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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A40887	The Portugues Asia, or, The history of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portugues containing all their discoveries from the coast of Africk, to the farthest parts of China and Japan, all their battels by sea and land, sieges and other memorable actions, a description of those countries, and many particulars of the religion, government and customs of the natives, &c. : in three tomes / written in Spanish by Manuel de Faria y Sousa ... ; translated into English by Cap. John Stevens.; Asia Portuguesa. English	Faria e Sousa, Manuel de, 1590-1649.; Stevens, John, d. 1726.	1695 (1695)	Wing F428; ESTC R2613	684,223	1,508

somewhat in general of India whereof much relates to the greatest Part of Asia Those Heathens have a Book they believe in and esteem as we do the Holy Scripture It is writ in Verse as they say that understand it pleasing and ingenious but it seems strange to us there should be any Harmony in Verses composed of Seventy-five Syllables for so many an Author say they contain 10. They believe in one God Creator of all Things yet allow other increated Gods that there is Heaven and Hell and that the Souls of such as die in Sin go into Beasts and stay there till being purged they go to Eternal Rest. They esteem Cows as properest for this Transmigration When one is dying they bring one to him and put the Tail into his Hand that when his Soul departs it may be near the Door it is to enter at 11. They allow no Free Will and some are of Opinion That the Souls return from Hell into other Bodies till they merit Heaven and that there is an indifferent Place without Reward or Punishment for such as live indifferently The Sins they esteem most hainous are Murder Theft Drinking of Wine taking away another Man's Wife The First is wiped off with Pilgrimages the second with Alms the third with Fasting and the fourth with Sacrifices some are of Men the greatest of Cows Some will lie down under the Wheels of the heavy Carts of their Idols which crush them to peices Others wear irons with Spikes that run into them Others hang themselves on a Hook and there sing Verses to their Idols 12. They maintain Hospitals where they look after sick Birds and Beasts and send Men abroad to bring them in but have no Com●…assion for Men saying Those Afflictions are sent them for their Sins There are Men employed to buy Birds or other Creatures only to restore them to their Liberty They believe God has five Regents that govern the World and every one of them a Wife those are called Xadaxivam Rudra Maescura Visnu and Brabema the Wives Humani Parvadi Maenomadi Lacami and Exarasvadi The first governs the first Heaven where are all the Planets the second the Fire the third the Air the fourth the Water the fifth the Earth Brahema Visnu and Rudra are the Chief and form a Body with three Heads called Mahamurte signifying the three Chiefs Hence it is inferred the Indians had some knowledge though imperfect of the Blessed Trinity 13. They are much addicted to Witchcraft and Superstition and believe there are Fourteen Worlds and that this we live in is an Image of that in Heaven Their several Families touch not one another not eat together Tradesmen cannot marry out of their own Trade The most renowned Families among them are the Raja's an ingenuous People that rather lose their Lives than their Arms in Battle The Bramenes who contend for Precedence with the Raja's The Chatines which are the richest Merchants The B●…lalas or Country People held in such esteem that Kings marry their Daughters to them saying They are the Publick Substance From these four Roots ●…pring One hundred ninety-six Branches divided into Valangas that is of the Right-hand and Elanges of the Left but none of these are honoured as the other four 14. Let us say somewhat of the Christians of St. Thomas Four Leagues from Cochim on the Malabar Coast is the City Cranganor almost encompassed by a River inhabited by Christians Gentiles Mahometans and Iews The whole Kingdom takes Name from the City it has a great Trade is frequented by Merchants from Siria Egypt Persia and Arabia by reason of the plenty of Pepper brought thither At the arrival of the Portugueses in India it was governed in the form of a Commonwealth but subject to Zamori whom they cast off seeing him weakned by our Arms. 15. Their Heathen Rites are the same with those of the other Malabars The Christians called of St. Thomas who inhabit from this C●…ty to Coromandel and Meliapor the place where that Apostle was buried have Churches like ours in Europe on the Altars and Walls Crosses painted but no other Images no Bells the People meet on Sundays to hear Sermons and other Service Their head Bishop resides in Chaldea has twelve Cardinals two Patriarchs Archbishops Bishops and other Prelates and Fathers 16. The Priests are shorn in the form of a Cross they consecrate leavened Bread and Wine made of Rasins for want of other Baptize after Forty Days unless there be danger of Death instead of extream Unction the Priests bless the Sick use Holy Water bury after our manner the Relations and Friends eat together eight Days while the Ceremonies last If there be no Will the next of Kin inherits the Widows recover their Portion but forfeit it if they Marry within a Year 17. They have all our Holy Scripture in Hebrew and Caldaick with Expositions which they Read in Schools their Divines interpret it well chiefly the Prophets which they study most They observe the same Lent and Advent as we do O●… the Eve of the Resurrection they neither eat nor drink and keep that Day with great Solemnity as also the Sunday of Pastor Bonus in remembrance that on that Day St. Thomas felt our Saviour's side they observe our very Festivals as Sundays the Feasts of our Lord Lady and Apostles and have the same Bissextile or Leap Year as the Latines Both they and the Gentiles keep the Feast of the Apostle on the first Day of Iune There are Monasteries of Monks and Nuns cloathed in black and religiously observe their Rules The Priests observe conjugal Chastity and marry not a second time There is no Divorce allowed beween Man and Wife 18. In the Year 1544 came to Cochim Iacob a Caldean Bishop of Cranganor where being dangerously sick he sent for the Treasurer Peter de Sequeyra and told him Necessity had obliged him to pawn two Copper-Plates with Characters engraven on them which were Original Grants and Privileges bestowed on the Apostle St. Thomas by the Sovereigns of those Countries when he Preached there that he desired him to release them least they should be lost if he died for if he lived he would take them out himself This Prelate found the only way to lose them in trusting the Portugueses for Sequeyra paid the Two hundred Royals they were pawned for put them into the Treasury and they were never more heard of 19. The Governor Martin Alfonso de Sousa after long search for some Body that could understand them had found a retired Jew on the Mountain who said they were writ in the Caldean Malabar and Arabian Languages and the Substance of them was That the Prince then Reigning of his free Gift granted to Thomas at Cranganor such a Parcel of Ground to build a Church for the Maintenance whereof he assigned the Fifths of Merchandize 20. Very much might be said of the Island Ceylon but I will only add a little to what is already said About five hundred Years

Winter of Felt. Much Ceremony is used at the time they first put on the Net The Rich wear Shoes of Silk the Poor of Cotton differing from ours in fashion and costly Leather is only used for Boots which are rare In the same manner the Rich wear Stockins of Damask or other soft Silk the meaner Sort of Cotton but all white Breeches are common to Men and Women The latter dress their Hair with Flowers natural or artificial except the common Women who are not allowed to use them nor to live within the Walls 10. The Apparel of Men and Women is the same in all other Points but these have Feet less than can be imagined and to make them so they swath them hard from their Infancy The Custom was taken from a Queen who having deformed Feet endeavoured by that means to bring them into shape 11. The Women are very retired none of any Age is seen in the Street no Men visit them in their Houses nor presume to enter into their Apartments Servants have admittance only whilst very young Brother or Father-in-law on no account The ordinariest Women go abroad in Chairs If they happen to go a foot on account of any Pilgrimage they cover their Faces If they travel in Boats they pass by each other without speaking one word Yet in some parts of this great Empire Women go abroad but such as are of Quality always after this manner 12. The Language is thought to be one of the 72 of Babel by their Books it appears to be of Four thousand Years standing It is called Quenhra or the Language of Mandarines because as they spread their Command they introduced it and it is used through all the Empire as Latin in Europe It is very barren and as it has more Letters far than any other so it has fewer Words for there are not above 326 that absolutely differ and of those that only vary in accent and aspiration 1228 most end in Vowels the rest in M and N They are all Monasyllables all indeclinable as well Verbs as Nouns so contrived that often a Noun serves for a Verb and the contrary and sometimes for an Adverb Thus it is easier to be learned than Latin It is most compendious and therefore the most grateful to the Chineses It is rather sweet than harsh and spoke as they do at Nanking pleasing to the Ear very full of respectful Terms To bid one take a thing in his hand among us we repeat the Verb take which they do not each word signifies the Verb and Manner Nien is to take with two Fingers Tço to take with them all Chua with the whole hand downwards Tcie with it opened upwards So in other Verbs A Man's Foot they call Kio a Birds Chua a Beasts Thi. 13. They use a different Stile in Writing and Speaking the Letters are as ancient as the Language They all know them but not all by the same Name The Author of them they say was Fohi one of their first Kings at first they were fewer in number plainer and in some measure like what they expressed There are now four sorts of Letters The ancient still used in Books and by Lawyers but only for Titles and Seals instead or ●…ts The second called Chicum the most generally used The third Taipie little practised but on Fans in Letters and Prologues The fourth a sort of short hand 14. There are Sixty thousand Letters But they use Abbreviations so that 't is enough to know Ten thousand to write read and be learned If they meet any that is not known they turn to a Book like our Dictionary and find it Only nine strokes serves to form all this multitude of Letters but several Letters and perfect Figures are joined to signifie different things This stroke stands for one crossed with another stroke it stands for ten another stroke being drawn under the lower point it signifies the Earth with another at the top a King adding a prick on the left hand between the two first points a precious Stone with Dashes before a Pearl and all Letters that signifie precious Stones must have this last mark all that signifie Trees must have the Letter that is for Wood adjoined and so of other things 15. Good Writing is valued above the best Painting All written Paper is looked upon as Sacred if it lies on the Ground they take it up carefully The manner of Writing is downwards from the top to the bottom and from the Right towards the Left-hand as the Hebrews and all the People of the East If a word of Respect as your Lordship or the like fall in the middle of a Line they write not forward but begin the next Line because it is not esteemed Manners to join any word to those if they write the Name of God it is set above the rest of the Line 16. They once writ on the Rine of the Barks of Trees with Iron points as also on Plates of Metal which now are highly esteemed Paper has been invented among them Two thousand Years and is of so many sorts and so plentiful that there is as much in China as all the World besides for goodness none to compare to it The most usual in Printing and plentifullest is made of a Tree called by them Cho by the Indians Bombo made in the same manner as ours but the best is of Cotton Rags Instead of Pens they use Pensils of several sorts of Hair but the Hares is best There are no Ink-horns but Stones on which the Ink is ground as Colours among us it is also sold in Rags in the nature as we have Spanish Wool but the best is Lamp-black and they that make it are not accounted Mechanicks 17. Printing has been used by them Sixteen hundred Years we said before it was all carved on Wood. The Author writes his Book in the size it must be published and every Leaf is pasted on a Board and graved exactly as he writ it therefore they write and print only upon one side of the Paper so that every Leaf consists of two for the Books are sewed along the edges of the Paper not the middle as we do the Blanks remain within and the two Leaves pass as one the best Wood for this use is Pear-tree When they would have the Paper black and Letters white they are carved in Stone because in the Stone the Letters are cut into the Superficies and in Wood they make the Superficies That manner of Printing is only used for Epitaphs Paintings Trees Mountains and such like things which are preserved with respect and are lasting Memorials CHAP. XV. A Continuation of the same Subject 1. FRom their Childhood they apply themselves to study the first Books they read are Morals then the classick Authors which are entirely learned by Heart next the Masters exposition who looks not on the Book when he teaches The Coppies for writing are laid under the Paper and the learner draws by it the Paper being

Portugueses were all dead who not far from thence had built a Town of Stone and worshipped a Cross on the foot whereof were unknown Characters He drew all on the Sand repeated Portugues Sirnames and demanded much Gold for telling his knowledge herein Some of his Men wore Crosses and informed our People there were two Holland Ships in Port St. Lucy or Mangascafe 13. In a small Island here was found a square Stone Fort and at the foot of it carved on a piece of Marble the Arms of Portugal with this Inscription REX PORTUGALENSIS ☉ S. Many Judgments were made of that Circle between the two last S's but nothing of certainty can be concluded 14. The King Chambanga desired a Portugues might be sent to his Court to treat about important Affairs leaving a Nephew Hostage for his safe return The Master Antony Gonçalez and F. Peter Freyre were sent who at 12 leagues distance found his Court called Fansaria very populous and magnificent He Treated them well at first then coldly but they making him a considerable Present they were good Friends and he delivered them his eldest Son to be carried to Goa desiring as Hostages for him the two Jesuits and four other Portugueses to whom he gave the Island of St. Cruz to live in 15. These People are descended from the Moors and call themselves Zelima's they use the Alcoran in Arabick and have Faquies who teach them to write and read they eat no Bacon are Circumcised and some marry several Wives CHAP. XIV Continues the Discoveries in the Island Madagascar under the Vice-Roy D. Hierome de Azevedo 1. THE same King told the Portugueses That in his Father's time a Ship of theirs was cast away on that Coast that about 100 of the Men came ashore some brought their Wives others married there and left a numerous Offspring He repeated several of their Names and shewed a Book writ in Portugues and Latin and some Maps and concluded saying There were more Portugueses on that Coast 7 days Journey Northward 2. Inquiring further our Men found an old Man 90 Years of Age who had known the Portugueses that were cast away there and could remember still some odd Words of our Language The Ships that were lost and never known where since the discovery of India were as follows In the Year 1504 three Ships one in the Year 1505 in 1527 two were cast away on the Island Madagascar and the Men remained there for want of Vessels to transport them four were lost the Year 1534 not known where one more in the Year 1538. The Portugueses those People spoke of must belong to some of these Ships 3. Our Men all set their hands to work and built a small Chapel and House for the four Portugueses and two Religious Men who were to remain there The Work done Mass was said and many of the Natives came to learn to make the sign of the Cross. The King seeing some Men labour under a Cross that was to be set upon a Rock run half naked and bare footed and carried it alone to the Place appointed The Portugueses might say they had found another Emperor Heraclius for after this pious Action he became wicked in this manner 4. Our Captain being ready to sail demanded that Son the King had promised to send with him and he not only refused to perform but denied he had made any such Promise and offered a Slave The Captain seeing this change sent the Master and Pilot with some Men to demand Hostages that a Portugues might go to Port St. Lucy to sound it and see an Inscription the Natives said was in that place If the King granted this they were to require no more if not to endeavour to bring away by force one of his Sons 5. The Peace thus broke and some Attempts of getting one of the King's Sons failing some Portugueses marched with their Muskets The King dreaded them but kept his Men in readiness a Fray ensuing they catched one of his Sons 11 Years of Age who was his Darling The King endeavoured to rescue him but was repulsed by our Shot The Subjects of another King came to offer any thing for the Boy 's Ransom but being told it was the Viceroy's Command the King's Promise and that they should lose their Heads if they did not carry him they went away satisfied Thus ended the Year 1613. The Child came to Goa about the middle of the Year 1614 the Viceroy caused him to be well instructed in the Faith by the Jesuits and was his Godfather in Baptism giving him the Name of Andrew because it was on that Apostle's day and the Sirname of Azevedo as his God-child 6. The Viceroy treated him with all Honour and Magnificence hoping to gain him that when he succeeded his Father he might forward the Propagation of the Gospel and believing he was sufficiently grounded sent him away with four J●…s The Vessels were a Pink and a Caravel commanded by Peter de Almeyda Cabral and Iohn Cardoso de Pin●… who set out on the 17th of September 1616 and on the 20th of March they discovered the Island Del Cisue or The Sw●…n a most delightful Place watered with pure Springs and bearing several unknown Plants and Herbs besides many known both Sweet and Medicinal The Religious on the Barks of the Trees carved the time of their arrival there and planted some Crosses 7. In this Island there are two Mountains that overtop the Clouds The Wreck of two Holland Ships was found there Our Ships entred Port St. Lucas in the Island of Madagascar The King and Queen came 〈◊〉 receive their Son with great joy and delivered Hostages at taking him away 8. With the Prince went the Fathers and six Soldiers He was every where till he came to the Court received with demonstrations of Joy which to us seem ridiculous as those used by us would appear to them This done the King made the same Agreement with our Captain that had been with the former which was that the Religious should inhabit the Island of Santa Cruz and thence have the liberty to go out and Preach the Gospel that there should be a League Offensive and Defensive between the King and Portugueses So the Fathers Almeyda and Costa went to the Fort of Santa Cruz and D. Andrew the King's Son sent them Workmen and Provisions 9. The Captain Peter de Almeyda had Orders to carry the King to Goa or if he refused another Son which if not consented to should be taken by force A Son being demanded he answered He had but one who was too young for that Voyage Almeyda thinking this was but an Excuse began to commit Hostilities but being informed it was true desisted Yet he carried away Anria Sambo the King's Nephew who was Baptized at Goa by the Name of Hierome 10. Being now a Christian he was sent to his Country in a Pink commanded by Emanuel Freyre de Andrade with 100 Soldiers 2 Jesuits and a Present worth

Count de Linarez with 9 Sail two lost 1629 165. D. George de Almeyda with 2 Sail one lost 1630 166. Antony de Saldana with 2 Ships both put back by Weather Fr. Vas de Almada with 2 Sail. 1631 167. Ios. Pinto Pereyra with 7 Sail. 1632 168. Antony de Saldana with 5 Sail. 1633 169. Hier. de Saldana with 3 Sail. 1634 170. Peter de Silva with 2 Sail one lost Gonzalo de Barros Silva with two 1635 171. Iohn de Melo with 2 Sail. 1636 172. Iohn Suarez Vivas with 2 Sail. 1637 173. I. de Sequeyra Varejam with 4 Sail. 1638 These are all the Ships there is any account of that sailed from Lisbon to discover and after for India since the Year 1412 when Prince Henry first attempted finding the way to India by Sea The Viceroy and Governors of India from the first Discovery till the Year 1640. 1. DON Francis de Almeyda first Viceroy and Governor Year 1505 2. Alfonso de Albuquerque second Governor 1509 3. Lope Soarez de Albergaria third Governor 1515 4. Iames Lopez de Sequeyra 4th Governor 1518 5. D. Duarte de Meneses 5th Governor 1522 6. D. Vasco de Gama Count de Vidigueyra 2d Viceroy and 6th Governor 1524 7. D. Henry de Meneses 7th Governor 1527 8. Peter Mascarennas 8th Governor 1529 9. Lope Vaz de Sampayo 9th Governor 1529 10. Nuno de Cunna 10th Governor 1529 11. D. Garcia de Noronna 3d Viceroy and 11th Governor 1538 12. D. Stephen de Gama 12th Governor 1540 13. Martin Alfonso de Sousa 13th Governor 1542 14. D. Iohn de Castro 4th Viceroy and 14th Governor 1543 15. Garcia de Sa 15th Governor 1549 16. George Cabral 16th Governor 154●… 17. D. Alonso de Noronna 5th Viceroy and 17th Governor 1550 18. D. Peter Mascarennas 6th Viceroy and 18th Governor Year 1554 19. Francis Barreto 19 Governor 1555 20. D. Constantin de Bragança 7th Viceroy and 20th Governor 1558 21. D. Francis Coutinno Count de Redondo 8th Viceroy and 21th Governor 1561 22. Iohn de Mendoça 22 Governor 1564 23. D. Antony de Noronna 9th Viceroy and 23d Governor 1564 24. D. Luis de Ataide 10th Viceroy and 24th Governor 1567 25. D. Antony de Noronna 11th Viceroy and 25th Governor 1571 26. Antony Monez Barreto 26 Gov. 1573 27. D. Laurence de Tavora 12th Viceroy and 27th Governor 1576 28. D. Iames de Meneses 28 Gover. 1576 29. D. Luis de Ataide Count de Atouguia the second time 13 Vicer and 29 Gov. 1578 30. Ferdinand Tellez de Meneses 30th Governor 1581 31. D. Francis Mascarennas Count de Santa Cruz 14 Viceroy and 31 Governor 1581 32. D. Duarte de Meneses 15th Viceroy and 32th Governor 1584 33. Emanuel de Sousa Coutinno 33 Gov. 1588 34. Mathias de Albuquerque 16th Viceroy and 34th Governor 1691 35. D. Francis de Gama Count de Vidigueyra 17th Viceroy and 35th Governor 1597 36. Ayres de Saldanna 18th Viceroy and 36 Governor 1600 37. Martin Alfonso de Castro 19th Viceroy and 37th Governor 1604 38. D. F. Alexius de Meneses Archbishop of Goa 38th Governor 1607 39. D. Iohn Pereyra Count de Feyra 20th Viceroy and 39th Governor 1608 40. Andrew Furtado de Mendoça 40th Governor 1609 41. Ruy Lorenco de Tavora 21th Viceroy and 41st Governor 1609 42. D. Hierome de Azevedo 22th Viceroy and 42th Governor 1613 43. D. Iohn Coutinno Count de Redondo 23th Viceroy and 33th Governor 1617 44. Ferdinand de Albuquerque 44 Gov. 1619 45. D. Alfonso de Noronna 24th Viceroy and 45th Governor 1621 46. D. Francis de Gama Count de Vidigueyra the 2d time 25 Viceroy 46 Governor 1622 47. D. Luis de Brito Bishop of Cochim 47th Governor 1628 48. D. Francis Mascarennas 26 Viceroy 48 Governor 1628 49. Nunno Alvarez Botello 49 Gov. 1628 50 D. Michael de Noronna Count de Linnares 27 Viceroy 50 Governor 1629 51. Peter de Silva 28th Viceroy 51th Governor 1635 52. Antony Tellez de Silva 52 Gov. 1639 53. Iohn de Silva Tello 29 Viceroy 53 Governor 1640 Books in Print and Manuscripts out of which the Portugues Asia was Collected BOOKS in Print 1. EIght Volumes of the Affairs of India by Ferdinand Lopez de Castanneda who went into India only to examine into he Truth of what he writ His Stile nor Geography are not commendable but he has many curious though tedious Remarks It has been translated into French and Italian and I suppose some other Languages 2. Four Decades of the great Iohn de Barros who though posterior to Castanneda as to time is preferable to all for Judgment and is particularly esteemed for his Geography 3. Four other Decades of Iames de Couto Historiographer of India from the 4th to the 7th for he began at the 4th for then that of Iohn de Barros was not publick 4. Commentaries of the Actions of the great Alfonso de Albuquerque writ by his Son of the same Name 5. Antony Pinto Pereyra his Chronicle of D Luis de Atayde the famous Viceroy and Supporter of India writ in the Days of King Sebastian 6. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto his Indian History writ at the same time as the last Many make a doubt of Truth of what he writes and as many who have travelled those Parts affirm he might with truth have writ much more no less incredible to our apprehension I look upon him as a very true Historian for many Reasons Yet supposing he is not it is in things wholly omitted by me 7. The Bishop D. Hierome Osorio wrote the History of India in Latin which beyond dispute is the best Work of that Nature next to Titus Livius As to his Latin all Men grant him to be the best Ciaeronian His method is singular his Judgment piercing his Reflections sharp his Ornament majestick In fine he is accomplished in all Points 8. Mafeus is well known and very pleasant he did little but Epitomizing the Decades of Iohn de Barros as to the Substance of the History 9. F. Antony de S. Roman did little more than Translate Mafeus but not with Elegancy equal to him the Translation there is of him in Italian is better 10. Iohn de Lucena a Jesuit in the Life of S. Francis Xaverius brings in many Particulars of the Indian History He sticks not to the Rules of History but in his way of Writing deserves esteem for his Judgment Elegancy and way of Reasoning 11. Antony Galvam who was Commander of Ternate writ much concerning India and particularly of the Affairs of those Islands which has not been Printed or is extant at least it has not come to my Hands I only saw the Books he calls of Discoveries which is only short hints of things 12. Dr. Garcia Dorta of the Drugs and Medicinal Plants of Asia 13. A Collection of several small Books by several Authors giving an Account of many Shipwrecks that happen'd whereof we make mention in their Places 14. Several Relations particularly of the Jesuits 15. My own Book of

the Empire of China collected from the Memories and Observations of F. Alvaro Semedo of the Society of Jesus 16. Bartholomew de Argensola of the Molucoes who in many Particulars errs as much as F. Urreta 17. Manuel Xaverius a Jesuit of the Victories obtained by Nunno Alvarez Botello 18. Two Poems of Hierome de Cortereal 19. Francis Alvarez a Priest of the Affairs of Abassia 20. F. Iohn de los Santos a Dominican of the Affairs of Ethiopia 21. F. Luis de Urreta MANUSCRIPTS 1. ONE Volume of the Portugues Voyages found among the Papers of the Bishop D. Hierome Osorio Emanuel Fernandez Villareal helped me to the sight of it and from me it went to D. Hierome Mascarennas of the Council of Orders in Castile 2. Five Decades of Iames de Couto Historiographer of India from the 8th to the 12th the last but half compleat 3. The History of the Actions of D. Paul de Lima a great Man in India by the same Couto 4. The 13th Decade of Antony Bocarro Historiographer of India yet not divided into 10 Books as the Title implies 5. Military Affairs of India a Book of great Learning written by Francis Rodriguez Silveyra who served there some Years and gained Reputation 6. The Spiritual Conquest in Asia by F. Paul of the Trinity a Franciscan in the Year 1630. I saw it upon occasion of its being designed to be Printed at Madrid in the Year 1638 when the Ordinary sent it to me for my approbation It is a good Work and treats of what relates to that Order 7. A Translation of that which among the Malabars is held in the same Account as the Bible among us It treats of their Gods and Ceremonies it is strange and resembles Ovid's Metamorphoses The Heads of it are in the 4th Part of the 2d Tome of my Asia 8. One Volume of several Relations of the Affairs of Asia and of some Shipwrecks A Relation of the Government of the Viceroy the Count de Linnares given by his Order to a Spaniard who promised to write his Actions Another of the same by Captain Dominick de Toraly Valdez who served under him in India 9. A Copy of several other Relations communicated to me by Emanuel de Severim as also the Book of the Malabars that of the military Affairs and that of Bocarro above mentioned 10. Loose Papers and annual Letters of the Jesuits imparted to me by F. Alvaro Semmedo of the same Order out of which I afterwards collected the History intituled The Empire of China 11. The Chronicles of King Alfonso the 5th and the Earl D. Duarte de Meneses Commander in Africk by Gomez Yanez de Azurara Historiographer to King Alfonso the 5th 12. One Volume of divers Relations of Occurrences in Africk during the Reigns of King Iohn II. Emanuel Iohn III. and Sebastian 13. A Description of Ethiopia by F. Emanuel Barradas a Jesuit who having seen the Country himself truly and zealously discovers the many and remarkable Errors set down in his Ethiopia by the Learned and Elegant F. Luis de Urreta Emanuel Severim de Faria imparted it to me Besides the Books above mentioned there is much relating to Asia in the Chronicles of King Iohn II. King Emanuel King Iohn III. and King Sebastian as well in those which are still in Manuscripts as those Printed FINIS 1412. 1415. 1418. 1419. 1434. 1435. 1440. 1442. 1443. 1444. 1445. 1446. 1447. 1448. 1448. 1449. 1460. 1471. 1484. 1489. 1490. 1491. 1493. 1497. 1498. 1502. 1506. 1507. 1508. 1512. 1514. 1564 1567. 1569. 1570. 1573 1575. 1575. 1577. 1538. 1539. 1564. 1544. 1545. 1545. 1547. 1549. 1553. 1554. 1556. 1557. 1558. 1560. 1561. 1561. 1563. 1564. 1515. 1516. 1517. 1518. 1519. 1520. 1521. 1522. 1526. 1527. 1529. 3530. 1531. 1532. 1534. 1538. 1594. 1595. 1596. 1617. 1617. 1624. 1629. 1632. 1632. 1639. 1640.

Stewards the third the Master of the Horses the fourth the Master of the Ceremonies of the Court the fifth of particular Rites the sixth of the Petitions given the King the other three of lesser Matters Every City has its own particular Council each Metropolis of a Province five distinct Tribunals Each Town has a private Court 6. The great Mandarines are carried about Town in Chairs adorned with Ebony and Gold by four Men with others by to relieve them before the Chiefest go Men by Pairs with long Staves always crying out two others follow these with Tables on which is writ the quality of the Person carried after these go six scattering Bamboes with which they use to bastinade Offenders and others with Fetters and Chains Near the Chair a Man with a sil●… Umbrello three times as big as those we use ●…two just before the Chair carry a small Box with the Royal Seal on one side a great Fan that shades all the Chair behind go the Pages and other Attendance on Foot and Horseback 7. When one of these goes by all things are taken from the Windows the Images of Funerals are lowred the People stop on the sides of the Streets there is no noise and he passes without moving his Eyes When he goes to any City the ancient Men receive him at the Gate on their Knees The King bestows Honour on Magistrates Mothers as they rise and when they die buries them with Pomp and assigns them stately Pallaces while living 8. The Prisons are large and commonly near to the Palaces of the Mandarines th●…y belong to they have no Grates to the Street the Dungeons are terrible the other Part is in Rows sustained by Pillars with Planks along for Beds where every one lies with Fetters on his Hands and his Feet as it were in the Stocks over them all run long Chains so that they cannot turn The lesser Criminals are more favourably dealt with but all fare hard for the Prisons serve to punish as well as to secure Men. The Prisoners have much to do at their Entrance with the Keepers about their Fees for they pay none at going out 9. Their Punishments differ not much from ours but whipping is used before all other Penalties the Lashes are given on the bare Buttocks and Thighs as well to Women as Men and that before the Tribunal or in the Street when the Crime is done there no Body values the Shame but only the Smart They also have several ways of Racking 10. Military Science is very ancient among the Chineses They had tedious Wars with their Neighbours conquered the Island Ceylon and subdued One hundred and Fourteen Kings They always entertain a vast number of Souldiers in Nanking there are Forty thousand in Peking Eighty thousand all over the Kingdom above a Million but they are all Cowards Yet of late Years they beat the Iaponeses out of Corea and the Tartars out of the Province of Peking They use foolish Reviews in which like our Boys they represent Tartars and Chineses and the former are always beaten 11. Gun-Powder is of most ancient standing among them of it they make curious and costly Fire-works they have some Cannon but no Skill in the use of it only shoot at random Their most usual Arms are Lances Arrows and Cutlaces There is a sort of Back and Breast Pieces Proof against Arrows Their Civil Government is very just because bad Ministers are severely punished and the King hears Complaints against them Thus much may suffice for the Affairs of China CHAP. XIX The Division of the Dominions the Portugueses do or have possessed in those Parts commonly comprehended under the general Name of India Some Remarks on the Customs and Religion of those People with some Account of the Christians of St. Thomas and of the Island of Ceylon 1. THE Portugues Dominions generally comprehended under the Name of India though dispersed along the Coasts of Asia and Africk may well be divided into five Parts The first containing the Islands of that vast Ocean as those of Maldivia the King whereof being a Christian with his Wife and Family resided at Cochim that of Ceylon in which we have the Town of Columbo and a Right to the Kingdoms of Iafanapatan Cota and Candea by Donation from their natural Kings the Island of Manar with its Fort and Fishery of Pearl Eastward the Sovereignty of all that Archipelago the Moluco Islands and that of Macao on the Coast of China 2. The Second Part lies from Cape Corrientes to the Mouth of the Red Sea Peopled by Moors along the Coast and the Inland by Idolatrous and Brutal Cafres 3. The Third is divided from Persia by the Persian Golph inhabited by Moors of different Opinions 4. The Fourth contains the Kingdom of Ormuz and neighbouring Parts that Trade thither especially Baharem so famed for the Fishery of Pearl that draws all Mankind thither 5. The Fifth is called India within and without Ganges All that lies between Indus and Ganges which is above 550 Leagues along the Coast is inhabited by two Nations Pagans and Mahometans who for above three Ages have been possessed of that Tract called Indostan 6. In this Fifth Part is included the principal Part of the Portugues Patrimony It begins at Diu a City not inferior to many famous in Europe and was once the Metropolis of Cambaya Almost opposite to it is Damam both which almost shut up the Mouth of the Bay of Cambaya and extend their Command Twenty-four Leagues in which space are many Villages that yield a considerable Revenue 7. From the River of Agacaim to that of Bombaim are Eight Leagues and in that space the City 〈◊〉 ●…th its Forts and Villages as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Agaçaim Bandora Tana C●…a and opposite to it the Island Salsete whose wonderful Structures prove it to have been the Metropolis of that Country and Court of Princes The Dominions of Cambaya once extended thither The next is Chaul a Place of Importance Then the Capital of our Empire that is the Island Goema●…e which sig●…fies Happy Land corruptly called Goa and Trissuari signifying Thirty Villages for so many it contains which on the Continent commands the Lands of Salsete and Bardes There follow on the Coast of Camaran towards Cape Comori the Towns of Onor 〈◊〉 and Mangalor then in Malahar Cananor Cranganor Coulam and the chief Port of our Fleets Cochim Turning the Cape appears the Pearl Fishery and above it the Cities Negapatan St. Thomas and other Towns if not Subject to at least Inhabited and defended by Portugueses 8. The Exterior India begins at the River Ganges and reaches to China and C●…bodia and is terminated by the River Mecom It is inhabited by Heathens worse if possible than the others Here the Portugueses have the rich City of Malaca Metropolis of that Kingdom and the greatest Place of Trade of all those Eastern Provinces 9. Something has been already said of the Manners of all these People we will add