therefore it is agreed
of the infant by seauens Strabo Diocles and seuens alluding to that maiesty of the Septinary number which Plato conceiueth it to carry in it Others thinke that 45 dayes is the vtmost limit of Conformation For sixe dayes they ascribe spumificationi to the frothing of it foure Lineationi to the delineation eight to the Repletion of the lines fourteene Carnificationi to the generation of flesh finally thirteene Afformationi to the accomplishment The least time of this processe of Nature is thirty dayes sixe for Spumification two for Delineation foure for Repletion or filling of the Lines nine for Carnification and as many for Afformation Others thus in Verse Sex sunt in lacte dies ter sunt in sanguine terni Bis seni Carnem ter seni Membra figurant Sixe dayes it is in Milke in blood three thrice accounted Twelue figurate the flesh Members sixe thrice amounted Hippocrates much more diuinely and distinctly Males are formed at the vttermost the Hippocrates Why the male is sooner formed in the wombe 30. day and Females the fortieth or the 42. Now the reason why a man childe is sooner formed in the wombe then a woman and yet a woman out of the womb sooner commeth to perfection then a man is indeed worth the search This Hippocrates hath left vs in the second Section of his sixt Booke Epidemiωn Mas concreuit coaluitque citius vbi motus est conquiescit tardins augescit longioreque tempore A Male gathereth sooner and is sooner articulated after hee moueth hee stinteth his motion and groweth more slowly and in a longer time the same also he hath in the third Section of the third Booke Epidemiωn That which moueth sooner and is sooner articulated is longer increasing in his growth The demonstration of the trueth of this is to be fetched also from Hippocrates the Man-child is sooner formed in the wombe because he is hotter for conformation is the worke of heate and in the first Booke de Diaeta Males are generated of hotter seede Females of colder And in his Booke de Natura pueri in expresse words This is the reason why a Female is formed and articulated later then a Male because the seede of the one is moyster and weaker then the seede of the other Adde hereto the nature and condition of the place for Males for the most part are generated in the right side Females in the left as appeareth in the 48. Aphorisme of the first Section now the right side is hotter then the left But why the Female out of the womb is sooner perfected we must seek for a demonstration out of Aristotle in his Book de ortu adinteritu The times of perfection and imperfection Why the female is sooner perfected out of the wombe Aristotles reason ought to be proportionably answerable one to another corruption is an imperfection but accretion and generation are accounted kinds of perfection whatsoeuer sooner perisheth attayneth also sooner his perfection So an acute and short disease runneth suddenly through all his foure times and commeth sooner to his height or pitch then a chronicall or long disease Now for the most part and generally women die sooner then men as being of a shorter life because the principles of their life are weaker and therefore they also doe sooner attayne the perfection of their life To this wee may adde the softnesse of their bodies which makes them more apt for extension Hippocrates who was ignorant of nothing in his Booke de septimestripartu expresseth this briefly and plainly in these words After Females are separated from their mothers that is are borne they cotten sooner then men grow sooner wise and sooner old as well because of A double reason assigned by Hippocrates the weaknes of their bodies as by reason of the maner of their life He therefore acknowledgeth a double cause the first is weaknes so that that which in the wombe was the cause of their flower conformation and motion the same is the cause out of the wombe of their more sudden accelerated perfection For a Female is a thing more imperfect then a Male and hath her end nearer then he and therefore needeth not so long a worke of Nature The other cause is the manner of their diet and course of life for their life is idlie led in want of exercise Now slothfulnes sayeth Celsus dulleth the body labour strengthneth it the first maturateth Celsus or hastneth old age the second prolongeth youth Nether sayeth Hippocrates in his Book de victus ratione in morbis acutis can a man enioy perfect health vnlesse he labour his Hippocrates body and take paynes and in the fourth Section of the sixt Booke Epidemiωn The best way to maintaine health is to eate vnder satietie and to be free and diligent at labour QVEST. XX. Whence it commeth that children are like their Parents AS among Philosophers there is a three-fold forme of euery creature the first A threefold forme Specificall the second of the sexe and the third of the Indiuiduum or particular by which it is that no other thing So among Phisitians there is a threefold A threefold similitude similitude The first in specie i. in the kinde the second the sexe the third in the fashion or feature or indiuiduall figure The similitude of the kinde they call that when a creature of the same kinde is procreated What is the similitude of the species as a man of a man a dog of a dogge for euery thing worketh not vpon euery thing neither doth euery thing suffer by euery thing but euery agent worketh vpon his determinate patient and therefore of the seede and bloud of a man onely a man is made In this specificall similitude there is much attributed to the materiall cause and that is the reason why the of-spring is vniuersally liker to the Female then to the Male for the Female affordeth more matter to the generation then the Male so of a shee Goat and a Ramme is generated a Kid not a Lambe of a Sheep and a hee Goat a Lambe not a Kid. What is the similitude of the sexe and whence The similitude of the sex that is why a Male or Female is generated hath for cause the Temper of the seede his mixture and victory For if the seede of both Parents be very hot Males are generated if very cold Females If in the permixtion of the seedes the male seed haue the vpper hand a Male is procreated if the Female seede a Female This first of all Hippocrates taught in his first Booke de diaeta where he acknowledgeth in either sexe a double seede the one masculine hotter and stronger the other feminine that is colder out of the diuers permixtion of which both Males and Females are generated He therefore thus distinguisheth a threefold Generation of Males and Females If both A threefold generation of Males out of the Parents yeeld a masculine seede they breede
The Soule creepeth into a man being mingled of fire and water Whereby the Soule I vnderstand the heat throughly dewed or moystned with the in-bred and primigenie moysture and the spirits And that in his Booke de Corde by the Soule hee vnderstandeth the heate those words do declare where he sayth That the Soule is nourished by the most pure and defaecated bloud Now in his first booke de Diaeta hee writeth that the Soule cannot be altered neither by meats nor drinks VVhich place because it is as bright is the Sun in his strength and worthy to be written in golden Letters wee will here transcribe An elegant place of Hip. concerning the immortality of the soule The causes of all those things whereby the Soule is altered are to be referred to the nature of the passages through which it penetrateth For as the vesselles are affected whereinto it retyreth and to which it falleth and with which it is mixed such is their condition and therefore wee cannot alter them by dyet for it is impossible to alter or change the inuisible Nature In his Booke de morbo sacro he affirmeth that in the heart there is no wisedome or intelligence all sayth he is in the power of the Braine From the braine we vnderstand doote and grow mad as it is hotter or dryer or colder Galen in his third Booke de Placitis conuinceth by many arguments that the braine is the seate of all the Animall faculties And in the fourth Chapter of his third booke de locis Galen affectis according to the opinion of the vulgar hee accounteth that man foolish that wanteth braines For the further confirmation of this opinion we wil adde an elegant argument out of Philo. VVheresoeuer the Kings Guard is there is the person of the King whome they doe Philo his argument guarde but the guarde of the Soule that is all the organs and instruments of the Sences are placed in the head as it were in a Citadell or Sconce there therefore doth the soule keepe her Court there is her residence of Estate If therefore the sensatiue faculty be placed in the braine the intellectuall must be there also because as saith the Philosopher the office of the Intellectuall faculty is to behold and contemplate the Phantasmes or Images which by the senses are represented vnto it We resolue and conclude therefore that the braine is the seate of all the Animall faculties as well Sensatiue as Principall QVEST. II. Whether the Principall faculties haue distinct places in the Braine SEeing therefore the Principall faculties are there Imagination Reason What a principall faculty is and Memory and that their seate or habitation is resolued to be the brain let vs now enquire whether they haue distinct particular mansions prouided for euery one of them Galen in his booke de Arteparua defineth principall functions to be such as yssue onely from a principle and in the second de locis affectis he addeth Which are accomplished by no other part as by an Orgā and Instrument And yet more plainely in the 7. book de placitis Hip. Plat. Which are only in the braine and thence doe proceed not receiuing their operation from any other Organs of sense or motion The whole Schoole of the Arabians hath imagined certaine mansions in the braine The opinion of the Arabians that they haue distinct seates and assigneth to euery particular faculty a particular seate and this is Auicen his opinion Fen. 1 primi doctrina 6 Cap 5. As also Auerrhoes in his Canticles his book de memoria et reminiscentia and in Colliget They place therefore the Phantasie in the forward ventricles Reason in the middle and Memory in the hinder ventricle and this opinion may be established by many arguments on this manner Almost all the sences are placed in the forepart of the head wherefore The first argument because the Imagination is to receiue and apprehend the species and representations of sensible things it must be placed in the fore-part By the Imagination the Intellectuall power is stirred vp and abstracteth the Images of things from those Imaginations and therefore it must be scituated next vnto the Phansie and because that is the most immediate Instrument of the reasonable Soule it was fitte it should reside in the safest and most honourable place which is the middest that is the third ventricle This Intellectuall faculty commendeth those abstracted formes of things vnto the Memory which it layeth vp as it were in a Treasury and therefore the seate of the Memory must be in the hindmost and dryest part of the Braine which is the fourth ventricle Againe the Imagination being a conception of Images and accomplished only by The second argument reception and simple apprehension requireth the softer substance of the braine wherein such sensation might be made The Memory desireth the harder substance of the braine that it might be able the longer to retaine those Notions which it storeth vp Ratiotination is best pleased with a substance of a middle nature betwixt the softer and the harder Now the forepart of the braine is the softer the hindpart the harder and the middest of a middle constitution and therefore the Imagination is in the forward ventricles Ratiotination in the middle and Memory in the hindmost The third argument Thirdly that these principall faculties are discluded or separated by their mansions these things doe demonstrate because if one of them be offended yea or perish vtterly yet the other may remaine vntainted or vnaffected For it oftentimes happens that the Imagination is vitiated and yet the Intellectuall faculty not at all depraued For the confirmation of this we haue many elegant Histories in Galen as in the third chapter of his booke de Symtomatum Histories differentijs and the second chapter of his fourth booke de locis affectis Theophylus being otherwise able to discourse very well hadde yet an Imagination that there were Fidlers in the corner of his Chamber and continually cryed to haue them thrust out Another being Phreniticall lockt the doores of his Chamber to him and carried all the vessels to the Windowes where giuing euery vessell his proper name he asked those that passed by whether they would command him to cast them out Thucydides reporteth that when the plague was so hot throughout all Graecia and Peloponnesus that many did so vtterly forget what they had knowne before that they did not remember their Parents or familiar friends In these men therefore onely the Memory was offended in Theophilus onely the Imagination and in him that was Phreniticall onely the Intellectuall faculty or vnderstanding Moreouer vnlesse the principall faculties had seuerall seats why were there diuers ventricles The 4. argument or cauities made in the braine And why is one of them more noble then another vnlesse it be because it is the seat of a more noble faculty VVe will also adde an argument taken from the secrets
the heart then the Lungs and the left ventricle of the heart more excellent then the right by so much and for the same respects the backward ventricles of the braine are more noble then the foreward We conclude therefore with Galen That all the principall faculties doe promiscuously in habite in the same part of the Braine together that they vse the like corporeall Instrument The conclusion of the question that is the substance of the braine yet they worke after a diuerse manner according to the variety of the Temperament and the Medium QVEST. III. Whether the principall faculties doe depend vpon the Temperament of the braine or vpon the Confirmation that is whether they be similar or organicall actions IT is a most obscure quaestion whether the Braine do vse reason and apprehend phantasmes because it is of such a temper or because of the admirable structure it hath Some haue conceiued that these faculties are performed onely by the Conformation which their opinion they confirme by authorities and by arguments Galen writeth in his 7. Book deplacitis That the faculties proceede from the conformation that the cause of wisedome in man is the variety of the structure of the Braine and the magnitude thereof The figure of the head according to Hippocrates and Galen if it bee naturall that is sphericall or round somewhat long bunching somewhat out before and behind and depressed or flatted on the sides is a signe of a wise man and Authorities The 1. reason contrariwise a sharpe and Turbinated head like a sugar loafe which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such as was Thyrsites head in Homer is an argument of a dull or stollid foole Againe all the principall faculties perish when the conformation or structure is vitiated although the Temperament be not yet vitiated as in the Apoplexy the Epilepsie and in wounds of the head The second when the ventricles of the braine are eyther stuffed or compressed For in the cracking of the Scull how can the temperament of the braine in a moment be altered or else in the oppletion or filling of the ventricles by any humor It appeareth therefore that the principall functions are performed only by the structure and conformation onely of the brain and that conformation being vitiated they are presently intercepted On the contrary there are others who thinke that the next and immediate cause of these principall faculties is the temper of the marrowy substance and of the spirits of the braine Let vs heere Hippocrates Apollos eldest sonne and the pillar of the family of Physitians The contrary opinion in his first booke de diaeta teaching the same thing in plaine words When in the body the dryest part that is the fier and the moistest part that is the water are aequally tempred then Authorities Hippocrates is a wise man borne And these are the words of the diuine Plato in Theateto The soule is not well disposed in a dense or muddy brain neyther yet in a soft or hard brain for softnes makes men of quicke apprehēsiō but then they are forgetful withal hardnes makes better memories but dulnes of capacity and Plato density contayneth duskish and obscure phantasmes or images Galen in his 8. booke de vsu Galen partium sayth It is better to thinke that the vnderstanding followeth not the variety of composition but a laudable Temper of that body wherewith we vnder stand for the perfection of the vnderstanding is not so much to bee attributed to the quantity of the spirits as to the quality The same Galen in his Booke de Arte parua referreth the causes of wit or capacity to the thicke or thin substance of the braine This wit hee calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a working capacity which is defined 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a promptitude or readines of lnuenting and coniecturing In the same Booke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a facility of learning sheweth a soft and moyst substance of the brain and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a ineptitude to learne a drie and a hard braine Those that are light witted and inconstant in their opinions are for the most part of a hot braine because heate is full of motion But those that are obstinate are of a cold braine because cold is sluggish to which if you adde drought then will such men become stubborne and refractary and hence it is for the most part that the Authours and fautors or defenders of Schismes and Sects are Melancholy Galen in his book intituled That the maners of the mind follow the temperature of the body calleth the Soule a consent of qualites doth not distinguish it from the temperament In his Commentary vpon the 6. Booke Epidemiωn and vpon the sixt Aphorisme of tho second Section as also in the 6. Chapter of his Booke de locis affectis he styleth the Temperament of the braine the Minde For so he expoundeth that Aphorisme of Hippocrates Melancholy men become Epilepticall and Epileptical men Melancholy as the humour ascendeth into this or that part so is there a transmutation made of these diseases For if the humour be transfused into the body and ventricles of the braine then they become Epilepticall Galen calleth the Soule a temper if into the minde they become Melancholicall where-by Mind he vnderstandeth the Temperament For the disease called Melancholy is a cold dry distemper of the brain But when Galen called the Soule a Temper he doeth not conceiue that that Temper is the How why forme of a reasonable man but the forma medica because that onely falleth into the Physitions consideration For that which can neither bee preserued when it is present nor restored when it is absent that doth not at all belong vnto the Physition but the intellectuall Soule can neither bee preserued being present nor restored being absent onely the Temperament may bee mantained when we haue it or restored when it is lost The Temperament therefore only is the Physicall forme of a man because the Physition considereth a mans body not as it is Natural consisting of Matter and Forme but as it is subiect to sicknesse and againe lable to Physicke And from hence some men doe imagine that it is sufficiently prooued that the principall faculties of the Soule are not excercised by the structure or conformation but by the Temper of the braine Our opinion concerning this question is that the efficient cause of all the simctions is neither the Temper alone nor only the wonderful structure of the braine but the intellectuall What we resolue of Soule which notwithstanding admitteth both these causes one Organicall which is the amplitude or largenesse of the braine and of the ventricles and the plenty of the spirits the other Similar which is the Temper of the marrowy substance and of the spirites From hence wee gather that Ratisionation that is the vse of Reason is neither
internall motion is is a Passiue motion because it is performed by another not by the proper internal principle But because al motion made either by an internal or external agent in relation to the patient is Passiue and in relation to the Agent cause is Actiue therfore certainly the casting of a Stone ought no lesse to be iudged an actiue motion then the walking of a creature neither dooth this deserue lesse the name of a Passiue motion then that for a creature in walking doth suffer else wee must determine which is more absurd that there may be an action without passion But in my opinion the Logitians distinguishing actiue motion from passiue onelie Action is relatiue in some respects and not indeed haue more truly said that Actiue motion is that which proceedeth from the agent for the effecting of some thing and Passiue that which How Action and Passion do differ is receiued of the patient to make alteration in it wherfore both action and passion being indeed one motion as it commeth from the agent is an Action and it is receiued of both Patient is a Passion It is added in the aboue-named definition from any thing fit to performe action beecause euery thing doth not produce an action but that which hath a disposition and fitnesse for the performance of that action This fitnesse or habitude vnto Action called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or an agility of vsing Galen in the first chapter of his 17. Booke De vsu part calleth Vse which signification doeth much differ from the word Vse taken for the Diuers acceptions of vse acte of vsing or for the handling and exercising of an action whereof Cicero speaketh in his Topickes For Galen vnderstandeth by Vse an aptitude and disposition of the partes to performe an action which parts if they were composed by Nature without this fitnes they could neuer performe any action and so they should haue bene made in vaine This fitnesse in liuing Creatures consisteth in the temperature of the similar parts Wherein this vse consisteth and the Legittimate conformation of the dissimilar which dooth comprehend the Figure Magnitude Site and Number of them Therefore this due Temperament and conformation as it is fit for operation is vnderstood by the word Vse Moreouer this Vse is two-fold Principall and Assistant I call that Principall by the helpe whereof the Agent doth principally performe and exercise his operation The Assistant I call that which is as a Handmayde to helpe and further that the function be the better performed Againe this Principall is also two-folde Not subordinate and subordinate Vse is twofold The Assisting vse is three-folde first that which doth truly helpe and that which doth conserue or keepe and thirdly that which addeth some ornament or beauty to the Action That which is not subordinate doth accomplish a principall Action which is not inferiour The vse not subordinate The vse subordinate to any other But that is subordinate for whose sake the Agent vndertakes an action which is subordinate and preparatorie only That Vse or aptitude which doth only helpe and conserue may be seen in the lids and haires of the eye And Gal. in the 13. Chap. of the 11. booke de vsu partium doth plainely affirme that the ornament and beauty of the action is to be referred vnto this helping or assisting Aptitude But here ariseth a difficulty which is not slightly to be ouer-passed for if those things Obiection be true which we haue saide as we professe them to be it will necessarily follow that in liuing creatures euery organ shall haue some vse in as much as there is no part in the whole liuing body which is not fit and disposed to operation after some of the fore-saide wayes as it is taught in the first Chap. of the 17. booke de vsu partium But Galen seemeth to differ from himselfe and to contradict this doctrine in the 8. Chap. of his booke de morb diff Where he sayeth that some parts haue vse onely and not action Some haue both vse and action and others haue action onely and not vse But this knot may thus be vnloosed and this contradiction reconciled if we say that to Solution haue action and vse is affirmed as well of that which doth helpe as of that which doth principally apply itselfe vnto the performance of the action So euery part of the body shall haue both action and vse but so as to haue action doth signifie that aptitude by which the action is especially performed and to haue vse that for whose sake or by whose means the vse and action is holpen and assisted The action therfore is principally from the parts and the vse they haue ouerplus that is that aptitude disposition whereby the principall action is either perfected or conserued or receiueth some additament of beautie and ornament QVEST. III. Of the end of Action THE last part of the definition was for the obtayning of any thing that the What is the end of Action profit end of the action might be intimated which is the fruition of that where-vnto the action is directed This is after the action in generation The Action is lesse worthy then his end and constitution but it is the first in dignity and excellencie as Galen declareth in the 13. Chap. of the 11. booke de vsu partium And as the fruition of any thing is the profit of the action so the action is the profit of the vse so that as Galen saith in the 1. chap. of his 17. de vsu partium Those things which haue an vse for action haue a double profit propounded to themselues that is the action itselfe which is the profit of the vse and the fruition which is the profit of the action Here doth arise a most intricate difficulty to be resolued for because saith Galen in the 8. and 16. Chapters of his first booke de vsu partium Question There is required vnto the knowledge of the profit of the particulars a procognition or fore-knowledge of the action I thinke we must distinguish betwixt the action of the parts and the profit of them and so it is false that the action is the profit of the parts or of their aptitude The action of the organs may be knowne two wayes either vniuersally and abstracted Solution To know the Action is two wayes vnderstoode from their organ so that the production of the action may be made manifest without any consideration of the organ Or it may be knowne as it hath relation to the organ that so it may be manifest by what meanes it proceeded from the organ and what euery part did performe which is found in that organ Now Galen affirming that the Profit of particular things cannot be vnderstoode vnlesse we accurately fore-know the action doth vnderstand by the name of profit the Action and so would signifie that the particular action
nourishment rather then vppon that which will delight and fill but not feed your minds to attend the plaine-song rather then the diuision or descant which doth oftentimes corrupt the Musick if the auditors care be not careful to distinguish them Finally you haue Anatomies both priuate for your profiting publick for the honor reputation of your Company read in your Mothertoong And truly me thoght it did me good to see so graue a company of gowned Chyrurgeons attending vpon it so good order so great a Crowne of worthy Auditors so liberal entertainment aâ— it which I do not mention to flatter you for flattery is to attribute more then desert but partly to commend your praise-worthy care partly if it were possible to stir vp our selues to a lawfull emulation To returne These many paternes these worthy presidents first warranted me after perswaded me to spend those houres which I might spare from my employments in these the like labors For which as I esteeme my owne profiting to be a sufficient answerable reward so I did do hope that my paines being communicated to others would returne vpon me with aduantage that aduantage I meane which is most welcom to honest minds that is a conscience of hauing improued though but a single talent It were in vaine to Apologize for my selfe that I haue not had that time those opportunities those meanes which are required to an exquisit Anatomist because it may be answered I might then haue held my hand and giuen way vnto such as had them There is indeed a time when a man should stand much vpon the consideration of his strength There is also a time wherin it is lesse dishonor to want power then will ability then good endeuour He that first scales the battlements of a Casile or Citadel though his body bee not sufficient to oppose against a whole squadron yet if hee win the wall and make way for the victor deserues a Murall Crown Whilst other men put case more able haue looked on pittied themselues I haue giuen the onset with courage enough if not too much viui peruenimus but with what dextery is in you to iudge Many obiections are made against me First that being a professed Scholler I should haue written in Latine That indeed had bene easier for me by far hauing the words made to my hands the passages chalked out and plenty of Authors to haue gleaned from and a litle latine such as it is to haue varied my discourse but it had bin most ydle my purpose being to better them who do not so wel vnderstand that language I shold said another haue made an Anatomy of my owne Such Guls little know what it is to write an Anatomy thittie yea forty yeares practise which are more then the daies of my life in dissection and a hundred bodies more or lesse small and great euery yeare hath bin thought little enough to make an Anatomist fit to teach this learned age for which I dare boldly say no man amongst vs that knowes himselfe can esteeme himselfe sufficient because we want those meanes which other Countries affoord their professors Another closeth more cunningly with me Surely it is well done if it were well to do it Such limited and reserued commendations I disavow my reason is because whilst they commend the beautie of the wall they vndermine and demolish the foundation My counsell and end that by my right I require should be approued my performance not so what reater tort or wrong can there be then to take a man by the beard with the one hand to kisse him and to smite him vnder the fift rib with the other spil his bowels vpon the earth The Figures are obscoene as Aretines A shamelesse accusation for they are no other then those of Vessalius Plantinus Platerus Laurentius Valuerdus Bauhinus and the rest no other then those which were among our selues dedicated to three famous Princes the last a Mayden Queene For my adding the History of the partes of Generation I haue already giuen account partly to his Maiesty partly in my Prefaces to the fourth and fift bookes To leaue these men to their contradictory and detracting spirits I returne vnto my selfe My present worke is for the most part out of Bauhine for the History Figures and the seuerall Authors quoted in his Margents The Controuersies are mostwhatout of Laurentius with some additions substractions and alterations as I thought fit and my wit would serue The Method I haue altered throughout transported the Tables as seemed best vnto me reuised and made choise of the quotations in Bauhine and interposed them in their owne places I also added Praefaces to euery booke conteining the argument and purport thereof in the subsequent discourse many passages partly out of my owne obseruations partly as I met with them in approued authors The streame and current of Bauhines discourse because it is very hard intricate and full of long continued sentences I haue broken off and parted as it might best be vnderstoode which was one thing that made the volume to swell The words of Art mostwhat I haue kept that you might not be vnacquainted with them yet haue I also rendred them as well as I could into our language The first booke is almost wholy out of Laurentius sauing for some passages so is the fift and had not the bulke of the volume growne too great and so too chargeable to the Printer I intended beside these thirteene Bookes one of the Dissecting of Liuing Creatures another of those things which happen rarely in Anatomy a third of the method of Anatomy the grounds whereof I had from that excellent and oculate Anatomist Petrus Pauius of Leyden my Maister and moderator in Anatomy intreating of the choise and preparation of the bodye to be Dissected of the Complements and endowments required in an Anatomist of the place fit to make Dissection in the manuarie Instruments named onelie in the first booke the manner and order of dissection how the parts do arise where to finde them and againe to repose them in their owne places before they be offered to the spectators and Auditors and finally howe to prepare and compose the Scheleton all which you may haply light vpon hereafter Heere you haue the worke perfected not onely as Bauhine hath it in three Venters the Ioynts but also after those the kinds of Flesh Simple musculous with the exact story of the Muscles thoroughout the whole bodie the flesh of the Bowels and the Glandules In the next place the Vessels Veines Artcries and Sinnewes with their diuarications and divisions from their originals euen to the extreme parts Then the Membranes Ligaments Gristles and Fibres And lastly that cragged and rockie treatise of the Bones In all which I haue added the Natures and Definitions of euery particular and the explications of them their differences and divisions with their Vses and Actions all which are omitted by Bauhine in his
sence onely discouereth that is the hardnesse or softnesse of the part for whatsoeuer appeareth hard to him that toucheth it that we resolue is dry because in a liuing creature there is nothing hard by concretion or curdling whatsoeuer feeleth soft is moyst The cōformation of a part consisteth in the Symmetrie that is the natural proportion The conformation what it is The figure The seite or constitution of many things to wit of the figure magnitude number scituation To the figure we referre the superficies or surface the pores and the cauities To the scituation wee referre the seate and position of the part as also his connexion with others for the parts doe not hang loose in the body or separated one from another but they haue a coherence being tyed together by ligaments and membranes And therefore it behoueth a Physitian and Chirurgion to know which parts are tyed to which that when one part is affected he may know what parts may be drawne into simpathy and consent with it To this conformation Galen referreth the beauty of the part which hee conceiueth to The beauty of a part Galen reside in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in the equality of the particles but wee place the beauty of the whole body in the inequality of the parts that is in their vnlike and different quality and magnitude but yet such a difference as whereby the parts doe answere one another in an apt and neate correspondencie of proportion euen as musique is made of different sounds but yet all agreeing in a harmonious concent and thus much of the Structure of a part Next followeth the action which Aristotle calleth the end of the Structure because for the The action of a part Arist actions sake the part hath his substance temper conformation So the heart because it was to be the mansion and habitation of the vitall faculty and the store-house of arteriall bloud had giuen vnto it a fleshy and solid substance a temper hot moyst a figure somewhat long but comming neere to the Spherical hollowed also with two ventricles or bosomes and many obscure cauities in which the houshold Goods and fire-harth of the body were to remaine from whence there should issue and spring a continuall supply of Natiue heat spirits I define an Action with Galen a motion of the working Parts or a motion What an action is Galen of the Actor to distinguish it from an affection for an affection is a passiue motion or a motion of a passiue or suffering body but an action is motus effectiuus an effectuating or working motion so pulsation is an action of the heart palpitation is an affection or a passion the first proceedeth from a faculty the second from a sickly or vnhealthfull cause which we commonly call causa morbifica Of actions some are common some are proper the common actions are found euery The differences of actions where the proper are performed by one particular part Nutrition is a common action for all liuing and animated parts are nourished because life is defined and limited by Nutrition Proper actions are performed by a particular Organ and they are either principall or such as minister to the principall againe of actions some are Similar some Organicall A Similar action is begun onely by the Temper and by the same is perfected and is performed by euery sound and perfect particle of euery part The Organical is not commenced by the temper onely neither is it accomplished by the particles but by the whole Organ or instrument Finally and in the last place the vse of the part must be considered by the Anatomist The Vse of a part Arist For the Philosopher sayth that wee are led vnto the knowledge of the Organ not by his structure but by his vse The Vse which the Graecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is two fold according The vse is double Galen to Galen One followeth the Action that is ariseth from the Action it selfe and is the end of it as by the Action of Seeing the Creature hath this vse that hee can auoyde that which is hurtfull and pursue that which is behoofefull This Vse if you respect the generation and constitution of the part is after the Action but in dignity and worth it is before it because it is the end of all actions nowe the end is more excellent then those things that appertaine or leade vnto that end The other Vse goeth before the Action and is defined to bee a certaine aptitude or fitnes to doe or worke So in the Eye the Christalline humor doth primarily make the sight the other humors the coates the optick nerues afford a vse and are ordained to perfect the action of Seeing This Vse is in dignity behinde the Action but in generation before it by which it is manifest that the Action differeth and How the vse differeth frō the action is another thing from the Vse although many men vse to confound them for the Action is an actiue motion of the Part but the Vse an aptitude for Action The Action is onely in operation the Vse remayneth also in the rest or peace of the Member the Action in euery Organ is onely the worke of the principall Similar part in that Organ the Vse is likewise of all the rest to conclude there are many parts which haue vse without any action as the haires and the nailes The differences of Parts and first Hippocrates his diuision of Parts CHAP. XVIII THE diuision of the diuine Senior in his sixt Booke Epide is of all other the most ancient into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Containers contained those that are impetuous To vse the Martialists word doe make impression Alexander more plainely diuideth the body into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 What are cōtaining parts that is into solid humid and spirituous partes Wee diuide them into parts Nourishing to be nourished and impulsiue parts The containing parts are solid such as are to be nourished The name of solide I do not take as the common people do for that which is hard and tight or dense nor for that which is contrary to rare hollow but with the best Philosophers by solid I vnderstand that which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tale that is which is wholly full of it selfe not of any other thing or which hath a Nature euery way like vnto it selfe For solum and solidum in Latine do come of the Greeke worde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by changing the aspiration into a hifsing and so s. is set before 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and thus the fleshy parts also may be called solid containing parts So the Heart a fleshy entraile containeth in his right ventricle venal in his left arterial blood So the marowy substance of the brain which hath in it many dens and cauities containeth both humours and spirits We call also all solid parts to be nourished because
by the profit it bringes now the profit of a part is threefold either it is simply for life or for better life or else for the preseruation of them both and all such parts without doubt are truly principall And in the first Chapter of the xiiii Booke de vsu partium Nature hath a three-folde scope in the structure of the parts of Mans body The first is of those which are necessary for life and such parts are called Principall as the Braine the Heart and the Liuer c. We wil therfore define a Principall part to be that which is absolutely necessary for the preseruation of the The first definition of principality Argenterius his vaine opposition to Galen whole indiuiduum or particular Man Argenterius who in a humor of contradicting Galen opposeth himselfe vnto him reiecteth this definition because if a principall part be defined by necessity the Stomacke the Loynes the Spleene the Bladder and the Kidneyes will all fall into the reckoning of principall parts For the action of the Stomacke is necessarie also for life The motion of the Lunges we cannot misse no not for a moment of time the interception of the Vrine is mortall and therefore the excretion or auoyding thereof which is accomplished by the Kidneyes and the Bladder is necessary But he seemeth to me not to haue attained to the thorough vnderstanding of Galens mind for there is a double necessity of the parts one absolute for the preseruation of the indiuiduum another not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is simply and absolutely but secundum quid or hauing reference to the former The first maketh a part principall Argenterius answered A double necessity of the parts as the Braine the Heart and the Liuer the second kinde of necessity is but relatiue or collaterall by which some parts owe obseruance to the principall as necessary seruitors vnto them For example What necessary and immediate offices do the Lungs the Kidneyes the Bladder and the Spleene performe to the arme the legge or the stomacke But the heart giueth them life the Liuer affoordeth nourishment and the Braine supplieth them with sence and motion This may seeme somewhat obscure to those that are but Catechists in our Art but by examples we shall make it sufficiently perspicuous The Liuer is the onely Prince in the lower region or belly being therein alone absolutely necessary and at his owne cost nourishing How the other partes serue the principall in that regard are necessary the whole family of the body all the other parts within his precinct are made for his vse The stomack as a seruant ministreth meate vnto him the bladder of Gaul purgeth away the Choller from that meate the Spleene drayneth away the Melancholy iuice and the Kidneyes the serous or whayie humor all concurring to depure and cleanse it from excrements to his hand If therefore they be necessary it is not for the preseruation of the whole Man but because they be necessary Ministers to assist the Liuer in his worke Againe the Heart sitteth in the middle Region as in his pallace the Lungs the Midriffe and all the arteries attending him for his vse whom he employeth in quickning the whole body the same may be saide of the braine Wherefore the braine the heart and the liuer are onely principall parts because they alone are immediately and absolutely necessary for the preseruation of euery particular creature Galen also answereth this cauill another way on this manner The action of the stomacke is not absolutely necessary but only for the continuance Galens answer to the former cauill and prorogation of life Witnesse those Creatures which mew themselues vp all Winter neuer eating and so not vsing the action of the stomacke albeit they liue nathelesse Furthermore nourishing Clisters do not ascend vnto the stomacke yet they are sucked by the Meseraick Veynes and transported vnto the Liuer and so sustaine the body as may be instanced in that malefactor who after hee was taken from the Gallow A Storie of a Malefactor was found to be aliue and a good while sustained by such Clisters when it was not possible to get any thing into his stomacke A Creature therefore may for a time liue without Chilification which is the action of the stomacke but not without sanguification sayth Galen which is the proper function of the Liuer Sexto de placitis That which is obtruded concerning the Lunges is of no moment for they worke rather for the commodity of the heart then for the immediate maintenance of life The hart might satisfie it selfe with aire attracted through the rough and smooth Arteries but least How the Lunges serue the Heart the outward impurity thereof suddenly rushing into the Ventricles shold offend it Nature hath cautelously set the Lunges betweene them as a shop wherein the aire is broken and dulcified before it come vnto the heart And thus much may suffice to satisfie the former obiection and to euince that onely those partes are principall which are absolutely and immediately necessary for the preseruation of life But there are others which oppose Galen to Galen who in his first Chapter of his first Booke de Locis Affectis affirmeth that the heart onely is absolutely necessary for the life An obiection against Galen Galen of the creature his words are these If the Creature bee neither nourished nor haue sence or motion which hapneth in such as lye within the earth yet may it liue as long as the heart is not violated but if the heart be defrauded of respiration the Creature instantly perisheth To this we answere That in bloody and perfect creatures the action of the braine and the Liuer is absolutely necessary but those creatures which liue so mewed vp in winter are vnbloudy The answere to the obiection or without bloud although it cannot be denied that hystericall women that is such as haue violent fits of the Mother do liue some good space without breathing as we could instance in many if it were not so ordinary as that no man will deny it There is also another very elegant definition of a Principle in the tenth Chapter of Galens sixt booke de Placitis in these words That is called a Principal part which alloweth or Another definition of a part affoordeth to the whole either some faculty or at least some matter According to this definition also there will be three principall parts For that the Braine doth transmit the Animall faculty and the Heart the Vitall will be easily yeelded vnto vs. All the scruple is about the Liuer because it seemeth not reasonable that it should affoord to the particular parts a naturall influent faculty seeing euery part hath such an one bred and seated in it selfe For the time we let passe that Controuersie it is sufficient for our present purpose to prooue it a principall part though it yeeld no faculty if it yeeld a matter to the vvhole body
Creature could haue moued locally to gather his phantasmes out of diuers obiects as the Bee flyeth from one flower to another to gather hony and therefore Nature ordained the organs or instruments of motion the muscles the tendons and the nerues These vnlesse wee should haue crawled vppon the earth like wormes did necessarily require props and supporters to confirme and establish them whereupon the bones and the gristles were ordained and ligaments also to knit and swathe them together now all of them stand in neede of perpetuall influence of heate to quicken them and of nourishment to sustaine them both which are supplied the former from the Heart by the arteries the latter from the Liuer by the veines so that truth to say there was no other end of the Creation of all the parts and powers of the body but onely for the vse and behoofe of the Braine It will be obiected that the braine cannot accomplish his functions without the spirits of the heart and the influence of his heate I answere that that is an inuincible argument Obiection Answere of the soueraignty of the Brain for the end for which a thing is ordained is more noble then the thing ordained for that end the life therefore and the heart are but handmaids to the Braine We will adde also this argument which happely will seeme not incompetent The Braine giueth figure vnto the whole body for the head was made onely for the Brayne how Hippocrates sayth that the nature of all the rest of the bones dependeth vpon Hippocrates the magnitude of the head not that all the bones deriue their originall from the head but because it behooued that they should bee all proportionably answerable to the bones to which they are articulated as the legges to the thighes the thighes to the haunches the haunches to the holy bone the holy bone to the spondles or racke bones the racke bones to the marrow of the backe and that to the braine For satisfaction to the arguments before vrged by the Peripatetians and the Stoicks we say That the Etymon or deriuation of the name of the heart is but friuolous not worthy The former arguments of the Peripateticks Stoicks answered the standing vpon For the scite of the heart in the middest it doeth weigh tantundem as much as nothing neither indeede is the ground of it true for of the whole body the nauel is the Center and for the trunke or bulke who euer said that was an Anatomist the heart was in the middest of it But if wee will draw an argument of dignity from the scituation The argument retorted then will the true superiority fall to the Braine because it is placed vppermost as the fire aboue the inferiour elements the highest heauen the seate of the blessed soules aboue the subiected orbes for to be placed aboue is high superiority and praeeminence to be thrust downe below betokeneth base subiection and inferiority As for that place of Hippocrates Exposition of Hippocrates where he placeth the soule in the left ventricle of the heart either he speaketh to the capacity of the vulgar or else by the soule he meaneth the heate as happely wee shall haue more occasion to shew hereafter We conclude therefore that of the principall parts the first place belongeth to the Braine the next to the Heart the last to the Liuer Againe in the Oeconomie or order of the parts this rule is obserued that those which are first in order A rule in the disposition of the parts of nature are last in dignity and excellencie so the Infant first liueth the life of a plant then like a beast it mooueth and becommeth sensible finally it receiueth it's perfection when it is indued with the reasonable soule as hauing then the last hand and consummation from the Creator when he setteth his stampe or image vpon it Galen in the last Chapter of the seauenth booke of his Method compareth the dignity and necessity of the three principall parts one with another in these wordes The dignity Galen of the Heart is very great and in sicke patients his action and the strength of it of absolute necessity A conference of the dignity necessity of the principal parts the Brayne is of equall moment for the preseruation of life yet the strength of his actions is not so immediately necessary in those that are diseased for their recouery the action of the Liuer is as necessary as eyther of them for the maintenance of the particular parts but yet for present immediate sustentation of life it is not so instantly necessary as both the former To conclude this question there is a threefold principle one of Beginning another of Dignity a third of Necessity The parenchyma or flesh of the Liuer is the originall principle the Braine is The decision of the whole question A three fold principle Comparison the most noble principle and the Heart of most necessity yet they all haue such a mutuall connexion and conspiration that each needeth others assistance and if one of them decay the rest doe forthwith perish Euen as in a wel gouerned Citty or Common-wealth there is a wise Senate to guide it a stout and valorous strength of souldiours to defend and redeeme it and an infinite multiplicity of trades and occupations to maintaine and support it all which though they be distinguished in offices and place doe yet consent in one and conspire together for their mutuall preseruation And this conspiration Galen expresseth Galen to the life in his booke deformatione foetus and the fift chap. thus When the Heart is depriued The mutual conspiration of the principal parts of respiration it ceaseth to moue immediately death ensueth now it is depriued of respiration when the nerues which come from the Brayne are either cut or obstructed or intercepted As therefore the Heart needeth the helpe of the Braine and being forsaken by it maketh a diuorce betweene the soule and the body so it also maketh retribution to the Brain supplying it with spirits of life out of which the Animall spirits of the Braine are extracted and the Liuer though it lye below yet it yeeldeth matter to them both wherof and whereby their spirits are made and sustained But against this doctrine of the consent of these principall parts there is a notable place of Galens in the fourth chapter of his second booke de placitis which needeth to bee cleared Obiection Galen before we fall from this discourse for hee sayeth As Pulsation and voluntary motion belong to diuers kindes of motion so neyther of those principles needeth the helpe one of another Which place we interpret thus that the hart doth not transmit the Animal faculty to the A hard place in Galen expounded braine nor the braine the faculty of Pulsation to the heart because the temper and formes of the faculties are diuers and therefore the heart conferreth nothing to
the Idea or forme of voluntarie motion neither the braine to the power of pulsation yet hence it must not be inferred that the braine needeth not the help of the heart or on the contrary the heart of the braine and thus much of the definition and number and precedency of the principarts QVEST. V. Of similar and dissimilar parts and first of the number of them THE nature and number of the Similar parts because they are much controuerted we will examine for their sakes who are not so well exercised in these schoole poynts that if they be not able to draw out of the fountaines themselues they may dip their vessels in this shallow foord of ours to satisfie their thirsty minds Some there bee that contend that there are no similar parts at all because the most That there are no similar parts Galen Obiection Answere Why similar parts are so called simple are not voide of composition and they alledge Galens authority for it who in the eight chapter of his first booke de Elementis sayth That the simple parts are made of humors humors of Aliments Aliments of Elements And in his first booke de semine All parts are generated of seede and bloud But the answere to this is easie and obuious for parts are called similar not because they are exquisitly simple and incompounded but because they cannot bee diuided into Parts of diuers kindes neither yet are compounded of any other Parts though of diuers substances So the Philosopher calleth the Elements simple bodies because they are not compounded of other bodies although they consist of matter and forme Yea the very soule of man is not in this sence truely simple nor yet the Angelicall The soule of man is not simple substance for if they were they should be impatible and indeede nothing is truely simple but God himselfe but we of purpose giue ouer this mysterie before wee enter into it because euery one is not a fit auditor of this kinde of Philosophy The number of the similar The number of the similar parts Galen A three-fold kinde of flesh particles concerneth vs at this time more wherein there is great heate and contention of opinions Galen in his commentaries vppon Hippocrates booke de natura hominis numbreth seauen Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibres Fat and Flesh And whereas there is a threefold kind of flesh one of the muskles which is indeed true flesh another of the entrals which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the last of the particular parts he accounteth them all similar for so he speaketh in the sixt chapter of his first booke de naturalibus facultatibus Among the similar partes are to bee accounted the flesh of the Liuer the Spleene the Galen Kidneyes the Lungs and the Heart as also the Coates of the Stomacke and the Guts and the proper body of the Braine For if from all of these you shall exempt or take away either really or in your imagination the veines the arteries and the nerues the body which remayneth will be simple and elementary In the sixt chapter of the first booke de Elementis he addeth to the former seauen Sinewes Marrow Nayles and Haire In his booke de inaequali Galen intemperie Tendons and Skin In his booke de differentijs morborum and in the second booke de Elementis he addeth Veines and Arteries So that according to Galen in the 14. Similar parts after Galen places alleadged if wee summe vp the similar parts they will arise to foureteene Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibres Nerues Arteries Veines Flesh Skin Fatte Marrow Nailes and Haires Many accuse Galen of leuitie and forgetfulnesse because in diuers places hee calleth veines arteries and nerues similar parts yet in his booke de inaequali intemperie hee accounteth Galen accused them dissimilar and organicall Argenterius answeres for him that in a similar part he hath a double respect to their matter and their form and wheras he calleth nerues Argenterius answere for Galen in sufficient veines and arteries similar bodies he doth it with respect to their matter which is simple and vniforme where he calleth them organicall he hath respect to their forme and figure which is round and more or lesse hollow but Argenterius by this answere rather betrayeth then redeemeth his maister for the matter of the veines nerues and arteries is not vniforme Galen in his booke de placitis and de vsupartium teacheth that nerues are withinward Galen soft and marrowy outward membranous as also the bodyes of arteryes are wouen of membranes and fibres The common and vulgar answere for Galen we rather approue which is after this sort There are two kinds of similar parts some are so in trueth as bones gristles c. others similar The common answere for Galen approoued Obiection to the iudgement of the eye such are veines arteryes and nerues because at the first view when we cast our eye vpon them we perceiue an vniformity in their substance But some man will vrge farther that euen in the iudgement of the eye those three vessels aboue named are not simple but compounded for our eye bewrayeth the inside of the nerue to bee medullous and the out-side membranous And Galen in the sixt chapter of his first booke de naturalibus facultatibus sayth That similar particles are by no other meanes to bee discerned Galen Montanus answere to the Obiection but by dissection and autopsia that is by the eye of the Anatomist This scruple Montanus thus remoueth there is sayth he a double Anatomy one most exquisite and artificiall another more rude according to the times wherein Hippocrates Diocles and Erasistratus liued when the Art was in her infancy and to these times the nerues veines and arteries seemed at the first sight similar parts albeit since as the Art hath gathered strength and men growne more occulate priers into the nature and frame of the body there hath beene some difference discerned It will be further obiected that there are more similar parts then Galen and the Schoole of Physitians haue described For the marrow or substance of the braine the Cristalline Obiection humor of the eye the pith of the backe as also the other humors of the eye are truly and in the nicest construction similar parts We may answere that all these are indeed truly similar but yet they all concurre to the frame of one part but Galen spake onelie of those Solution similars of which as of sensible and common Elements many dissimilars were compounded Quest 6. Whether a similar part may be called Organicall and whether the actions belong to the similar Parts or to the Organicall ACcording to the Doctrine of Aristotle and Galen a dissimilar and an organicall part are not distinguished But because according to the same A similar part may also be said to be Organicall Galen the essence of an Organicall part consisteth onely in the conformation
that is a conuenient figure magnitude number and scituation all which are found also in similar partes I am easily perswaded to be of the opinion of some of the late Writers who thinke that similar Fernelius particles may also be called organicall and therefore that the dissimilar is better opposed to a similar and to an organical a rude vnformed part Neither do I think that Galen was heereof ignorant but because the variety of composition and the neatnesse of the Figure was more conspicuous in those that are dissimilar the similar being vniforme hee pleased to call them absolutely and by an excellence organicall So the Philosopher in his first Booke de ortu interitu calleth the head the chest and the belly principall-Organs because Aristotle the most irresolute Scepticke cannot but acknowledge their action and diuerse composition Some vntie this knot on this manner An organicall part is to be considered either as A twofolde consideration of an organicall part it is figurated or as it performeth some organicall action In the first respect almost all similar parts are organicall for euen the bones haue a proper figure magnitude number scite In the second onely dissimilar because these alone do performe organicall actions For who will affirme that in a bone there is any action organicall It is true that their Figure magnitude and scite are of good vse but they performe no action Whereas the Veine and the Muscle although of all Organs they are the most simple do performe each of them a manifest organicall action the one distributing and dispersing the blood the other accomplishing voluntary motion But that these things may be more manifest and descend deeper into the capacity of those that are but initiated it shall not be amis to recal them againe to the ballance and weigh them ouer more precisely Galen in the sixt Chapter of the first Booke of his Method and in his Booke de inaequali Galens disiâ—ition of an organ Another intemperie defineth an Organ to be that part of the creature which can perform a perfect that is a proper action More fully it may be defined thus A Part which onely produceth an action proper and peculiar to it selfe so a Muscle and an Eye may be called Organes because only the Muscle mooueth the Eye onely seeth As for the similar parts their action is perfect indeede but common not proper or peculiar to themselues to wit Nutrition therefore they cannot properly be called Organs Now that nutrition is a similar and not Organicall actioÌ„ it appeareth by both their definitions That action is said to be similar which What is a similar action is commenced or begun onely by the temper of the part and by the same perfected and is beside wholly and perfectly wrought by the least portion of the part as well as by the whol That Nutrition is of that nature it is so manifest as it needeth no demonstration for euery part or portion of a Bone draweth retaineth boyleth the Aliment and beside expelleth that which is superfluous the reason is because euery part of a bone is a bone and hath the forme and nature of the whole bone this forme is called temperies or the temper wherfore onely from the temper proceedeth the original and perfection of nutrition Againe The forme of a similar part is his temper Galen Flesh as Galen saith in the 9. Chapter of the first booke de vsu partium is flesh onely through his temper and a Nerue is a Nerue by his temper And in the first booke de Naturalibus facultatibus He that endeuoureth to preserue the action of the similar parts it is necessary that he preserue their temper So that it is manifest that Nutrition accordeth with the definition of a similar action Now how repugnant it is to the definition of an organicall action it remaineth What is an organical action that we shew That is called an organicall action which neither is begun nor absolued or perfected by the temper alone but requireth to his integrity and perfection the whole instrument So vision which is the proper action of the eye is not accomplished by the Christalline humour alone nor alone by the opticke nerue or the coates of the eye but by all togither Neyther is the forme of this organicall action the temper but the laudable conformation of the whole instrument The eye seeth not the hand handleth not the foote goeth not forwarde the muskle mooueth not onely by the temper but because the organs are thus or thus disposed or framed Whether the action do proceed from the similar parts Authorities of Galen to proue that they do Here some ouertaken with irresolution because of the obscurity of the question doe sweate and contend to proue that all actions belong to the similar parts and proceed from them none from the organicall And they alledge the authority of Galen for their warrant who in the second chapter of the seauenth booke of his Method and the third chapter of the sixt booke de locis affectis and in his booke de optimo corporis habitu sayth That in euery organ there is one particle similar which is the principall cause of the organicall action and that the rest are onely assistant conferring some vse but no action So vision proceedeth from the Christalline humour sanguification from the parenchyma of the Liuer voluntary motion from the flesh of the muskle but the coates of the eye the muskles the nerues the two humours doe eyther make the sight more perfect or onely conserue it Moreouer in the fift chapter of his booke de constitutione artis hee writeth that the actions are primarily and perse that is of it selfe from the similar part and secondarily and by accident from the organical Adde hereto that the functions doe flowe from the faculties the faculties from the temperament now the temper is the forme of the similar part not of the organicall and in the fift booke de locis affectis he sayth That the very essence of al the faculties doeth consist in the temper In the sixt booke de locis affectis he sayth that the actions doe flowe from the proper and peculiar essence of the parts not from the position for if the Heart or the Lyuer should change their place yet would they performe the actions they doe in the places wherin now they are And in the tenth booke of his Method speaking of a cold bath Those that are Hectical that is in a consuming and lingring ague are easily offended by the occursion or touch of cold water or ayer because theyr solid and similar parts they being more neare the threds are bare and naked by which all the actions of lyuing creatures are performed Aristotle also is of opinion that Aristotle all sence commeth from the similar parts This their deuice I must needs say is probable but yet they trouble the pure fountain The explication of
the stomacke as bloudy parts are hotter then those without bloud for the Liuer is a fleshy bowell and the stomack a membranous wherefore the heate of the Liuer diuideth the Aliment into more particles which the weake heat of the stomacke cannot doe To this efficacy of the Efficient may be added as we sayd the disposition of the matter The 2. from the disposition of the matter for liquid things are more easily altered then solid nowe the stomacke receiueth the Aliment when it is solide which with great labour it boyleth breaketh and altereth but the Liuer receiueth it already attenuated and wrought vnto an equality when it is no great labor to separate the disimilar and Heterogenie parts or being separated to driue them into their proper receptacles QVEST. XI Whether the Stomacke be nourished by the Chylus or by Bloud FInally that we may passe from the stomack we will end with that great controuersie Diuers opinions about the nourishment of the stomacke which is amongst Phisitians concerning his nourishment Some there are who thinke that the Stomacke and the Guttes are nourished by the Chylus some by crude or raw bloud not laboured in the Parenchyma or substance of the Liuer but onely hauing an inchoated mittigation in the braunches of the port or gate veine Auicen thought that the vtter coate was nourished with bloud and the inner with Chylus Zoar writeth that the vpper or neruous part is nourished with the Chylus and the lower Auicen which is more fleshy with bloud We with Galen determine that the whole stomack Zoar. Galen as all other membranes is nourished with pure bloud which hath had his vtmost and perfect elaboration in the Liuer For the proofe whereof beside the vulgar and ouerworn arguments which Physitians vse these of no light moment may be cast vnto the heape The first is taken from Dissection because through all the coates of the stomacke and his two orificies there appeare notable and aboundant veines diuersly dispersed which 1 1. Reason doubtlesse were not idely or in vein ordayned by Nature neither yet to transport the Chylus to the hollownes of the Liuer howsoeuer Bauhine be conceited vnlesse happely in extreamity of hunger for then they should carry it rawe not yet hauing receiued his perfection in the guts Moreouer if the veines were especially appointed for the transportation of the Chylus it being made rather in the bottome then at the sides or top of the stomacke there should haue beene more veines and more conspicuous in the bottome then in the top which experience teacheth vs to be otherwise for the whole basis and circumference of the vpper mouth is incompassed with an ample vessell called Coronaria stomachica or the garland vein of the stomack because the coats of the orifics are thicker then those of the bottome and therefore neede more plentifull Aliment We resolue therefore that these veines were ordained for the nourishment of the stomacke but wee will vnder-prop this reason with a stronger In the Chylus although it be laudable and well disposed yet there remaine some vnprofitable 2 2. Reason and excrementitious parts to wit Choler Melancholy and whay or vrine which cannot be separated or purged there from but by the heate of the Liuer Now nothing can nourish perfectly vnlesse it be cleansed from those recrements how therefore shal the Chylus not yet defoecated be sayd to be conuenient Aliment for the stomacke And this Galen Galen seemeth to intimate when he sayth That nothing can perfectly nourish which hath not passed through all the concoctions A third argument to proue our assertion that the stomacke is nourished by blood is because those creatures that mew themselues vp all winter in holes and rockes and such secret 3 3. Reason places are nourished by blood and not by Chylus because al that time they feed not at al. The infant likewise as long as it is conteined in the womb hath his stomacke without controuersie norished with pure blood brought vnto it by the vmbilical vein Hereto Valetius in his Controuersies answers that the Stomacke is nourished by the more crude or rawe Valetius disproued part of the Mothers blood which is not much vnlike vnto Chylus But as well might he say that the Braine the Bones and al the Membranes haue their refection there from because they are nourished with Flegmatick and crude blood Furthermore in great weakenesse of the stomacke and loathing of meate that the patient should not vtterly consume wee prescribe nourishing Clisters of the best sortes of 4 4. Reason flesh Capons Patridges and such like boyled to a broath This liquor ariueth not at the stomacke but is suckt away by the Veines of the guts and transported to the Liuer where it attaineth the forme of bloode and after being carried in the veines as in water-courses How Clisters do nourish vnto the parts it watereth nourisheth and refresheth them Nowe who will say that at this time the stomacke is nourished by Chylus when there is no chilification therein and yet I hope they will not deny that it is then also nourished as well as the other parts Finally this opinion of ours may bee demonstrated by the similitude or correspondencie of the nourishment of other parts like vnto it and therefore seeing all the membranous parts 5 5. Reason of the body are nourished by blood why should the Stomacke among all the rest bee exempted We do therefore conclude that the Stomacke is nourished by blood and that not onely hauing an initiation or rudiment in the Port-veines but laboured and perfected by the power and efficacy of the Parenchyma or substance of the Liuer Notwithstanding these things are so some learned men among the new Writers as Their reasons who auouche the stomacke to be nourishe with Chylus Thomas Veiga and Laurentius Iobertus doe thinke and mightily contend by manie arguments that the Stomacke should be nourished by the thinner part of the Chylus to which we will make some satisfaction In the first place they oppose the authority of Galen who in the third Booke of the naturall First faculties and in the fourth of the Vse of parts in plaine words teacheth that the stomacke hath his refection and nourishment by the Chylus For answere to Galen out of Galen Answere we say that there is a double nourishment the one perfect which is Assimulation Galen expounded the last vpshot and accomplishment of natures endeauours in this kinde the other imperfect as it were the Ape or imitator of the former which is a kinde of delight the part conceyueth from a quality that is of kinne vnto it and this kinde of refection Galen calleth Lasciua as if the entertainment were rather for dallience then procreation And in this latter kinde the stomacke according to Galen is refreshed by the Chylus not in the former Secondly they obiect that no branches of the Hollowe veine are deriued
yeeld seede the mans leaping with greater violence The woman at the same instant doth not onely eiaculate seede into her selfe but also her womb snatcheth as it were and catcheth the seede of the man and hideth it in the bottom and bosome thereof These seedes thus cast and drawne into the bottome of the wombe are out of hand exquisitly mingled otherwise sayeth Hippocrates in his Book de Naturapuert they are neither nourished nor animated together And if any man sayth he in his first Book de diaeta do deny that the Soule is mixed with the Soule let him be held for a dotard Now by the Soule hee meaneth the Seed as we haue sayed before This mingling of the seedes is the first work or indeuour of Nature in generation And presently after the seeds are thus mingled the Conception what it is womb which is the most noble and almost diuine Nurse gathereth contracteth it selfe and that I may vse the words of the Arabians is so corrugated that ther is no empty or void place left therein And this it doth as being greedy to conteyne and to cherish we say to Conceiue the seed Moreouer least the geniture thus layd vp should issue forth againe the mouth or orifice of the wombe is so exquisitly shut and locked vp that it will not admit the poynt of a needle Then the wombe rowzeth and raiseth vp the sleepy and lurking power of the seeds and that which was before but potentiall it bringeth into act This action of the womb we properly call Conception the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and it is a Virification An action of the wombe of fruitfull seede to make a creature depending vpon a proprietie of the body of the wombe Hippocrates in his Booke de Principijs and the fift Aphoris hath left vnto vs some signes The signes of Conception of Conception Some also doe gather signes of Conception out of all the parts almost of the body We thinke a woman hath conceiued if in the confluence of their seedes there runneth a chilnesse or light horror through her whole body or if she perceiue her womb to contract it selfe if she receiue the seede of man with delight and it yssue not from her againe if the inner mouth of the womb be exquisitely and perfectly snut if she haue a light and wandering paine about her Nauell or Hypogastrium which we call the Water course if her monthly courses do stop vnvsually if her Paps grow hard do swell and haue paine in them if she be not so fit for or desirous of Venus combats if she suddenly grow mery and as suddenly againe sad beyond her accustomed manner finally if shee haue a loathing of her meate and vse to cast in the morning after her bodye is a little stirred But vvhether a Of a man and of a Woman-child woman be conceiued with a man or a woman childe it is very hard to iudge Notwithstanding we may thus make coniecture out of Hippocrates in the 48. Aphorisme of the 5. Section She that goeth with a manchilde is well coloured she that goeth with a woman child is swarthy or pale coloured Againe in the same place Male children are born in the right side Females in the left in the 38 Aphorisme of the same Section If she haue conceiued a male the right pap will swell if a female the left but all these signes are rather coniecturall then carry any certainty with them CHAP. V. Of the Conformation of the Parts THE Generatiue faculty which before lay steeped drowsie and as it vvere intercepted in the seede being now raised vp by the heat and inbred propriety of the wombe breaketh out into acte as raked Cinders into a luculent flame Then that noble and diuine builder setteth vpon her worke buildeth her selfe a habitation fit for the exercise and performance of all hir functions The spirite is the workman But because she could not performe this so great a worke without an organ or Instrument she vseth the spirit wherewith the froathy seede swelleth as hir Painter or drawer to score out and delineatâ— all the particular parts This spirit walketh through the vvhole body of the seede and diffuseth it selfe into euery part and portion thereof This spirite is he which maketh the parts Homogenie that is gathereth all the particles of a kinde together extendeth them and as a glasse maker holloweth or boreth them by blowing into theÌ„ To this spirit Aristotle imputeth the Ordination the Segregation the Concretion the Aristotle Densation Rarefaction and Contraction of the matter of the parts This Galen in his second Booke de Semine calleth the framing Artizan the begetter or the former of the parts of man And Mercurius Trismegistus saide well that it was the spirite which viuifieth or Mer. Trismegist quickneth euery forme in the whole world dispensing and gouerning all things according to the proper worth of each particular The spirit therefore is the first and immediate instrument of the soule disporting it selfe in the bulke of the seede and like a cunning Painter shaddowing out first with a rude Pensill the conformation of all parts both Similar and Organicall the forme and Idea whereof it conteineth in it selfe afterward it addeth the liuely colours beautifying and pollishing euery one in their due order This whole worke of conformation that admirable Hippocrates as Galen witnesseth in his first Booke de Semine distinguisheth into foure times The first time is that wherein the The Conformation diuided into four times seeds mingled doe yet retaine their own forme which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for then there is nothing to be seene but the seede coagulated or sammed together and couered as it wer with a fiâ—me The second time he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein there is a certaine rude adumbration of the parts and as it were a fleshy masse The third wherein a man may see the representation of the three principall parts the Braine the Heart and the Liuer together with the first threds and as it were the warp of all the spermaticall parts and this constitution of the creature he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The fourth and last time wherein there is a persect separation discretion and description of all the parts and then he calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the childe or the Infant This surely is an excellent distribution but for those that are rude such as wee intend to informe a great deale too darke and obscure We will therefore endeuour our selues more manifestly to shew vnto you the whole processe of Nature in the conformation of a man and in what order all the parts are at first orderly delineated Whilst the spirit the instrument of the soule beginneth to work vpon the masse of seed which to see to is vniforme but indeed full of Heterogeny or different parts First of all it seuereth the parts which are vnlike one
concocted seede falleth from the Brayn and the spinall marrow This also may be confirmed by some sleight reasons In coition the Brayne is most chiefly affected then the spinall marrow and the veines Reasons to confirme this opinion Hippocrates and oftetimes as Hippocrates obserueth in his Books Epidemiωn and Lib. de internis affectibus vppon the immoderate vse of Venus there followeth Tabes dorsalis a consumption of the marrow of the backe Albertus Magnus maketh mention of a petulant lasciuious Stage-player whose head A story out of Albertus mag when he was dead was opened and there was found but a little part of his Brayne left the rest forsooth was consumed vpon harlots Adde hereto that vpon immoderate vse of women followeth baldnesse now baldnes we know commeth from the want of a hot and fatty moysture which kinde of moysture is spent in coition And Aristotle saith that no man growes bald before he haue knowne the vse of Venus This was often cast in Caesars teeth when he triumphed ouer the Galles Citizens keepe vp your wiues for wee bring home a bald Caesars disgrace Leacher And these are the authorities histories and reasons whereby some are perswaded to thinke that the seed floweth from the head vnto the testicles concerning this matter we will be bold to speake freely I confesse that Hippocrates had a most happy and diuine wit which as sayeth Macrobius would neuer deceiue any man nor could it selfe be deceiued Yet herein hee hath neede to be Hippocrates commendations excused and no maruell for in his age the Art of dissection was but rude scarcely knowne to any man and therefore it is that many of his sayings concerning Anatomy wee cannot His age rude in Anatomicall dissections either vnderstand or giue consent vnto Sure we are that there are no manifest or conspicuous passages as yet found from the Brayn and Spinall marrow to the Testicles vnlesse haply some small nerues which carry onely spirites but are not capable of seede neyther yet doe we finde any braunches deriued to the Testicles from the externall iugular veines vnlesse as all the veines of the body are continued one with another wee therefore cannot conceiue how thick and well laboured seed should passe into the Testicles from those veins which run behind the eares The Story of the Scythians which they obiect who grewe barren vppon the cutting of How the ScythiaÌ„s become barren the veines behinde their eares is of no force for they vnderstand not aright the cause of that barrennesse Some think that the Cicatrice or scar which grewe vppon the wound did shutte vppe the wayes of the seede Auicen thinketh that it came to passe because the descent of the Animall spirit was intercepted others think that the arteries were cut and so the passage of the vitall spirit hindered but these are fond assertions and sauour little of any knowledge in Anatomy for these veines and arteries which appeare behinde the eares are externall vessels There are farre larger vesselles internal which runne into the Brayne through the holes of the skull by which as by riuerets the brayne is wâ—tered and by which rather then by these outward which touch not the brayn at all the seede should fall from the head But let vs grant that the seede falleth through these outward veines shall we thinke that a scarre will hinder the passage or interclude the wayes of the seede and the spirites by no meanes For if thicke bloud floweth and returneth through these vesselles notwithstanding those hinderances why should not the seed passe also which is full fraught with spirits and will passe through insensible pores VVee must therefore enquire further 3. Causes of their barrennes out of Hippocrates for the cause of this sterility or barrennesse and not impute it to the interception of the wayes I finde in Hippocrates three causes of this their sterility their much riding their sciatica payne and the too great effusion of bloud vpon the cutting of those veines Continuall riding weakneth the strength of the loynes the kidneis and the spermatick parts now the Scithians did vse to ride perpetually and without stirrups That much riding may bee a cause of barrennesse Hippocrates sheweth in the place before Much riding may cause barrennes quoted where hee sayeth Amongest the Scythians the richest and most noble weere most of all others thus affected the poorer sorte least of all for the noble spirites because they vsed to ride much incurred these mischiefes whereas the poorer sorte went on foot From their frequent riding proceeded also their hip-gouts which is the second cause of sterility For nothing so much infirmeth and weakneth the body and to weaknes addeth the corruption So may paine of the humors as payne This payne that they might mittigate they cut the veines behinde their eares out of which issued great aboundance of bloud And hence came the third cause of their sterilitie for by the losse of much blood which is the very treasure of Nature theyr Braynes weere ouer cooled Nowe the Brayne is a principall part into consent wherewith the Heart and the Liuer were eftsoones drawne and hence came it to passe that their Seede was waterish And large effusion of bloud barren and vnfruitfull For the principall partes are all of them knitte and tyed together in so great and in so strayght bandes of conspiration that but one of them fayling or faltering both the other are sodainly deaded or be-numbed all their vigor and strength quite abated That their Braynes were refrigerated by the immoderate effusion of bloud Hippocrates Hippocrates playnely declareth in these wordes When the disease beginnes to take hould of them they cut both the veines which are behinde their eares And presently after abundance of bloode yssuing foorth they fall asleepe for meere weakenesse by which it appeareth that the cause of their barrennesse was not the closing vp of the passages but their inordinate riding the paine of the Sciatica and the refrigeration of the braine by the immoderate effusion or expence of blood and so consequently of spirits That which they obiect concerning the Macrocephali doth indeede proue that the sormatiue Faculty yssueth from the braine vnto the Testicles but it dooth not prooue that The obiectioÌ„ of the Macrocephali answered white and perfect seede descendeth thither from thence And whereas in coition the braine and the spinall marrow are especially affected that commeth to passe say we because their soft substance is soonest exhausted and doth lesse why the brain is most affected in coition resist the traction of the Testicles Add heereto that the braine is the last part wherein the traction of the Testicles doth rest and determine Galen in the third Chapter of his second Booke de Semine writeth that Empedocles doth not thinke that the seed fell from the whol body but half of it from one parent halfe from Empedocles opinion the other the
we acknowledge to bee many and diuerse to omit the rest we will make mention onely of three which are the especiall and most immediate 3. Efficient causes The first is the tickling of the turgid and itching seed now the seed is turgid that is houen or frothy by reason of the impetuous motion of the spirites for seede without spirites such as is anoyded in the Gonorrhaea breedeth no pleasure at all after the same manner those that abuse the vse of woemen by frequent copulation haue lesse pleasure then other men because they haue fewer spirits Yet is not this cause of it selfe sufficient to procure pleasure such especially as is conceiued but another cause is required which is the celerity or svviftnesse of the motion and of the excretion For as paine is neuer caused vnlesse there bee a sudden and svvift alteration so vvhen the seed issueth by little and little or vveepingly there is no pleasure at all Finally to these tvvo is added the exquisite sence of the partes of generation and their narrownesse For so the parts being tickled and the vesselles which were distended returning into their naturall scituation and constitution there is stirred vp a wonderfull delight and pleasure But that these things may be made more euident we will handle heere two problemes The first why the spirits as they passe through the other parts Veines Arteries 2. Problemes The first Sinnewes Membranes these last especially being of exquisit sense together with the blood and the humors do not induce the same pleasure which they doe in the spermaticall Organs Haply it is because this kinde of sensation by the wonderful prouidence of Nature is bestowed onely vpon the genitals for the conseruation of the species or kinde like as she Solution hath giuen onely to the mouth of the stomacke the sense of divulsion and appetite Or we may say that in the other vesselles there is not so sudden and headstrong an effusion of humors and spirits together The other Probleme is why men and woemen that are asleepe haue great pleasure in The second Probleme their Nocturnall polutions seeing that in sleepe the sensatiue faculties are all at rest for the Philosopher calleth sleepe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the rest of the first sensator Wee answere The Solution first that the imagination in sleepe is stronger then when wee are awake as appeareth in those that walke and talke in their sleep Againe in sleep the senses are not so drowned in sencelesnesse but that they are rowzed vp by a violent obiect and therefore such awake if they be violently stirred and for the most part such nightly pollutions doe awaken those who are troubled with them If you prick a sleeping man with a Needle euen before he awake he gathereth vp his body and if you continue he will awake though hee sleepe neuer so soundly Now the excretion of seede in a dreame is indeede a very strong obiect to the spermaticall parts These therefore are the causes of pleasure in the excretion or auoyding Whether mē or woemen haue greater pleasure of seede But whether the pleasure of the man or of the woman be the greater it would be a vaine and fruitlesse disquisition to enquire Indeede the woman conceiueth pleasure more waies that is in the auoyding of her owne seede and also in the attraction of the mans for which cause the Tyresian Priest who had experience of both sexes preferred The answere the woman in this kinde but the pleasure of the man is more intense partly because his seede is more hot and spirituous partly also because it yssueth with greater violence and with a kinde of Almaine leape or subsultation And thus much concerning the first principle of generation that is the seed of both sexes Now we come to the second principle which is the Mothers blood QVEST. VIII Whether the Menstruall Blood haue any noxious or hurtfull qualitie therein COncerning the Nature of the Menstruall blood there hath been and yet is so hard hold and so many opinions euen among Physitians themselues that it were a shame to make mention of all their differences much more to insist vpon them But because we would pretermit nothing that were worthy of your knowledge wee will insist vppon the chiefe heads of the Controuersie The first of which shall bee concerning the matter of the Courses All men do agree that this blood is an excrement for like a superfluity it is euery month Of the matter of the courses driuen foorth of the wombe but because there are two kinds of excrements the one Naturall and profitable the other altogether vnprofitable and vnnaturall wee must enquire of which kinde this menstruall blood is That it is an vnprofitable excrement and of a noxious or hurtfull quality may bee proued by the authority of famous learned men as also by strong reasons Hippocrates in his That it is ill qualitied Hippocrates authority first Booke De morbis mulierum expresseth the malignant quality thereof in these words It fretteth the earth like Vineger and gnaweth the body of the woman wheresoeuer it lighteth and vlcerateth the parts of generation Aristotle in the 19. Chapter of his fourth Booke De Natura Aristotle Galen Animalium writeth that that kind of blood is diseased and vitiated Galen in the eight Chapter of his Booke de Atra bile saith that euery moneth a superfluous portion of blood vnprofitable not onely in quantity but also in quality is auoided Moses that great Law-giuer as we read in holy Scripture made an Edict that no Menstruous woman should come Moyses into the Sanctuary Let her touch no holy thing nor enter into the Sanctuary whilst the dayes of her purgation be fulfilled By the Lawes of the Zabri those women that had their courses The lawes of the Zabri were interdicted the company and society of men and the places where she did stand were cleansed by fire Hesiodus forbiddeth that any man should frequent those bathes vvhere menstruous women haue bathed themselues Pliny also in the 28. Chapter of his 7. booke Pliny Columella doe think that this bloud is not only vicious but poysonous For by the touch thereof the young vines do wither the buds of hearbes are burnt vp yea glasses are infected Columella with a kinde of tabes If a Dogge licke of it he will run mad and wanton women are wont Reason and experience to bewitch their Louers with this bloud whence Outd calleth it Lunare virus the Moone poyson wherefore it is not onely superfluous in quantity but in the whole quality a noysom excrement This poysonous quality thereof women haue dayly and lamentable experience of in their owne bodies for if it bee suppressed it is a wonder to see what horrible and how many symptomes doe arise there-from If sayeth Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulierum it bee stabled without the wombe it ingendereth Inflamations Cancers
Differences of the parts of the Infant the bloud And of these fleshy parts there are three kinds as there are three kinds of flesh For it is either the flesh of the bowelles which wee call Parenchyma or the flesh of the muscles which Hippocrates properly and absolutely tearmeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Flesh or the peculiar flesh of euery part which hath not any proper name These things being thus we conceiue That the membranes called Amnion and Chorion The membranes first generated are first of all formed because the inward and most noble part of the seede was to bee defenced and walled about with these curtaynes as we shall shew more distinctly in our next exercise These coates being formed we thinke that the rudiments or stamina and threds of all All the parts formed together the spermaticall parts are formed together at once because the matter is the same alike altered and disposed by the heate the workeman the same to wit the spirit diffused through the whole masse of the seed the Finall cause the same that is the vse of euery singular part For seeing that in the first delineation the Infant needeth not eyther the nourishment of the Liuer or the influence or pulsation of the heart or the sense of the braine but cherrisheth it selfe with his owne in-bred heate why should wee thinke that one of the parts is formed before another If Nature when she vndertaketh the concoction of quitture or Pus which we call Matter dooth bring the whol to an equalitie together and insinuate it selfe equally and alike into all the parts thereof why shall shee not in this first delineation of the Spermaticall parts the Idea of all which the Formatiue Faculty conteyneth in it selfe beginne Hippocrates opinion and accomplish the description of all of them together Neyther is this our opinion but the Conclusion of Hippocrates in his first Booke De Diaeta and in his Booke de Locis in homine In his Booke De Diaeta The partes are all delineated together all together encreased not one or more before or after another or the rest but those that are greater by Nature doe appeare before those that are lesse In his Booke De Locis in homine straight after the beginning hee breaketh out into these The Fleshie parts are the last made and their order wordes It seemeth vnto mee that there is nothing first in the bodye but all thinges are the beginning and all things the end all parts first and all last What could he say more plainely What more breefely Or what indeede could bee eyther spoken or immagined more Diuine The Spermaticall parts therefore which we call solid or first parts are shadowed or lined out at once and together but afterwards they are perfected euery one in their order First those that are more noble and necessarie and those last which are most ignoble and lesse necessary After the delineation of the spermaticall partes are formed the Fleshie and first of all the Parenchymata of the bowelles nexte the proper flesh of the particular parts and finally the emptie spaces of the Muscles are filled vp Among the Parenchymata we thinke that of the Liuer is first gathered together beecause the Vmbilicall Veyne dooth first powre the blood thereinto which beeing concreted How Galen may be excused or caked maketh the substaunce or flesh of the Liuer and this happely Galen meant where he saith that the Liuer is first generated so that in this sense if he spake hee may wel be excused QVEST. XVI Whether the Membranes which encompasse the Infant bee first formed and whether they bee made by the Forming Facultie and of the Seede of the Woman * ⎠* COncerning the Originall of the Membranes which compasse the Infant three thinges are to bee enquired after First whether 3 Questions The first the Formatiue Facultie doe at these beginne the Conformation that is whether these bee first of all formed Wee thinke that they are being taught both by Reason and Experience For That the mēbranes are first formed Experience wee will auouch Hippocrates Aristotle Galen and our owne The Geniture sayeth Hippocrates After it is mixed and reteyned Experience what day or houre soeuer it bee auoyded dooth alwayes appeare couered with a Filme or crust The same vvriteth Aristotle in his Bookes De Generatione Animalium And Galen in his first Booke de Semine I haue often seene the Geniture conceyued onely couered with Membranes Who euer saw a conception although it were vitious and illegitimate which was not couered with a Filme as it were with a Garment The Mola albeit it be verie rude without forme yet is it cloathed with a Membrane a manifest argument that the Formatiue Facultie in all Conceptions beginneth her woorke with the delineation of the Membranes where shee is hindered that shee can proceede no farther To Experience wee may add Reason The Membranes were necessarily first to bee made that the Seede heerein being encompassed might the better manifest his operations as also that the inwarde Spirits thereof might bee kept from Dissipation and vanishing away and that the tender Embryo might not hurt his soft sides against the hardnes of the wombe The second Question is more obscure and the more knurrie knotte a great deale to riue which is whether these Coueringes bee made by the Formatiue Facultie The second question Whether the Membranes are made by the formatiue Faculty Some thinke that they are generated onelie by the heate of the VVombe and for their opinion dooth vrge Hippocrates Authoritie and his Reasons For in his Booke De Natura Pueri he VVriteth that the Geniture beeing heated and puffed is compassed with a Filme euen as Breade when it is baked is compassed with a Crust Now the crust of breade or such like is raysed in the superficies of the Masse onely by the heate of the fire Authoritie His reason is on this manner The seede conteyneth in it selfe the Idea or Forme onely of those partes from whence it floweth but in neyther of the Parents are there Reasons against it any such Membranes how then shall the Seede haue any power at all to make or forme them But wee thinke that the three Membranes are generated by the Forming Facultie of the Seede and not by the onely heate of the wombe because there is no such great heate Our resolutiō in the wombe which in so short a time can burne or puffe the Superficies of the Seedes into such Membranes For if the VVombe shoulde atteine vnto that degree of heate surely there would bee no conception So saith Hippocrates in his Aphorismes Those women who haue hot wombes do not conceiue because when the wombe is too hot the seede is baked and torrified As for the aboue alledged authority of Hippocrates it maketh nothing against vs for he doth but illustrate an obscure thing by a similitude or comparison as if he should say
then we say the infant doth respire not transpire And whereas they say that the heart hath not wherewith it may be refrigerated vnlesse it be moued VVe answere that the infant contained in the prison of the womb hath sufficient for the preseruation of his life from the mothers Arteries because it liueth as those creatures do which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beside it receiueth some refrigeration from the lukewarme water wherein it swimmeth The last reason from the cutting out of liuing Infants our of their dead Mothers may seeme to some to vrge much but the answere is at hande That the vitall faculty diffused through all the arteries without the communion of the heart may for a short time preserue the infant aliue after the Mothers death We haue seene sayth Galen in his second Booke de Placitis a Sacrificed Beast walke after his Galen heart was taken away and haue often made experiment of the same in a Dogge What also if I shall say that those Mothers were Hystericall and esteemed as dead when yet they were aliue which thing is not vnvsuall The truth therfore of our opinion remaineth firme that the heart and the arteries of the infant do pulse or beate from a power proceeding from the The Conclusion heart and arteries of the Mother not from any proper and ingenit faculty of their owne that no new Arteriall blood is generated in his left ventricle seeing the Mothers Arteries do supply a sufficient quantity and that very pure From hence let the Peripatetiks learne how vnaduisedly Aristotle calleth the heart the Against the Peripatetiks principality of the heart first liuer moouer and blood-maker For both the Arteries of the infant do mooue before his heart and the heart liueth onely by the pulsation of the Arteries Finally as long as the infant is included in the wombe of his mother we do not beleeue that his heart is the Shop or Store house either of vitall spirits or of Ateriall blood QVEST. XXVIII Whether there be in the infant any generation of Animal spirits and what position the Infant hath in the womb THE moouing Faculty floweth into the flesh of the Muscles from the brain by the Nerues not by a simple irradiation or separated quality but by a Corporeall substance which the Physitians call Animalem spiritum an Animal spirit Seeing then the Infant in the wombe mooueth of his own accord sometimes to the right side sometimes to the left and oftentimes kicketh with his neeles it followeth necessarily that he hath also Animall spirits But whether he draweth these from his Mothers wombe as he doth the vitall or generateth them in the sinus or substance of the braine by a proper and inbred faculty it hath of long time beene a The generation of the Animall spirits in the infant great question In thinke that they are generated in the braine and my reasons are these Because there is no Communion or connexion betweene the Nerues of the wombe and of the infant as there is betweene their Veines and Arteries Now onely the Nerues conuey the Animall spirits You will Obiect that the Animall spirit standeth in neede of aer for his conseruation expurgation but no aer is inspirated as long as the infant is in the Mothers wombe I answere Obiection Solution that this Animall spirit is cherished purged tempered by that transpiration which is made by the vmbilicall arteries but his generation we thinke to be the same in the womb that is after the infant is borne which how it is we shal declare more at large in the seuenth Booke where we shall of purpose entreate of it Concerning the time of the infantes motion Hippocrates seemeth not alwaies of one In the time of the infantes motion Hippo. varrieth minde For in his Booke de Morbis mulierum he saith that male children moue the third moneth and females the fourth but in the third Section of his second Booke Epidemiâ—n he saith the infant is mooued the seuentith day in these words Whatsoeuer is mooued the seuenth day is perfected in the Triplicities And in his Booke de Nutritione thirty dayes forme the infant 70 mooueth it and 210. perfect it You may reconcile Hippocrates to himselfe in my The places reconciled opinion if you say that there is one motion obscure another so manifest that the eye may iudge of it and the hand may feele it if it be laide vpon the belly In 70. dayes the Infant may mooue but the motion shall be neyther visible nor to bee felt till after the thirde or fourth month And surely my selfe haue knowne a woman in three children confidentlie That the Infant may mooue at viii weekes auouch that after 8. or 9. weekes she hath alwayes felt her infant mooue very sensibly which I could not beleeue till I had well considered of this place in Hippocrates Concerning the position also or scituation of the infant in the wombe which is referred to the moouing Faculty there are some places which neede to be reconciled Hippocrates Concerning the position of the infant Different places reconciled in his Booke De Natura pueri saith that in the womb the infants head is neere vnto his feet Thou canst not iudge saith he though thou shouldst see an infant in the womb whether his head be placed aboue or below But in his Booke de Octimestri partu hee writeth that the head is placed in the vpper part of the wombe in these words All Infants are begotten hauing their heads vpward Aristotle in the 8. chapter of his 7. Booke De Natura Antmalium seemeth to reconcile these places on this manner All creatures saith hee in the first months after their Conformation beare their heads vpward but when they encrease and grow toward their byrth their heads bend downward Againe in Hippocrates Booke De Natura pueri almost all Copies haue it thus The Infant A diuers teading in Hippo seated in the wombe hath his hands at his cheekes yet all interpreters translate it ad Genua at the knees I thinke that both readings may be maintained for there are some Copyes of both readings For the Infant hath his hands at his cheekes and at his knees The palmes How both readings are made good of his hands take hold on his knees and the backes of his hand touch his cheekes For if as Aristotle writeth in the place next before quoted the infant is so rowled vp that his nose is betwixt his knees his eyes vppon his knees his eares on either side his knees and that with his hands he take hold of his knees he must necessarily rest both his cheekes vpon his hands Those things some haue written of the different scituation of Males and Females are but deuices of their owne braine But those things which Aristotle hath written in his seauenth Booke De Natura Animalium concerning the different scituation of diuerse creatures are well woorth the
come nowe to the differences thereof A Birth is either Naturall or not Naturall Legitimate or Illegitimate To a Naturall The differences of the birth The first condition required in a naturall birth birth three things are required The first that there bee an equall contention of the infant and the mother For the action of the birth is common both to the infant and the mother But to which of these we ought to attribute the beginning of the motion whether to the wombe or to the infant Galen expoundeth in his Commentarie vppon the 37. Aphorisme of the fift Section The Infant bringeth to the mother the beginning of the birth For being become larger and hotter and needing more store of Aliment and spirite with often and violent motions of his hands and feete hee breaketh the membranes And the wombe ouerburdned with so great a waight and so vnruly an inmate desiring to lay down her vnwealdy burden wholly contracteth it selfe to the shutting out of the infant So that from an equall contention of the infant and the wombe the birth proceedeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 according to Nature But if neither of them endeuour or but one of them fayle then is the birth not Naturall For if all the worke lye vpon the hand of the mother then is the byrth hard and laborious now that hapneth when the infant is weake or his strength spent or he be dead which Hippocrates expresseth in these words in his first Booke de morbis mulierum The birth is then most difficult when the Infant issueth either dead or apoplecticall that is depriued of motion and fence The second condition of the Naturall birth is that it come foorth in that figure which is according to Nature This figure Hippocrates first of all men described in his first Book The 2. condition de morbis mulierum and in his Bookes de Natura pueri and de Octimestri partu The Childe commeth with his head forward if he come according to Nature Nowe why this figure and A description of the natural figure forme of issuing is according to Nature Hippocrates rendreth a reason Because the Infant hanging vpon the Nauel as a ballance vpon a beame his vpper parts are the heauier and therfore his head turneth sooner downward Adde hereto that if the infant come with his head forward Why the head forward is the most naturall figure the rest of his parts being flexible like waxe doe not hinder the birth but yeelde and giue way vnto it But if he come with his feete forward his armes may be so spred and extended that they may hinder the rest of the body And this is Hippocrates opinion in his Book de Octimestri partu The flexible parts of the Infant are no hinderance vnto him if he issue with his head forward but if he come with his feete forward then they stop the passage That this figure of the head forward is the most Naturall safe way for the infant Pliny confirmeth in the 8. Chapter of his seauenth Booke de Naturali Historia The olde custome is sayeth hee Why dead men are carried with their feet forward that dead folk are carried to their graues with their feet forward because death is contrary to life As therefore a man commeth into the world with his head first so being dead hee must be carried out of the world with his feete first Beside this al other figures of the Birth are to be called not Naturall Now there are diuers figures of the birth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not Naturall but three especial with their feete forward with the side first or double all which Hippocrates expresseth in his Bookes de morbis Diuerse vnnaturall figures of the birth mulierum de Natura pueri It is dangerous when the feete come forward for in such a birth oftentimes the mother perisheth or the Infant or both together To deprecate or auert this danger the auntient Romanes built Alters to the two Carmentae the one of them was called Postuerta the other Prosae of the right or wrong proceeding of the birth And such births are commonly called Agrippae as it were aegrepartus So Agrippina sayde her sonne Agrippae why so called Nero came into the world with his feet forward The third Condition of a Naturall birth is that it bee swift easie and without any vehement The 3. condition symptomes I call that a lawfull or legitimate birth which commeth in due time that illigitimate which happeneth before or after the due time The eight moneth birth is illigitimate because it preuenteth the ninth moneth or stayeth after the seuenth month and this is the Nature of the Birth these are all the differencies thereof QVEST. XXX How many times there be of a Mans Birth and what they are ARistotle that Genius and Interpreter of Nature as he hath in all things acquitted Aristotle The times only of mans birth vncertaine himselfe wondrous well so herein also he hath written excellently that whereas Nature hath appoynted almost to all Creatures a determinate and certaine time for the bringing foorth of their young circumscribed and constant limits of their gestation yet to man shee hath granted a larger and freer patent for the time of his procration and gestation House Doues do euery month bill and breede young a Bitch whelps at foure moneths a Mare Foales the ninth and an Elephant the second yeare Onely man hath diuerse times wherein he is brought foorth the 7. 8. 9. 10. and 11. moneths This women doe all of them confesse whome wee ought to beleeue sayth Hippocrates in his Booke de Septimestri partu because they are most skilfull in this kinde of learning This also is confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates Aristotle Plutarch Galen and Aphrodysaeus and beside by certaine lawes of the Romanes The seuenth month is the first The 7. month the first time limit of a mans birth and before seauen moneths no infant suruiueth albeit some Egyptians the Poets of Naxus and many Spaniards report that some haue beene borne aliue the sixt moneth The seuenth-moneth birth Hippocrates saieth is vitall or dooth suruiue in his booke De Principijs The Infant borne the seuenth month is reasonably borne and liueth He is reasonably The 7 month childe Vitall Hippocrates borne because he wanteth nothing in the perfection of his parts for in the two months following there is nothing added to the perfection of the parts but vnto the perfection of his strength Aristotle in his 7. booke De Natura animalium affirmeth the same as also Aphrodisaeus in his Problemes Galen in his Commentary vpon Hippocrates book de Septimestri partu saith Aristotle Galen Lawes of the Romanes that he hath seene many children borne the seuenth month suruiue and do well The same in Honor of Hippocrates was concluded by the Roman Lawes and standeth in force at this day euen among our selues Pliny reporteth that Sempronius
Some of the Interpreters that they might auoide these snares haue disallowed of his Booke de Septimestri partu as if it were not Hippocrates owne at least they boldly affirme that this place is corrupted But wee on the other side are as confident that it is truly Hippocraticall That Hippoc. Booke de Sept. partu is legitimate For not onely Galen Commented vpon it a few fragments of whose labour remaine to this day but also the Lawyers of that time vvhen Learning did most flourish at â—ome and Athens did translate this very sentence according as we at this day read it into the number of their Sanctions Wherefore these diuers not contrary places concerning the number of dayes we will thus reconcile The Latitude of the seauenth month is very great neither is the seauenth-moneth birth Hip. interpreted alwayes brought into the world in one and the same day There is a seauenth moneth beginning and a seauenth month perfected The Beginning consisteth of a hundred eighty daies a part the perfection consisteth of two hundred ten dayes Before an hundred eighty two dayes no infant suruiueth so that this is the first limit of the seauenth moneth After two hundred and ten daies it is no more called a seuenth-month but an eight-month birth The first births in the beginning of the seauenth moneth are indeede vitall yet verie languid and weake the latter are very strong Wherefore Hippocrates in the places before quoted expressed onely the two extreame times of the seauenth-month birth that is to say the first and the last The middle times he maketh no mention of as of two hundred foure daies because they are sufficiently knowne by the nature of that extreame vnto The vtmost time of the seuen-month birth which they approach the neerest And this is not my interpretation of Hippocrates but Hippocrates owne For as in his Booke de Octimestripartu he calleth those Decimestres not onely who accomplish ten whole months but also that reach a few dayes within the tenth month So those are called Septimestres who beside six full months do attaine some dayes of the seauenth And yet more plainly in his Book de Alimento after he hath described the Septimestres Octimesters Nonimestres and Decimestres partus at length he breaketh out into these words In these months are begotten or rather breede more and fewer according vnto the whole and the parts that is either in a part of the moneth or in the whole and full moneth And in his Booke de Septimestri partu he saith that the fiue months which come between the first and the seuenth must be numbred whole but the first and the seuenth it skilleth not much though they be imperfect So in the computation of the Critical dayes those daies which go before the Crisis must be accompted whole but the Criticall day it selfe wherein Nature endeauoureth the Crisis hath a great latitude for a Crisis yea a happy and prosperous one may fal out in the beginning The intermediate daies months are onely perfect in the middest or in the end of the seauenth or the fourteenth daies wherefore those months which go before the birth must be al accompted whol excepting the first againe the very month of the birth which is of the same nature for accompt with the Criticall day hath two extreames and many intermediate times In any of which if the infant be borne he may suruiue And thus I thinke you may cleare your selfe out of the Thornie and intricate passages of months and dayes in the Computation of the legitimate or illegitimate times of the birth QVEST. XXXI What are the vniuersall and particular Causes of the Birth DEmocritus a great Philosopher of his time complaineth that the truth is drowned in a deepe well The Pyrronij or Scepticke Philosophers thinke that all Democritus The Septickes Aristotle things are vncertaine and that nothing can be determinately knowne Aristotle the Father of the Schoole of Philosophers saith that the certaine and Naturall causes of all things naturall are onely knowne to Philosophers which before Philosophy it selfe was borne our admired maister Hippocrates in his Booke de Aere aquis locis hath thus expressed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nothing in Nature is done vvithout Hippocrates Nature that is without a naturall cause These causes if any man with Heraclitus shal deny he shall not onely entangle himselfe in a thousand Labyrinths of absurdities but also for feite Heraclitus all knowledge and assured demonstration for to know saith the Philosopher is to vnderstand the Causes of things Seeing therefore the birth is a naturall action and that the times therof are very different it shal not be amisse a little in this place to enlarge our selues in the disquisition of the causes thereof The Causes therefore of the birth are some of them vniuersall others particular The vniuersall causes are common not onely to man but also to al creatures and some of then The vniuersal causes of the birth are on the part of the birth others on the part of the Matrix or woombe because the byrth proceedeth from an equall contention of the birth and the bearer The Cause on the part of the birth Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri elegantly expresseth to be the defect of both sorts of aliment Spirituous and Solid on this manner When the Infant becommeth larger and stronger the Mother cannot supply it with fit and sufficient Aliment which while it seeketh with often kicking it breaketh the Membranes and being vnloosed from those bandes yssueth foorth On the partof the infant The Mola or Moone calfe may be carried in the womb many yeares because it is neither nourished nor doth transpire wherefore desiring neither Aliment nor ayre it is stil retayned Why the Mola and many monsters lie long in the womb There are ingendred oftentimes in the wombes of women Monsters and Creatures of diuers kindes as Serpents and Mould-warps which because they haue little bloud haue also little heate and being contented with transpiration alone doe lurke many yeares in the corners of the wombe neither would euer issue of their owne accorde vnlesse they were driuen forth either by the contention of the wombe or by the helpe of the Physitian The want therefore of nourishment is the first cause of the birth There is also another vniuersall cause on the part of the wombe for the wombe hauing The vniuersal cause of the birth on the part of the wombe Hippocratci a determinate quantity magnitude beyond which it cannot be extended when once vpon the increase of the Infant it is come to that extent it laboureth to lay downe the burthen wherby it is oppressed and according hereto Hippocrates saith in his first book de morbis mulierum that abortments do happen when the wombe is too little that is when the Infant is so encreased that it can be no longer contayned in the wombe The
Animall spirits are continually supplyed vnto the instruments of sense and motion and by motion are spent dissipated it was necessary there should be great quantity of both kinds of bloode in this place mingled together to make supply of them The vse of the Dura Meninx is to hold together the whole substance of the Brain and be The vse of the Dura Mater a couering thereunto and to all the parts of it for it compasseth about the spinall marrow also yea and all the Nerues that yssue out of the Braine It also defendeth the brain from the impressions of the Scull or compressions if by any outward iniury it be beaten downward It also preserueth the Arteries which runne in the surface of the Brain that in their Diastole they be not offended by the hardnesse of the Scull Moreouer it diuideth the Braine from the after-braine or Cerebellum as also the braine itself into a right part a left Finally it produceth Ligaments through the sutures of the scull to make the Pericranium and to fasten it to the scull that it might not sinke downe toward the braine as also to hold vp the braine it selfe least setling down it should compresse the Ventricles which would cause sudden death And thus much concerning the dura mater or Meninx wherein we haue beene somewhat prolixe that nothing might escape worthy your obseruation Now it followeth that we entreate of the Pia Mater or thin Meninx The Dura mater being taken away we meete with the second Membrane called Pia mater The Pia mater or tenuis Meninx delineated vnto you in the sixt Table and the second Figure but in the ninth Table the third Figure P P sheweth the Dura Mater and O O the Pia Mater of which we now speake This Membrane euen considered of it selfe as also in comparison with the other Membranes of the body is exceeding thin and therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Galen in his ninth booke de Administrationibus Anatomicis and the second Chapter The name he had out of Hippopocrates His Names his Booke of the Falling sicknesse where he saith that this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diuideth the middle of the Braine or the Braine in the middest Galen also in his eight Booke of the vse of parts and the ninth chapter calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Membrane like the secundine or after birth because it conteyneth or holdeth fast the veins and arteries of the brain least whilst they mooue they should be displaced their basis or foundation being but weak and infirme This membrane is for the most part conteyned within the skull immediatly couering the brain and there is iust of his figure In magnitude answerable to the braine the parts His figure Magnitude thereof but the substance or body of it is exceeding thinne and sine and yet Cabrolius and Laurentius say it is double It is thinne that it might more easily insinuate it selfe into the Substance conuolutions of the braine and yet not be offensiue by the waight of it to the brayne vpon which it lieth and beside to carry the vessell quite through the same tab 6. fig. 2. â—â—â— table 9. figure 3 OO It is soft and of exquisite sence because it communicateth the Tactiue vertue to the Brayne and the Nerues and Archangelus sayeth it is the very instrument of Touching This Nature placed betweene the brayne and the dura meninx least the braine sayth Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 9. Chapter should be offended by so hard a The counsel of Nature neighbour For euen as sayth Plato betweene the earth and the fire because their natures are very contrary God interposed the water and the ayre so Galen sayeth that Nature betwixt the brayn and the skull which are partes of very different substance hath placed these 2. membranes or minninges For it there had been none but this thin pia mater it could not haue agreed with the skull without offence if there had beene none but the dura meninx yet the braine would haue beene therewith offended That therefore neither the braine nor his couer should endure any vncouth violence Nature hath immediately couered the Braine with this pia mater and then the pia mater hath she compassed with the thicker for by how much the thicker is softer then the bone by so much is the braine softer then the thinner If you would know what distance there is betweene these two membranes you must make a little hole in the thicker and then put a hollow bugle to it and blow it and you shal perceiue that the distance between them will containe a great deale of ayre by which you may imagine how farre they were seuered when the man was aliue This membrane doth not onely cleane closely to the braine and couer it immediatly as The progresse of it his naturall coate as a mother embraceth her infant whence Platerus thinketh it was called pia mater least the soft and moyst substance thereof should be seuered by the continual motion wherwith it is wrought vp and down for we perceiue that the brain wil easily run abroad when it is taken away but also it insinuateth it selfe into the bottome of the braine and extendeth it selfe vnto the inside of the cauity of his ventricles saith Galen in his 8. book of the Vse of parts and the 8. chapter lining them round within The vulgar Anatomistes sayth Laurentius thinke that it passeth into the ventricles from the vpper part of the brayn but the truth is that it ascendeth from below where the InfuÌ„dibulum or Tunnel of the brain is scituate and where those small arteries deriued from the sleepy arteries called Carotides do passe into the brain at the sides of the wedge-bone so that euen in the bottom it meeteth without the skull it cloatheth the marrow of the backe and the nerues The bones also sayth Archangelus doe seeme to bee couered with this thinne membrane which nowe Archangelus hauing with his vse changed his name is called Periostium But how it maketh the Infundibulum or Tunnell called also Peluis the Bason and how it inuesteth the vpper part of the phlegme-glandule we shall declare afterward The Vse of it is to couer and establish the braine the after-brain the marrow of the spine and the nerues as also all the vesselles which runne through it it knitteth together The vse of the pia mater so that they are more safely and commodiously distributed through the whole body of the Brayne and through all his partes Adde hereto that which Archangelus determineth in the first Booke of his Anatomy that it is the most exquisite and proper instrument of the sence of Touching CHAP. VIII Of the vessels disseminated through the Brayne THE vessels disseminated through the Braine are Veines and Arteries and those Sinus or Canalles whereof wee intreated at large in the former Chapter
but how perfected Vesalius thinketh by the particular substance and forme of the Brain Archangelus Archangelus Laurentius thinketh they haue no such vse or power as to make Animall spirites Laurentius sayth that they serue for the inspiration and expiration of the Braine to receiue smels and to prepare the Animall spirites and to containe them as it were in a store-house yet not perfectly accomplished but inchoated onely Archangelus subscribeth vnto this and Archangelus his other vses addeth moreouer that the ayre drawne through the nose and spongy bone into the ventricles is laboured and prepared for the nourishment and refection of the Animall spirites as the ayre is prepared in the Lungs for the refrigeration recreation of the vital spirits Another vse sayth he of them is but that onely a secundary vse to serue for wayes whereby the excrements of the braine may be purged Neither sayth he is there cause why we should wonder that the same ventricles should hold the Animal spirits and serue also for the ablegation of excrements seeing we know that Nature hath ordained the Nose first and primarily to be a meanes of smelling and secondarily to call out the phlegme out of the brain and auoide the same Wee sayeth Bauhine thinke they serue to gather the excrements which are separated Bauhine in the nourishment of the Brain the phlegme for example there engendred and by their common passage to send it into the Tunnell called Infundibulum to bee conuayed away by the throate Archangelus in this place maketh mention of a passage which is sayth he is in the middest A passage to be obserued vnder the mamillary processes and hath a double issue one directly into the ventricles wee speake off the other into the pallate and so into the Lungs This passage is knowne but to a few neither can it be found but in a sound Brain when the man commeth to a sudden and vnlooked for end and is presently dissected for the partes of the braine that are about this passage do in a short time so fall and close together that the passage is cleane obliterated Hence Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 10. Chapter sayed that the ayre Galen explayned we breath in by our noses passeth vnto the heart but a part of it getteth into the ventricles where it is prepared and made the nourishment of the Animall spirites Columbus ascribeth the finding out of this passage to himselfe but Archangelus taxeth him therfore And so much of the two first ventricles The third ventricle followeth which is nothing else but the concurrence or meeting of the two former lengthned out somewhat backward For the two former ventricles in their The 3. ventricle lower part vnder the Arch Table 10. fig. 5. STV figure 6. AAA do meet together in one place there determine being in their nether parts like a narrow path which runneth out backe ward a pretty length into the hindmost ventricle This is called by Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 12. Chapter the common cauity or common place of the foreward Galen ventricles Table 10. figure 6. vnder M I table 11. fig. 7. and 8. M by others who doe deny the third ventricle it is called the perforation of the two former ventricles others call it the third ventricle or the middle ventricle because it is in the middest of the braine yea and in the very Center of the marrowe betwixt the two forewarde ventricles and the fourth This at the first sight is like a long slit or cauity Tab. 11. fig. 7. and 8. ◠but more backward The forme of It after Galen it becommeth larger and is discerned part of it when the arch is drawne a little backward part of it when the Testicles and the Buttocks of the braine are diuided in the midst It tendeth directly from the forward ventricles vnder the arch the testicles and the buttocks Table 12. fig. 10. from I to K toward the fourth ventricle Tab 12-fig 10. ◠sheweth the end of it And this is Galens delineation of his passage in his 8. book of the Vse of parts and the 11. chapter whereunto Vesalius Platerus Archangelus and Laurentius do subscribe but Columbus maketh it shorter and sayth it endeth at the backeward passage neare to the Glandula pinealis The figure of it sayeth Archangelus is vncertaine because there are many eminencies or inequalities in it This third ventricle hath two passages of both which Galen maketh mention in his 9. The two passages thereof booke of Anatomicall Administrations and the fourth Chapter the one he calleth the vpper hole or the Tunnell the other the great hole of the third ventricle wee according to Bauhine will describe them thus The one Table 11. fig. 7. and 8. I proceedeth out of the middest of the ventricle and is The first reasonable large it is caued in the substance of the braine and runneth directly downward toward the Bason which receiueth the phlegme at the Basis of the braine and by it the phlegme of the two forward ventricles doth descend The other passage Table 11. fig 7. and 8. K which is the more backeward Laurentius addeth the larger also is not round in his originall although it be a part of the third ventricle Second which is round Galen in the 9 booke of his Anatomicall Administrations and the 5. Chapter thinketh that it hath a peculiar coate like that of the pia mater wherewith it is lyned It runneth vnder the Buttocks Table 11 fig. 7. MN fig. 8. NOPQ table 12. fig. 19. DEFG and Another passage the Testicles into the fourth ventricle aboue the beginning of the spinall marrow Out of the lower and forward angle of this passage as soon as it is gotten vnder the testicles there issueth another passage Table 11. fig 8. neare to K farre narrower then the former which passing slily forward through the substance of the braine sinketh downeward and determineth in the end Table 11. fig. 8. I of the first passage out of both which ariseth an orifice Table 15. figure 20. D which endeth in the Bason and leadeth the phlegme out of the third ventricle This Vesalius taxeth Galen for pretermitting in the place next aboue named Vesalius taxeth Galen Now whereas at the second passage there appeareth a certaine slitte or cleft Columbus will needs liken the same vnto the lap or priuity of a woman The vse of the third ventricle is to be a receptacle of the Animall spirit which also is by The vse of the 3. ventricle Nature so quaintly formed for Archangelus referreth all those resemblances of the arch the buttocks the testicles the fundament the womans lap and the yarde vnto the third ventricle that it driueth them into the fourth ventricle Aboue this third ventricle lyeth the Fornix or Arch called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because in forme and vse it resembleth a crosse
compasseth it round about like a â—ing establishing it by his hardnes And it was very necessary it should be like a Ring or perfect Circle partly that the pipe might be alwaies open and so way made for the ingresse And reason thereof egresse of the Ayre otherwise in the motion of the Larynx the semicircular gristles of the weazon would haue beene compressed partly least when the Gullet is dilated or stretched by the swallowing of an hard and thicke substance the pipe or weazon which is the way of the breath should be compressed whence suffocation or strangling must needs follow On The figure the outside and foreside it is gibbous narrowe slender and round like the other gristles of the weazon Table 16. figu 4. and 5. R Gibbous the better to defend it selfe to helpe the shield-gristle to make the cauity to help the sound and to dulcifie it Thinner that it might not hinder the ayre that was to bee driuen into the shield-gristle for if it had in this place beene broader then had the shield-gristle wanted place to moue it selfe in But behinde where it doth not compasse the shield-gristle it was fitte it should bee broader and so well might be Table 16. figu 4. 5. and 6. S broad I say like the head of a ring whereon the seale is grauen and flat otherwise the roundnesse of it together with the hardnesse would haue hindred the swallow Moreouer it is also thicker especially towards the vpper part and that because of the articulation The 〈◊〉 and that the slit and the whistle might bee on euery side defended and established adde hereto another reason why it was thicke to wit that from thence some muscles might take their originall For in the very middest which is the broadest part there standeth vp a rough lyne Table 16. fig. 6. T which Galen in the 7. chapter of his booke ae dissectione vocal Instrum calleth the Spine or the ridge of the Gristle without a name By this lyne is made a shallow cauity on each side Table 16. fig. 6. VX wherein the second payre of proper Muscles are commodiously situated But in the vpper and backward part it hath on each side a long knub Tab 16. fig. 6. Y Z or if you had rather call them bunching processes Galen calleth them Shoulders with which the Ewre-gristle Ta. 16. fig. 9. εε is articulated in which place it is alwaies harder and thicker so that that which seemed in childhood gristly in the middle or growne age becommeth or at least seemeth to bee bony In the middest it also swelleth a little on both hands and becommeth thicker Table 16. figu 6. N O and excauated in which cauity the lower processes of the Shield-gristle whose heades are slatted are strongly ioyned to this Ring gristle by a plaine articulation Finally in the lower part tab 16. fig. 4. 5. 6. S there runneth downward a kinde of processe from whence the third paire of proper muscles do arise This Ring gristle by how much it is lesser then the Shield-gristle by so much it is greater then the Ewre-gristle it is also somewhat narrower then the lower Basis of the wezon The quantity wherfore the lower part of the Larynx is larger then the vpper orifice which is in the chops It is the hardest and the thickest of all the rest although it be not all of an equall thicknes because the others rest vpon this as vpon a Basis wherefore also it is immouable that vppon this the other gristles might be both mooued and articulated and the muscles which belong vnto the others herein also firmed and established It is tyed to the Shield-gristle by the help of membranes or tyes produced from the first The connexion to the second these ties are double as also are those which couple the second with the third as Galen teacheth in his booke de voce anhelitu and thâ—se membranes doe inuest not only the middle part of this Ring-gristle but also the whole basis of this shield-gristle Table 16. Figure 1. Sheweth the whole Larynx composed of his grystles with the bone Hyois and a part of the weazon or pipe Fig. 2. and 3. Sheweth the Sheild-gristle But 4. 5. and 6. Figures shew the Ring-gristle or that which is without name Fig. 7. 8. and 9. Sheweth the Ewre-gristle The 10. the Epiglottis the 16. sheweth the gristles of the weazon TABLE XVI FIG I. II. III. IIII. V. VI. VII VIII IX X. XI The substance of this 3. Gristle differs from the other two or being softer that it might The substance not need the greater Muscles to moue it it is also slenderer fatter moyster that it might not be dryed vp by the ayre much lesse also then the rest that the passage should not bee angustated or streightned It hath processes aboue below The vpper Tab. 16. fig. 7. 8. 9. Z. which being ioyned do The processes vpper cary the fashion of an Ewre or spout pot are recurued outward that they shold not incline inward and so fill vp the cauitie whereby the free passage of the breath would haue beene interrupted They are lax soft fat and flexible that they might follow the motion of the whole glottis or whistle These vpper processes are not altogether separated asunder least one should haue beene drawne from the other and therefore in a man they are aboue ioyned with a Membrane but in Hogs it seemeth to be indeede but one processe This part is so soft and flexible that when a man vomits it is reclined forward into the Larynx and soe shutteth the Arterie exquisitely that no thing might happen to fal downe into the Lungs in our vomiting The lower processes made the glottis or slit or whistle by which the voyce is tuned Lower In that part they are wholly diuided Tab. 16. fig. 7. and 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it was fit that the slit or glottis should be moueable and free For vnlesse the egresse of the breath bee narrow the voyce cannot be formed These processes also in the middle of the cauitie of the Larynx are couered ouer with a fat membrane wherby the slit is made the more firme This Ewre-gristle is made moueable because without motion the Larinx cannot bee streightned and againe dilated and therefore on either side in the lower end there is a muscle inserted The motion proceeding of the Articulation of the Ewre-gristle with the Ring-gristle The motion of the gristles to what vse they serue is fourefold Flexion Extension and Motion to both sides and so it is mooued vpward downeward to the right hand and to the left By Flexion the Ewre-gristle is driuen into the cauitie by the fourth paire of proper muscles to shut the slit By extension it is reuelled outward by the second paire of proper muscles to open the slit Againe by the motion to the sides they are conioyned by the fifth paire of muscles to constringe it as by
fall againe Of the Lungs without violence and so readily obey or follow the motions of the Chest It is rare and spongy that like a paire of bellowes it might presently be filled with the ayre we breath in as also to make the way fit for the breathing out of sooty and smoaky vapours This Flesh prepareth for the Heart one of the materials of the vitall spirit that is ayre for the outward ayre which hath much impurity mixed therewith could not at the first hand be made a fit nourishment for the inward spirit therefore it was necessary that it should be altered by little and little and by some stay made in the Lungs acquire or attaine a quality familiar to the inbred spirit Concerning the flesh of the heart it may be doubted whether it ought to be referred Of the heart to the flesh of the bowels or to the flesh of the Muscles Galen holdeth on neither side for a Parenchyma hath no fibres the Heart is wouen with them after a strange and admirable manner Againe the motions of the Muscles are Voluntary so is not the motion of the Heart The Flesh therefore of the Heart is peculiar to it selfe alone such as you cannot finde in the whole body againe There is no lesse scruple also concerning the Flesh of the Tongue for it is as nimble as an Ecle turning it selfe into a thousand motions yet are there no fibres running therethrough and therefore the Flesh thereof cannot be sayde to bee musculous rather if all things be considered it inclineth to the nature of a Parenchyma And so much shall be sufficient to haue said concerning the Flesh of the Bowels or Entrals CHAP. XLII What a Glandule is and how many kinds there be of them BEcause many of the Ancients haue defined a Glandule to bee a Flesh rowled vp into it selfe I haue thought sit sayth Laurentius for order sake to refer the What a glandule is whole kinde or kin of Glandules vnto Flesh A Glandule therefore which the Graecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a simple part Rare and fâ—yable soft like a sponge appoynted by Nature to firme and establish the vesselles to sucke or drinke vp superfluous humours and to water or dew some partes that stoode need of moysture The Authour of the Booke de Glandulis whether it were Hippocrates or Polybius hath elegantly expressed the nature of a Glandule where hee sayeth Their Nature is spongy for they are rare and fat That they are of such a nature you shall easily find if you presse them hard betwixt your Fingers for they will yeilde an oylie humour and bloud white like phlegme Now it is consonant to reason that they haue such a substance not for nought but for some particular and especiall vse That vse is three-fold The first vse of Glandules is to firme or establish the diuarications or diuisions of the vessels For it was to be feared least the vessels running through large and ample cauities The first vse of glandules if they had no other muniment or defence sauing their owne membranes would in violent motions be broken off as in great windes boughes are torne from a tree vnlesse these glandulous bodies did lye soft vnder them and establish and sustaine them And therefore where the vessells are forcked or deuided there Nature hath euer placed Glandules vnder them So in the diuision of the Gate-veine there is a notable Glandule called Pancreas or the Sweete-bread In the diuarications of the veines of the Mesentery there are Glandules almost infinite In the distribution of the ascending trunke of the hollow veine is the glandule called Thymus which is the sweetebread in calues In the vessels of the braine the glandule called Conarium or the pine-glandule In the the necke in the arme pits and in the groynes where the Iugular axillary and crurall veins are diuided there are glandules placed to support their diuisions VVherefore they were made soft and rare that neyther their hardnesse might offend the vessels and by yeelding they might giue way to the distentions when they strut with blood The second vse of the glandules is like sponges to sucke and drinke vp fleame whey Their second vse and other superuacuous humours that they should not rush vpon the more noble parts In which respect their forme is round somewhat long and their substance rare and open so fitted to receiue the greater quantity of any kind of influxion This vse the authour of the booke de glandulis openeth vnto vs in these words They beare away the redundancie or surplussage of the rest of the body and that indeede is their familiar Alement It may also by reason be demonstrated that they were ordayned by nature to purge away moyst superfluities for those parts that are hollow and especially if they bee moyst and full of blood haue more and larger glandules then those that are solide and lesse succulent as are the ioynts So behind the eares about the necke where the iugular veines run about the arme pit where the axillary branch is and about the groynes where the crurall veine appeareth there are notable glandules which receiue the superfluities of the principall parts the Brayne the Heart and the Liuer which glandules are commonly called Emunctories and if they swell or bee otherwise affected they betoken the distemper of their owne bowell or some ill disposition therein Hippocrates in the second section of his 6. booke Epidemion saith Abscesses or Apostemes as for example the tumors of the glandules are produced as fruitelesse water shootes of those places out of which they grow They also bewray the condition of other places and parts and especially of the bowels Galen also in the thirteenth booke of his Methode saith that when an Apostemation ariseth neare any notable artery or vein sudainly do spring vp Bubones that is inflammations of the glandules Thirdly we added in the definition that the vse of the glandules was to irrigate or The thire vse water some parts lest they should too easily bee exiccated and dryed or made vnfit for motion Such are some of the glandules of the Mesentery which with their moysture do dew the guts Such are also the glandules of the Throttle or the Tongue which ingender or gather spittle The glandules in the corners of the Eyes doe make much toward the celerity and ease their motions and finally those prostate glandules in the neck of the bladder doe water and moysten the Vreter with an oyly humidity lest it should bee offended by the Acrimony of the vrine And this is the nature of glandules properly so called There is also another kinde of glandules which may more truly be called Glandulous bodyes Their substance indeed is like vnto a glandule that is rare and lax but it is ordayned Glandulous bodyes by Nature for the generation of humours or iuyces which are profitable for the creature Proper or simple glandules haue neither peculiar veines nor
with their aboundance distend them The vses of these sutures are first to be vents of the brayne that the thicker and sooty excrements might exhale But this was not the only vse for then the Scull might haue The vses of the sutures beene bored through with small perforations to haue serued that turne but it was necessary that the Dura meninx should issue forth and be suspended to the Scull least the hardnesse thereof should presse the brayne or the ventricles therein beside the Filaments or strings do make the Pericranium and the Periostium Furthermore the sutures were made for the ingresse and egresse of vessels for the nourishment and life of those parts Fourthly that if at any time the head should happen to be broken the fracture might not run through the whole skull but stay at the end of the fractured bone Otherwise if a fracture were made in the forepart the fissure or cleft would passe in the continuation of the bone vnto the hinder part as it will doe in an earthen pot Finally Nature found it needfull that some parts of the scull should be thicker others thinner some of one forme some of another and therefore she thought it fit rather to make it of many bones and to ioyne them together by sutures then to make it of one onely bone which must haue had so great variety of parts We may also adde with Galen in the 22. chapter of the 13. book of his Method and Falopius maketh it the 7. vse that medicines which are to bee applyed outwardly might better enter into the braine and affect it And thus much of the sutures The substance of the Scull varieth according to the age of the partie For in children The substāce of the scull newe borne it is very soft afterward it is gristly and membranous especially about the commissures or seames ta 3. ta 4 figure 1. betwixt a and b especially ta 4. fig. 2 betwixt a and a and in the vpper and middle part of the head so that in some childeren till they haue passed ouer some yeares it wil yeild to the compression of a mans finger And this tenerity or softnes of the Scull was very necessary both to make the birth of the infant more easie as also for the growth of his head But in growne bodies it is altogether bony for more strength yet not fast and thin for then the parts contayned vnder it would not haue beene so wel secured for a light violence would easily haue penetrated through a thinne bone nor yet fast and thicke for then it would haue beene too great a burden and therefore it was made neither fast nor thinne but thicke rare and cauernous or full of holes ta 9 fig. 11 12 L ta 10. figure 14. c Thicke for security and strength and rare that it might not bee a burden porous also for Transpiration It is made of a double scale ta 10. fig 14. a o which some call Diploas or Laminas we will cal thē Tables which are most manifest in the bone of the Forehead in the Temple-bones in the Wedge bones especially about the browes or where the Scull was to bee The double table made thick as aboue where there is no flesh below in the Basis especially about the perforations and the cauities to strengthen them The Tables although they bee hard and somewhat thicke yet the vtter may sometimes bee eaten away by the French disease and the Patient recouer notwithstanding Betwixt these Tables ta 10. fig. 14. betwixt a o c there is a substance which some haue compared to a Pumie stone fungous and fistulated manifould not onely to make the Soull the lighter but that in the cauities and pores thereof a marrow might bee contayned in which marrow the bloud and spirits which are powred into it out of the veines and arteries thither ariuing is boyled for their nourishment and this the Anatomists call Meditullium In other parts although it be thinne yet is it hard and solid as about the Temples where it is very thinne indeed and giueth way to the Temporall muscles in the cauity also of the eye where notwithstanding aboue and below it is duplicated The outward surface of the Scull is almost euery where equall and smooth least it The surface should hurt the Periostium wherewith it is compassed yet in the margents or edges of the forehead bone and aboue the cauity of the eyes it buncheth somewhat out for more strength againe at the sides of the Temples the bones are compressed for the behoofe of the Temporall muscles and in the Nowle it is exasperated with small knottes or bunches made for the insertions of the muscles The lower side or the Basis is very vnequall and rough by reason of the many processes cauities and swellings of the bones all which we shall make mention of in their particular History The Internall cauity is also for the most part smooth that the Dura meninx whereby it is compassed might not be offended In the top as it were of the Helmet it hath shallow cauities in the forehead bone and the bones of the Sinciput whereto the Dura Meninx The inner cauity doth grow inscriptions also or lines for the courses of the veines but below there are diuers productions extuberations small bosomes made to receiue the different figures of the parts of the Brayne the After-brayne and the instruments of the Senses Both Tables are perforated with many small holes thrilled not in order but wildly Perforations and as it were at aduenture and those transuerse or oblique through which small veines and arteries do passe into the cauity of the inner bones and the sinus of the Dura meninx or hard membrane Moreouer the small cauities or dens that are in either Table doe make way for the Transpiration of subtile and thinne vapours which if they be retayned doe breede giddines and other diseases For the head is set aboue the rest of the parts as a roofe vppon a house that is kept hot but without a chimney whose rafters because the smoake hath no vent wil become black and sooty Beside these most bones of the head haue their proper perforations cauities Sinus or bosomes and processes of which we shall speak in the particular History of each bone CHAP. VI. Of the proper Bones of the Scull THE Bones of the Scull are of two sortes some belong to the Scull it selfe some to the Iaw which is double the vpper and the lower The bones of the Scull in grown bodies are commonly 14. whereof some are proper others are common The proper bones are in like manner double some make the circumference of the scul and these are commonly accounted sixe The fore-head bone the two Bones of the synciput the Nowle-bone and the two Temple-bones The other serue onely for the sense of hearing which likewise are six three in each Temple-bone called the Hammer or Mallet the Stithy The diuision
Theater but supplyed by me partly out of Laurentus partly out of those Dictates I gathered from Petrus Pauius before named Finally betwixt the 7 booke which contained the history of the vpper Venter that is the Head and the ninth of the loyntes I haue interposed a Booke of the Senses collected out of Bauhine Laurentius and Iulius Casserius Placentinus who wrote very accurately of that subiect many of whose disputations I haue also added One thing I craue pardon for aboue all the rest and that is Placentinus his Praeface before the Controversies of the eight booke which indeede was not done by me the matter it selfe to say truth I do not so well like Again although I revised the Presse or rather the sheets proofes as they call them my selfe yet being sometimes out of Towne about my practise oftner though in towne yet necessarily called away from attending the correction many literall faults haue escaped especially in the Greeke and some more then literall yet few such as will stumble the Reader and fewer it may be then could be imagined should escape a worke of such vncouth argument to the Compositors and written besides in a Schollers running hand Thus much I thought good to advertise you of my kinde and VVorshipful Friends and so to commend my labor to your good acceptance and your honest endeavors and studyes in this and other parts of your Art to Gods blessing From my house in S. Annes Lane this last of May 1615. By your Louing Friend HELKIAH CROOKE The Contents of the seuerall Bookes contained in this Uolume I. Booke OF the Excellency of Man together with the Profite Necessitie Antiquity and Method of Anatomy II. Booke Of the partes Inuesting and Conteyning the whole Bodie also the Lower Belly in particular III. Booke Of the partes belonging vnto Nutrition and nourishment IIII. Booke Of the naturall parts belonging to Generation V. Booke Of the History of the Infant most accurately described according to the opinion of Hippocrates VI. Booke Of the Middle Region called the Chest contayning the vitall parts VII Booke Of the third vppermost Venter called the Head wherein are described the Animall organs VIII Booke Of the Senses and their Instruments and also of the voyce IX Booke A briefe description of all the Joynts X. Booke Of Flesh that is of the Muscles the Bowelles and the Glandules XI Booke Of the vesselles containing three parts namely Veines Arteries and Sinewes XII Booke Containing foure parts viz Gristles Ligaments Membranes and Fibres XIII Booke Of the Bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 INtactusque lutum immundum speculatur * Sol. Aquieus Foemineamque notant scrinia * Sancta cera * Leuit. 15. 24. 20. 18. luem Nudus Adam nudusque puer non or a rubescit Nuda nec impubi cernere mente nefas Morbida non patitur non lex * Mosis vada rubra Secantis Naturae vt lateat * Leuit. 15 2. 24. 13. nequiteaeque via * Math. 16 19. Iob. 20. 3. Clauibus instructo pandas delicta lubenter Et bona causidico membraque Celse tibi Arbor notitiae Magicas en extudit artes Haeresiumque plicas imperijque plagas Haec quoque nosse iuuat vitaeque excerpere fructus Pestibus armatis pharmaca siue fugam Non primus genitor secuit iam cuspide primum Hinc animo dirimas denique membra doce Plaude parens Argiua cluis molimine Croci Omniparos flores vnicus hortus habet Vocem aptam methodum accliuem sexentaque paucis Dogmata conspicies strictaque tela virum Pimpliadum soboles hinc ad potiora mouere Hippolyto parcant flagra * Inuidua Subsannatio Detractio trisulca Iouis TH' vntainted Sun on * Iudg. 3. 22. EGLONS dung can stare And Sacred writ doth * Gene. 32. 35. RACHELS Months declare The Babe though nak'd and * Gene. 2. 23. ADAM dreads no shame To gaze with Babe-like minde can breed no blame Nor Leches lore nor MOSES Law can bide Or sinnes or Natures hidden parts to hide To him that holds the keyes thou 'lt shew thy sin BRACTAN thy Case HIPPOCRATES thy skin The Tree of Knowledge Magicke did deuise And errors gin and Florentizing guize Yet fruit of Life they bring which these reueale That armed poysons we may shun or heale Nought needed ADAM but we first must cut Next know last teach how euery member's put Ioy England rich as Greece by CROOKES long toyle All Flowers budding in thy blessed soyle Fit words smooth order many mindes in short Be here compris'd and what their proofes import Mount hence O Muses child to higher wonders Nor feare HIPPOLITVS * Enuy. Scorne Detraction three forked thunders Ambrose Fisher The Table of the seuerall Chapters and Questions contayned in this whole Uolume The first Booke CHAP. 1. THE Excellency of Man is declared by his parts namely the Minde and the Body and first what is the dignity of the Soule Folio 3. Chap. 2. Of the wonderfull frame of Mans body Folio 4. Chapter 3. Epicurus Momus Pliny and other the malicious and false detracters from nature are censured c. 8. Chap. 4. Wherein the body of Man differeth from other creatures c. 10. Chap. 5. How profitable Anatomy is vnto euery mans selfe 12. Chap. 6. How profitable Anatomy is to the knowledge of God 14. Chap. 7. Howe profitable Anatomy is to Philosophers Artificers and Handy-crafts-men 15 Chap. 8. The necessitie of Anatomy for Physitians and Chyrurgions 15 Chap. 9. With what method Anatomy may be best demonstrated 17 Chap. 10. Who haue writ of Anatomy 20 Chap. 11. What Galen hath written of Anatomy and how he was vniustly accused by Vesalius 22 Chap. 12. How far Aristotles skill streatched in Anatomy 24 Chap. 13. What other Greeke authours haue written of Anatomy Ibid. Chap. 14. Who haue bin the chiefe authours of anatomy in our times 25 Chapter 15. The instruments necessary to anatomy 26 Chap. 16. What is the subiect or immediate obiect of anatomy 27 Chap. 17. What an Antomist must consider in euery part 28 Chap. 18. The differences of parts c. 30 Chap. 19. A diuision of parts c. 31 Chap. 20. An elegant diuision of parts into similar dissimilar c. 32 Chap. 21. The other differences of the parts vnfolded 34 The Controuersies of the first Booke QVEST. 1. THe definition of a part Folio 38
dispersed through the whole worke but much more largely according to the order of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or composition that nothing may be wanting vnto you which either our industry or charge may accomplish for your behoofe but first we will insist in the order of dissection Who haue written of Anatomy and first what Hippocrates hath written thereof CHAP. X. HIppocrates of Coos was reuerenced by antiquity as the Oracle of Greece or a kinde of Deity rather to be adored then admired much lesse imitated This Man when the art of Physicke was yet rude and vnpolisht so laboured vpon The praise of Hippocrates it that he left it smooth and terce the knotted budde by the strength of his wit and vigorous rayes thereof he made to spread into a glorious flower He like a good Husbande hath reduced the seedes of Physicke dispersed before in the large field of the world into certain seed plots whence we may fetch them one by one Hippocrates writings like to seed at our pleasure and truth to say his writings resemble seede most of all for they are not great but full of power and efficacie for as a small A corne hath in it the power of a mighty Oake so in him one short Aphorisme consisting of a few wordes hath growne to fill whole volumes of Commentaries and so all other his writings are very enigmaticall hauing in them as many sentences as wordes Before Hippocrates time the knowledge of Anatomy was very geason and scarse no writings of the ancients were extant of that subiect He was the first Man that being inspired as I verily thinke with a diuine Spirit trusting as well he might to the strength of the pinions of his owne wit cut the first way through this abysse not onely leauing encouragement vnto others but also monuments of many things which pertained to anatomy For I verily thinke that that happie spirit of Hippocrates was ignorant almost of nothing that doth necessarily appertaine to the vse practise of the art of Physick For whereas Galen in his second Booke de Anatomicis Administrationibus maketh two sorts of Anatomy the one profitable because it is necessary for the practise of Physicke the other beyond the vse of art and more for ornament Galen and pleasure then profit which hee calleth Superabundant I presume I can demonstrate Hippocrates not ignorant of that Anatomy which is vsefull and profitable vnto you that Hippocrates hath most exquisitely and elegantly described that former profitable and vsefull kinde of anatomy Of parts some are Similar some Dissimilar Similar are the Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Veines Arteries Nerues and of all these Hippocrates hath written many things and those excellently well Concerning the Bones first in generall what is their Nature their manner of generation their materiall cause their efficient and finally their vse he hath excellently demonstrated in his bookes De Natura Ossium de Carnibus and de Natura Pueri The matter he describeth in these words When the fat exceedeth the glue then are the bones framed The efficient cause hath he thus set downe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is The bones being thickned by heate are exiccated or dryed The common vse of the bones who did euer so accurately expresse in so fewe Wordes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is The bones doe giue vnto the Body stability vprightnesse and forme or fashion Hee hath How Hippo. described the Nature of bones also described the particular history of the bones their seuerall differences their fashions and their parts Of the bones of the head he writeth in his booke de vulneribus Capitis of the rest in his Bookes de Articulis and de Ossium Natura For before hee do deliuer the diseases or affects incident to the bones he inquireth into the nature and fashion of euery Bone a tast of which his elegant order I wil giue you in the description of the back-bone whereby you may imagine how he hath done all the rest The Nature of the Backe-bone saith he is first to be knowne The figure of it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hip. description of the backe bone that is In some sort right and straight but yet so that sometimes it bendeth outwarde sometimes inward From the first racke-bone or vertebra of the necke to the seauenth it hath Figuram 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Inclining inward that it might bee substrated or couched vnder the Gullet and the Rough Arterie From the first Spondill of the backe vnto the twelfth it hath Figuram 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is A forme bunching outward that the Organes of respiration might haue the better roome and a more spacious cauity to extend themselues in to wit the Heart and the Lungs The Loyns bend inward the Os Sacrum or Holy-bone protuberateth or swelleth outward yet with a straitnes too that so the cauity of the hypogastriū or watercourse might be the larger which was to containe the bladder the right gut and the wombe The rest of the bones he pursueth after the same manner Concerning the Cartilages Ligaments and Membranes some things he hath deliuered heere and there but scatteringly Of the veynes he hath written many things but all of them very obscure in his Booke De locis in homine De Morbo Sacro De ossium Natura and in the second Epidemiωr And first he doth very elegantly describe the ascendent and descendent trunke of the Hollow veyne which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Liuer veine The description of the hollow veine after Hippoc. in the fourth section of the second Booke Epidem The Liuer veine saith hee passeth downward through the loynes to the great or Holy bone Againe arising vpwards out of the Liuer it ascendeth through the Midriffe and so runneth to the throate As for the peculiar history of the veines that is to say the diuarication of their branches albeit hee Hippocrates knew all the veynes which are vsually opened hath not precisely set them downe yet it seemeth he was not ignorant of them so far as was needefull for the practise of Physicke for hee mentioneth all those branches which Physitians vse to diuide in Phlebotomy as for example the veynes of the forehead the nowle or backe part of the head called Vena puppis and we may call it the Sterne veine the Instances in them all veines of the tongue the eares the iugular or throate veynes the shoulder veyne called humeraria the Liuer veine called Basilica that of the ham called vena poplitis and the ankle veines called Maleoli In the 68. Aphorisme of the first Section When the backe part of the head is pained the right veine of the forehead being opened giueth ease In his third Book De Morbis in the Angina or squinancy he striketh the veynes vnder the tongue In his Booke de Aere locis aquis he mentioneth the veynes behind the eares The
the Liuer and the spleene The lower and hind-most wing ariseth from the Peritonaeum at the backe Table 1. figure 1. ccc presently vnder the midriffe and being led to the hollow side of the Liuer it cleaueth yet but seldome to a part of it as also to the midriffe to the right side of the stomacke almost to the whole gut called duodenum and to the hollowe part of the spleene and groweth fast to the stomacke and to the collicke gut Table 1. Connexion figure 1. GG all the way the same is annexed to the bottom of the stomacke so that to that gut it is as it were Table 1. figure 2. HH a mesenterie In Dogs it is neither tyed to the Colon nor to any other gut in Apes onely to the right part of the Colon. Many veines but onely from the port veine passe through both his wings Through His vessels veines the vpper from two veines which passe by the bottome of the stomacke which are called the right and the left Tab. 3. H and X Gastra epiplois infinitely propagated obliquely downward Table 1. figure 1. kk mm. Through the lower wing from those veines which passe into the spleene Table 1. fig. 1. ux figure 2. BCD which are diuersly spread sometimes with a foure-fold branch as in the history of the Port veine shall be sayd for the nourishment of the adiacent parts TABVLA II. The lower belly with the vpper Membrane of the Kall torn vp and turned aboue the outside of the Chest and the stomacke the stomack also remoued out of his seat to the Chest that the lower Membrane of the kall might the better bee perceiued as also the guts remayning in their naturall position and a part of the spleen are herein deciphered The Fat is very plentifull about the vessels Table 1. figure 1. d e f but in the distances betwixt them none at all In an ordinary fat man it may amount to a pound or a pound The fat of the Kell and a halfe and amongst it do runne innumerable glandules or kernels which sucke vp the faeculent moysture which is separated in the first concoction Wherefore seeing it is not ingendered of any portion of the bloud as that fat called pinguedo or as other fats therfore it easily putrifieth so that if vppon a wound it fall out of the body it becommeth presently rotten which hapneth not to the other fats vnder the skin or in other parts The vse of the Fat of the Kall is to cherish and to comfort the bottome of the stomack for the vpper part thereof is warmed by the Liuer which lyeth vppon it and therefore it is The vse of the fat of the Kell that the Kall attayneth not so high as also to increase the heate of the guts for both these parts are membranous and without bloud and therefore their naturall heate is but weake Now this comfort the Kall affoordeth not onely by his owne heate which yet is the more because of the manifolde Veines and Arteries which are wouen together thorough his substance but also because beeing thicke and bedded together it much hindereth the heate from dissipation and the incursion also of outward colde and so by consequence is a great helpe and furtherer of concoction And that it was ordayned to increase heate Galen in his fourth Booke de vsu partium and in the ninth Chapter maketh manifest by the example of those who hauing got a deepe wound in their bellies so that a part of the Kall falleth out do euer after worse concoct their nourishment and stand in need of Stomachers or other couerings vpon their bellies to keep them warme especially when much of it falleth out for it presently groweth liuid and constraineth the Chirurgion to take it off so saith Hippocrates in the beginning of his first Booke de Morbis If the Kall fall out Hippocrates it putrifieth necessarily And Galen in the place before named saith hee tooke almost all of Aâ—stâ—â—ry out of Galen it from a Fencer who was presently cured but euer after was easily offended with colde so as he was constrained to defend his belly with Wooll Heereto also Aristotle assenteth in the third Chapter of his fourth Booke de partibus Animalium Nature saith he abuseth the Kall to helpe the concoction of the Aliment that it might bee done with more ease and greater expedition For heate concocteth now that which is fat is hot and therefore the Kall beeing Aristotle fat must needs concoct Another vse of the Kall is to keepe the guts moyst because they are often distended againe corrugated as they are filled with Chylus or empried of it againe A third vse is that in time of necessity and affamishment saieth Galen in the xi Chapter of the fourth Galen Booke de vsu partium it might supply a kinde of subsidiarie nourishment to the naturall heate The vse of the Membranes of the Kall or Kell is to sustaine the branches of the Gate Veine and the Coeliacall Arterie which passe into the Stomacke the Spleene the Gut The vses of the Membranes of the Kell called Duodenum and the Collicke gut Againe to knit the stomacke the duodenum and the Collick guts vnto the backe To couple together the Liuer and the Spleene Archangelus addeth That the thicke and bloudie vapours arising from the parts contayned Archangelus in the Lower belly might cleaue into these Membranes and by their densitie and thightnesse or fastnesse be condensed or curdled into fat that so good a vapour as might afterward be turned into nourishment should not vapour out in vaine Finally Laurentius addeth another vse of the Membranes out of Hippocrates Booke de Glandulis That Leurentius out of Hippocrates when the humour which commeth from the Guts is so plentifull that it cannot be receyued and assumed into the Glandules the ouer-plus might bee reserued in the Membranes of the Kell CHAP. III. A briefe Description of the Gate-Veine and his Branches NOw because the Branches of the Gate-veine and the Caeliacall or Stomacke Artery must be demonstrated by order of Dissection before wee come to the Guts or else they will be offended I haue thought it not amisse Why we treat of theÌ„ in this place to giue you a briefe description of them in this place referring the larger and more exact discourse vnto the proper history of the Veins and Arteries First therefore the Gate-veine so called because through it as through a gate the Chylus is conueyed into the Liuer ariseth out of the hollow part The Original of the Gate-Veine Bauhine of the Liuer betwixt the two small eminencies of swellings thereof which Hippocrates calleth Portas the gates Some thinke it is propagated from the vmbilicall Veine which proceedeth out of that cauity We will diuide it into the Trunke and Branches The trunk before it is diuided Tab. 3. R sendeth foorth two small shootes from his fore-part called Cysticae
The mammary arteries The nerues of the breasts It hath nerues from the sinewes of the Chest which are carried through the skinne partly to the nipples but the thicker nerue is that which commeth to the nipple from the first nerue of the Chest and doeth communicate thereto exquisite sence and is the cause of the pleasure conceiued by their contrectation The Glandules or Kernels which they call in Latin mamillae or mammae or rather glandulous The Glandules of the breasts bodies which make the body table 27. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or bulke of the Pap are the greatest of the whole body white and do not as in most of the other creatures make one body but are many and distinct spongious and rare or porous that they might better drawe the Aliment vnto them and conuert it into milke of these one is the greatest placed vnder the nipple and about it are set all the other small ones which cleaue to the muscles of the Thorax or Chest Among these are infinite vesselles with many windings and turnings wouen together that the bloud before in the veines and arteries perfected receiued by the breasts might in these boughts and turnings through the glandulous bodies bee conuerted into milke which is a surplusage of profitable Aliment Tab. 27. sheweth the breast of a woman with the skin flayed off For the rest of the Table belongeth to another place Plato calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to bud forth in Latine Papilla because it is like a Papula that Why rugged is a pimple whelke or wheale It is of a fungous or Mozy substance somewhat like that of the yard whence it is that by touching or sucking it groweth stiffe and after will againe grow more flaccid or loose In virgins this teate standeth not much out from the brest is red and vnequall very like a strew-bery in Nurses because of the childes sucking it groweth longer and blewer in old folkes it is long and blackish About this teate is a circle called in Latine Areola in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we know no English The circle of the Teate name it hath vnlesse we call it the ring of the Pap but in Virgins it is pale or whitish in women with childe and nurses it is duskish in olde women blacke and the skin more rugous and vnequall From the disease of the Wombe it is also sometimes yellow sometimes blacke For Hippocrates saith a man may iudge of the wombe by the colour of the Nipples for if the A good note for women nipple or his ring which was wont to be red grow pale then is the womb affected The colour of the nipples and the ring about them is also often made duskish and black by setting The cuill euent of drawing glasses to the Nipples drawing glasses drawing heades or such like vppon them to make them stand out that the Infant may take them which may notwithstanding bee preuented if care be had The proper vse of the breasts is to be a Magazine or Store-house of meate for the Mothers owne childe or that in them so long milke should bee generated as the Infant for his The vse of the breasts nourishment should stand in neede of it For whereas it was accustomed in the wombe to be nourished by the Mothers blood conueyed vnto it by the vmbilicall veines it cannot so suddenly change that liquid for more solid nourishment for it could not digest it because when it is newe borne it is but tender and weake beside sudden changes are very daungerous wherefore it had neede of such a nourishment as should not be too remote from the nature of blood and that it might more easily bee nourished should also bee liquid sweete and after a sort familiar vnto it but such is milke which is made in the brests For so in growne men and women the Aliments are in the stomacke turned into Chylus which is a Creame or substance like vnto Milke Wherefore according to Galen the first and chiefe vse of the brests is the generation of Milke that they may be ashamed who for nicity and delicacie do forfeite this principal vse of these excellent parts and make them onely stales or bauds of lust A Secondary vse of them is in respect of their scituation that they might be a kinde of couering and defence for the heart and that themselues hauing receyued heate and cherrishment from the heart might again returne vnto it warmth such as we get by garments we buckle about vs especially this vse is manifest in women in whom these breasts growe oftentimes into a great masse or waight so as they being farre colder then men their Entrals vnder the Hypochondria are warmed by them It may also be added that they are giuen for ornament of the Chest and for a mans pleasure as is partly touched before Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis addeth another vse of the Pappes that is to receiue excrementitious moysture for if sayeth Hippocrates any disease or other euent take away a Note this womans Pappes her voyce becommeth shriller she proueth a great spitter and is much troubled with payne in her head And thus much of the Pappes of women Now men likewise haue Paps by Nature allowed The Paps of Men. them scituated also in the middle of the breast and lying vpon the first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis They are two a right and a left but they rise little aboue the skinne as they doe in women because they haue scarcely any Glandules for they were not ordayned to conuert or conteine milke Yet we do not deny but in them is generated a humour What humor is in them like to milke which Aristotle in the xii booke of his historie of Creatures cals Milk but it will not at all nourish albeit we haue seene it in some men something plentifull The Pappes of Men are compounded of skin fat and nipples which appeare yea sometimes hang forth in them because of the abundant fat which in corpulent bodies is more about that place then in any part of the Chest beside the nipples of men are somewhat fungous Their composition and also perforated They haue Veines Arteries and Nerues for their nourishment life and sence Their vse is to defend the heart as with a Target or Buckler or it may bee sayed that they are giuen for ornament that the breast should not be without some representation in Their Vses it The Nipples are the Center in which the veines and nerues doe determine which also are therein conioyned And heere we will put an end to the History of Parts belonging to Nutrition or Nourishment and prosecute our intent to discusse the Controuersies and Questions vvhich may arise concerning them A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Contouersies concerning the parts belonging to Nutrition QVESTION I. Whether the Guttes haue any common Attractiue faculty THE Physitians of old
Liuer when the passage to the vesicle is longer more crooked oblique For if there be nothing but a simple refluxion it is most reasonable that should be by the broader and the shorter way which seeing it is not we conclude that it is drawne Finally if the Choler did onely regurgitate and flowe backe and were not drawne it would not be reteined but dispatched away againe in the same moment as an vnwelcome guest and so this refluxion should be in veine For if it be not familiar vnto the bladder why should it not prouoke it as it doth the guts and the stomacke Nature sayth Galen vnburdneth not the Gall into the stomack because it was offensiue Galen his obiection cap. 4. lib. 5. de vsu part for if with his bare touch hee moueth the guttes to excretion surely it would haue ouerthrowne the concoction of the stomacke Galen asketh the question why the guttes haue two coates and the bladders which conteine so sharpe humors as the vrine and the choler but one a peece hee answereth himselfe because the choler is noysome to the guttes but His owne answere pleasant and familiar to the bladder a little of it prouoketh the guts and not the bladder because they draw it not neither is it familiar vnto them as it is vnto the bladder I thinke that the onely reason which moued Falopius to father this conceite was because he saw that the passage from the Liuer to the bladder was crooked or oblique but direct and straight from the Liuer to the Gut and that therefore it could not ariue so soone at the bladder by that crooked passage as at the gut by the straight Yet againe me thinks this argument or reason should bee too light to transport so wise a man for the motion of The motion which followeth the elementary form the expulsiue faculty is one and that of the tractiue another and the motion of the Elementary forme different from them both That motion which followeth the Elementary forme is straight and direct and rather followeth the shorter more ample and straighter passages In the motion of the Tractiue faculty which is from the soule neither doth the The tractiue faculty obliquity of the passages withstand it nor the grauity or waight of that which passeth for phlegmaticke blood although it be heauy ascendeth vnto the braine and in the time of famine the stomacke recalleth the thicker excrements Seeing therefore that choler is drawn by the bladder the crooked passage cannot hinder his ready obedience Beside the way from the Liuer to the bladder could not be direct because it is placed in the hollownesse of the Liuer so that the passage must first descend and then ascend It will be obiected if the bladder do draw the choler because it is familiar vnto it why Obiection doth it then discharge it selfe of it againe For by the same propriety by which it draweth it should also retaine and delight it selfe therewith I answere that the choler is not excluded vnlesse it be offensiue either in quantity or quality and sure it is that by long continuance Solution in the bladder it becommeth more sharpe Now whereas it is obiected by some that the bladder draweth not the choler because Creatures hauing no bladder of Gall. many creatures haue it not at al they heereby conclude nothing For where the bladder is wanting there hee were wood that would say the bladder drew it but wee acknowledge this vse of drawing the choler in those creatures at the cauity of whose Liuer a bladder Aristotle is set That this bladder is wanting in some creatures Aristotle writeth 2. de hist Anim. cap. 15. The bladder of gall saith he in some is tyed to the Liuer in some not in the Hart Cerui Achaini Gall in the taile and the Hinde it is obserued to be wanting as also in the Horse the Mole the Asse the sea-Calse the Harts called Achaini are thought to haue it in their taile the Elephant and the Dolphin haue no gall in their Liuers In Euboea Cha cide an Island in the midland Sea neere Greece the Catâ—â—e haue none in Naxus they haue it double and very large Finally if as Falopius thinketh it be so likely that the choler is at first hand led away from the Liuer to Falopius argument retorted the gut because that passage is the shorter let him giue me leaue to retort vppon him his owne weapon It shall therefore say I returne from the gut vnto the Liuer rather then to the Bladder because the passage is not so oblique and so there will become no vse at all of the bladder if it be onely destinated for a Diuerticle But let vs at length passe from reason to experience which we will exhibite as plainly as Arguments against Falius we haue often found the same in our Dissections I say therefore that from the Liuer to the Bladder there is an open or through passage and very conspicuous but not from the Liuer to the gut Again from the Bladder to the Duodenum there passeth another hollow p The Values of the passages of Choler pipe but none from the Duodenum to the Liuer and in each of these passages there are Values which hinder the refluence of the choler That this is so may easily be seene if you put a pipe or Bugle into the passages of the Liuer and then blow it for the bladder wil sooner Instance be puffed vp then the gut because the way is open from the Liuer to the bladder Againe if you put your Bugle into the bladder and blow it then will the passage of the gut be distended not that of the Liuer So then the choler passeth first from the Liuer to the Bladder and after from the bladder to the Duodenum To conclude therefore the Bladder draweth the choler from the cauity of the Liuer retaineth The conclusion the same for a certaine time and after in a season onely knowne and appointed by Nature dischargeth it againe into the guts And this was the opinion of the ancient sages of our Art Hippocrates in his fourth Booke of diseases Galen in diuers places and in a word Hippocrates Galen the whole Schoole of Physitians haue receiued it without opposition Now where there is so great a consent of learned and wise men ioyned with the authority of all antiquity I am not easily drawne to dance after the nouell musicke of a wanton wit which shall varie there from But that there may be nothing wanting in the history of these passages it is woorthy The duplicitie of the lower passage or choler our obseruation that the latter way by which the bladder emptieth himselfe is sometimes found double that is there be two branches thereof of which one passeth vnto the bottome of the stomacke and the other to the Duodenum Galen made mention of both these in his second Book of Temperaments
in the Spleene Moreouer we are perswaded saith he heereunto both by the structure of the Spleene it selfe and by the Symptomes or accidents which follow those that are splenetick For the structure Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulerum saith that the Spleene is rare and spongy as it were another tongue Beside there are innumerable foulds of Arteries therein Hippocrates now these foulds are no where ordained but for a new elaboration and therefore in the Braine is the wonderfull or admirable web formed in the testicles mazy vessels in the Liuer millions of veines wherefore it followeth that Nature hath ordained the spleene for the preparing and attenuating of vitall bloode Add heereto that all the Symptomes of spleniticke persons as a liuid or leaden colour vnsauoury sweate aboundance of lice puffings or swellings of the feete palpitiations of the heart are demonstratiue signes of a languishing or decayed heate and impure spirits The probability of these arguments hath made many to stagger in their resolution concerning this point and yet notwithstanding if they be called to the touchstone wee imagine they will proue no current Coine For how may it be that the vitall spirit prepared in Vlmus opiniō confuted the webs of the Spleene should be conueyed by the great Artery vnto the left Ventricle of the heart when at his orifice there are three Values or Membranes shut without and open within which hinder the ingresse of any thing into the heart And this Hippocrates in his Booke De corde plainly auoucheth whose words because they are sweeter then Nectar Hippocrates and brighter then the midday Sun we will willingly transcribe At the mouths or ingate of the Arteries there are three round Membranes disposed in their top like a halfe circle and they that prie into these secrets of Nature do much wonder howe these orifices and ends of the great Arteries do close themselues for if the heart be taken out and one of those Membranes be lift vp and another couched downe neyther water nor winde can passe into the heart and these Membranes are more exactly disposed in the mouthes of the left ventricle and that for very good reason Thus farre Hippocrates From whence I gather if nothing can passe through the Artery into the heart how shall the bloode attenuated in the Arteries of the Spleene passe thereinto as Vlmus conceiteth But I know what the answere will bee that those Membranes are not ordained altogether to hinder the passage too and fro but that nothing should passe or repasse together or at once after a tumultuous manner But this is idly to decline the force of the argument for the blood that is brought into the heart for the generation of vitall spirits must both be aboundant and at once aboundantly exhibited vnto it which these semicircular Membranes will not admit But concerning this question wee shall haue occasion to dispute heereafter when we entreate of the preparation of the vitall spirit for this time therefore thus much shall suffice Notwithstanding whereas he obiecteth that the large and manifold Arteries which are Obiection Answer 4. vses of the Arteries of the Spleene in the Spleene were not ordained in vaine but for a further elaboration of blood I answer that the vse of the Arteries of the Spleen is fourefold The first that by their pulsation they might purge and attenuate the foeculent and drossie blood the second to solicit or cal this blood out of the Veines into the substance of the Spleene the third to ventilate or breath the naturall heate of the Spleene defiled and almost extinguished by so impure a commixtion least it should faint and decay and finally to impart vnto the Spleen the vitall faculty And so wee see how these notable Arteries are not without especiall Reasons ordayned Answere to the argument of the Symptomes As for the Symptoms which follow Splenitick Patients they happen from the impurity of the blood not yet cleansed from this foeculent excrement and are rather effects of a Perfect Creatures may liue without their Spleenes fault in sanguification then of the store house of the spirits Moreouer if the Spleen had beene ordained for the preparation of the vitall spirit it should haue been found in all perfect creatures because that spirit is of absolute necessity for the maintenance of life Yet Laurentius saith that a few yeares before he wrote his Anatomy hee cut vppe at Paris in A History out of Laurentius France the body of a young man corpulent and full of flesh wherein he found no spleen at all the splenicke braunch was there and that very large ending into a small glandulous or kernelly body and the two haemorrohidal veines which purged the foeculencie of the bloud Pliny in the 11. Book of his Naturall history writeth that the Spleen is a great hinderance Pliny to good foot-man-shippe or swift running and therefore some doe vse to seare it yea and they say that a creature may liue though it bee taken out of the side Againe those creatures which haue lesse of this drossie slime haue no spleenes and yet it is not to bee denyed but they ingender vitall spirites Hereof Aristotle is a witnesse in the 15. Chapter of his Aristotle Creatures that lay egges haue smal spleenes second booke de