little lesse than 25000 stadia CHAP. CIX ¶ The Harmonicall measure and Circumference of the World DIonysidorus in another kind would be beleeued for I will not beguile you of the greatest example of Grecian vanitie This man was a Melian famous for his skill in Geometrie he dyed very aged in his owne countrey his neere kins-women who by right were his heires in remainder solemnized his funerals accompanied him to his graue These women as they came some few daies after to his sepulchre for to performe some solemne obsequies thereto belonging by report found in his monument an Epistle of this Dionysidorus written in his owne name To them aboue that is to say To the liuing and to this effect namely That he had made a step from his sepulchre to the bottome and centre of the earth and that it was thither 42000 stadia Neither wanted there Geometricians who made this interpretation that he signified that this Epistle was sent from the middle centre of the earth to which place downward from the vppermost aloft the way was longest and the same was iust halfe the diametre of the round globe whereupon followed this computation That they pronounced the circuit to be 255000 stadia Now the Harmonicall proportion which forceth this vniuersalitic and nature of the World to agree vnto it selfe addeth vnto this measure 7000 stadia and so maketh the earth to be the 96000 part of the whole world THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS The Proeme or Preface HIt herto haue we written of the position and wonders of the Earth Waters and Starres also we haue treated in generall termes of the proportion and measure of the whole world Now it followeth to discourse of the parts thereof albeit this also be iudged an infinite piece of worke nor lightly can be handled without some reprehension and yet in no kinde of enterprise pardon is more due since it is no maruell at all if he who is borne a mortall man knoweth not all things belonging to man And therefore I will not follow one Author more than another but euery one as I shall thinke him most true in the description of each part Forasmuch as this hath been a thing common in manner to them all namely to learn or describe the scituations of those places most exactly where themselues were either borne or which they had discouered and seene and therefore neither will I blame nor reproue any man The bare names of places shall be simply set downe in this my Geographic and that with as great breuitie as I can the excellency as also the causes and occasions thereof shall be deferred to their seuer all and particular treatises for now the question is as touching the whole earth in generalitie which mine intent is to represent vnto your eies and therefore I would haue things thus to be taken as if the names of countries were put downe nâ—…ked and void of renowne and fame and such onely as they were in the beginning before any acts there done and as if they had indeed an indument of names but respectiue onely to the World and vniuersall Nature of all Now the whole globe of the earth is diuided into three parts Europe Asia and Africa The beginning we take from the West and the Firth of Gades euen whereas the Atlanticke Ocean breaking in is spred into the Inland and Mediterranean seas Make your entrance there I meane at the Streights of Gibralter and then Africa is on the right hand Europe on the left and Asia before you iust betweene The bounds confining these are the riuers Tanais and Nilus The mouth of the Ocean at Gades whereof I spake before lyeth out in length 15 miles and stretcheth forth in breadth but fiue from a village in Spaine called Mellaria to the promontorie of Africke called the VVhite as Turannius Graccula born thereby doth write T. Liuius and Nepos Cornelius haue reported that the breadth thereof where it is narrowest is seuen miles ouer but ten miles where it is broadest From so small amouth a wonder to consider spreadeth the sea so huge and so vast as we see and withall so exceeding deepe as the maruell is no lesse in that regard For why in the verie mouth thereof are to be seen many barres and shallow shelues of white sands so ebbe is the water to the great terrour of shippes and sailers passing that way And therefore many haue called those Streights of Gibralter The entrie of the Mediterranean Sea Of both sides of this gullet neere vnto it are two mountaines set as frontiers and rampiers to keepe all in namely Abila for Africke Calpe for Europe the vtmost end of Hercules Labours For which cause the inhabitants of those parts call them the two pillars of that God and doe verily beleeue that by certaine draines and ditches digged within the Continent the maine Ocean before excluded made way and was let in to make the Mediteranean seas where before was firme land and so by that meanes the very face of the whole earth is cleane altered CHAP. I. ¶ Of Europe ANd first as touching Europe the nource of that people which is the conqueror of all nations and besides of all lands by many degrees most beautifull which may for right good cause haue made not the third portion of the earth but the one halfe diuiding the whole globe of the earth into two parts to wit from the riuer Tanais vnto the Streights of Gades The Ocean then at this space abouesaid entreth into the Atlanticke sea and with a greedie current drowneth those lands which dread his comming like a tyrant but where he meeteth with any that are like to resist those he passeth iust by and with his winding turns and reaches he eateth and holloweth the shore continually to gaine ground making many noukes and creekes euery where but in Europe most of all wherein foure especiall great gulfes are to be seene Of which the first from Calpe the vtmost promontorie as is aboue said of Spain windeth and turneth with an exceeding great compasse to Locri and as far as the promontorie Brutium Within it lieth the first land of all others Spaine that part I meane which in regard of vs at Rome is the farther off and is named also Boetica And anon from the Firth Virgitanus the hither part otherwise called Tarraconensis as far as to the hils Pyrenaei That farther part of larger Spaine is diuided into two prouinces in the length thereof for on the North side of Boetica lyeth Lusitania afront diuided from it by the riuer Ana. This riuer beginneth in the territorie Laminitanus of the hither Spain one while spreading out it selfe into broad pooles or meeres otherwhiles gathering into narrow brooks or altogether hidden vnder the ground and taking pleasure to rise vp oftentimes in many places falleth into the Spanish Atlantick Ocean But the part named Tarraconensis lying fast vpon Pyrenaeus shooting along all
THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD Commonly called THE NATVRALL HISTORIE OF C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS Translated into English by PHILEMON HOLLAND Doctor of Physicke The first Tome PLINIVS PINGIT VTRVMQUE TIBI ΜΑΚΡΟΚΟΣΜΟΣ ΜΙΚΡΟΚΟΣΜΟΣ LONDON Printed by Adam Islip 1634. The copie of the said Letter written as touching the Translation of Plinie MY beloued in twentie yeeres and better so many tokens of our mutuall loue passing betweene vs I need not now to professe my affection to your selfe and my daily conuersing with you hath yeelded my approbation of your tedious labor in translating Plinie These few lines therefore shall onely serue to witnesse vnto others the deserued account which for your learning I haue alwaies made of you and my conceit of this your travaile in opening to your countrymen the treasurie of Nature therein to see and to admire the wisedome power and the goodnesse of the onely true God the Framer of Nature I am not of their minds who desire that all humane learning in Arts and Naturall Philosophie should be reserued vnder locke and key of strange language without the which no other man should haue accesse vnto it For as such knowledge is a branch of that excellencie wherein man was formed so the repaire thereof though it bee not the chiefe is yet a thing vnworthily neglected as well in regard of our owne comfort therein gained as for the glory of God thereby promoted And it was the wisdome and provident hand of the All-sufficient so to guide the wise heathen in Arts and Nature that they should publish such their skill vnto their countrimen in mother tongue partly to correct the rudenesse which is in ignorance and in part to leaue them the more inexcusable In which regard they may in some sort be called The Prophets and Teachers of the heathen And though Plinie and the rest were not able by Natures light to search so far as to find out the God of Nature who sitteth in the glorie of light which none attaineth but contrariwise in the vanitie of their imagination bewrayed the ignorance of foolish hearts some doting vpon Nature her selfe and others vpon speciall creatures as their God yet feare we not that Christians in so cleare light should be so farre bewitched by such blind teachers as to fall before those heathen Idols Yea though some of them as namely Plinie haue spoken dishonourably of the onely true God and of his prouidence because they knew him not which speeches if it might stand with the lawes of Translation I could wish were vtterly omitted yet may we hope that Christian men so long taught by the light of grace out of the holy word of God will no lesse therefore giue him his deserued honour than when they doe in like sort heare the blasphemie of Sanneherib king of Ashur who sent to raile vpon the liuing God I feare not the corrupting of vnstable minds any thing so much by these foolish Gentiles which are without as by the deceitfull spirit of error speaking in the mouth of men within such I meane as are within the bosome of the Church These are the foxes by whom we feare the spoile of the Lords vines when as the grapes first begin to cluster for whose taking I desire that all Gods husbandmen would be more carefull As for the speeches of these blind heathen the true Christian may well thereby be provoked to extoll the mercie of God who sitteth in so glorious a light as hath dasled the sharpest sight of Nature but for our comfort hath put a vaile vpon his glorie and by his grace hath so cleared the eye of our vnderstanding that we might see his face in his beloued and know him to be the onely true God and his blessed prouidence vpon all his creatures And when they shall perceiue that the wisest clearke in naturall skill could not learne by the booke of heauen and earth to know their Maker whose glorie they declare and handiworkes set out nor who it was that framed Nature when by his word he first created them in such excellencie and then by his blessing gaue and by his prouidence working all in all doth yet maintaine such an operatiue power as by the which they are still coutinued in their kindes nor how it came to passe that Nature lost her excellencie in all creatures and her power vnto good was not onely weakened whence we see her faile in many of her purposes but also peruerted vnto euill then I say they will the more be stirred vp by Gods grace to make reuerent account of the holy Scriptures which God in rich mercie hath giuen to them to be a light in all things for to direct them through the errors in Natures blindnesse and to bring them to the heauenly Ierusalem and happie world of all the holie where he dwelleth whom they worship in vnitie and trinitie Proceed then my beloued friend to bring vnto the birth your second labour whereof I pray that God may haue honour in the praise of his works throughout nature and wish you comfort in good acceptance with the reader and your countrie vse and pleasure in the skill thereof Vnto him which onely hath immortalitie and dwelleth in that light which none attaineth to God only wise be all honour and glorie Iunij xij 1601. Your louing friend in the Lord H. F. TO THE RIGHT HONOVRABLE SIR ROBERT CECIL KNIGHT PRINCIPALL SECRETARIE TO THE QVEENS MAIESTIE MASTER OF COVRT OF THE WARDS AND LIVERIES Chancellor of the Vniuersitie of Cambridge and one of her Maiesties most Honourable Prâ—…ie Counsell THe friendly acceptance which T. Livius of Padua hath found in this Realme since time hee shewed himselfe in English weed vnto her sacred Majestie hath trained over vnto him his neighbour Plinius Secundus from Verona Whome being now arraied in the same habit yet fearefull to set foot forward in the forreine ground without the countenance of some worthie personage who might both giue him his hand at his first entrance in token of welcome and also grace him afterwards with a fauourable regard to win acquaintance I humbly present vnto your Honour For considering the qualitie of the man a Philosopher discoursing so deepely in all Learning where may hee looke for better acceptance than of him who is most iustly styled Patron of Learning Which dignitie conferred of late vpon your H. by the generall suffrages of a Noble Vniuersitie and that for your singular insight in all literature as a complement to those high places vhereunto the favour of a most prudent and judicious Princesse hath advanced you and the same correspondent to the same wisedom justice and eloquence which concurre in your person like the seuerall beauties of the Rubie Amethyst and Emeraud meeting in one faire Opal giueth a louely lustre to your other titles no lesse than if the nine Muses and Apollo represented naturally in that rich Agat of K. Pyrrhus were inserted therein Now if as wee
especially when the occupying vse and interest thereof hath gained a man as much as the principall Now as touching the titles and inscriptions of Bookes the Greekes therein haue a wonderfull grace and great felicitie some haue intituled them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereby they would giue vs to vnderstand of A sweet hony-combe * others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say The horne of plenty and store in such sort that whosoeuer readeth these goodly titles must needs hope for some great matters in such bookes and as the proverb goeth looke to drinke there or else no where a good draught of hens milke You shall haue moreouer their bookes set out with these glorious inscriptions The Muses The Pandects Enchiridion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Goodly names all and such as who would not make default of appearance in court and forfeit a recognisance or obligation to vnclaspe such books and turne ouer the leafe But let a man enter into them and reade forward Lord how little or no substance at all shall he find within the verie mids answerable to that braue shew in the front or outside thereof As for our countreymen Latines I meane and Romans they be nothing so fine and curious as the Greeks grosse are they in comparison of them in giuing titles to their books they come with their Antiquities Examples and Arts and those also be such authors as are of the most pleasant and finest inuention amongst them all Valerius who as I take it was named Antias both for that hee was a Citizen of Antium and also because the ancestors of his house were so called vvas the first that gaue to a booke of his owne making the title of Lucubratio as a man would say Candleworke or Night-studie Varro he tearmeth some of his Satyres Sesculyxes and Flexibulae Diodorus among the Greekes was the first that laied aside toyish titles and because he would giue some braue name to his Chronicles entituled it Bibliotheca i. a Librarie Apion the famous Grammarian euen hee whom Tiberius Caesar called the Cymball of the world whereas indeed hee deserued to bee named a Timbrill or Drum rather for ringing and sounding publique fame was so vain-glorious that he supposed all those immortalized vnto whom hee wrote or composed any pamphlet whatsoeuer For mine owne part although I nothing repent mee that I haue deuised no pretier Title for my Booke than plaine Naturalis Historia i. The reports of Nature without more ceremonie yet because I would not be thought altogether to course and rate the Greekes I can be content nay I am willing to bee thought in this behalfe like vnto those excellent grand masters in Greece for Painting and Imagerie whom you shall finde in these Reports of mine to haue entituled those rare and absolute peeces of worke vvhich the more wee view and looke vpon the more wee admire and wonder at for their perfection with halfe titles and vnperfect inscriptions in this manner Apelles went in hand with this Picture or Polycletus was a making this Image as if they were but begun neuer finished and laid out of their hands which was done no doubt to this end that for all the varietie and diuersitie of mens iudgements scanning of their workemanship yet the Artificer thereby had recourse to make excuse had meanes I say to craue and haue pardon for any faults and imperfections that could be found as if hee meant to haue amended any thing therein amisse or wanting in case hee had not beene cut off and preuented by death These noble workemen therefore herein shewed right great modestie that they set superscriptions vpon all their painted tables pourtraitures and personages as if they had beene the last peeces of their workemanship and themselues dissabled by vnexpected death that they could not make a finall end of any one of them for there were not knowne as I take it aboue three in all which had their absolute titles written vpon them in this forme Ille fecit i. This Apelles wrought and those pictures will I write of in place conuenient By which it appeared euidently that the said three tables were fully finished and that the workeman was so highly contented with their perfection that he feared the censure of no man No maruaile then if all three were so much enuied and admired throughout the world no marueile if euerie man desired to be master of them Now For my selfe I know full well and confesse freely that many more things may be added not to this story alone but to all my bookes that I haue put forth alreadie which I speake by the way because I would preuent and auoid those fault-finders abroad those correctors and scourgers of Homer for surely that is their very name because I hear say there be certaine Stoike Philosophers professed Logicians yea and Epicurians also for at Grammarians hands and Criticks I neuer looked for other who are with child still and trauaile vntill they be deliuered of somewhat against my bookes which I haue set forth as touching Grammer and for this ten yeares space nothing is come to light but euermore the fruit miscarieth belike before the full time as the slip of an vnperfect birth whereas in lesse space than so the verie Elephant bringeth forth her calfe be it neuer so big But this troubleth me neuer a whit for I am not ignorant that a silly woman euen an harlot and no better durst encounter Theophrastus and write a booke against him notwithstanding hee was a man of such incomparable eloquence that thereupon hee came by his diuine name Theophrastus from whence arose this prouerbe and by-word Marie then go chuse a tree to hang thy selfe And surely I cannot containe and hold my tongue but I must needs set downe the verie words of Cato Censorius so pertinent to this purpose whereby it may appeare that euen Cato himselfe a most worthy personage who wrote of militarie Discipline who had beene brought vp and trained to feats of warre vnder Great Scipio Africanus or rather indeed vnder Anniball who in the end could not endure Africanus himselfe but was able to controll him in martiall affaires and who besides hauing the conduct as L. Generall of the Romane armie atchieued the better hand ouer his enemies in the field and returned with victorie this Cato I say could not auoid such backbiters and slanderers but knowing that there would be many of them readie to purchase themselues some name and reputation by reprouing the knowledge and skill of others brake out into a certaine speech against them And what was it I know right well quoth hee in that booke aforesaid that if these writings of mine come abroad once and be published to the view of the world there will be many step forth to quarrell and cauill therewith such fellows soonest and most of all who are quite void of vertue and honestie and know not what
the diseases of the fingers and the breast and against the Cough 6. Of Mullin of Cacalia Tussilage or Folefoot of Bechium and Sauge all herbes for to cure the cough 7. For the paines of the sides and chist for the difficultie of breath and those that cannot take wind but sitting or standing vpright for the pains of the liuer and the heart-ach medicines appropriat to the lungs difficultie of vrine and the cough for the breast for inward vlcers for the kidnies and imbecilitie of the liuer to stay vomit and yexing also for the pleurisie and disease of the sides and flankes 8. Of all diseases of the bellie and the parts either within it or neare vnto it How to stay the flux thereof or to make it loose and soluble 9. Of Peniroiall and Argemone 10. Of water Lillie or Nenuphar of abstinence from Venus of prouocation to fleshly lust of Ragwort or Satyrium called Erythraicum of Crategis and Syderitis 11. Generall remedies for infirmities of the feet anckles joints and sinewes Remedies against diseases that hold and possesse the whole bodie Of Mirthryda Medicines and meanes to procure sleepe against the palsie agues with cold fits feauers or agues incident vnto labouring Horses Asses and Mules against franticke persons Of the herbe Chamaeacta of Housleeke or stone-crop and Pricke-madame of S. Antonies fire 12. Remedies against dislocations in the joints against the yellow jaundise fellons fistulaes swelling of ventositie burnes scalds and other diseases for sinewes and to stanch bloud 13. Of the herb called Horse-taile Nenuphar Harstrange Syderitis of many other remedies good to restraine the flux of bloud of Stephanomelis and Erisithale remedies against the wormes 14. For vlcers old sores and greene wounds to take away werts and of the herbe Polycnemon 15. Many good experiments either for to prouoke or to stay the flux of womens months soueraigne remedies for the diseases of the matrice also to cast forth the fruit within the wombe or to containe it the full time for to take away the blemishes and spots in the skin and namely of the face to colour the haire to cause the haire to fall also against the scab or maunge of foure-footed beasts In summe this booke leadeth you to medicines stories and obseruations a thousand two hundred ninetie and two collected out of Latine Authours M. Varro C. Volgius Pompeius Lenaeus Sextius Niger and Iulius Bassus who writ both in Greeke Antonius Castor and Cornelius Celsus Forreine Writers Theophrastus Apollodorus Democritus Iuba Orpheus Pythagoras Mago Menander the author of Biochresta Nicander Homer Hesiodus Musaeus Sophocles Xanthus and Anaxilaus Physicians Mnestheus Callimachus the professour of Physicke Timaristus Simus Hippocrates Chrysippus Diocles Ophion Heraclides Aicesius Dionysius Apollodorus the Tarentine Praxagoras Plistonicus Medius Dieuchus Cleophantus Philistio Asclepiades Crâ—…tenas Iolla Erasistratus Diagoras Andreas Mnesicles Epicharmus Damion Theopolemus Metrodorus Solon Lycus Olympias the Midwife of Thebes Phyllinus Petreius Miction Glaucias and Xenocrates ¶ THE XXVII BOOKE COMPREHENDETH all other sorts of herbes Chap. 1. The rest of Herbes 2. Of Aconitum and how this herbe killeth Leopards or Panthers 3. That God is the Creator of all things 4. Of the hearbe Aethiopis Ageratum Aloe Alcea Alypum Alsine Androsacum Androcaemon Ambrocia Restharrow Anagyron and Anonymon 5. Of the great Burre Of Cliuers or Goose grasse Asplenum Asclepias or Swallow-wort Aster or Bubonium Ascyrum or Ascyroeides Aphace Alcibium and Cockes combe 6. Of Alus 7. Of sea Weeds or Reits of Elder wild Vine and Wormewood 8. Of Ballote or stinking Horehound of Botrys or Oke of Ierusalem of Brabyla of Bryon or Corallina of Bupleuron and Catanance of Calla Cerceia Cirsium and Crataegonum Thelygonum Crocodilium Dogs stone Chrysolachanum Cucubalum and Conferua or the riuer Spunge 9. Of the graine called Coccos Gnidia of Tazill of Oke fearne of Dryophonum of Elatine of Empetrum or Perce-Pierre of Epipactus or Elleborius of Epimedum Enneaphyllon i. the nine leafed herbe of Osmund or fearne of Fenmur Bubulum i. Ox thigh of Galeopsis or Galeobdolon of Glaux or Eugalactum 10. Of Glaucium of Paeonie Cudweed or Chamaezelum of Galedragum Holcos Hyosiris Holosteum and Hypophaestum 11. Of Hypoglossa and Hypecoon Idaea Isopyron Spurge Pat-delion Lycopsis Greimile c. 12. Of Medium Mouse-eare Myagros an herb called Natrix Othone Onosma Onopordos Toads flax Woodsoure or Alleluiah Crowfoot Knotgrasse Camomile Phyteuma Phyllon Phellandrion Phalaris Polyrrhizon Proserpinaca or Knotgrasse Rhacoma Reseda and Stoechas 13. Of Nightshade and Dwale of Smyrnium Orpinum Trichomanes Thalietrum Thlaspi Tragonias Tragonis and Tragopogos the serpent Spondylis To conclude that some diseases and venomous things be not in all countries In summe herein are comprehended medicines stories and notable obseruations 702. Latine Authours cited Pompeius Lenaeus Sextius Niger and Iulius Bassus who wrate both in Greeke Antonius Castor and Cornelius Celsus Greeke Writers Theophrastus Apollodorus Cittiensis Democritus Aristogiton Orpheus Pythagoras Mago Menander that wrote the Treatise Biochresta and Nicander Physicians Mnestheus and his fellowes as they went in the former booke ¶ IN THE XXVIII BOOKE ARE COMPREhended the medicinable vertues from liuing creature Chap. 1. The medicines and vertues obserued in liuing creatures 2. Whether charmes and bare words or characters auaile ought in Physicke The prodigious tokens and presages may take effect in some and may be auerted and made frustrate by others 3. Remedies euen in the bodies of men against enchauntments and Magicke 4. Of certaine sorceries also the vertue of a mans spittle 5. The regard of diet for a mans health 6. Of sneesing the moderation to bee vsed in the act of Venus or companie with a woman of other preseruatiues of health 7. What remedies and medicines a womans mans bodie doth affourd 8. The medicinable properties in certaine strange beasts namely the Elephant Lion Cammell Hyaena Crocodile Chamaeleon Skinke Riuer-horse and Once 9. The medicines which we haue from the bodies of wild beasts and tame of the same kind The vertue of milk butter and cheese the obseruations thereto belonging also of fat or grease 10. Remedies receiued from Bores and Swine from Goats and wild Horses also from other beasts seruing to cure all manner of diseases 11. Other remedies for many kinds of maladies taken from liuing creatures 12. For the spots and wems in the visage for the infirmities of the necke and of the breast 13. Against the diseases of the stomacke loines and reines 14. To stay a laske against the loosenesse of the stomacke to cure the bloudie flix the inflations of the bellie ruptures the prouocation to the seege without effect the broad flat long wormes in the bellie and the collicke 15. Against the torments and paines in the bladder against the stone the infirmities in the priuie parts of man or woman as also in the fundament and the twist or groine and the cure thereof 16. For the gout the falling euill for those that bee blasted or strucken with
may wonder the more at this matter and come to the full conceit thereof if he do but consider that it was counted an exceeding great iourny that Tiberius Nero made with three chariots shifting from one to the other fresh in a day and a night riding post haste vnto his brother Drusus then lying sicke in Germany and all that was but 200 miles CHAP. XXI ¶ Examples of good Eie-sight VVE find in histories as incredible examples as any be as touching quicknesse of Eie-sight Cicero hath recorded that the whole Poeme of Homer called Ilias was written in a piece of parchment which was able to be couched within a nut shel The same writer maketh mention of one that could see and discerne out-right 135 miles And M. Varro nameth the man and saith he was called Strabo who affirmeth thus much moreouer of him that during the Carthaginian war he was wont to stand and watch vpon Lilybaeum a cape in Sicily to discouer the enemies fleet loosing out of the hauen of Carthage and was able to tel the very just number of the ships Callicrates vsed to make Pismires and other such like little creatures out of yvorie so artificially that other men could not discerne the parts of their body one from another There was one Myrmecides excellent in that kinde of workmanship who of the same matter wrought a chariot with foure wheeles and as many steeds in so little roome that a silly flie might couer all with her wings Also he made a ship with all the tackling to it no bigger than a little bee might hide it with her wings CHAP. XXII ¶ Of Hearing AS for hearing there is one example wonderfull For the bruit of that battell whereupon Sybaris was forced sacked was heard the very same day as far as Olympia in Greece As touching the news of the Cimbrians defeature as also the report and tidings of the victorie ouer the Persians made by the Roman Castores the same day that it was atchieued were held for diuine reuelations rather than humane reports and the knowledge thereof came more by way of vision than otherwise CHAP. XXIII ¶ Examples of Patience MAny are the calamities of this life incident to mankind which haue affoorded infinite trials of mens patience in suffering paines in their body Among others for women the example of Leaena the courtisan is most rare and singular who for all the dolorous tortures that could be deuised would neuer bewray Harmodius and Aristogiton who slew the tyranous king And for men Anaxarchus did the like who being for such a cause examined vpon the racke in the midst of his torments bit off his own tongue with his teeth the only means wherby he might haply reueale and disclose the matter in question and spit it in the face of the ty rant that put him to his torture CHAP. XXIIII ¶ Examples of Memorie AS touching memorie the greatest gift of Nature and most necessary of all others for this life hard it is to iudge and say who of all others deserued the chiefe honor therein considering how many men haue excelled and woon much glory in that behalfe King Cyrus was able to call euery souldier that he had through his whole army by his owne name L. Scipio could do the like by all the citizens of Rome Semblably Cineas Embassador of king Pyrrhus the very next day that he came to Rome both knew and also saluted by name all the Senate the whole degrees of Gentlemen and Cauallerie in the citie Mithridates the king reigned ouer two and twentie nations of diuers languages and in so many tongues gaue lawes and ministred justice vnto them without truchman and when he was to make speech vnto them in publicke assembly respectiuely to euery nation he did performe it in their own tongue without interpretor One Charmidas or Charmadas a Grecian was of so singular a memory that hâ—… was able to deliuer by heart the contents word for word of all the books that a man would call for out of any librarie as if he read the same presently within book At length the practise hereof was reduced into an art of Memory deuised and inuented first by Simonides Melicus and afterwards brought to perfection and consummate by Metrodorus Sepsius by which a man might learne to rehearse againe the same words of any discourse whatsoeuer after once hearing and yet there is not a thing in man so fraile and brittle againe as it whether it be occasioned by disease by casual iniuries or occurrents or by feare through which it faileth somtime in part and otherwhiles decaieth generally and is clean lost One with the stroke of a stone fell presently to forget his letters onely and could reade no more otherwise his memorie serued him well enough Another with a fall from the roofe of a very high house lost the remembrance of his owne mother his next kinsfolks friends and neighbors Another in a sicknesse of his forgot his own seruants about him and Messala Corvinus the great Orator vpon the like occasion forgot his own proper name So fickle and slipperie is mans memorie that oftentimes it assaieth and goeth about to leese it selfe euen whiles a mans body is otherwise quiet and in health But let sleep creepe at any time vpon vs it seemeth to be vanquished so as our poore spirit wandreth vp and downe to seeke where it is and to recouer it againe CHAP. XXV ¶ The praise of C. Iulius Caesar. FOr vigor and quicknesse of spirit I take it that C. Caesar Dictatour went beyond all men besides I speake not now of his vertue and constancie neither of his high reach and deep wit whereby he apprehended the knowledge of all things vnder the cope of heauen but of that agilitie of minde that prompt and ready conceit of his as nimble and actiue as the verie fire I haue heard it reported of him that he was wont to write to reade to indite letters and withall to giue audience to suiters heare their causes all at one instant And being emploied as you know he was in so great and important affairs he ordinarily indited letters to foure secretaries or clerkes at once and when he was free from other greater businesse he would otherwise finde seuen of them work at one time The same man in his daies fought 50 set battels with banners displaied against his enemies in which point he alone out-went M. Marcellus who was seene 40 times saue one in the field Besides the carnage of citizens that hee made in the ciuill wars when he obtained victory he put to the sword 1192000 of his enemies in one battell or other And certes for mine owne part I hold this for no speciall glory and commendation of his considering so great iniurie done to mankind by this effusion of bloud which in some part hâ—… hath confessed himselfe in that he hath forborne to set downe the ouerthrowes bloud-shed of his aduersaries fellow citizens during the
long agoe the which I saw in the house of Pomponius Secundus a noble citizen of Rome and a renowmed Poet almost two hundred yeares after their death As for the writings of Cicero of Augustus late Emperour of famous memorie and of Virgill we daily see and handle them by the meanes of Paper so good and durable CHAP. XIII ¶ Of the bookes of Numa WE find many examples in stories which very directly and mightily do testifie against M. Varro as touching Papers For Cassius Hemina a most faithfull and ancient writer in the fourth booke of his Annales hath reported That one Cn. Terentius a scribe or publicke Notarie as he digged and delued in a ground which he had neare to Ianiculum light vpon a chist where in lay the bodie of Numa sometime king of Rome In the same also were found the bookes of the said king And as he affirmeth this happened in that yeare when Pub. Cornelius the sonne of Lucius surnamed Cethegus and M. Boebius sonne of Quintus surnamed Pamphilus were Consuls of Rome betweene which time and the raigne of Numa by just computation are reckoned 535 yeres He saith moreouer That those books were made of the Paper abouenamed The greater wonder it was how such kind of books should last sâ—… long especially within the earth and not putrifie The thing therefore being so strange and in manner miraculous that Paper should continue all that time I think it not amisse to set down the very words of Hemina likew I se as he deliuers them The world made a wonder quoth he how these books could possibly endure so many yeres but the party who found them yeelded this reason That within the said coffer about the mids of it there was a stone foure-square lapped all about and bound euery way with waxe candles in manner of a serecloth vpon which stone the foresaid books were laid and therefore it was as he supposed that they did not rot Moreouer the books also were embaulmed with the rosin or oile of Cedar which might be a good reason in his conceit that the moths came not to them Now these bookes contained the Philosophie and doctrine of Pythagoras and for that they treated of that Philosophical argument burnt they were by order from Q. Petilius the Pretor for that time being The same storie in effect doth C. Piso Censorinus a man who had been Censor report in the first book of his commentaries howbeit he setteth downe their number withall and saith they were fourteene in all whereof seuen treated of the Pontificall law and matters of religion and as many discoursed of Pythagoras his Philosophie But Tuditanus in the thirteeneth booke of the Annales affirmeth That they were the decretals only of Numa and contained his ordinances As for Varro himselfe he writeth in the fift booke of Humane Antiquities that they were in all but twelue And Antias in his second booke reporteth That two of them were written in Latine and contained the Pontificial diuinitie and church-matters and other twaine penned in Greeke were full of precepts in Philosophie He also affirmes in his third booke for what cause the said books by vertue of a publick decree were consumed with fire But all Historiographers agree in this That one of the Sibyls brought vnto Tarquinius the proud three books of which two were burnt by her owne selfe and the third likewise perished with fire together with the Capitol during the troubles of Sylla Ouer and besides Mutianus a man who had been thrice Consul of Rome hath left on record that of late while he was lord gouernor or Lycia he read in a certain temple an Epistle written by prince Sarpedon in Paper and bearing date from Troy And I wonder the rather at this if so be that when Homer liued and wrate his Poeme there was no land of Aegypt as now there is or why in case there was such vse of Paper then himself should write that in the very same Lycia Bellerophon had writing tables giuen him to deliuer as touching his owne death and not rather letters missiue wrot in Paper Wel howeuer that be this is certaine that there is a scarsitie otherwhiles of Paper also as well as of other commodities and this cane or reed Papyrus doth many times faile For not long since euen in the daies of Tiberius the Emperor in a dearth and want of Paper there were commissioners deputed and appointed by the Senat of Rome for the dispensing and distribution of it among the people otherwise there had been a great mutinie and tumult at Rome about Paper CHAP. XIIII ¶ Of the trees in Aethiopia AS touching Aethiopia and namely that quarter which confineth vpon Aegypt it hath in manner no trees at all of any name saue those that beare wooll or cotton concerning the nature of which trees we haue sufficiently spoken in the description of the Indians and of Arabia and yet in very truth the cotton that is brought from these trees in Aethiopia comes neerer to wool than any thing els howeuer the trees be otherwise like to the rest of that kinde and the burse or cod wherin this woollie substance lyes is greater and as big as a Pomegranat Besides these there be Date trees also like to such as we haue before described As touching other trees and especially the odoriferous woods within the Isles that lie vpon Aethiopia round about we haue said enough in the treatise of those Islands CHAP. XV. ¶ Of the trees growing in mount Atlas of Citron tables of the commendable perfections and contrariwise of the defaults thereof THe mountaine Atlas by report hath a wood in it of peculiar trees that elsewhere grow not wherof we haue already written The Mores that border vpon it are stored with abundance of Citron trees from whence commeth that excessiue expense and superfluitie about Citron tables made thereof And our dames and wiues at home by way of reuenge vse to twit vs their husbands therwith when we would seem to find fault with the costly pearls that they do weare There is at this day to be seen a board of Citron wood belonging sometimes to M. Tullius Cicero which cost him ten thousand Sesterces a strange matter considering hee was no rich man but more wonderfull if we call to mind the seueritie of that age wherein hee liued Much speech there is besides of Gallus Asinius his table sold for eleuen thousand Sesterces Moreouer there are two other which K. Iuba sold the one was prised at 15000 Sesterces and the other held little vnder Not long since there was one of them chanced to be burnt and it came with other houshold stuff but from the cottages in Mauritania which cost 140000 Sesterces a good round summe of money and the price of a faire lordship if a man would be at the cost to purchase lands so deer But the fairest and largest table of Citron wood that to this day hath beene seene came from Ptolomaee king of Mauritania the
there haue been memorable examples knowne of strange accidents insuing both waies namely as often as either the vnlucky foules by their vntoward noise haue disturbed and done hurt or if at any time there haue bin error committed in the prescript prayer exorcisme for by this means it falleth out oftentimes that all on a sudden as the beast standeth there in place to be sacrificed the master veine in the liuer named the head thereof is found missing among other entrails and the heart likewise wanting or contrariwise both these to be double and appeare twain for one And euen at this day there remaineth a most notable precedent and example to all posterity in that prescript forme of exorcisme whereby the two Decij both the father and sonne betooke themselues to all the hellish furies and fiends infernall moreouer the imprecation of the vestall Nun Tuccia when shee was put to proue her virginity continueth extant vpon record by vertue of which charme she carried water in a sive without shedding one drop which happened in the yeare after the foundation of Rome city 609. And verily no longer ago than of late time in our own age we saw two Graecians to wit a man and a woman yea and some of other nations with whom in those daies wee maintained warres buried quicke within the beast-market in Rome in which maner of sacrifice whosoeuer readeth the prayer or exorcisme that is vsed and which the VVarden or Principall of the colledge of the Quindecemvirs is woont to reade and pronounce to the exorcist he would no doubt confesse that such charmes and execrations be of great importance and namely seeing they haue bin all approoved and found effectuall by the experience and euents obserued for the space of eight hundred and thirtie yeares As for our vestall virgins in these our daies we are certainely persuaded and beleeue that by the vertue of certaine spels and charmes which they haue they be able to arrest and stay any fugitiue slaue for running one foot farther prouided alwaies that they be not gone already without the pourprise and precinct of the city wals Now if this be receiued once as an vndoubted and confessed truth and if we admit that the gods do heare some praiers or be moued by any words then surely we may resolue at once of these conjectures and conclude affirmatiuely of the maine question Certes our ancestors from time to time haue euermore beleeued and deliuered such principle yea and that which of all other seemeth most incredible they haue affirmed constantly That by the power of such charmes and conjurations Thunder and Lightening might be fetched downe from aboue as I haue formerly shewed L. Piso reporteth in the first booke of his Annals or yearely Chronicles That Tullus Hostilius king of Rome was stricken dead with Lightening for that when hee went in hand to call Iupiter downe out of heauen by vertue of a sacrifice which king Numa was woont to vse in that case hee had not obserued exactly all the exorcismes and ceremoniall words contained in those bookes of king Numa but swarued somwhat from them And many other writers do testifie that by the power of words and osses the destinies and prodigies of great importance presaged to one place haue bin cleane altered and transferred to another as it was like to haue happened to the Romanes at what time as they laied the foundation of Iupiters Temple vpon the mount or rocke Tarpeius For when they digged there for the foundation of the said Temple and chanced to finde within the ground a mans head the Senate of Rome sent certaine Embassadours of purpose to the Sages and VVisards of Tuscane to know the signification of this strange sight and miraculous occurrent VVhereof Olenus Calenus who was reputed the most famous diuinor and prophet of all the Tuscanes hauing some intelligence and foreseeing the great felicity and happinesse that it imported and presaged intended by subtill interrogatiue to translate the benefit thereof to his owne native countrey of Tuscane Hauing therefore first with a staffe set out and described as it were the modell and forme of a Temple vpon the ground which lay before him hee came about the Roman Embassadors beforesaid and questioned with them in this wilie manner Is it so Romans as you say and are these your words indeed There must be a Temple here of Iupiter that most gracions and mighty god we haue light here vpon a mans head Vnto which interrogation of his the said Roman Embassadours according to the instructions which they had receiued beforehand from the VVisard or Diuinors sonne answered in this manner No not here in this very place but at Rome we say the head was found And verily our antient Chronicles doe all of them most constantly affirm that had they not been thus forewarned and taught what to say but had simply answered Yea here we haue found a head c. The fortune of the Roman State and Empire had gone quite away to the Tuscans and been established among them The same had like to haue happened a second time as we may see in the Records and Monuments of old date when as a certain chariot with foure horses made of clay and prepared for to be set vpon the louver or lantern of the said temple chanced as it lay baking in the furnace to grow into an extraordinary bignesse For the foresaid Wise men of Tuscan being asked what the said prodigy should betoken practised the like as Olenus did but the Romans being wise wary in their words saued and retained the same fortune still for the behoofe of Rome which was presaged vnto them by that happy foretoken These examples may suffice to shew prooue euidently that the vertues and significations of these signes and presages do lie in our own power and are no otherwise of force and effect but according as euery one of them is so taken and accepted True it is and held for an vndoubted principle in the Augures discipline learning That neither cursed execrations ominous and vnlucky birds nor any other presage by their flight singing and feeding can touch those persons who take no heed of them and do protest plainly that they regard them not what businesse soeuer they go about and be entering into a greater gift than which and testimony of the diuine indulgence and fauor of the gods to vs we cannot haue thus to subiect their secrets to our puissance Moreouer in the laws and ordinances of the 12 tables here at Rome are not in one place these very words to be found Qui fruges occentassit i. whosoeuer shall enchant or fore-speake any corne or fruits of the earth and in another place Quimalum carmen iâ—…cantassit i. What person soeuer vseth pernicious charmes to the hurt or mischiefe of any creature Ouer and besides Verrius Flaccus doth affirm vpon the credit of certain Authors which be alleadgeth and beleeueth That the first thing which
of the said Poësie this Hermippus I say reports That one Azonaces taught Zoroastres Art Magick which master of his liued 5000 yeres before the war of Troy Certes I cannot chuse but maruell much first That this Science and the memoriall thereof should so long continue and the Commentaries treating of it not miscary and be lost all the while during such a world of years considering besides that neither it was ordinarily practised and continued by tradition from age to age nor the successors in that facultie were professors of the greatest name and renowned by any writings For what one is there thinke you among so many thousands that hath any knowledge so much as by bare heare-say of those who are named for the only Magitians in their time to wit Apuscorus Zaratus Medians Marmaridius of Babylon Hippocus the Arabian and Zarmocenidas of Assyria For bookes haue we none extant of their writing nor any monuments which beare record and giue testimonie of such clerks But the greatest wonder of all is this that Homer the Poet in his Ilias a poem composed purposedly of the Trojan war hath not so much as one word of Magick and yet in his Odyssaea where he discourseth of the aduentures trauels fortunes of prince Vlysses such a do and stirre there is with it as if the whole work consisted of nothing else but magicke For what is meant by the variable transformations of Proteus or by the songs of the Meremaids whereof he writeth so much but that the one was a great sorcerer the other famous witches or Inchantresses As for that which he relateth of lady Circe how shee wrought her feats by conjuration only and raising vp infernal spirits surely it sauoreth of art Magick and nothing else I musē much also that after Homers time there is no writer maketh mention how this art arriued at Telmessus a city in the marches of Lycia wholly addicted to religion so famous for the colledge of priests and soothsayers there or at what time it made a voiage and passed ouer into Thessaly where it reigned so rife and was so vsually practised in euery towne city that with vs here in these parts of the world it tooke the denomination of that countrey and retained the same a long time notwithstanding that the word Magicke indeed was appropriate vnto a strange and far remote Nation And verily considering how about the time of the war and destruction of Troy there was no other physick in vse but that which Chiron the Surgeon practised and that during the heat and bloudy wars only it seemeth very strange and wonderfull to me That the nation of Thessaly and the natiue country of Achilles and Chiron should become so famous for magick insomuch as Menander also a Poet by all mens iudgement so framed by nature for deep learning and excellent literature as that he had no concurrent in his time that came neere vnto him entituled one of his Comoedies Thessalica wherein he deciphered and depainted liuely vnto vs the whole order and manner of witches with all their charmes and incantations by the vertue wherof they would seem to pull the Moon down from heauen I would haue thought that Orpheus soon after and in the age next insuing had brought in first these superstitious ceremonies by reason of the propinquity and neighborhood of that region and that he proceeded therewith to the aduancement of physick but for one thing which plucketh me back namely that Thrace his naturall country and the place of his birth was altogether ignorant of Magick and knew not what it meant But as far as euer I could finde the first that is recorded to haue commented and written of this art was Osthanes who accompanied Xerxes K. of the Persians in that voiage and expedition which in warlike manner he made into Greece and to say a truth he it was that sowed the seeds of this monstrous Art and infected therewith by the way all parts of the world wheresoeuer he went and came Howbeit those Authors and historiographers who haue searched more neerly into the matter set down another Zoroastres born in the Isle Proconnesus who wrote somewhat before Osthanes of that argument neuerthelesse this is held for certain That Osthanes was the man who most of all other set the Greeke nations not onely in a hot desire but also in a madding fit and inraged as it were after Magick And yet I must needs say that I haue obserued that not only at first but also from time to time the grea test name that went of learned men and great philosophers for their singular skil and profound knowledge arose from the opinion that was of their insight in this Science Certain it is that Pythagoras Empedocles Democritus and Plato were so far in loūe therewith that for to attaine the knowledge thereof they vndertooke many voiages and journies ouer sea and land as exiled and banished persons wandring from place to place more like trauellers than students and beeing returned againe into their owne countries this Art they blazed abroad and highly praised this they held as a secret and diuine mysterie As for Democritus he raised a great name of Apollonices Captidenes and Dardanus of Phoenicia as well by the Books of Dardanus his master which he fetched from out of his sepulchre where they were bestowed as also by publishing commentaries of his owne which were extracts and draughts out of those authors and their writings which afterwards receiued and learned by others so passed from hand to hand and were so deeply ingrauen and imprinted in the minds and memories of men that I assure you I wonder at nothing in the world so much for so full they are of lyes so little or no truth godlinesse and honesty is contained in them that men of judgement and vnderstanding who approue and esteem his other Books of Philosophie will not beleeve that these workes were of Democritus his making howbeit this is but a vaine conceit and persuasion of theirs for well it is knowne confessed that Democritus led away an infinite number of people by this means no man so much filling their heads with many faire promises and the sweet impression thereof rauished their sprits after this Art Moreouer there is yet one point more whereat I wonder as much as at any other to wit that these two professions Physicke I mean and Magick flourished both together in one age and shewed themselues in their greatest glory which was about the Peloponnesiack war in Greece 300 yeares after the foundation of our citie of Rome at what time as Hippocrates professed the one and Democritus for his part published the other Now there is another faction as it were of Magitians which tooke the first foundation from Moses Iamnes and Iotapes Iewes but many thousands of yeares after Zoroastres and yet the Cyprian Magicke is later than so by as many yeres But to come againe vnto our
reporteth of Ilex and not of Buxus * For Arrowes and Darts * For writing pens * For Flutes and Pipes * Varia or Versicolor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thâ—…oph i. of diuers colourâ—… * Calamachâ—… Theophrastus writeth this of the Cornell tree * Sapino or Carpine * Or Iupitâ—…r * Valida ex Theophrast * Gratiâ—… Lucinâ—… dedit haec tibi nomina Lucus Ouid. * Some take this for Cassutha or Cuscuta i Doder * Millies Sester â—…ium An incredible price for a dwelling house and therefore as Budaeus thinketh this place must be corrected by conference with Val. Max. who for millieâ—… hath sexagiâ—…s which amounts little more than to the 20 part of the other 〈◊〉 * Virgil. i Pauie * Vulcan * Cymini Turneb reades Signini mea neth thereby shards of potters worke and such like rubbish * Herba Acten * The first of March * Nine foot distant euery way from another for trees were planted ordinarily with that space between as may appeare in the next chapter * The 13 day of Februarie * It seems that Cato meant of trenches to drain water out of low grounds and not as Pliny mistaketh * Scanfileâ—… reading it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ouâ—… 〈◊〉 i. more 〈◊〉 and fruitfull * Vergiliae Sarrâ—…ie * Nepotes * Decumanus Limes * Cardiâ—…es * Quinis rather Bâ—…nis i. twaine * quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. calaâ—…itatem aut 〈◊〉 inferens * Or as some read the head of Iupiter within the Capitol * Amphora or Quadranta was a measure Romane of liquor containing 16 Congij which is about 16 wine gallons * Vrna is halfe Amphora to wiâ—… 8 〈◊〉 or thereabout * Vine sreâ—…tar or the Diuels gold-ring * Tertiam to wit Tutelina â—…or preseruing of trees planted and corne sowne or as some reade Tertium meaning Terminus * Made with a red dog to pacifie the Dog-starre * Laudato ingentia rura Eâ—…iguum colitâ—… * Alicas * No maruell bring sowed before winter * i. Turkish Millet * i. Turkish corne * For whereas of the Athenian Wheat 〈◊〉 demy Sextars i. two quarts and a halfe were but sufficient three would serue and content them of the Bâ—…ian i. a quart half wherby it was collected how much weightier this was than that * i. 4 ounces * i. 9 ounces * Zythum â—…urmi * Yest or barm * 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 2 sh. 6 d. Some take it for a kinde of Buley or rather Oats * quinque sedeos * Ego hanc Artoptamex proximo vtendam puto * Vere fabis sâ—…tio Georg. lib. 1. Much like to the prouerbe here in England Marâ—… Otâ—… straw iâ—… better than Aprill Otes * Or rather Arachos * Sistebant Uarâ—…o saith 〈◊〉 which is clean contrarie * Fabali segete antiquam genaret * Aera 4. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but more truly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 out of Theophrastus Thus Plinie mistaketh in many places and for example immediatly in the word Aâ—…eramnos which is appropriate to all Pulse that require much seething or be hard of digestion Thâ—… opâ—…rast c. 1â—… 14. l. 4. de plant * Foelicâ—…as soli * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plutarch * Dentali * or as some think Pflugradt * Bene colâ—…re * Bene arare * Bene stercorare * In the spring * Versum peragi * Stigare * Acâ—… * Illa sâ—…ges demâ—…m voâ—…is respondet aâ—…ari Agrâ—…olae bis quae soli bis sriâ—…ra sensit * 1 Breaking 2 Stirring 3 Crushing 4 Setting vp 5 Castâ—…g downe * For so he inâ—…e â—…eteth it hâ—…self â—…n the â—…hap of this booke * 2. sh. 6. d. sterâ—… By which reckoning one acre would cost aboue 20 pound sterling so much in pro portion of the whole as this cubit is vnder our halfe yard or 18 inches * or rather after Columella 39 daies * He meaneth Zea or Spelt * i. Euening and morning Ortus oâ—…casus Heliacus ortus occasus Cosmicus * 15 of December * Called Interualla afterward in this chapter and contain much about sixe weekes * Called by our Husbandmen Gore-moone * Whereupon the said wind Fauonius is called Châ—…idonias and Ornethias * 13 of March for vpon that day was he murdered * i the seuenth of Februario * Sarrito * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homer * Some call them Towers * For that so quickely it robbeth her of moisture * It seems that fine Holland cloth Cambricke was in request by Plinies time * Regione Aliaâ—…a Turâ—…eb * According to the daies of the yeare * Coton or Bombace * Linsy-wolsey or our Fustians rather * Hereupon cotton is called Bombac * 24 graines * i about three halâ—e-pence the grain and better * Hereof were mâ—de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereof Galen writes 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with which lint hee cured Heraclides and stanched his bleedinâ—… * Called by Pacuvius Serilia as Festus noteth * Sic Spartum nunc restem nunc plantam â—…qua restes fiunt significant * Impilia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vdoâ—…es * or Mison * or Pezitae * Laser wort * or Mison rather according to Turneb * or Pezici * Some take it for Benioin or Asa dulcis * Which is equiuolent in weight to a dram i. 7. d. ob English * Thought to be Asafoetida * 500 miles * as Priapus Phalli and Ithyphalli * Etiam vno esse venali * Carduus * Artichokes which are no better than Cardui alâ—…iles i. Garden-Thistles * Much like to our Anchoues * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Some take it for Coniza 〈◊〉 Fleabane Mullet * Cucumis syluestris Colocynthis or Coloquintida * or rather â—…alie * Theophrastus writeth all this of Brassica 〈◊〉 Colewoort See how Pliny is ouerseene but that is no newes with him * Here he seemeth to come againe to the radish indeed * 11 Câ—…l Iuâ—… or as some think 13 Cal. Iun i. the 20 or 22 day of May. This feast was named also Lâ—…ria * Here 〈◊〉 forgetteth himselfe againe for this is verified of the Colewort and not of the Radish * Some call these Madâ—…ips * Some take it for Alâ—…oea or the marish Mallow * Siser * Inula * Cariotis some reade Caricis 〈◊〉 Figs. * rather Hemerocalles * Pâ—…rdicium * Gethyâ—…m * oâ—… Antiscorâ—…don * 11. Calend. Ianuar. * 14. Calend. Ianuar. i. Between the 18. 21 of December Or rather Anguinum * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for so it should seem that Pliny read it in Theophrastus wheras indeed it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. with leaues growing thin * See Caelius â—…hodiginus 27 booke and last chap. antiq Lectionum let him tell you why women call this Lectuce Astylis * Olus which word 〈◊〉 vseth muâ—…h for Beets * For some resemblance of Parsley * Corrudâ—… This