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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A75801	A treatise of fruit-trees shewing the manner of grafting, setting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects: according to divers new and easy rules of experience; gathered in ye space of twenty yeares. Whereby the value of lands may be much improued, in a shorttime [sic], by small cost, and little labour. Also discovering some dangerous errors, both in ye theory and practise of ye art of planting fruit-trees. With the alimentall and physicall vse of fruits. Togeather with the spirituall vse of an orchard: held-forth [sic] in divers similitudes betweene naturall & spirituall fruit-trees: according to Scripture & experie[n]ce. By Ra: Austen. Practiser in ye art of planting	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Goddard, John, fl. 1645-1671,	1653 (1653)	Wing A4238; Thomason E701_5; Thomason E701_6; ESTC R12161	90,355	121

times According as is set forth in your Legacy of Husbandry The Designe for Plenty and other of your Published Treatises tending to generall Profit and the great encouragements in this worke which I have from time to time received from you for all which I shall be still ready thankfully to acknowledge my selfe Your very much engaged Servant RA AVSTEN To the Reader THere are extant many Treatises and Histories of Trees and Plants shewing us the Kinds Formes Natures and Vertues of them some likewise teach us the manner of Propagation of Fruit-trees their Sowing Grafting Setting Preservation and Ordering But most of these Authors speake in an unknown Tongue to the plaine English Husbandman whose encouragement and direction I shall herein much endeavour Only some few small peeces have beene offered to him which he may understand but very much defective in many necessary and principall parts of the Art of Planting Fruit-trees And not only so but likewise some of them are full of dangerous and hurtfull instructions and things notoriously untrue as shall particularly appeare in the ensuing discourse See pag. 78. So that a plaine sound Experimentall worke upon this subject hath been much wanting in this Nation The Art of Planting Fruit-trees is among Ancient Authors called Husbandry being it is one part of the Husbandmans work Quid sit Agricultura vid. pag. 6 though in many parts of this Nation Husbandmen have little skill in it their labour being chiefely Tillage of the ground for Corne. But this is a part of the Husbandmans worke as well as that yea and the chiefest and worthiest part Adam in time of his Innocency was imployed in this part of Husbandry about Fruit-trees as is shewed pag. 12. But when he had sinned he was put away from this worke to till the ground a lower and inferior labour Gen 3.23 The Lord God sent him forth from the Garden of Eden to till the Ground We see likewise the Scripture calls it Husbandry Noah is called an Husbandman when he planted a Vineyard Gen. 9.20 God blessed for ever is called an Husbandman for that he pruneth purgeth and ordereth his Mysticall Vine-tree the Church Ioh. 15.1 So that I shall keep the phrase throughout the Worke. I have seene I suppose the best Workes both of Ancient and Late Writers upon this Subject and have learned from them what I could for accomplishment of this Art and have observed the practise experiments of many from time to time concerning it and have improved them to my own advantage And likewise I have set my selfe to the Practice of this worke for the space of Twenty yeares and more endeavouring to find out things of use and profit by Practise and Experience that I might speake upon better and surer grounds then some others who have written upon this Subject for Experience guides and informes Reason in many things in which without Experience it would often erre Some who have taught this Art of Planting Fruit-trees have beene in it I conceive only Contemplative men having little or no Experience in it so that in many things they have erred and that grossely as shall appeare in due place L. Ba. Advanc Lear. A Learned Author saies The writings of speculative men upon active matter for the most part seemes to men of experience to be but as dreames and dotage And that it were to be wished as that which would make Learning indeed solid and fruitfull that Active men would or could become Writers Study and Practise by degrees frame new Arts and adde to the old Virg. Geor. Per varios usus Meditando extunderet Artes paulatim Experience is called the Perfecter of Arts and the most sure and best teacher in any Art Contemplation and Action are the two Leggs whereon Arts runne stedily and strongly and the one without the other can but hop or goe lamely They are the two Eyes wherewith men see natures secrets clearely but the one alone discernes but dimly And hence it followes that some who were only contemplators of nature without experience and would needs adventure to write give instructions touching the Practique part of this Art of Planting Fruit-trees have in many things as the aforesaid Author saies presented us with smoake insteed of the lucide flames of light They have indeed shewed us a comely and beautifull body painted according to Art but yet livelesse and without a spirit And have offered us shells and huskes instead of kernells But now speculation and Action are as Soule and Body united which labouring togeather worke out both Profit and Pleasure many advantages to our selves and others When Speculation and practise Art and Nature are matched together they are pregnant and fruitfull but the one alone wanting a meete helper what fruits can it bring forth Experience as a Philosopher saies is the Root of Art and it may well be so called from whence springs a numerous multitude of new Experiments for from one Root or single Experiment though perhaps a poore and meane one in it selfe if throughly weighed with Reason and judgement may arise many rich and rare inventions And it 's most true which the Lord Bacon saies to this purpose As through a small hole or cranny a man may see great Objects so through small and contemptible instances men may see great Axioms singular secrets of nature Men will labour hard and a long time in some labours full of hazard and danger and perhaps unjust too and all for a little profit but here in this employment men may with a little labour in a short time without hazard or danger and that justly obtaine great and many profits and those with Pleasures superadded Workes and labours which have in them but a vaine and unprofitable pleasure are approved but only of some sensuall persons And such labours as have but only Profit and doe not ease the paines with some Pleasantnesse in them are yet harsh and disliked of many but such as yeeld both Profit and Pleasure are universally liked allowed of all according to the Poet. Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. Either of these is the better because of the other joyned with it when they runne along hand in hand the Profit is the more because of the Pleasure and the Pleasure is more because of the Profit Now therefore That men may obtaine yearely a plentifull harvest of Profits and Pleasures I have endeavoured to remove whatsoever might hinder and have laid downe some Arguments of encouragement to set upon and prosecute the means to obtaine them discovering the best way I can find out how they may be gotten with most speede and kept with most security If any man think the Divine and Humane Arguments preceding the worke to be needlesse because generally men know that Planting Friut-trees is a very profitable worke none doubt it I Answer Some know it by experience many others doe not And although men are convinced of the profitablenes of the worke

puttest thine hand unto And againe Deut. 16.15 Because the Lord thy God shall blesse thee in all thy encrease and in all the workes of thine hands therefore thou shalt surely rejoyce A Christian may rejoyce in the Lord in the use of earthly blessings And in this imployment of Planting Fruit-trees there are many grounds and occasions of rejoycing The joy of the Husbandman is not a flash and so away but it is a setled and habituall joy and is renued from time to time which is the very thing the aforesaid Author speaks of in giving instructions concerning Long-life This life saies he as much as may be is so to be ordered that it may have many renovations Hist L.D. pag. 228. and the spirit by continuall conversing in the same actions may not waxe dull Pag. 232 And againe One thing above all is gratefull to the spirits that there be a continuall progresse to the more benigne and no doubt saith he it furthereth Long life Pag. 164. to have all things from our youth to our elder age mend and grow to the better Now this imployment of Planting Fruit-trees is above all humane arts most sutable to these Rules whereby this Affection of joy is kept fresh and vigorous which also keepes the spirits cheerefull and lively for herein are many renovations and a continuall progresse to the more benigne and things mending and growing to the better Ioy is continually renued from yeare to yeare yea in divers seasons of the yeare there are fresh and new joyes In the spring of the yeare joy springs afresh in beholding the seeds and young Grafts and Plants spring forth vigorously and strongly And the buds and blossomes breathing forth pretious pleasant Odors rejoyce and delight the inward and outward sences promising a plentifull Harvest of Fruits in Autumne and all the Sommer long joy is cherished with coole fresh ayres singing of Birds sight of abundance of Fruits burd'ning all the Trees delighting the Eye with their beautifull formes colours in Autumne joy is renued againe with a rich and plentifull Harvest of Fruits And all the Winter long joy is nourished and fed with a free use of all the Fruits Wines Delicates made of them So here 's a succession of joyes one following on the neck of another whereby the spirits are still kept in a cheerfull temper and condition and so work powerfully on the grosser parts of the body conducing to Long-life Concerning the lawfulnesse of rejoycing in earthly blessings with a Caution See afterwards Another Affection of the Minde which in this imployment works powerfully upon the spirits for Long life is admiration 3. Affection Admiration Hist L. D. pag. 225. The Lord Bacon saies Admiration and light Contemplation are very powerfull to the Prolongation of life This affection ascends a step higher then the other two for as joy rises higher then Hope so Admiration higher then joy It is our duty to Admire God in his works which is a steppe higher them simply to praise him when we look upon the works of a skilfull Artificer and commend it it is for his credit but when we admire and wonder at it this is a higher commendation The holy Prophet would have us search out wonder at the works of God Ps 111.2 The works of the Lord are great sought out of all them that have pleasure therein Ver 3. his work is honourable and glorious and he calls us to this duty of admiration O come hither and behold the works of God how wonderfull he is in his doings Ps 111.4 He hath so done his Marveilous workes that they ought to be had in remembrance Now in this Imployment of planting Fruit-trees are many things to be seen and understood to cause admiration which works effectually upon the spirits for Long-life Baptist Port. speaking of the wonderfull effects of Grafting saies Lib. de Cult Insitione Ch. 17 it is an admirable Art and the chiefest part of the husbandmans worke Artem infitionis admirabilem esse ac totius Agriculturae nobilissimam partem voluptuosam utilem c. When he considers the strange effects of Grafting he falls a wondring O mira insitionis potestas c. And Mizaldus speaking of grafting saies Insitionis ope artificiosa multa ad stuporem usque miranda fieri many things may be done even to admiration Austin wonders at these things Quid majus mirabiliúsque spectaculum est quam cum positis seminibus plantatis surculis c. In exiguo grano mirabilior praestantiorque vis est c. What more strange things are to be seene in Nature then in sowing seeds setting grafting young plants and such like works In a small seed there is a wonderfull and admirable power and vertue Many strange things may be found in this imployment Will it not cause admiration to consider that a huge and mighty body the biggest of all bodies whatsoever that have life does arise of a small kernell or seed that that seed should containe in it virtually or potentially a great Tree with all the properties of it and retaine its nature exactly in every particular Will it not cause Admiration to see goodly wholsome and beautifull fruits come forth of rough and crooked Trees especially to observe the manner of their comming forth the care that nature takes to secure and preserve the seed of the Fruit with the Buds Blossomes Skin substance of the fruits with the Core Stones or shells and also with the leaves of the Trees Will it not cause Admiration to consider that the nature and properties of a great tree are inclosed and lye in every small twig yea in every Bud of the tree even in the least Bud yea in the Root of that least Bud which Bud being set on a small Plant according to Art will grow to a Tree in all respects like to that whence it was taken Will it not cause Admiration to consider how many severall substances are made of one simple substance for of the Sap of Trees is made the Barke Wood Pith Leaves Buds Blossomes Stalke Fruit and Seed Will it not cause Admiration to consider that Grafts or Buds set upon Wild stocks such as naturally bring forth sower harsh and naughty fruits And though the Grafts and Buds be nourished by that harsh and different sap and receive all their substance and grouth from it that yet these Grafts and Buds should retaine their own natures and not be altered into the nature of the stock whereon they grow but have power to digest change and assimilate this harsh and sower sap into their own sweet pleasant natures and bring forth fruits accordingly Will it not cause Admiration to see little small Plants of but two yeares old and some but of one yeare if grafted to hang full of fruits and to be able to beare them forth to their natural bignesse and goodnesse and notwithstanding make a large and sufficient grouth the same

the sooner for if so then grafts from young unbearing trees coming of seed grafted in the same manner and upon as good stocks as other grafts from old bearing trees they would beare fruits the one sort as soon as the other but it is otherwise so that the Cause lyes not simply in grafting but in the Nature of the grafts Neither does Grafting make fruits at all the better otherwise then as you chuse grafts of a good kind for wee know Grafts rule and keepe their owne Natures And the Cause is not well assign'd by the Author who saies it is for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth for we know the Branches of an ungrafted tree receive sap not immediately from the crude Earth but from a stock or body as well as the branches of the Grafted tree the stock of the Grafted tree is a wild stock and of the same nature as is the stock or body of the ungrafted tree they are both alike and the concoction and nourishment in both is alike the Cause being alike why is not the effect alike It s plaine this is not the Cause but the Cause is in the Graft not in the stocke Nat hist pag. 109. and p. 115. though the nourishment be never so well concocted in the stock and the fruit is not made better or worse simply by grafting The Author asserts this truth plainely elsewhere the graft saith he overruleth the Stocke and againe the Grafts will govern that is they keepe the Nature and properties of the trees from with they were gotten Another of the third sort of Errors is this A late Author saies the Cause why trees beare not fruit in a few yeares after grafting is because they were grafted in the old of the Moone for saith he so many daies as the Moone is old when you graft so many yeares will the Graft be ere it beare fruit The Cause is here mistaken for the Moone hath no such influence upon fruit-trees as to withhold their fruits in this manner men we see by experience graft in all seasons of the Moon and find no such difference in the bearing of the trees The cheife Causes of unfruitfulnesse of trees are when they are not fit for the Countrie where they are planted Secondly when the Grafts are chosen from young unbearing Trees thirdly Repletion or overmuch nourishment Fourthly Coldnesse or overmoistnesse of the ground Fifthly frosts or cold winds in the Spring Thirdly Another of the third sort of Errors is this Many conceive that sap in Trees doth descend from the Branches to the Rootes which causeth severall effects as falling of the Leaves goodnesse of the Rootes of divers Plants for use c but the Cause of these Effects is mistaken for Sap in Trees never descends but alwaies ascends And Leaves of Trees fall in Autumne not because sap descends from them but because Sap ascends not to them sufficient to nourish or feed them any longer And if Rootes are best in Autumne that is not Caused by descent of Sap but for that the Body and Branches of a Tree in Autumne draw but a small quantity of Sap from the Rootes and the Rootes even then draw sap for the Earth and increase upon it and are well stored with sap after the Branches haue done increasing and there the sap rests cheifely at that season Some who hold descending of sap may perhaps confirme their Opinion from small springs of the Rootes of Plants when they are removed in Autumne It s true The Roots of Plants set in the beginning of September or about that time doe spring forth a little at the cut ends of the Rootes before winter not because Sap descends from the Branches to them for though all the Branches are cut off before setting as sometimes they are yet the Rootes will spring then because some degree of heate proportionable to that purpose is at that season in the top of the earth by reason of the immediate fore-going summer soe that Plants set while this heat lasteth they will germinate and spring forth in their Rootes before winter the husbandman knowes in this season it is best to sow his Wheate and Rye And also because the Sunne as yet hath an influence sufficient to make seeds and Roots of Plants to spring forth which towards December it hath not being then too remote from us soe that it is not descending of Sap that Causeth these effects The learned Lord Bacon did not well consider this poynt who supposed a descention of sap in Autumne Nat hist p. 111. and 94. speaking concerning setting a Bough in the ground prepared by disbarking for that purpose saies the Cause why it will soone after be a faire Tree may be this the baring of the Bark keepeth the sap from descending towards winter here 's a wrong Cause assigned to an effect for it is not the supposed keeping up of the Sap by that meanes he speaks of that Causeth such a Bough to grow the better but the cause is for that such a Bough by disbarking hath got some small Roots or strings or at least some roughnesse or knobs capable of Rootes in the passage up of the sap whereby being set it will become a Tree in certaine yeares This Opinion of descention of sap in Trees is an old Error of many yeares standing and is radicated in the Minds of most men many using it as a Similitude to illustrate some spirituall thing as if it were a reall and undoubted truth whereas it is but a weake and groundlesse conceipt and contrary to Reason and experience I will therefore lay it open more plainly and prove and demonstrate the Truth concerning the motion of sap in Trees Sap in trees allwaies moves upwards and it is contrary to the Law and course of nature for sap to descend Natura nil agit frustra nature does nothing in vaine Now it were a vaine worke in Nature to cause Sap to ascend up into the Branches to descend againe to the roots the Roots send sap to the Branches and not the Branches to the Roots when it once comes into the Branches it is converted into Wood Barke Leaves Fruits c Whence is all that great Bulk and body which we see a Tree arise to in a few years if sap should descend one while as it ascends another it would follow that as a Tree increaseth by ascension of sap so it would decrease by its descension This may be more cleare if we consider the Cause why sap in Trees stirres ascends also why it riseth not after such a time to make any grouth When the sunne in the spring of the yeare by degrees drawes nearer to us then sap in Trees begins by its heat and influence to move to swell and open the Buds and to cause the Branches to shoot forth which increase by it all the summer and as the sunne by degrees drawes nearer and grows hotter so the sap

by degrees increaseth and riseth more plentifully and when the sunne is nearest then Trees are fullest of sap Now observe As by the vicinity and neernesse of the sunne which is by degrees the sap is increased by degrees so likewise by the sunnes remotenesse and absence which is also by degrees in his going back againe the sap is also diminished by degrees that is ascending lesse and lesse in quantity untill the sunne be gone so farre from us and the heat and influence of it be so weake that it works not to cause sap to rise up whereby the branches may increase any longer and then the Branches and Buds of Trees are all at a stand and grow no more untill the next spring And at that time the Leaves loose their beauty and fall off because sap riseth not up to them sufficient to feed them any longer but only so much as to preserve life in the Tree I would faine know of those who hold descension of sap what should cause it descend for Nullus effectus datur sine causa there can be no effect without a cause they cannot say that as heat causeth it ascend so cold causeth it descend Cold never causeth sap to stir but to stand or move slowly Cold is of a condensing nature and does constipate and fix rare and fluid bodies but if sap of its owne nature would descend yet there is none in the Branches at that season of the yeare that they can spare but all that has ascended in the sommer is converted into the substance of the Tree its Leaves and fruits And further To prove this more fully and clearely by a plaine undeniable Argument If there be a continuall ascension of sap then there is no descension but there is a continuall ascension therefore no descension To prove the Minor Proposition That there is a continuall ascension of sap in Trees The Sunne and Ayre continually draw sap and moisture out out of Trees and other Vegetables as the Lord Bacon and others conclude and as may be made appeare by Reason and Experience We know if Branches and Twigs of Trees being cut off and laid aside in the sunne and ayre but for a few daies they will be contracted and wrinkled the ayre drawes out the sap and moisture and such having no supply of sap from the Root they quickly wither Now know also that the sunne and ayre have the same operation upon the living Branches and Twiggs drawing sap and moisture out of them likewise but they are not contracted and wrinkled as the other because there is a continuall supply of sap from the Root aswell in winter as in sommer which keeps them in their full dimensions without wrinkling or contracting Further observe to prove this If we remove Plants in September or about that time the pretended season of descension of sap and let them lye out of the earth a day or two we shall finde that the sunne and ayre will in that short time have suckt and drawne out sap and moisture from the Branches so that they will be apparently shrunke and contracted I have seene some Branches so much wrinkled that I questioned whether they were dead or alive But after the Plants have beene set certaine daies so much sap will be ascended as will againe have filled up the wrinkled or contracted bark so that it is evident and apparent hereby that some small quantity of sap hath ascended into the branches since their setting and if so then its cleare there 's no descension of sap can any thing move contrary waies at one time And if we graft in November and December the very dead time of winter the grafts have some small supply of sap even then else the sunne and ayre would spoyle them by dayly sucking out their moisture were there not a supply of sap from the Root sufficient to keep them alive untill the spring It s manifest then from what hath been said that sap in Trees ascends as well in Autumne and Winter as in Sommer so much as to preserve life in Trees by supplying what is extracted by the Sunne and Ayre so that it may be concluded there is no descension of sap unlesse men will hold that a thing may move severall waies upwards and downwards at one and the same time which is a contradiction and impossible in nature Thus much concerning the three sorts of Errors in the Theory of this Art First Instructions hurtfull and dangerous Secondly Instructions for effecting some things impossible to be effected by the meanes prescribed and others impossible to be effected by any meanes Thirdly Assigning wrong Causes to effects I will now discover some Errors that I finde in the practise of this Art of Planting Fruit-trees that they may be avoided ONE Error in Practise is this Many remove their Trees in winter 1 Removing trees in winter or neere the spring whereas they ought to remove them in September or thereabouts Many Plants are ready to remove in the beginning of August and before which if done such have a great advantage of those removed in winter or neere the spring for trees removed betimes in the yeare grow in their Roots before winter and so make a faire preparation against the spring And this is a Generall Rule for Transplanting all trees To remove so soone as they have done growing in the branches which may be knowne by the top or ends of the branches if the tops be closed and shut up they may be removed without danger though it be in August or before which is no small advantage to them See pag. 60. 2 Planting trees too neer together Another Error in Practise is Planting trees too neere together This is a great and generall Error many thinke the more Trees they have the more fruit but a few having roome enough to spread will beare more fruits then many crouded one upon another as the custome is and fruits will also be better when the sun may come round about the trees I account 10 or 12 yards a competent distance for Apple-trees and Peare-trees upon ordinary soyle but if the ground be speciall good then give them the more roome for Cherry-trees Plum-trees and such like 7 or 8 yards is a convenient distance 3 Planting trees unfit for the Countrey Another Error is this Many Plant Fruit-trees unfit for the Countrey where they plant them Their care is chiefly to chuse Grafts of the best kinds and faire Plants to look upon not considering so much whether such kindes will prosper and beare fruits well in those Clymates and places where they plant them And hence it is often that many who have faire and goodly fruit trees have very little fruit from them It is an excellent Rule to chuse those kindes of fruits which we or others finde by many yeares experience to be good bearing trees in those parts neerest to us although the fruits be not altogether so good as some others 4 Chusing the greatest